Far sidelobes measurement of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope

Rolando Diinrter"~, PAtricio Gall(lfdo"·, Ed Wollack <, Fcmrmdo Henriqucz~ &lid CArlOil Jcn!Z_HlI.nclw!4

&Departamento de Asu ooom!a, Facultad de Fisiefl., Pontificia Universidad Cat6liCII. de Chile, Vicuna Mrlenna 4860, Santiago, Chile

"Centro de Asl.n) Ingunleria, Pontificia Uni~eJ1Iidad CatOliCII. de Chile, Vicuii" hlacken"" 4860, SlIlltlll,gO, Chile

'Code 5~/665, NASA/Goddud Space Jo1ighL Center, Greenbelt, MO 20171, USA ~Dep&rtamc"to de Ingenierla EI6etric&, Eticuela de Ingenierfa, Pontilicia UlliVCl'Sidad G&t6li1;a

de Chile, Vicuna :\ Iaekcnna 4860, SllDtip,go, O,lie

ABSTRACT Tba Atac/I.ma C<>ocnoIoo 'l 'eleo!oo"" (ACT) ... 6 ,n ~ ~noJ t<I map :be e:"nnlc t.l~ Bocl:j(n)and (OlD) oimult.........ty " 1-45 GR" mClb and Z80CHI. It. off·ald. G,.",..,.w. """"" 10 inlellded to mlnlmlzo and COI1troI u... <lfF.ak\o oiddobo: " (lrnooo, wbl<:h iI critical 10< tderItilk pur~ '"'" ""p<:l<"I<>d oid<oIobo love! for \hlo klDd "' .... 'II!.o Ieoo tl\o,a _60 <\1l and CNI bedW""~"lI: \O~. II ........ pr .... ",t.1IlCUIIfftI>I'I "'lhe 145 GH~ lu lIlddo~ 01 ACt" 00... on Ihe ""'"""'*" allhe toel >pe. We .-I • I ",W 1IlicrO'O'."" .......,. place:! 13 mew. ...." from tt... ~ ...... c:hoPI>"f wIwft to prod""", • ""'YillC olgaal Uw. <:OUld be <!««:ted by !be ...... n fo,-d~ oriewt.tiono fll u.. tekoooope. ",., """"" food ....... ~ to prod""", ... ide bottrn ptOI'.1e. Gl-. thallhe <>oupIlnjt .. exp«:l.o<d to be d<Knlno<ed by diffrtW;llon """".ho ~I>'I ehleldlIqi; otrud.OIm, wilen co:nbiae:l ",11ob. _,,, ... rents oftbe maill beam r .... 1ido:i _, 1.h«!e -.....oem""" be.-i \0 ,·alklue Wmm<a fll 0pI-ic.r ~ and (l(>Jlj,l.n.In I,," Ie.".] 01 lpuriI)'" (:OOplinf; a. Jarp qIM. Our ,.....,:ito ohow IhbI; the di~"" coupllna: beyond \.be FOund ocmen 10 ... ~ below • ~dll, 0I.IJ0(yiDg I,," dooIsn ~llomI.

K.ywonh, ANTENNAS. SID~:LOB&'l, SUB-~ ASTROI'i"OMY. COS)'([C MICROWAV~: BACKGROU:"D

1. lNTRODUCTION

n.. A • .or.t.nuI Coo:mol<Io. Tel..,,,,, (ACl') io a (Sorn_ diltr m!Ilimet<or _oe te!Mcope IocaI.<!d M an elevuioo of ~200", at Cerro Tho> \a oortbcm Chile. II 10 d,..!gnod to -.,'" tbe Coo:nIc M_ ..... IlIriground (eMB) .tdlation p roouociq "Ish _ioily II>&pIo wI:1t &rcmiIlU\<! """,uUon. oamplin& "",ltlpoloo up \0 I .. ICI' . ' B..-twocD ,...... 2007 ""d 'XIII, ACT wu ,", ulpped witb ~1BAC. ".,."...,. ",hk:b '*- >oed "i.rlluilo.rr1l<>Usly III Uuole N.nd. DIIIItend -' 14S OH1. 2200Ra ..,.; 28IlGR&, with b&ndwkltha 01 opproxImMely !IOOKa for.ad> rr.,q1leDC)', .. 0<1 eacb """ _pled wltb a ki\opil<el TEa ~ onl\)'.' 1"'- fnlqur:<lC)' b/r.nds ~cboeen I<> or.mp'" the ~I, DlIIlInd i""",mont ,...pnn. of II", th<:ntllll SUll) ...... -Zel'OO'k:lr dko:Ilr> &&1~ ch.ten? j>l)l'Tttltlin& tbo:>r direct det«::;i<m from th .. m""" ... • The obooln*lloa -.rategy ""","".eo! in OCIIlWag \110 *" ill .. lmuth 0:" Ih..! elevar.ioo, .. mpli"l a 11&-lIlI> "" It:.. *" .. hlle thor F.Mt.h -... Tbir! I.ed>nique parll.<l1ON that lhe air",.. Rayt _t, too ~ u e 1MbIe. !he ~"" doeformuIotw.,.., ImIII u.d that In.. local ~I 10 oarnpltd ;D " eo>oeioteu<. _,. During the _Ioned y""" of OI*"ion, AC'T ut.a .ed 1_ JoDI! .. rlptrl of I,," -.,., one otCIlftt>d " doclilwioD -~l <k>g AOd I,," odre,. at tho "'IIWlIt, """","11\1 ....ny 2!XJ) oq""'" des<- in t.cM!. A Ions ~ of ao;"milio: and teohllical publleM ..... ba"" oome out from 11.- ..............

