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Exam1
• WillcoverChapter1andChapters3to6– “Basiclearningmechanisms”fromtodaywillbeonExam2,notExam1
• Format:– 32multiplechoice(1pointeach)– 6shortanswer(pointsvary)
Multiple-choicequestions
• 32total– 19onmaterialdiscussedinclassandinthebook– 4book-only– 9class-only
Multiple-choicequestions
• Distributionofclass-and-bookquestions:
Chapter #ofquestions1 73 24 25 56 3
Total: 19
Multiple-choicequestions
• 4book-onlyquestions:– Reliabilityvs.validity– Generalfunctionofsympathetic,parasympathetic,andsomaticnervoussystems
– Signaldetection:Sensitivityvs.responsecriterion– Neuralactivityasameasureofconsciousness(Fig.6.9)
Multiple-choicequestions
• 9class-onlyquestions:– TypesofresearchinMSUpsychdepartment– Relativesizeofassociationareasacrossspecies– Locationoffacearea– Howaneuronincreasesitssignalstrength– Responseofretinalganglioncellstodim,bright,andsplitillumination(2questions)
– Stroopeffect– Bottom-upfactorsinselectiveattention– Sensemakingprocess
Short-answerquestions
• 3questionsonKarpickeandRoediger(2008)– Knowthemethodandresultsattheleveldescribedinthelecturenotes
• Drawacorneroftheimpossibletriangle• Beabletoreconstructthe“toad+stool”examplefromSeveredCorpusCallosum
• Beabletolabelcorticallobes,theprimarysensoryandmotorareasofcortex,andCNS“stickfigure”fromSept.10class– Sensoryareas:visual,auditory,somatosensory
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Basiclearningmechanisms
WillbetestedonExam2,notExam1
Learning
• Organismshavetoadapttotheirenvironment• Forallanimals,thisinvolves:– Habituationanddishabituation– Conditioning:classicalandinstrumental• Focusoftoday’sclass
• Forpeoplethisalsoinvolves:– Observationallearning,skilllearning,conceptuallearning,lotsofothertypesoflearning
Conditioning
• Learningassociationsfrom– Astimulustoaresponse(classical/Pavlovian)– Aresponsetoastimulus(instrumental/operant)
• Importantdistinctions:– Astimulusispartoftheenvironment• Examples:Abellringing,thesmelloffood
– Aresponseispartoftheorganism• Examples:Amotoraction,athoughtoremotion,aphysiologicalchange
Classicalconditioning
• Unconditionedstimulus(US):– Astimulusthatelicitsaresponsebeforelearning– “Unconditioned”means“beforelearning”
• Unconditionedresponse(UR):– TheresponseelicitedbytheUSbeforelearning
Classicalconditioning
• Conditionedstimulus(CS):– Initiallyneutral(elicitsnoresponse)– Elicitsaresponseafterlearning– LearninginvolvesrepeatedpairingofCSandUS– TheorganismlearnsthattheCSpredictstheUS
• Conditionedresponse(CR):– TheresponseelicitedbytheCSafterlearning– MayresembleUR,butmaynot
Example:LittleAlbert
• US?– Clang
• UR?– Cry
• CS?– Rat
• CR?– Cry
• Here,theURandCRarethesame
• OtherfurryanimalscouldactastheCS– Thoughmaybenotasstrongly– Stimulusgeneralization
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Predictionisimportant
• AssociativelearningonlyhappensiftheCSpredictstheUS– Afterlearning,theorganismusestheCSasasignaltopreparefortheUS
– ThepreparationinvolvestheCR• IttakesmanytrialstoknowiftheCSpredictstheUS,soassociativelearningtakesawhile
Example
• US?– Smell/sightoffood
• UR?– Eat
• CS?– Soundofcanopener
• CR?– Approachthecan
Example:Gettingacavityfilled
• US?– Needlepoke
• UR?– Flinch
• CS?– Sightofneedle
• CR?– Holdstill,topreventtheflinch
Homeostasis
• Stabilityinbodystatemaintainedthroughself-regulation– Controlcentersinthebraindetectdeviationsintemperature,glucoselevels,etc.
– Deviationstriggerinternaladjustmentsorbehaviorsthatrestorethetargetlevel
• Homeostasisisthebasisforthehomeostaticmodelofdrugtolerance– Whichassumesclassicalconditioning
Homeostaticmodel
• US:– Heroin
• UR:– Relaxedstate,drymouth
• CS?– Sightsandsoundsofthe
contextwheretheuserusuallyuses
• CR?– Neuralandhormonal
responsestomaintainhomeostasis
– Inabsenceofheroin,theCRproducesagitatedstate,salivation
(“Wetter”and“dryer”maybereversedinFig.7.15.)
Instrumentalconditioning
• Response:Someactionbyorganism• Reinforcement:Astimulusdeliveredafterresponsetomakethatresponsemorelikely
• Shaping:Reinforcingbehaviorsthatareincreasinglysimilartothedesiredresponse
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Instrumentalconditioning
Initialtrials:
Latertrials:
Reinforcer
Example
• Cat:– Response?• Jumpintub
– Reinforcement?• Water
• Shaping?– Reinforcegoingintobathroom,thenreinforcejumpingontubdeck
Example
• Dad:– Response?• Turnonwater
– Reinforcement?• Adorablecatbehavior
Viewedasclassicalconditioning
• US?– Water
• UR?– Drink
• CS?– Dadinbathroom
• CR?– Jumpintub