To explain and discuss Weaver’s Plantation Model of tourism development
To explain and discuss Butler’s Tourist Resort Life Cycle ModelTo explain and discuss Butler s Tourist Resort Life Cycle Model
To assess their usefulness for explaining tourism growth at Caribbean destinationsdestinations
1989 1999 % change
Jamaica 978,000 1,248,000 +27.6
Barbados 396,000 517,000 +30.1
Antigua 249,000 207,900 ‐16.5
Cuba 544,000 1,415,000 +160.3
Dominican Republic 1,719,000 2,380,000 +38.5
St Maarten 520 000 444 000 ‐14 5St Maarten 520,000 444,000 ‐14.5
Note: data are for Stopover tourists
How can you explain the different trends for different countries?Unique explanations or general explanations?
World scale◦ spread of the “pleasure periphery” from industrial core to periphery developing countries
National scale:National scale: ◦ Weaver’s Plantation Model of tourism development◦ D. Weaver (1988) ‘The evolution of a plantation tourism landscape in the Caribbean island of
Antigua’, TESG, 79(5), pp319‐331.
National and local resort scale: Butler’s tourist cycle resort (destination)model◦ Butler’s tourist cycle resort (destination)model
◦ R. Butler (1980) ‘The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for the management of resources’, Canadian Geographer, 24, pp5‐12.
Barbados◦ Leslie France (in box file)
St Maarten and Bermudad Alb & M El◦ de Albuquerque & McElroy
◦ In McGregor, Barker & Lloyd Evans (eds) (1998) Resource Sustainabilityand Caribbean Development, Kingston: UWI Press.
Jamaica◦ Koster and Seaborne – Montego Bayoste a d Seabo e o tego ay◦ In Barker & McGregor (eds) (2003) Resources, Planning and Environmental Management in a Changing Caribbean
Butler’s model and sustainability◦ Implicit in model is that as tourist numbers increase, the balance of social and environmental impacts become negative
◦ How can you measure concept of “carrying capacity” and know whether it has been exceeded or not?
Model has too much focus on supply side factorsSupply side factors affect the “supply” of tourists◦ Supply side ‐ factors affect the “supply” of tourists
government policy, competition from other destinations, increase/decrease in number of scheduled/charter flights
◦ Demand side factors relating to type of tourist product demanded by◦ Demand side –factors relating to type of tourist product demanded by visitors
niche markets, different types of tourists – single people, families, ecotourists,ecotourists,