Reference: WHO/HSC/PVI/99.11Distr.: LimitedOriginal: English
Injury:A Leading Cause of the Global Burden of Disease
Edited by Dr. E. Krug
Violence and Injury PreventionDepartment for Disability/Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation
Social Change and Mental Health Cluster,World Health Organization
Acknowledgements:
The Violence and Injury Prevention Unit (PVI) thanks Christepher Yao for his contribution to this document. PVI also thanks the Global
Programme for Evidence and Information for Policy for providing the data on which the tables in this document are based.
Copies of this document are available from:Violence and Injury Prevention TeamWorld Health Organization20 Avenue Appia1211 Geneva 27SwitzerlandFax: 0041 22 791 4332E-mail: [email protected]
The content of this publication is available on the www at http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/index.html
(C) World Health Organization, 1999
This document is not issued to the general public, and all rights are reserved by the World Health Organization (WHO). The document may not be reviewed, abstracted,quoted, reproduced or translated, in part or in whole, without the prior written permission of WHO. No part of this document may be stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical or other - without the prior written permission of WHO.
1. Introduction
Every day around the world, almost 16 000 people die
from injuries. For every person that dies, several
thousands more are injured, many of them with
permanent sequelae of injuries. Injuries occur in all
regions and countries, and affect people in all age and
income groups. The magnitude of the problem however
varies considerably by age, sex, region and income group.
For example, in the low- and middle-income countries in
the Western Pacific the leading injury-related causes of
death are road traffic injuries, drowning and suicide,
while in Africa they are war, interpersonal violence and
traffic injuries. In the high-income countries of the
Americas, the leading injury-related cause of death
among people aged 15−44 years is traffic injuries, while
in the low- and middle-income countries of the Americas
it is interpersonal violence.
The World Health Organization has prepared this
document to inform policy-makers, health officials,
researchers and the general public about the magnitude
and ranking of injuries to facilitate informed decision-
making. It is intended to serve as a reference document on
the ranking of injuries among other leading causes of
burden of disease.
An injury is a bodily lesion at the organic level resulting
from acute exposure to energy (which can be mechanical,
thermal, electrical, chemical or radiant) interacting with
the body in amounts or rates that exceed the threshold of
physiological tolerance. In some cases (e.g. in drowning,
strangulation or freezing), the injury results from an
insufficiency of a vital element. The time between
exposure and the appearance of the injury needs to be
short.1 Injuries are often classified as unintentional and
intentional. Most traffic injuries, fire-related injuries,
falls, drownings and poisonings are classified as
unintentional. On the other hand, homicides, suicides and
war are classified as intentional.
The traditional view of injuries as “accidents” or random
events has resulted in the historical neglect of this area of
1 Baker SP, O'Neill R, Karpf RS. The Injury Fact Book. Lexington,MA/Toronto, Lexington Books, D.C. Health and Company, 1984.
public health. During the past few decades, public health
officials have recognized injuries as preventable and have
established methods of scientific study to the prevention
of injuries. The public health approach to injury
prevention involves four key steps. The first step is to
determine the magnitude, scope and characteristics of the
problem. The second step is to identify the factors that
increase the risk of disease, injury or disability, and to
determine which factors are potentially modifiable. The
third step is to assess what measures can be taken to
prevent the problem by using the information about
causes and risk factors to design, pilot test and evaluate
interventions. The final step is to implement the most
promising interventions on a broad scale.
This publication contributes to the first step, the
description of the magnitude of the problem. It provides
the most recent estimates on the magnitude of injuries in
the world.
The information provided includes both mortality and
morbidity data. Mortality is a very important indicator of
the magnitude of a health problem. However, it is
important to realize that for each death from injury there
are many more injuries that result in hospitalization,
treatment in emergency departments or by general
practitioners, and treatment outside hospitals. Non-fatal
outcomes must also therefore be measured to characterize
the burden of injury accurately. Disability-adjusted life
years (DALYs) take account of this by combining the
number of years of life lost from premature death with the
loss of health from disability.2 This report includes a
series of tables showing the 15 Leading Causes of Death
and Burden of Disease (DALYs lost) for the world.
Rankings for cause of death and burden of diseases are
summarized by age group, sex, and income group for the
world and for the different regions.
2 Recognizing the need for a method of evaluating thecost−effectiveness of global health policy, a method of quantifyingthe cost per unit of disease burden averted was developed. Theresulting DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Year) allows thecomparison of disability and death on a common scale. TheDALY expresses the number of years of life lost (YLLs) summedwith a comparatively adjusted measure of years living with adisability (YLDs). YLD measurement adjustments are based onthe severity and duration of disease, and age and sex of theindividual. Characteristics such as socioeconomic status, race orlevel of education are not included in the YLD measurement.
2. Methods
All data used in the tables are from the WHO World
Health Report 1999 database. We followed the World
Health Report procedure for creating death and disability
rankings. The World Health Report divides deaths and
disabilities first into three broad groups: communicable
diseases, maternal and, perinatal conditions and
nutritional deficiencies; non-communicable
conditions/diseases; and injuries. Next, deaths and
disabilities within each of these groups are divided into
categories. For example, injuries are divided into
unintentional and intentional. Following this level of
disaggregation, deaths and disabilities are further divided
into subcategories. For example, unintentional injuries are
subdivided into road traffic injuries, poisoning, falls, fires
and drowning, while intentional injuries are sub-divided
into self-inflicted injuries, interpersonal violence
(homicide and violence), and war injuries (see example).
