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HAND TOOL DESIGNHAND TOOL DESIGN
Hilma Raimona ZadryHilma Raimona Zadry
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Human hand is able to perform a
large variety of activities ranging from
those that reuire fine control to
others that demand large forces!
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Hand tas"s can be divided#Hand tas"s can be divided#
$ine manipulation of ob%ects &ith little
displacement and forces!
$ast movements to&ard the ob%ect' reuiringmoderately accuracy to reach the target but
a fairly small e(ertion of force!
$orceful activities &ith little or moderatedisplacement!
$orceful activities &ith large displacements!
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Designing )nd *electingDesigning )nd *electing
+ood Hand Tools+ood Hand Tools
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$it the Tool$it the Tool
Hand tools need to fit the contours ofHand tools need to fit the contours of
hand!hand!
Hand tools need to held securely &ithHand tools need to held securely &ithstraight &rist and suitable arm postures!straight &rist and suitable arm postures!
Hand tools must utili,e strength andHand tools must utili,e strength and
energy capabilities &ithout overloadingenergy capabilities &ithout overloadingthe body!the body!
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*ome methods of gripping*ome methods of gripping
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There are t&o basic grips#There are t&o basic grips#
-!-! .o&er grip.o&er grip
/!/! .recision grip.recision grip
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.O01R +RI..O01R +RI.
$orce parallel to forearm
$orce at an angle of forearm $orce acting on a moment forearm
.o&er grip is used for force orholding heavy product
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.INCH +RI..INCH +RI.
Tools is held bet&een the distal ends of
one or more fingers
2 types#3 4ateral pinch
3 .ulp pinches
3 .alm pinch
3 $inger press
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Handle DesignHandle Design
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Obliue thrust lineObliue thrust line
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$ormfitting$ormfitting
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.roper.roperorientation oforientation of
po&er tools inpo&er tools in&or"place&or"place
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$actors to consider $actors to consider
Design tools so that they can be used byDesign tools so that they can be used by
either hand by most individualseither hand by most individuals
)void repetitive finger action )void repetitive finger action Use the strongest &or"ing finger Use the strongest &or"ing finger
Handle openingHandle opening
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) +uide to *elect ) +uide to *electNon3.o&ered HandNon3.o&ered Hand
ToolsTools
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.RO5416.RO5416
77 ) large number of in%uries "no&n as ) large number of in%uries "no&n as
musculos"eletal disorders are attributablemusculos"eletal disorders are attributable
to hand tool use in occupational settings'to hand tool use in occupational settings'
resulting in unnecessary suffering' lostresulting in unnecessary suffering' lost&or"days and economic costs!8&or"days and economic costs!8
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The best tool is one that9The best tool is one that9
$its the %ob you are doing$its the %ob you are doing
$its the &or" space available$its the &or" space available
Reduces the force you need to applyReduces the force you need to apply $its your hand$its your hand
Can be used in a comfortable &or"Can be used in a comfortable &or"
positionposition
It is safe in all aspectsIt is safe in all aspects
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06*D ha,ardous e(posures06*D ha,ardous e(posures
)&"&ard postures )&"&ard postures
.ostures that strain.ostures that strain
the nec"' shoulders'the nec"' shoulders'elbo&s' &rists orelbo&s' &rists or
bac"!bac"!
)lso' bending' )lso' bending'stooping' t&isting andstooping' t&isting and
reaching!reaching!
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06*D ha,ardous e(posures06*D ha,ardous e(posures
Contact pressureContact pressure
.ressure from a hard.ressure from a hard
surface' point' orsurface' point' or
edge on any part ofedge on any part of
the body!the body!
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06*D ha,ardous e(posures06*D ha,ardous e(posures
.o&er +rip.o&er +rip
The hand grip thatThe hand grip that
provides ma(imumprovides ma(imum
hand po&er for highhand po&er for high
force tas"s!force tas"s!
)ll the fingers &rap )ll the fingers &rap
around the handle!around the handle!