Tha oIf_uIo C"'l"flo.rr doooign 01 tbe t.e1""""P" II IN_led \0 miulmbo .. Id oozrLrol lbe oIf·t;xJo ArleIobe fO'OPOI\M, which io crital lor ~ purvo:-. ~t-, in order \0 miD!lllise t,," optical OOI,Wnlr>..tian a>mI!II &om lhe pt>UQ<I.nd Ill .. 0UJT0\UIdI ..... " .h~ing ",-....:lure w., boUt "",mid the npUcaI"",h bet....",

R.D.: Eo"";I: nluo....o..t",-pL>C.o1, P.O.: S-rnoJJ: ""'tdlarOI .... ~cl

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120015669 2018-04-07T11:46:28+00:00Z

LM primary o.nd IIOIX>nduy mlrron, and ane>tho!r , rwrod ol:.;dd W,," buIh """,<1<1 lhe who." teleoo<>pe I<> "'m~

d,e i....wkm of tbe ~Y'~". The expectc<.lllldeLol:Wllevel for LhiA ki nd of dee4(n I. If)IIII than -OOdlJ and car' be cluollonging to n"""'~. Th ..... lid"'" tho, ~ o.nd SUPI>OI"I. the ""~nli6c 'Nulla, UI>eritoc1lto I<> ch~ the far .idel<>bftl ""'" I>"rf,,~.

H...., "" pr-..I the .-hod and ....,[\8 <Jl ... ~..: <iooe "" lho ACT' I • ..,., 10 meMUnI IU I .... Md.oIotvs "'" lhe I4aGfh buId. In S<alotl ~ we diIIcuM buie _en .. ~_ ~ in Sect.ioa 3 ..., ~he oho e><perimnol.lJ method w.. ... """,, fa s.cu..a ( _ ""pIaIto !he t..mlllq_ UAed ... ~ the du.a, in SecUon 5 _ prNeDl OW" ..... .illa, ud In SOo:tiOll II "" Ii"" our DODd ....... &boot the ""~_

2. ANTENNA PROFILE AND SIDELQI1ES

n.. ..... pon .. or .. r.dio teieooo[><l to" sins'" polnt .. ,,"'" (pi .. "" .... "') II gi""'" by lis normalized anl.e""a powor po.t!iern (aI8o known AI IIa""","iZ<d point l;>n:ed fUIlCli<", or I'SF) . dcliood ..

1 P{I,fI)dl1 " L .. ", TI:wn. lhe ~ __ tempo=r.1"'" T • .. \ilia from ,,," cocrrnIu:.Ioa«!he 1'Sf with tho: u..w bn&"'_ """.-uure T.:

T.(I,II) -1 T.(I',")P{fJ' - I,fI' - 11)<41' . •• ",

For .. oingle dish te'-::<>pe, tile aru.ttn" po.ttem <)rn..w.o In .. <:mtral beAm ( .... 9 .. fI .. 0) foIIawtod by ..... .-al oIddOOo:Js of la..er IIII<:"oIly .. I l .. crollmns &nglN from the center. The wklo.b of Ine QI!It\.nLl ~n Ia UlwrJly dcfllWi by ,be full widlh half !MIdmum (."WHM) or tbe qul ... .ae 01 the -30111 COlItour of tbe .. ntenna. pMtmI. Tbco mIDI is lim.i\.ed by dil'Fr..:\km at lbe ""Ienna .. pon ..... For. cin;ul ... apon ... e 01. dia.meteo" D it is apoctod 10

'" ", .Me,\ io tho: nodiooIion_~

The .........unlrc Ioe&l muI ..... 01 tbe ou...,.,... pat""" ...., callood oideJobeo. n..... GIUI 1M IIMr and far ~ de!>=dins 00 t.bcir "",ular d;o\&C.<le hom the m .... be .... , "h= "ne&r" IIIU&!J,y -... lew t-m 01 ... ""'1 from the <=t.... We (:LtI ..,. tha\ the total IOllte:u ... \(onper&ture win be kmood by tbe oom.ributi<>n lrom the noai" 00am and tbe .ideLobM. Wrillng l!lio ""pli<;ltly W$1t"'"

T.(B,')_ U ... + L. + l,J "r.(fJ',"} P(fJ' - 8," -.)<41', ,., _bore mit is !.be onaln boa:n, ..., io \bo .... aidodobe ...... and 101 io the for ok\dobe rqIoa. ~ <XI the ~""," '" lhe ~ (by ClOD ooao\itu~ • ~ ~ '" the -. ...,..oauy wben onakIq; mo.!," 01 exterod«l ....,.. 011100 D:y or wboa '*-"'"I", ",'-'0<1 .........