The same procedure is followed for the other two broad
groups of deaths and disabilities.
Example of tree structure used to develop the tables
Group X Category Y Subcategory Y1 Subcategory Y2
I. Communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditionsand nutritional deficiencies
A. Infectious and parasitic diseases1. Tuberculosis2. STDs excluding HIV3. HIV/AIDS
4. Diarrhoeal diseases
…III. Injuries
A. Unintentional1. Road traffic injuries2. Poisoning3. Falls4. Fires5. Drowning6. Other unintentional injuries
B. Intentional1. Self-inflicted injuries2. Homicide and violence (interpersonal
violence) 3. War injuries
Deaths and disabilities are coded based on the WHO
International Classification of Diseases (see Appendix 1).
The rankings are produced by ordering the subcategories.
Two sets of tables were developed for this report. The
first set of tables (Tables 1−18) present the global burden
of the 15 Leading Causes of Deaths and Burden of
Disease for the world. The second set of tables (Tables
19−42) present the 15 Leading Causes of Death and
Burden of Diseases by region and income groups. The
geographical regions and income status were classified as
presented in Appendix 2.
The 15 leading causes of death/burden of disease are
presented in tables by geographical region and income
levels, by age and sex. All injury-related groups or
categories are highlighted in each table for illustration.
The numbers listed below for each subcategory represent
either the total number of deaths or DALYs. It is
important to realize that these are a measure of magnitude
and are not directly comparable to another region, sex or
income group. A table describing the population is
provided to allow the calculation of rates of disease or
injury which may then be more accurately compared
between tables (Appendix 3).
3. Results
It is estimated that 5.8 million people worldwide died
from injuries in 1998, which corresponds to a rate of 97.9
per 100,000 population (appendix 4). 3.8 million (128.6
per 100,000 population) of them were males and 1.9
million (66.7 per 100,000 population) were females.
Injuries are leading causes of deaths in all age groups
(Table 1). Road traffic and self-inflicted injuries are the
leading causes of injury-related deaths worldwide. Five
of the top ten causes of death in the world for persons
aged 15−44 years are the result of injuries. Road traffic
injuries, interpersonal violence, self-inflicted injuries, war
injuries, drowning and injuries resulting from exposure to
fire are all among the leading causes of death for persons
aged 15−44 years (Table 1). The leading injury-related
cause of death among youths is traffic injuries, while
among persons aged 45 years and older it is self-inflicted
injuries. Although falls do not appear among the leading
causes of death in the world, they are the leading cause of
burden of disease for children aged 5−14 years and the
14th leading cause for all age groups combined (Table 2).
Worldwide, road traffic injuries are the leading injury-
related cause of death and burden of disease in males
(Tables 3 and 4). For females, self-inflicted injuries are
the leading injury-related cause of death (Table 5). In
high- income countries, road traffic injuries, self-inflicted
injuries and interpersonal violence are the three leading
causes of death among people aged 15−44 years (Table
7). Among persons 15−44 years of age in high-income
countries there are twice as many suicides and three times
as many traffic-related deaths as homicides. These
differences are much less marked in low-and middle-
income countries (Table 12).
When analysed by region the differences are also
important. In most of the regions, road traffic injuries are
the leading cause of injury-related deaths. However, wars
are the leading injury-related cause of death in Africa
(Table 19), and self-inflicted injuries are the leading
injury-related cause death in China (Table 39). China and
the Other Low- and Middle Income Western Pacific
Countries are the only regions to count drownings among
the 15 leading causes of death and burden of disease.
India is the only country where fire is classified among
the 15 leading causes of death.
4. Conclusion
The goal of this publication is to provide the most recent
estimates on the magnitude of injuries in the world and
compare the burden of injuries to other leading public
health problems. Such information is the basis for
informed priority-setting and decision- making. Injuries
have been shown to account for a significant health
burden on all populations regardless of their age, sex,
income or geographical region.
Injuries are preventable non-random events. The data in
this report clearly show the importance of injuries as a
public health problem. The time has come to develop
effective injury prevention strategies that will decrease
the impact of injuries on the health of the world’s
population.