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06*D ha,ardous e(posures06*D ha,ardous e(posures
.inch +rip.inch +rip
The hand grip thatThe hand grip that
provides control forprovides control forprecision and accuracy!precision and accuracy!
The tool is grippedThe tool is gripped
bet&een the thumb andbet&een the thumb andthe fingertips!the fingertips!
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:no& your %ob:no& your %ob
Thin" about the %obThin" about the %ob
you &ill be doing!you &ill be doing!
Tools are designedTools are designed
for specific purposesfor specific purposes
A.
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:no& your %ob:no& your %ob
Cutting' pinchingCutting' pinching
gripping tools#gripping tools#
; plierspliers
; snipssnips
; cutterscutters
A.
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:no& your %ob:no& your %ob
*tri"ing tools*tri"ing tools
; HammersHammers
; 6allets6allets
A.
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:no& your %ob:no& your %ob
Driving toolsDriving tools
; *cre&drivers*cre&drivers
; Hand &renchesHand &renches
; Nut driversNut drivers
; T3handle &renchesT3handle &renches
A.
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:no& your %ob:no& your %ob
*truc" or hammered*truc" or hammered
toolstools
; .unches.unches
; ChiselsChisels
; Nail setsNail sets
A.
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:no& your %ob:no& your %ob
$or$or .O01R.O01R tas"s consider#tas"s consider#
A.
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:no& your %ob:no& your %ob
$or$or .R1CI*ION.R1CI*ION tas"s consider#tas"s consider#
A.
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4oo" at your &or" space4oo" at your &or" space
)&"&ard postures may )&"&ard postures may
cause you to use morecause you to use more
force!force!
*elect a tool that can be*elect a tool that can be
used &ithin the spaceused &ithin the spaceavailableavailable
B.
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4oo" at your &or" space4oo" at your &or" space
If you &or" in a crampedIf you &or" in a cramped
space it is better to use aspace it is better to use ashorter tool that fits &ithinshorter tool that fits &ithinthe &or" space!the &or" space!
B.
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Improve your &or" postureImprove your &or" posture
)&"&ard body postures )&"&ard body postures
ma"e more demandsma"e more demands
on your bodyon your body
C.
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The placement of theThe placement of the&or" piece &ill affect&or" piece &ill affectyour postures in the#your postures in the#
; *houlder *houlder ; 1lbo&1lbo&
; 0rist0rist
; HandHand ; 5ac"5ac"
Improve your &or" postureImprove your &or" postureC.
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Choose a tool thatChoose a tool thatreuires less continuousreuires less continuousforce and a&"&ardforce and a&"&ardpostures!postures!
The right tool &ill notThe right tool &ill notcause pain and fatigue'cause pain and fatigue'
because your body partsbecause your body parts&ill be rela(ed!&ill be rela(ed!
Improve your &or" postureImprove your &or" postureC.
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
*ingle3handle tools for*ingle3handle tools for
.O01R tas"s#.O01R tas"s#
Tool must feel comfortableTool must feel comfortable&ith a handle diameter&ith a handle diameter
- < inches to- < inches to
/ inches!/ inches!
D.
You may increase thediameter by adding a sleeve
to the handle
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
*ingle3handle tools for*ingle3handle tools for
.R1CI*ION tas"s#.R1CI*ION tas"s#
Tool must feel comfortableTool must feel comfortable
&ith a handle diameter <&ith a handle diameter <
inch to = inch!inch to = inch!
D.
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
Double3handle toolsDouble3handle tools>pliers3li"e? for .O01R>pliers3li"e? for .O01Rtas"s#tas"s#
@!@! Tool &ith a grip span atTool &ith a grip span atleast / inches &hen fullyleast / inches &hen fullyclosed and no more thanclosed and no more than@ = inches &hen fully open!@ = inches &hen fully open!
D.
When continuous force isrequired, consider using a
clamp, a grip or locking
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
Double3handle tools >pliers3Double3handle tools >pliers3
li"e? for .R1CI*ION tas"s#li"e? for .R1CI*ION tas"s#
2!2! Tool &ith a grip span that isTool &ith a grip span that is
not less than - inch &hen fullynot less than - inch &hen fully
closed and no more than @closed and no more than @
inches &hen fully open!inches &hen fully open!