N ..... oi<!eIobo!o ,,",.......ny ori&ina:«I by tho ~ pro;>ortiN 01 \100 optJceJ dsi", (includinjJ iUUhlizI&Uun pallMn and bIod<ap), lI...en II by defo::w in lho! lCtup LIke owfaoe ~ rdlcctor misIIIipmem ... I<i defocuI. F<>r ""."'ple, o.hcy ap;>ea> naturally from the lJeotd f\lo><:tlotlll OOocrihing the rSF "~ullon of a drcul ... ape.-t""," TI"'Y ...... roiat]Vl!ly l!tong, .--:hI", bct"""" ..;J(Idll and _1 7 ,tn, and U n o<>mo:\lmeI 1>11 .ow .. 1ltfId dirootly usj'lIl ""TOnK ut.rooomical poIAI OO\IrQeO..' Tiley can &lao bo modeled uoIni 11>00\)' 01 diffroo;tlon and ...... al <:ammcn;lt.l I<>l\wore po.dog ....... _luI;n thlo ~""'. Ftnally, .. they apPM' clooc \0 II>IU"<B wltl:.in lhe""""" map, 11 io "' ..... planolble to ~ Ibm dJccto lora, lhe odeaU6c ...... tta.

."'lIldeIobtoo 1--' ~ Iwdet to ~ 't'h(oy ..... ......nr ",,!lied by diffi"l<CtIoo. ~ or bbVp from ~ jI<IIU ollbo Ideacope, .. well .. d!n:d. opillover froIn lhe e&mo!n.. They &rill ...........n, "'"-I and -,. -..k (of \hoonb of .wdB or lower), bel", gswaIly """" dlfficuI\ 10..-....." On topo( Ihlo, tbq...., o.t.. h&r-dr>- 10 oinrulal,e. .. _ \boo limulatioa Ill"'" Include puts '" the ~ outa/doo d>e op\icool ~ and of phytleal ocaJo.o "'IlOI:h ~ tl,lOll tboo ""'~h (01 the <>rder 01. the.aeof!he 1<!1eow1"'), which hi!l;hly wrnplicoteo

thot.a&k of Iinlte .......... or bound..,.,. 001--. ~ oxnptltltiooaUy """""'", .... M .. _ .... f .... D:Ielobos ..... uw>ll)- adted b:r 1t1'O"I 00....,.,. ouwidc \.be """>Pi,,, regIoa, making tbcir etJ_ ou the ocIcnoo m""" han:Ier to UII<IenI..wId and t,,*. ~br uamp." the 11'0",,£1 In tbe ",rTOUIIdtnp u.be te!eooope cal! couple tJ'I'",,~b the far ridclobeo and OOI>1.riblllflllignlllCUlt.ly "" the .,.,,,,,,1\& 1",Ill~ure al ..... i1.o hiV> brigbte_ lemporoUure ond !1.0 1&.'1«' ""KUlar f,!te.' The f ... Iklcloboo:8 ",\JOt he «moldered, minimized. and lI1<.imat.cly oon\rOlled In the in!tlal lek""""" deoigo to "".tI!e r.li&ble .denti~c mlll111 for co"tlnuum """,~!ni ""peri.tro!llt.o.

3. METHOD

In l !.e """" of ACT, ..., ""I>«"l the far WIdobe OOIItrlbul ..... to b$)l<OdlJClld by diffr.ctioo from the ods- of t!.e ~ _..,..,.no:! ..&.:I.1on from feMl1mI ""'" lbe optical path.. I'ot Ihis n.oon, <>'III" raoelbc>d 00i I! .. «I In i!I""""",",UIl@: lbe ~J..:ope .. 1\11 a 145GII .. """"'" pt.m on the ~ 01. \be ..nornal pu<md Weld ..... -.n", Ihe _ ........tvee! fro", dil6en!nt 0I"i0crn.&ti0n0 dlhe t ' pe. Gi ...... Ibl diflroocted ~.....:d abiDe in bukalll oJ! direcUono, .... roqIilnd Ihe _ to ha .... a ~ wide anIcmIa p&:\a'II oucb the; it woold Ulumlnate the .ho!c tdoompe ___ from a doM !oca' ioD The oitPal ... lIlOduloUed with a dIopper ",'-I ia from or the r-; 10 modo:late 1\ .... 00). fnlm 1M II/ _ of :.he.,..,.... B .. CNUWIy <:harooewrizi"ll: _ emitted by Iho oou.. ............... &bJoe 1OIIIJn&te the amplitt:de of lbe ..-umd oIddobeo ",ilb ruIJI('ct 10 lbe maio ~.

3. I Source OaIlgo

n.. 1I011"'" W&I "",lied ",i.h a Gunn o.dllator from 'lAX rorP""oUkm modal ZV'I'JSC 6/1/14f>.1/.1~ operl.l.lrlJl ... U~ CII~. which roo • W R-G ..... """'ide oystem. Thhlo I oh""", tho I I><ciRcadcm. of this ....,1Ii1lO<. TIl rtabilu.c t!.e output _, ile IAom]>OI'oUure ...... cootr<>llod willi boIh • IUbnllni&ture pr<lJl<Irtionoll, coo. ",tlod ""It.,. (DSOO5-Or» pJaa.l t!V-. on lboo ..,oclooure of lbe aecill..1o<, and a 40 W ",,",to'>' """trolled by .,. Of:>ep CN7(>(1O 1~"'peral.ure ..... uoIIor boac;", an alumlDlWI hIodc tJw. -vm ... ,htnn&! boiIfu:o. The ~ InnPl"'at~ ..... ..t w 36"C &tid """';~ mocitor..! ..... ini. OIUim ..... ~ d~ cI 2"'C _ AI 11M OUlput'" the oor:iIIato< •• nrIabIoo e.I.\.ecI_ ... addod w 0XlD\n>I the outpullllpa! aod nodllDO the pnonlion of •• nd;,,! --lb]lO'Oduoo. wide ansle"'-~ ... .-1 lUI "' ........ ~ .. a feed, wbidl should III priIIciple ho; .... PWHM ." ....-1)" fIOdf:c. It At 11M tIrM _ bad DO _ 10 1IIOd!(y tlMt waftgllido .....:I ... food, 110 we -... forood "' .... a "'!lulu wavquldo ~ """In« In. <:lraa1 ... 1I&D,p. Thlo CM...t"""'" ~ of tho u diation pIIltem. "" ","II boo shewn bdow.