List of Tables
World
Table 1. Leading Causes of Death, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 2. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Both Sexes,
1998
Table 3. Leading Causes of Death, Males, 1998
Table 4. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Males, 1998
Table 5. Leading Causes of Death, Females, 1998
Table 6. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Females, 1998
Table 7. Leading Causes of Death High-Income Countries,
Both Sexes, 1998
Table 8. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, High-Income
Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 9. Leading Causes of Death, High-Income Countries,
Males, 1998
Table 10. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, High-Income
Countries, Males, 1998
Table 11. Leading Causes of Death, High-Income Countries,
Females, 1998
Table 12. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, High-Income
Countries, Females 1998
Table 13. Leading Causes of Death, Low- and Middle-Income
Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 14. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Low- and
Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 15. Leading Causes of Death, Low- and Middle- Income Countries, Males,
1998
Table 16. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Low- and Middle-Income
Countries, Males, 1998
Table 17. Leading Causes of Death, Low- and Middle-Income Countries,
Females, 1998
Table 18. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Low- and Middle-Income
Countries, Females, 1998
Regional
Table 19. Leading Causes of Death, African Region, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 20. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, African Region, Both Sexes,
1998
Table 21. Leading Causes of Death Region of the Americas – High-Income
Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 22. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Region of the Americas – High-
Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 23. Leading Causes of Death, Region of the Americas – Low- and Middle-
Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 24. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Region of the Americas – Low-
and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 25. Leading Causes of Death, Eastern Mediterranean Region –High-
Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 26. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Eastern Mediterranean Region
– High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 27. Leading Causes of Death, Eastern Mediterranean Region –Low- and
Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 28. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Eastern
Mediterranean Region – Low- and Middle-Income
Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 29. Leading Causes of Death, European Region – High-
Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 30. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, European
Region – High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 31. Leading Causes of Death, European Region – Low-
and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 32. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, European
Region – Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both
Sexes, 1998
Table 33. Leading Causes of Death, South-East Asia Region –
India, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 34. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, South-East
Asia Region – India, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 35. Leading Causes of Death, South-East Asia Region –
Other Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both
Sexes, 1998
Table 36. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, South-East
Asia Region – Other Low- and Middle-Income
Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 37. Leading Causes of Death, Western Pacific Region – High- Income
Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 38. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Western Pacific Region – High-
Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 39. Leading Causes of Death, Western Pacific Region – China, Both
Sexes, 1998
Table 40. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Western Pacific Region –
China, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 41. Leading Causes of Death, Western Pacific Region – Other Low- and
Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 42. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Western Pacific Region – Other
Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Table 1. Leading Causes of Death, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions2 155 000
Acute lowerrespiratory infections
213 429
HIV/AIDS1 629 726
Ischaemic heart disease887 146
Ischaemic heart disease6 239 562
Ischaemic heart disease7 375 408
2Acute lower
respiratory infections1 850 412
Malaria209 109
Road traffic injuries600 312
Cerebrovascular disease600 854
Cerebrovascular disease4 247 080
Cerebrovascular disease5 106 125
3 Diarrhoeal diseases1 814 158
Road traffic injuries161 956
Interpersonal violence509 844
Tuberculosis407 737
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 974 652
Acute lower respiratoryinfections3 452 178
4 Measles887 671
Drowning157 573
Self-inflicted injuries508 621
Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
305 982
Acute lowerrespiratory infections
1 184 698
HIV/AIDS2 285 229
5 Malaria793 368
Diarrhoeal diseases133 883