D.
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
Double3handled pinching'Double3handled pinching'
gripping or cutting tools#gripping or cutting tools#
A!A! Handles spring3loaded toHandles spring3loaded to
return the handles to thereturn the handles to the
open position!open position!
D.
D
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
B! *elect a tool that isB! *elect a tool that is
coated &ith softcoated &ith soft
material!material!
D.
Adding a sleeve to the toolhandle pads the surface but
also increases the diameter ofthe grip span of the handle.
D
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
! *elect a tool &ith an! *elect a tool &ith an
angle that allo&s youangle that allo&s you
to &or" &ith a straightto &or" &ith a straight
&rist!&rist!
D.
Tools with straight handlesare better when the force is
applied vertically.
D
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
!! *elect a tool &ith*elect a tool &ith
an angle thatan angle that
allo&s you to &or"allo&s you to &or"
&ith a straight&ith a straight&rist!&rist!
D.
Tools with bent handles arebetter when the force is applied
horizontally same direction asyour straight forearm and wrist!
D
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
E!E! *elect a tool that can*elect a tool that can
be used &ith yourbe used &ith your
dominant hand or &ithdominant hand or &itheither hand!either hand!
D.
D
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*elect the tool*elect the tool
$or HI+H $ORC1$or HI+H $ORC1
tas"s#tas"s#
-F!-F! *elect a tool &ith a*elect a tool &ith a
handle length longerhandle length longerthan the &idest partthan the &idest part
of your hand ;of your hand ;
usually 2 inches to Busually 2 inches to B
inchesinches
D.
"ake sure the end of thehandle does not press on thepalm of your hand.
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N t f ll i th id li lt iN t f ll i th id li lt i
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Not follo&ing these guidelines may result in one orNot follo&ing these guidelines may result in one or
more of these symptoms#more of these symptoms#
TinglingTingling
*&elling in the %oints*&elling in the %oints
Decreased ability to moveDecreased ability to move
Decreased grip strengthDecreased grip strength .ain from movement' pressure or e(posure to cold or.ain from movement' pressure or e(posure to cold or
vibrationvibration $ontinual muscle fatigue$ontinual muscle fatigue %ore muscles%ore muscles &umbness&umbness $hange in the skin color of your hands and$hange in the skin color of your hands and
fingertipsfingertips
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The 1rgonomics CycleThe 1rgonomics Cycle
The ergonomics cycle provides &ith an organi,edThe ergonomics cycle provides &ith an organi,ed&ay to start GOUR ergonomics effort at a store!&ay to start GOUR ergonomics effort at a store!
'mployee(nvolvement
'valuateprogress
"anagement%upport
)roblem(dentification
%olution(mplementation
Address
(n*uries
Training
6
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6ore resources6ore resources
1asy 1rgonomics# ) +uide to *electing Non3.o&ered Hand Tools1asy 1rgonomics# ) +uide to *electing Non3.o&ered Hand Tools
1asy 1rgonomics! ) practical approach for improving the &or"place1asy 1rgonomics! ) practical approach for improving the &or"place &&&!cbs!state!or!usoshapdfpubs@@2!pdf &&&!cbs!state!or!usoshapdfpubs@@2!pdf
On 06*D ha,ardous e(posures visit the 0I*H) &ebpage at#On 06*D ha,ardous e(posures visit the 0I*H) &ebpage at#&&&!lni!&a!gov*afetyTopics1rgonomics&&&!lni!&a!gov*afetyTopics1rgonomics
1(ample accident prevention program #1(ample accident prevention program #&&&!lni!&a!gov*afety5asics.rograms)ccident&&&!lni!&a!gov*afety5asics.rograms)ccident
Ideas to reduce ha,ardous e(posures can be found at theIdeas to reduce ha,ardous e(posures can be found at the1rgonomics Ideas 5an"1rgonomics Ideas 5an"
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