The olgn.oJ ..... <bo]""", UIInS • Su..uford ~. S~O O\lIictJ chopper pi"""" In front of 11M "~Vf'IIuX\o).

It clnsiMo of Qn ......xIbi .. d al"millum .. '-I ",ith ~ bJodco lhat. rotIIte at a AabJe ""illl'" .~. We lOt ,he choppi:ql; rr...uency 10 .,., ~ llz, with. ot4bIJ!ty of 200 pp,,,rC 1Ji"'" by ,ho manufact"nr 3peci~".Uona.

Tho wbole oyst.em. .... pbw:ed lnoide &lI oIumlnum bm fct prut«<MIn, for tbetm&l ..... blllt, a:>d for w'.limoUloC tho -.roe beNn in c.IMo ~ dlr<o:tion. Tboo bo:r. !wi lUI 7 em ... !ndow openlllll ilr the r....:I. The _in! .... ~;he "*' lmi<kl the boo: ..... """"" wil;1I liCCOSORlIl "' • ...,;.s il!tCn>al ~ ....... be.en In FIgure I.

'~. tp:fI ..... . ~.<o.J 'h ttp: I ".w. ocooo .... b . o<GI!

S .2 SOUl'C<I C h llJ'actO'lriKatio n

Th<! .,,,,,,,,' •• n~ .... l>II.I.t""'. output _ uuI ito.bllity ]nod to be ehar&Ct.er!2ed to belp lnt.e1"J>rt't. Ih~ ""perl­mer:t&I _lIlla.

n.. PleDII& pMtcrn ~f the .,""'" ... tneM\I.-.I uoilll .. P",,16e ~lInhnet.er·l broodh&nd ~_ dM>de (MooW DDI wh gaiu a • .. IlOOmVj ",W. couplod to ....... .ur;utar pyramld.oJ hum om ....... 01 eff""'.; ..... L_ A •• .. I .S3I!Ian' . 1'be oipo.I w .. o.mpllllod with .... ! ................. 'icm ..."plie ... willi pin G .. «3 o.nd .- "'111. NJ.«lIj _~ieIUon --.t. Tbio ,...,;: ....... 190" ... 100 QfI .. '""-aD!...bot. (A8D ltUll600) ... 1Dd:t oIkJoooed "" to ~ ~ It I.' the ~ ]><IIIiUaoII ...cI oriemauo ... In frooI. of the """"" with • p<JGUon ~ol>Inly of 1iD"m. Fi«ure 2.boon! t lUo e:q><rime::u.ol '<\up. We ..... pIed the .,....,. .• Idle aIcq; lbe E aJId H J>W-and oloo& d.uw. making oure to """P ,boo polAmatioD &ng\c to muimi ... the .,01. The ourveyo ....... done at 2{) and 3O~m from the 1IOIlt<:1I. 'lb .voad havl"" to deocnwol ... the ....... \U"W"IO<!U with !.he .......... poJ.'-", W(I

!rep! 1M t«:ttver &I ... ~ pointing dir<ctIJ" to the.,,,,,,,, food &nd oligu«! ,..Ith!.he po!&ri.&tlon ar.gLe, 00 that. 0.11 SIIInpj<6 ba ... Ill ...... "" ....,.,iv ... gain.

'lb """lUI f .... the E &nd H pm..... an: Io/Iow'n b, I!&ure 3. n.., H·plane prollie pn.'JlCIIt8 .. beam width at. balf _'\It' of otodoc &nd omaIl """'_ QfI Lbe ........ 'I'M E-pI&oo profile 10 """" compl~ ~;"3 IW(lIII""" oidoe:obeI fA h't ..... tr compua!>le to !.he ....... nI beam., which ..... width <Ii 2Odq. lbb proIileo ltay III.abIoo .. b.n -rtac tbe diSll .. ..,. too U:e ___ ""'" the~ .... .,.;.. ... ticol of U. _pert_tol '<\\lp. One oidcIobe in the E-pIaot, I.he "'" ~ at' " - :lOdfc,"""" &II ',nezpon-d o-ellk""Y po.Ilern .. hIch. do "'" o::banp _ben the to!>ut. at.up 10 rotat.OO, ~ UO' be/Ie¥e IIw it. ;. ..... lind cawood by tnt..fao"' ..... from wit.bin the .0 ... ""'. T"" Detltral lnt.tNilv ..... IIM.abIe lor both ~ probo.bIy due 10 & aand1D3 ........ r..rm.d benn:en """"'" lind ~vrr born.