Tuberculosis427 314
Cirrhosis of the liver264 117
Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
889 873
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
2 249 252
6Congenital
abnormalities404 849
War injuries57 285
War injuries372 935
HIV/AIDS214 571
Tuberculosis570 513
Diarrhoeal diseases2 219 032
7 HIV/AIDS349 885
Nephritis/nephrosis44 640
Ischaemic heart disease244 556
Liver cancers205 394
Stomach cancers561 527
Perinatal conditions2 155 000
8 Pertussis345 771
Congenital abnormalities43 056
Cerebrovascular disease195 983
Stomach cancers205 212
Diabetes mellitus426 964
Tuberculosis1 498 061
9 Tetanus302 668
Inflammatory cardiac disease40 802
Cirrhosis of the liver142 445
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
203 192
Colon/rectum cancer424 463
Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
1 244 407
10Protein−energy
malnutrition214 717
HIV/AIDS39 042
Drowning141 922
Self-inflicted injuries178 478
Cirrhosis of the liver355 615
Road traffic injuries1 170 694
11 Drowning125 301
Fires38 968
Fires122 666
Road traffic injuries172 312
Nephritis/nephrosis307 832
Malaria1 110 293
12 STDs excluding HIV118 178
Cerebrovascular disease38 349
Maternal haemorrhage116 771
Breast cancers132 238
Oesophaguscancers296 550
Self-inflicted injuries947 697
13 War injuries103 323
Tuberculosis38 093
Acute lower respiratoryinfections115 100
Oesophagus cancers117 352
Liver cancers295 756
Measles887 671
14 Road traffic injuries82 429
Interpersonal violence34 938
Rheumatic heart disease104 635
Diabetes mellitus104 855
Inflammatory cardiac disease268 545
Stomach cancers822 069
15 Meningitis60 198
Leukaemia34 503
Liver cancers103 131
Inflamatory cardiac disease97 511
Self-inflicted injuries227 724
Cirrhosis of the liver774 563
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 2. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions80 558 861
Falls10 956 652
Unipolar major depression48 723 776
Ischaemic heart disease15 184 630
Ischaemic heart disease29 028 308
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
82 344 294
2Acute lower respiratory
infections64 228 262
Road traffic injuries8 701 689
HIV/AIDS45 990 984
Cerebrovascular disease10 835 472
Cerebrovascular disease20 431 975
Perinatal conditions80 563 550
3 Diarrhoeal diseases61 928 529
Acute lower respiratoryinfections8 393 604
Road traffic injuries22 817 459
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
7 737 631
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
13 856 850
Diarrhoeal diseases73 100 467
4 Malaria28 377 796
Malaria7 786 061
Alcohol dependence16 399 139
Unipolar major depression7 458 410
Dementias5 345 048
HIV/AIDS70 929 569
5 Measles25 431 470
Drowning5 913 678
Interpersonal violence16 379 055
Osteoarthritis7 343 566
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
5 059 575
Unipolar major depression58 246 285
6 Congenital abnormalities25 000 333
Diarrhoeal diseases5 877 867
Self-inflicted injuries16 258 293
Tuberculosis6 711 389
Acute lower respiratoryinfections4 862 411
Ischaemic heart disease51 947 726
7 HIV/AIDS18 802 590
Anaemias5 233 961
War injuries15 074 260
Cirrhosis of the liver5 129 074
Cataracts4 711 846
Cerebrovascular disease41 626 214
8 Protein−energy malnutrition14 143 562
Measles4 726 253
Bipolar affective disorder14 957 032
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
4 747 878
Diabetes mellitus4 117 836
Malaria39 267 129
9 Pertussis11 740 117
Fires4 354 125
Tuberculosis14 213 396
Diabetes mellitus3 772 964
Tuberculosis3 749 742
Road traffic injuries38 848 625
10 Tetanus10 121 217
Tropical diseases3 265 006
Psychoses14 008 554
Cataracts3 623 541
Stomach cancers3 258 550
Measles30 255 379
11 STDs excluding HIV5 782 412
HIV/AIDS2 957 143
Anaemias13 668 409
Stomach cancers3 297 807
Osteoarthritis2 977 733
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
28 653 713
12 Falls5 635 576
Intestinal nematodeinfections2 826 447
STDs excluding HIV10 835 570
Road traffic injuries3 257 794
Colon/rectum cancers2 461 593
Tuberculosis28 189 217
13 Drowning4 191 300
Asthma2 649 491
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders9 178 795
Liver cancers3 137 898
Cirrhosis of the liver2 409 307
Congenital abnormalities28 146 782
14 War injuries3 942 734
War injuries2 578 041
Cerebrovascular disease8 121 363
Self-inflicted injuries2 841 741
Unipolar major depression2 064 100
Falls27 020 881
15 Road traffic injuries3 122 911
Nephritis/nephrosis2 003 418
Falls7 796 120
HIV/AIDS2 694 108
Liver cancers1 720 706
Anaemias24 746 124
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 3. Leading Causes of Death, Males, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions1 120 998
Drowning105 746
HIV/AIDS793 410
Ischaemic heart disease585 911
Ischaemic heart disease2 906 453
Ischaemic heart disease3 658 699
2Acute lower respiratory
infections967 919
Malaria105 377
Road traffic injuries481 687
Cerebrovascular disease335 697
Cerebrovascular disease1 851 926
Cerebrovascular disease2 340 299
3 Diarrhoeal diseases960 418
Road traffic injuries102 095
Interpersonal violence437 920
Tuberculosis249 929
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 078 693
Acute lower respiratoryinfections1 753 220
4 Measles456 041
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
98 019
Self-inflicted injuries297 230
Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
235 558
Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
640 198
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 239 658
5 Malaria416 892
Diarrhoeal diseases61 790
Tuberculosis244 364