Tt ..... "", .... If"m.""o. """" oontrMl«l "'ith numerlcal ",ulUl.ulo"" of ~I>.. "'Ye&uIde ft<;d done Il!!n.g tl>.. <X>ttI­merrial ""ftw"", HFSS.I W. ",..,ulatOO &II open "~"",,,!de "lth • cl",ul&c nlll'P- The OODlputer aided ru.,;gn and oi"lulation .... u!t. for :be DIOde! M! .hown in F~ 4. n.., ","l~" "'" \0 agno!mcrot to tl>.. bbonttooy ",.... ~ obcooo1", lhal tba ~ okIeIobeo in the l;·pw... .", d"", to otaItdi", ~W1 Icr.nod on II:<! 1!U!'f ..... of tba!l~« I"" !toed." In prlrtdploo, tlu. ani""" can hoe mlt\pl.ed and the feed po.tWQ Ii\'.........n-I by iotdi"l t!le flange with •• <Ii ~ matoriol.. t1

' )t.,:/Iwwo. p&<1!1aollliaot.r.ooa/ 1)<'p:II ....... ' • . co./

Figure 2: 1.Ion«1 by ABB In pit:1'",", • _ 180dog, /J _ - MId.. _ equ .... .m..t ofECCOSOnB w,.. pllCe<! rlght ~hlnd the feed hun" ... hlch 1s)lOl, ohaom in ,hi. pk\u .... roboI." ... mpU", lb. E-plane of 1M..,."...,.

.. '---~~ I . _ ' . I~ . ...

! A · . ' . f\

. ;.;" , ' . " , I~'" ,.. . , . . .. • '~' .,:!! ",

j .. , • • ... - . '"

if' ~. ~.:. .. , ~'., '. . . .. .,. .. . . . . '

•• ,L.., .... ., .... C' .... ., .... C' .. " -

••

- " I .. : 1

.". , --•• .," , ot.

" , .

! ~ J .. , tl'1' 0,

• -. •• '-'.\.

fl' ~, •• ~ •• -

(_) &-pIoo<oc (b) H.~ }/J&ure 3: ~l_ ~ lOr !.be I ~CII.a ....,..,.lIIImp~"Il the t;....:I H.pIanM. Tho g-t cIcJ\.I; .... the Mmplao....u.. 30= • ...,. £mm the 110" ...... TJo.oo.o 11&1 ..... .,..,. be ~ mlO Wlitll of ~ peI"...tid qle oconoIderi", thu \!Ie bono pr-..W!d _..ud ...p or I .11ll81" with reopet1. 10 tho IOIImO aI. lhio dil.unoe. 'The 00I1d 1>1110 titoe obawo d.e bM 6t of too oimullol.ed """""" po.ttem ~ on 1iFSS.

3.S Experimental Setup

"l'bt Rno! UI ..... Urnnenu. ..,... done in J"""ary 2(111, rigIn a&r tho end of lho! <oI:08ervlq -.on ... .1 before MBAC ...... deIInJll~ly rei.""""" from the te~. 11 .... ",.,,"" ...... ~ on top 0I111e external ~ alDeld, 13 m _....,. /rOl" the primary mirru," call he -.:> In ~ 5. A hw. polRt.er mounted OI' thetollfOO ...... 1IO<d 10 <aim it d!roctly 1<1 the """""'" 01 !.he pr\matf mirru. Aft.". porlormi", thollW>dar<ll:oio.oi11g psoced ..... "" tM.,...... ..

v , -/' , , , , '

\ , , ..- , ,

Ii-- /.< '-4\ PI <~ .L. !)

\} r--~ / _....:../

/ k~''--7 r~ - I

, , , (al To" ,In (b) Sldo . 1ew

Figure 5: DIagram wllb 1M location of the m~.'" lI01'r<)O .. itb tilOIJ>&Ot ttl tho te!etocopo .. hen mounl<od 00 tile extern..l gruulwl ~hl&ld. Too d iat..\noe to the oenlcr of tile t(!aoope 1I 1 ~.2 ID. Figure (al In",..." R ,op view of the OODRSW.tlOIi. TbI bl"" ~ ohotI'II the ;0>11110<1 of l~ l"dd~ In front of tho pr;mory minor. The ... 1 1;0", \1"""" tb<! I'a)'I c.loat ..... y bou",," <>II the lodder ",od 110 l~t<I the eNMra. At ,he ~ 0.1 which c.hie ~e.ppenf _ <!Sod alC.roq oIdelobe ... ohaorn in ~1KUl" 8, 10 we ~ that the 1Ido:!obo. """ co._ by lhe 111<1<*. The ~ ... ill """ lI"n dUfl.'C !l(ItIJl.IIl~ ...... F'ip", (b) ohon the oIde vi...- of the ~tion. II~ II .. , tele..copc 10 poInU"It I.(> I~ IcMoa poM!l*~Je..aUocl. (31,q), Will", .. dln!d liMo( 8If,'" from the.....". to:be ..-!Mow of!be curoora. ThII ......... IIw 0.1 "'"" ~don _ are dIn!c\.Iy .......uring \.be oi<IeIobe ~\oa of the a _

_ ..,...".,.j the teleocope lor the fuU ""'lP b N.ilmolb (0· 3tIOdec,) .. (I)IIfI.&:ll ~ lor oIx e!eval\oa ee\tiJl&I rN!l;illll ~ 31 det &lid 6O~ wi!.h ~ of ~des. -.It~ allWl ~ of (l .. O.3d.g/ .. The.!pal ~tnd In l !BAC ..... 8lOred ih ~he atandord <I"", ont.c ~ (TOO) Iorttw.-i for ~ ot.n.tlonl for i~ analyolo. Tbe t.em~1Itft of the 0I>Ul'tt 111 ... mooJlo<'Od dun", the cxperimtl,t, sIlow;nll varial"""" wjlb .. • t&&d&rd deYiation of l.S· C.