Cirrhosis of the liver195 874
Acute lower respiratoryinfections579 314
HIV/AIDS1 163 808
6 Congenital abnormalities208 297
War injuries33 917
War injuries227 217
Liver cancers158 533
Tuberculosis351 636
Diarrhoeal diseases1 149 275
7 Pertussis178 246
Nephritis/nephrosis21 586
Ischaemic heart disease166 335
HIV/AIDS146 560
Stomach cancers344 520
Perinatal conditions1 120 998
8 HIV/AIDS169 886
Interpersonal violence21 478
Cerebrovascular disease119 755
Stomach cancers143 281
Cirrhosis of the liver223 169
Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers
910 971
9 Tetanus155 834
Self –inflicted injuries21 307
Drowning109 568
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
124 148
Prostate cancers221 605
Tuberculosis893 387
10 Protein−energy malnutrition105 520
Congenital abnormalities20 942
Cirrhosis of the liver108 669
Road traffic injuries124 011
Colon/rectum cancers210 434
Road traffic injuries854 939
11 Drowning73 364
Cerebrovascular disease20 606
Liver cancers84 288
Self-inflicted injuries114 917
Oesophagus cancers189 945
Interpersonal violence582 486
12 STDs excluding HIV61 305
Leukaemia19 910
Poisoning60 961
Oesophagus cancer82 969
Liver cancers187 544
Malaria572 411
13 War injuries51959
Inflammatory cardiac disease19 262
Inflammatory cardiac disease59 791
Mouth and oropharynxcancers68 012
Diabetes mellitus167 727
Self-inflicted injuries565 156
14 Road traffic injuries49 848
HIV/AIDS18 507
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
59 633
Interpersonal violence66 555
Nephritis/nephrosis160 083
Cirrhosis of the liver533 724
15 Meningitis31 274
Tuberculosis17 989
Falls55 627
Inflammatory cardiac disease56 779
Mouth and oropharynxcancers134 770
Stomach cancer517 821
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 4. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Males, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions41 823 595
Falls7 532 099
HIV/AIDS22 103 635
Ischaemic heart disease9 946 355
Ischaemic heart disease15 006 875
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
42 405 506
2Acute lower respiratory
infections33 503 856
Road traffic injuries5 440 118
Road traffic injuries18 169 711
Cerebrovascular disease5 864 526
Cerebrovascular disease9 734 830
Perinatal conditions41 826 464
3 Diarrhoeal diseases32 761 139
Drowning3 963 228
Unipolar major depression17 344 714
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
4 579 920
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
7 923 127
Diarrhoeal diseases38 011 849
4 Malaria14 826 431
Malaria3 915 755
Alcohol dependence14 480 185
Tuberculosis4 055 513
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
3 709 747
HIV/AIDS34 985 250
5 Measles13 103 117
Acute lower respiratoryinfections3 865 169
Interpersonal violence14 048 737
Cirrhosis of the liver3 756 440
Acute lower respiratoryinfections2 506 148
Ischaemic heart disease30 044 444
6 Congenital abnormalities12 737 963
Anaemias2 786 954
War injuries9 168 611
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
3 604 287
Tuberculosis2 275 392
Road traffic injuries28 412 521
7 HIV/AIDS9 395 203
Diarrhoeal diseases2 745 490
Self-inflicted injuries8 970 010
Osteoarthritis2 835 200
Stomach cancers2 113 225
Cerebrovascular disease21 566 153
8 Protein−energy malnutrition7 091 211
Measles2 366 428
Tuberculosis8 023 828
Unipolar major depression2 665 600
Dementias2 108 940
Unipolar major depression20 674 348
9 Pertussis6 073 647
Tropical diseases2 131 818
Bipolar affective disorder7 629 669
Liver cancers2 400 407
Cataracts2 091 595
Malaria20 187 610
10 Tetanus5 308 209
Asthma1 581 869
Psychoses7 380 240
Road traffic injuries2 305 289
Diabetes mellitus1 710 260
Interpersonal violence17 151 072
11 STDs excluding HIV2 959 647
Fires1 540 036
Anaemias5 545 460
Stomach cancers2 266 614
Cirrhosis of the liver1 547 707
Falls17 073 927
12 Falls2 823 695
HIV/AIDS1 449 383
Falls5 407 850
Diabetes mellitus1 825 667
Colon/rectum cancers1 279 964
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
16 393 270
13 Drowning2 452 798
War injuries1 449 368
Ischaemic heart disease5 091 213
Cataracts1 794 107
Prostate cancers1 242 080
Alcohol dependence16 162 286
14 War injuries1 980 086
Intestinal nematodeinfections1 447 312
Cerebrovascular disease4 783 178
Benign prostatic hypertrophy1 754 018
Liver cancers1 134 939
Tuberculosis16 137 329
15 Road traffic injuries1 887 677
Nephritis/nephrosis977 273
Drug dependence4 555 664
Self-inflicted injuries1 752 846
Oesophagus cancers1 123 024
Measles15 526 243
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 5. Leading Causes of Death, Females, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions1 034 002
Acute lower respiratoryinfections115 411
HIV/AIDS836 316
Ischaemic heart disease301 235
Ischaemic heart disease3 333 109
Ischaemic heart disease3 716 709
2Acute lower respiratory
infections882 493
Malaria103 732
Self-inflicted injuries211 391
Cerebrovascular disease265 157
Cerebrovascular disease2 395 154
Cerebrovascular disease2 765 827
3 Diarrhoeal diseases853 740
Diarrhoeal diseases72 092
Tuberculosis182 950
Tuberculosis157 808
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
895 959
Acute lower respiratoryinfections1 698 957
4 Measles431 630
Road traffic injuries59 861
War injuries145 717
Breast cancers132 238
Acute lower respiratoryinfections605 384
HIV/AIDS1 121 421
5 Malaria376 476
Drowning51 828
Road traffic injuries118 624
Cervix cancers90 046
Diabetes mellitus259 237
Diarrhoeal diseases1 069 757
6 Congenital abnormalities196 552
Fires24 965
Maternal haemorrhage116 771
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
79 044
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers249 675
Perinatal conditions1 034 002
7 HIV/AIDS179 998
War injuries23 368
Ischaemic heart disease78 221
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers70 425
Breast cancers222 931
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 009 594
8 Pertussis167 525
Nephritis/nephrosis23 054
Fires77 309
Cirrhosis of the liver68 243
Tuberculosis218 876
Tuberculosis604 674
9 Tetanus146 834
Congenital abnormalities22 113
Cerebrovascular disease76 228
HIV/AIDS68 011
Stomach cancers217 007
Malaria537 882
10 Protein−energy malnutrition109 197
Inflammatory cardiac disease21 540
Interpersonal violence71 924
Self-inflicted injuries63 561
Colon/rectum cancers214 028
Measles431 630
11 STDs excluding HIV56 872
HIV/AIDS20 535
Maternal sepsis70 561
Stomach cancers61 931
Nephritis/nephrosis147 749
Breast cancers411 668
12 Drowning51 937
Tuberculosis20 104
Abortion63 317
Rheumatic heart disease54 889
Inflammatory cardiac disease147 213
Self-inflicted injuries382 541
13 War injuries51 363
Tetanus18 021
Hypertensive disorders ofpregnancy
58 870
Diabetes mellitus52 085
Cirrhosis of the liver132 446
Diabetes mellitus343 021
14 Road traffic injuries32 581
Cerebrovascular disease17 743
Breast cancers56 165
Road traffic injuries48 301
Dementias114 217
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers333 436
15 Meningitis28 925
Leukaemia14 593
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
55 467
Liver cancers46 861
Cervix cancers111 623
Road traffic injuries315 755
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 6. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Females, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions38 735 266
Acute lower respiratoryinfections4 528 435
Unipolar major depression31 379 061
Ischaemic heart disease5 238 275
Ischaemic heart disease14 021 433
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
39 938 788
2Acute lower respiratory
infections30 724 407
Malaria3 870 306
HIV/AIDS23 887 349
Cerebrovascular disease4 970 947
Cerebrovascular disease10 697 144
Perinatal conditions38 737 086
3 Diarrhoeal diseases29 167 391
Childhood diseases3 778 869
Anaemias8 122 949
Unipolar major depression4 792 809
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
5 933 723
Unipolar major depression37 571 938
4 Malaria13 551 365
Falls3 424 553
STDs excluding HIV8 100 921
Osteoarthritis4 508 366
Dementias3 236 109
HIV/AIDS35 944 319
5 Measles12 328 353
Road traffic injuries3 261 570
Bipolar affective disorder7 327 363
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
3 157 710
Cataracts2 620 251
Diarrhoeal diseases35 088 618
6 Congenital abnormalities12 262 371
Diarrhoeal diseases3 132 377
Self-inflicted injuries7 288 284
Tuberculosis2 655 876
Diabetes mellitus2 407 576
Ischaemic heart disease21 903 282
7 HIV/AIDS9 407 387
Fires2 814 089
Obstructed labour6 994 148
Breast cancers2 213 579
Acute lower respiratoryinfections2 356 263
Cerebrovascular disease20 060 061
8 Protein−energy malnutrition7 052 352
Anaemias2 447 008
Psychoses6 628 315
Diabetes mellitus1 947 297
Osteoarthritis1 904 842
Malaria19 079 519
9 Pertussis5 666 470
Drowning1 950 449
Tuberculosis6 189 568
Cataracts1 829 434
Tuberculosis1 474 351
Measles14 729 136
10 Tetanus4 913 008
HIV/AIDS1 507 760
War injuries5 905 650
Cervix cancers1 463 839
Unipolar major depression1 400 067
Congenital abnormalities13 844 496
11 STDs excluding HIV2 822 765
Intestinal nematodeinfections Maternal sepsis
5 874 005Cirrhosis of the liver
1 372 634
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers Anaemias
13 680 229
1 379 134 1 349 82812 Falls2 811 881
Tropical diseases1 133 188
Abortion5 419 923
Anaemias1 306 013
Breast cancers1 311 539
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
12 260 443
13 War injuries1 962 647
War injuries1 128 673
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders5 148 746
Glaucoma1 242 426
Colon/rectum cancers1 181 628
Tuberculosis12 051 889
14 Drowning1 738 503
Asthma1 067 622
Road traffic injuries4 647 748
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
1 143 591
Stomach cancers1 145 325
STDs excluding HIV11 227 229
15 Meningitis1 393 103
Nephritis/nephrosis1 026 146
Maternal haemorrhage3 683 957
Self-inflicted injuries1 088 895
Cirrhosis of the liver861 600
Road traffic injuries10 436 103
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 7. Leading Causes of Death, High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions53 198
Road traffic injuries5 313
Road traffic injuries76 249
Ischaemic heart disease140 620
Ischaemic heart disease1 719 015
Ischaemic heart disease1 883 763
2 Congenital abnormalities25 459
Congenital abnormalities1 491
Self-inflicted injuries54 517
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers67 308
Cerebrovascular disease835 735
Cerebrovascular disease893 182
3Acute lower respiratory
infections5 744
Leukaemia1 470
Interpersonal violence26 196
Cerebrovascular disease43 867
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers346 568
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers422 347
4 Measles5 342
Drowning1 159
Ischaemic heart disease24 128
Breast cancers40 126
Acute lower respiratoryinfections286 658
Acute lower respiratoryinfections306 187
5 Diarrhoeal diseases4 192
Interpersonal violence926
HIV/AIDS23 462
Cirrhosis of the liver38 948
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
264 968
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