--• 1-----

i

I

• I -1< - , I: i: I 1< ! I 'IIi

i!'!~ • -• --<., 0'

f"~re 8: Envelope detec:\Jon ~ lligh fnlQue:lc1w.r8 not follOOo"Od .

Note tlW; I;'" ... :"..«1 envelope Iollow. the o.mplitude, """'"""'"

4. DATA ANALYSIS

We .... In-...! In "","",,"nl the .mpUtud~ of the cl>oj>pM oign&llll .. futt1oklo of ~J-:ol'" OIrientalioIJ . Gi""" Ilia, the Wtl<loo:>pe .... Il10l1,,, .,h1~ the .lA: ....... ~. Md, chop had a dlfferent "",",\&lion. W. UMd .. tlme .5on!.Olll Hilbon .. ....ronn melhod to ":lI\r..,, the "",-elope of \he chop;>M oigDal.13

t.et C(t) be .. "'I'1&nl .... ve o:&<.i .... ignlLl of period T, ""d ""v(I) .. al"", ""11ng functlon in l ime, !.hen the 1<1 " .... .... ~VI\ noooul&ted by lhe envelope can be .... ~ os

4 '" I 2 .... t , (1) - Oft) ~ ~11'(1) - (1 +; L ;:; oin -T~) )( ""v(t).

~~ L"."' , '" B .... d .p .... f11t.cT1o,g the.t.o.. ""prtrMIooL to laol~t8 t ha fl<St h ..... nonle. '"" ob\&ln

~ 21<1 , , (t) - ; (,W(I)oin T" '"

I'n;v'.ded UlOl tile <;:atrioo< &t)qlJl)llC)' 1 _ 1fT _ Sll~ If ab<:we the frfqueocv <:on~nl of ""v(t) , "" can use the Bow'.rnoiA/1 identity" to ohow 11\&1 the HillM1 transfonn of " (I) "'

<T,

80 .... .,." I1IC»'ier lhe envelope by writl",

enll(t) - i.J 1,(1)' + H[',fllli. ,., Tho t.ndwkhb utile ,",,¥elope 10 uJtiulaIdy detcmoino:! by the bud-_ 1iI1«, "'Ijllll the IIl&lCiwwu ...

oI ... Uoo '" " hich '"' <*11'-' the okleIoI ... fur nc:Uy d ...... ;~ the band'll'idlb may oloo m.cr- the av.-l to IKIi.- ratio. To find tho! __ '1>0$, ... paba>ecl . ~&tIon r.. . olaor wry)"I: oipaJ pluo nNe_ -.-:n:.l from the d&r.a. W$ row.cl lw • 211. t..nd-.ldth "ulldml_ 11IOI.qn..lu. _, ~ a l"- =or iII 11M! ",,<dope pawn.

F1&ure 1\ 0IlKM1F lbe dIopped IIIpaI in .... 1 .. wuallO with lbe ~odope ' ......... od 11,. our mett-.od.

0 .... of 1024 ~ in the 6oc.al J)IaM. 633 __ mrredly bIMOO and muld be.-:l to co!If.ct . .w.a durin« u...~, sI¥i&!i a fair -.n:pIe of ,"" dIoulbulloa of I.bIII aJaaal .."..,.. u... 1U"ta)'. f"lcute 7 providtoIa map

f1&u ... 1: lOollt .... 11U>OOU6 dllltrlbullon 0( 1M tlgnal_ lhe <kt<cto!" _ay "hen poiruilll! 1.OW..ro.. q, •• .. 76.3 d"ll .,..j 9" _ 31dCl!. We ~ll_ thAI the non-I~ tlI"m ln",lon ia prodU<:Clo! by interference peI.\enlII pnldoc.d when .. coI:erenl; _.--.... tbe [ocol pI&oe /rom twQ or ~ paLhs.

of ,he oIr;n-.J __ \he local pI&oe ",. oom~ the .... pO<IdIO of diHrnnt deloc;o .... t •• holt u:mulh ""''8'' 01. I <leg .. bon poInti", 1.OWartt. ... .. "ffl.3<k&..,.j '" _ 31 001. The qn..llll clmrly IIOD-~ Ionnio!! matln& oIr1J>f11 __ the III'nO' .. the r.e1!oKope...,... 01..." tbAt the """""" ia oobttem. aDd thai iI; ;. placed .- lbe~, .... thlDlr. \bo.I. they ..... """"".:on cA boI .. r" ..... JI&l.1.enII d .... to lbe J>fMl""" of ,ru:.1I1ple <>¢QOI pool'" and do ""'....".-,I po-Ope" llidtlobes. "hlcb are ""poo<:t<od to be",.JCh wldoor. For thia 1"U8OII,"" -m-l tM oir;n.I .. e:very pohll. .. lbe ._ .... "",,",I _ tll detoeo:t<n.

Ct- the ~ 01. OWl 10_ diHored puU 01 tM I ' .,.. ..... Wnmlno'M wilb dilfereo:t iD<:ldeooo ....p.. and tbe f.,. lid::! OOIIdi\ioo it .... me\.. 0eIpi1e t~JI, 11_ U- tbe oUI. ............ prodoc.d by dilfnlcl.ioa ffo::n tbe ~ o&nloC:tll<'e. and &:I"'" tbat tbooe .. nlC\ .......... LD Ibe!..-fIeld oJ tbe cattIft1t. aloar. _ ~ tbo,!.he '"""I"'N" of:.he ~loMcopoo -..1<1 I>Ot dlff« mucb /tom Iu .... ~ to a -.... pI.....t In the fat JIdd. In OI;t,.. ...,...., u... ~ 01 the.owee wm on!) diMn \be o.nplar dia.oJbutioll of tbe far Iiddobeo bu~ _ tOC:r ....,..,jJ in\enlil.,..

Th eoIlmoloI the "'lenuatlon of the eIc!.oIoI .. witb .....,.a to the oervaI bMm, .... .-I to...wrw.. the ~ tha, -wd be reooI~ 1'1' \be teboope I' the IOU:<:6 wen. placed .. We for f..dd aDd applied :.be ___ fI"" p" ...... '1. .......... the ........, Ih the .... Geld. In 0...- w-.tory '-' .... ~ tbe _ oulput of:.he_n:e with lhe ........ "_IOIIoQ,, tho one.....t In lbe expc\:neIIL '" I.bo """" Fittlnc tbetlm~ _111,,"n& patlon:t to tbe IoJxwatooy _remenu, "'" coWd ... irn·'" the _ radWod Ia tbe IOrward dif<!ctioa .. A fwIctJoII 01. ~ulput ooIId 00II8Ie. n..., .... .,..."p.knd tbat tbe c/ro:U ... ~ure 01 the· 1 ......... -...d from p ......... ~ ia A,.,. 18./l±G.11II', aDd \.bt.I. t .. d'''·nee "fthe _ to tbe_or oflb< tdo.rope_ .. 13.2m. to eot\m_ tbat. lbe qWar ... of tho:! ~ure In fro".. ol.be _ WOIlld roochlY be 21 dfc. illl.<gnlt;"p; the IIOUJI)I! ___ I*tem ...... thU ugIo. "'" obtai!: tho "'Iul..-.let>t ~ 01 tho IOUmII ..- ill the .,.;" beo.m. Thlt power ",ill .-- to 1>0 ",_\Cd "bjf lbe power e/!''''"'''q 01 tbe td.:opc, whlcll iI 'II_H. "" 0.18 u -.....=.1 from p ...... ~1oM, yieldi"1l Po _ 1.40 ± 0.13"W. n.. _";nIy ben: n:vr-mUi the. e:ror fro::n I"" ~ _",.....,OU, al~boo&b II 00. JIOt ~ tho unoe>Ub>ly Ia I!M! calibnt.tion 01. .be ciiode and pototlllal ch~ LD.be power del;...",....J "bjf the Cunn .......... fUOClioo 01 wentl", I<lmpo'r"'''''' &! lbe oil ... We ~¥IlIy OIllimow .hailbe......:lUl Oie .......... Ole withla ~dll.

Rd~bg to tbit wII!C, OW _ull.e ""' pi"O'rid«lln declbell 011

P, p.~ = 10 \o:It;,o fi"'

wh...., P" iI too _und llldelobo. """"'" In '0'.' .....

'Ol

- .. ... . - .. . ,ul - ..... . - .. . • .. 1 -- .. . "'i ....... - " .... -

_ ......... -• •

_-0

(a) Tool 1 (b) 1'or. 2 Fi~"", 8: Azlrnulhal dls:rlbullon or the for li<khk .,.,..= ~ in ""'" ",petitio, .. nf tOO experiment (o. a:><i b). Tho unlt.e /U"fI Ir. ,!.odbclol *i, lI NJII!'(lCl1O the ""pod"'" <'Mtnl power Po _ 1.40 ± O.13/,W. The 1010 ""J'crl,,,.,,to Ul) <:OlIII101OM ",Itb ,.cb Q1.hM. Tho !It""', oIdelobe at <u _ 200deg ia oxplained by • lodder thM " " plo.ood III frwlt. "r u'" I.rim"')" tn;rror during th. """perln,e"'.

II . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fl&u"' 8 .~ \be dlst.rl~u\1oD ot the 0Iig,,", In IoZImUlh for dilferel1\ e\e<..,.!ioo, .. AI. expected, the Inunsl.t)' oI lhe II\p>oJIe ........ oJl,y hiJthtr I« onentM\<:IIIf cJ<.r \0 tho OODtnrol he.m. The bigIwt J>Mk in jnl<llllli:y iii fou:.d ILl. .... _ 200<10& at IJ1 .""t\ocI at 40 del. Thle """Ie '" ~\ .-:lIb ...&non. from a ladder that ""'" dTtumstamWly ?i-I ja front ol the primary mirror !or ........ &1 ....-v'ocini labon bo.ppening at t he t.i:nr, bul <.hat .. !lOt thcno durinlllOlTl\al ~I"""" .. -.bt>wn ;n }II""" r.e.. Disrqarriilll! 1.11 .. I~. too IrideIohe """Irlbulion • ...,.. ~ • .." -\15 tu>d ·15,m.