280 168
6 Pertussis3 475
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
821
Cirrhosis of the liver13 285
Self-inflicted injuries31 851
Colon/rectum cancers207 234
Colon/rectum cancers242 996
7 Road traffic injuries2 328
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders
775
Cerebrovascular disease12 680
Colon/rectum cancers30 481
Diabetes mellitus143 018
Diabetes mellitus161 069
8Nutritional/endocrine
disorders1 853
Self-inflicted injuries702
Breast cancers12 137
Road traffic injuries22 105
Stomach cancers118 001
Breast cancers160 139
9 Drowning1 512
Fires666
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers8 433
Stomach cancers20 447
Prostate cancers111 173
Stomach cancers143 310
10 Interpersonal violence1 311
Cerebrovascular disease407
Poisoning7 700
Pancreas cancers13 814
Breast cancers107 874
Road traffic injuries141 656
11 Meningitis1 144
Inflammatory cardiac disease396
Leukaemia6 753
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease Dementias
97 966Self-inflicted injuries
129 935
13 75912 Fires1 048
Lymphoma337
Lymphoma6 286
Diabetes mellitus13 716
Pancreas cancers83 422
Cirrhosis of the liver121 816
13 Dementias959
War injuries301
Inflammatory cardiac disease5 963
Lymphoma13 412
Nephritis/nephrosis81 798
Prostate cancers114 807
14 Inflammatory cardiac disease851
Dementias297
Colon/rectum cancers5 267
Mouth and oropharynxcancers12 840
Lymphoma70 824
Dementias104 719
15 Tetanus741
Falls272
Falls5 218
Oesophagus cancers10 735
Cirrhosis of the liver69 489
Pancreas cancers99 126
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 8. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions2 012 591
Road traffic injuries326 589
Unipolar major depression5 268 853
Ischaemic heart disease2 310 508
Ischaemic heart disease6 584 017
Ischaemic heart disease9 500 891
2 Congenital abnormalities1 704 944
Asthma202 047
Alcohol dependence3 979 194
Osteoarthritis1 711 056
Cerebrovascular disease3 467 017
Unipolar major depression7 029 403
3Acute lower respiratory
infections199 970
Dental caries141 063
Road traffic injuries3 460 708
Unipolar major depression1 297 615
Dementias2 278 483
Cerebrovascular disease5 219 417
4 Diarrhoeal diseases197 796
Falls131 177
Psychoses2 224 976
Cerebrovascular disease1 067 696
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
1 856 794
Alcohol dependence4 739 492
5Nutritional/endocrine
disorders178 868
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders123 431
Self-inflicted injuries1 667 323
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
1 059 043
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 704 296
Road traffic injuries4 555 512
6 Pertussis131 874
Drug dependence115 840
Bipolar affective disorder1 546 074
Diabetes mellitus992 079
Diabetes mellitus1 440 767
Diabetes mellitus3 131 487
7 Measles112 274
Anaemias109 008
Drug dependence1 367 377
Cirrhosis of the liver764 577
Colon/rectum cancers1 136 874
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
3 122 003
8 Protein−energy malnutrition97 148
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders100 741
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders1 166 502
Breast cancers689 178
Acute lower respiratoryinfections855 378
Osteoarthritis3 045 518
9 Road traffic injuries93 461
Epilepsy98 708
Interpersonal violence993 068
Alcohol dependence605 397
Osteoarthritis636 118
Dementias2 983 207
10 Meningitis89 593
Otitis media67 944
HIV/AIDS826 178
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
571 630
Breast cancers622 789
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
2 448 746
11 Falls86 850
Fires65 128
Osteoarthritis698 344
Colon/rectum cancers536 810
Prostate cancers596 398
Self-inflicted injuries2 416 102
12 Asthma76 566
Measles63 848
Diabetes mellitus678 839
Dementias522 875
Stomach cancers590 682
Psychoses2 280 326
13 Dementias69 466
Leukaemia57 331
Cerebrovascular disease652 920
Self-inflicted injuries501 484
Cirrhosis of the liver485 770
Perinatal conditions2 015 940
14 Interpersonal violence52 349
Congenital abnormalities55 977
Ischaemic heart disease606 365
Road traffic injuries459 875
Unipolar major depression462 934
Congenital abnormalities1 914 609
15 Drowning50 560
Interpersonal violence43 953
Asthma579 165
Stomach cancers332 915
Pancreas cancers404 967
Colon/rectum cancers1 817 732
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 9. Leading Causes of Death, High-Income Countries, Males, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions30 746
Road traffic injuries3 312
Road traffic injuries59 021
Ischaemic heart disease110 379
Ischaemic heart disease810 499
Ischaemic heart disease940 096
2 Congenital abnormalities13 903
Drowning934
Self-inflicted injuries42 971
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers45 598
Cerebrovascular disease331 813
Cerebrovascular disease367 604
3Acute lower respiratory
infections3 126
Leukaemia858
Interpersonal violence20 959
Cirrhosis of the liver29 436
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers230 451
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers281 367
4 Measles2 730
Congenital abnormalities778
HIV/AIDS19 269
Cerebrovascular disease27 634
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
174 444
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
184 196
5 Diarrhoeal diseases2 190
Self-inflicted injuries522
Ischaemic heart disease19 218
Self-inflicted injuries22 917
Acute lower respiratoryinfections137 956
Acute lower respiratoryinfections150 051
6 Pertussis1 928
Interpersonal violence513