The IIl1<'<1<\a1a1!e1 "'" doota!nAt.d by tbe •• UIIIOIIoa dIM OlIluoI _ . Sl;udyllll! the va..';abUlly of ~ ~1oD tIIIalun<:t!(la or geon>(f.<kIJ p&rarIl>eI<n IWl ""pert our '"-'to. 10 he accura1A! withla SdB. Abovot the ""r.nrn.mlalIlllQel"ta!UIoe, 0<11" """,to. dtn'lOlWtr_ thfot the '-'" ~ ~ of llUo ',' ope ia heytJDd the ""peeled val"" "" _ ..... I, ~ p ..... bleb "'" 01 ""'* .00dB.' Tblo \0 omlclpM"'" 10< lbe <>II.~ ~alioa ;a .... """ 10 '" .'Y 10 01CIIIeYe tho .x.:c. plo 01 well pruloIoa _ppilll ""pori ...........

UoW« u- _"Iul, Io~'" 10 _~ tho amoonl olloodl ... ""pecwod "" the de<ec&on comilll!!rom !.he r;row>d ouc..ide tbe SJ"I'IIl'd oIoleld . Thio ,...!III""" dilfn<u......, ,he ..... 01 U ... pouDd &h!eId """ ohlm. 00 ~""' tebcope from !.he AIM kn.ioD .. I ,,",..,..,.. bu~ d~od aIoac lhe fIIltinl ~ oI lhe yooond.tr.kold. Ewry dilf..-..l «>lid ""'Ik jlfOjeeted b,. 1.!roo IfOWI<\ 10 ...., • 01 It... growwl obie/d prod""", a ~ r.y tbI ..rn "" d1!he1O<;! ..... ,,~."ur.tod befi:Inl conuibutl"£ 10 tbe IOIal fi"" ...... r-=hoo the ~ In&qp"I.tIq I.he. ....,. iIr lhe atrlo.ce ~ fL u... ~ at 300 K, and appiy'.q. K..tW'. diffr..nm b=Wo 10< a -'P'"" 10 ~ !.he atletnlM.ioa u ..do r~·, _ obtain d:aI. It... II .... __ deRoity per wtIt .....

" ;.bo «aWlr <II !.he tdeeo:ope would be 1.9aWJm·. MultiplyiDc 1.. ... b,. the eiffldiwoe..- <II the . ' ",,,, utd altmuatlrc b1 It... 0._. tio:Ick>be '''"POOIN " ~ eleva/JM, ... obtain the couJ ioo<!r..,; '""!>OC\od at dIo a>rTtOIpOD<IiDg """.won. The..wt.e ..... ....,..o lD F"\IIltft~. ~ <.hat ..... total Io.liq; .-un:d dUll ... .......m.I ~ (I .. _ 51.5<10&) 10 <II onIer 2pW, It .. dMr I.bM. ,he I"""'<ll.oiodllll! ill. ~Jo, couributioa. The daml,*" ""'poo>eI1l <II It... <Icwaoo" bell ... II d~ to ..... atll>Oll>l>ete .,od opiIlow-r bdIn& fram .-Ilbin tboo:.1 ·1 .... w

6. CONC LUSION

A ~ ~ or the fat ~ 01 tbe AGI' IdMoopo _ -,ed. The tecltnIquo ""'" a .......,. located .-- lhe 1 I .... and ... u""-ondl", <II the dif!"n<MId ........ """plilll! to t be deI.ecIOr ......... t.a .-!mate tboo _all intcuiily u (he ede!oI>N l!ltP"Ided from • JOUI"DO loco:.! ill the r.v IioId ollhe Weooope.

-• .. -' ,n •

\,. I ."

• ,. ,. . - -~ . - -

--, T he [or Ii<Wobe Io:-d ... meMIIted 1.0"" &\.Ieo....t<d ·7SdJl r.lh raped. to the main beam alIbi! ... "....,.,." wbiell ..uo6eo oil tho de!Jgu ... pectaUooI fur \be."aem, IiI\O&li", it qui\<: ol><Na tho P<ri>m>_ o(~ ... on-uls I)"OteIllL Tbbo ...... It , pi ... the d£ect or diffr~iOI1 O¥tr t he p<:IIUld ah>dd .... "U<;I;wc, lmply \bat tbol UOlDld ,",,,,,rlbut<> with _1M.!> Q,lfW 01. _, whldllo utg\l&lble (:t>Ul;>anl<,l to other"""""" of laoodlng.

ACKNOWLEDCMENTS

Til", l>roJoct .... panlally t:mde<! by .. FOND~;cyr mlclACl6,. 1("11 100141 .. ward, .. VRlIWclo 39/2010 .. ..-:1 an<l FO:'IDAP. Wo lharlk l.ym&n I. (PI'iI>ooIou. iJni"""'fily), lor Imdlng "" U.., Guon oedlI.at .... lind d .oppeo­.-I, and for mall)' ",,","",10 ... Mod guidinJ, We'" thar.k J ...... Can.. nu .. and Serg;o Ito) .. f .... In.;,. mIlaboral.luu in c.IMo pm)ca. We.peciIJJ,y lho.oic M....., Veil .... fur blI boJ.p in peofotminB; tho fl<p<Iri_1 at ~";I& w. 1h.uU: I'vque ~ Macamo. (CO(l"'CYT), La _bleb the ACT Ir"....,.,., 10 loeMod. We <honk tho ~ &c!-'''1 deputa>t .... III PUC fur leul", ...... lbe robotic loboralory 1.0 do tbo -.reo <h.t..~.

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