Cirrhosis of the liver9 990
Colon/rectum cancers17 800
Prostate cancers111 173
Colon/rectum cancers124 484
7 Road traffic injuries1 299
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders
424
Cerebrovascular disease7 648
Road traffic injuries15 971
Colon/rectum cancers103 801
Prostate cancers114 807
8Nutritional/endocrine
disorders988
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
407
Poisoning6 043
Stomach cancers14 180
Stomach cancers70 388
Road traffic injuries101 280
9 Drowning973
Fires363
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers5 288
Mouth and oropharynxcancers11 040
Diabetes mellitus53 035
Self-inflicted injuries94 968
10 Interpersonal violence659
Lymphoma239
Falls4 437
Oesophagus cancers9 364
Cirrhosis of the liver43 043
Stomach cancers87 082
11 Meningitis656
Cerebrovascular disease227
Inflammatory cardiac disease4 339
Pancreas cancers8 992
Pancreas cancers41 654
Cirrhosis of the liver82 516
12 Fires576
Inflammatory cardiac disease206
Lymphoma4 183
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
8 833
Nephritis/nephrosis38 925
Diabetes mellitus64 030
13 Dementia494
Falls193
Leukaemia4 053
Liver cancers8 758
Bladder cancers37 444
Pancreas cancers51 881
14 Inflammatory cardiac disease391
Dementia181
Drowning4 052
Lymphoma8 478
Lymphoma36 156
Lymphoma49 113
15 Tetanus380
War injuries178
Alcohol dependence2 930
Diabetes mellitus8 253
Dementias35 768
Nephritis/nephrosis44 113
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 10. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, High-Income Countries, Males, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions1 143 046
Road traffic injuries202 857
Alcohol dependence3 368 317
Ischaemic heart disease1 797 168
Ischaemic heart disease3 609 681
Ischaemic heart disease5 886 381
2 Congenital abnormalities900 309
Asthma122 814
Road traffic injuries2 588 238
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers701 102
Cerebrovascular disease1 574 804
Alcohol dependence4 004 689
3Acute lower respiratory
infections108 484
Falls93 130
Unipolar major depression1 864 603
Osteoarthritis691 670
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
1 243 487
Road traffic injuries3 301 629
4 Diarrhoeal diseases102 893
Drug dependence86 927
Self-inflicted injuries1 279 658
Cerebrovascular disease621 737
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 139 228
Cerebrovascular disease2 593 720
5Nutritional/endocrine
disorders91 612
Dental caries72 281
Psychoses1 163 653
Cirrhosis of the liver571 437
Dementias828 413
Unipolar major depression2 466 114
6 Measles77 691
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders56 547
Drug dependence1 037 882
Alcohol dependence515 608
Colon/rectum cancers609 152
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
2 073 083
7 Pertussis67 911
Anaemias55 744
Interpersonal violence794 963
Diabetes mellitus502 365
Prostate cancers596 398
Self-inflicted injuries1 794 623
8 Road traffic injuries52 054
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders54 466
Bipolar affective disorder785 646
Unipolar major depression459 669
Diabetes mellitus595 747
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 610 281
9 Falls51 907
Epilepsy45 276
HIV/AIDS664 297
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
358 920
Acute lower respiratoryinfections443 804
Diabetes mellitus1 465 316
10 Protein−energy malnutrition49 746
Fires35 350
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders510 009
Self-inflicted injuries348 815
Stomach cancers385 586
Psychoses1 192 664
11 Meningitis48 197
Drowning35 010
Ischaemic heart disease479 531
Road traffic injuries325 574
Cirrhosis of the liver311 192
Dementia1 187 589
12 Asthma47 401
Otitis media34 944
Falls415 201
Colon/rectum cancers307 824
Bladder cancers275 092
Osteoarthritis1 184 233
13 Dementia35 292
Leukaemia33 295
Cerebrovascular disease379 239
Dementia261 092
Pancreas cancers221 700
Cirrhosis of the liver1 171 561
14 Drowning32 516
Measles31 073
Diabetes mellitus358 095
Stomach cancers226 968
Lymphoma185 521
Drug dependence1 170 794
15 Interpersonal violence26 308
Congenital abnormalities29 161
Osteoarthritis325 068
Mouth and oropharynxcancers181 398
Osteoarthritis167 494
Perinatal conditions1 145 122
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 11. Leading Causes of Death, High-Income Countries, Females, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions22 452
Road traffic injuries2 001
Road traffic injuries17 228
Breast cancers40 126
Ischaemic heart disease908 516
Ischaemic heart disease943 666
2 Congenital abnormalities11 555
Congenital abnormalities713
Breast cancers12 137
Ischaemic heart disease30 241
Cerebrovascular disease503 922
Cerebrovascular disease525 578
3Acute lower respiratory
infections2 618
Leukaemia612
Self-inflicted injuries11 547
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers21 710
Acute lower respiratoryinfections148 702
Breast cancers160 139
4 Measles2 613
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
415
Interpersonal violence5 238
Cerebrovascular disease16 232
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers116 117
Acute lower respiratoryinfections156 137
5 Diarrhoeal diseases2 002
Interpersonal violence413
Cerebrovascular disease5 032
Colon/rectum cancers12 681
Breast cancers107 874
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers140 980
6 Pertussis1 547
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders
351
Ischaemic heart disease4 909
Ovary cancers9 979
Colon/rectum cancers103 433
Colon/rectum cancers118 512
7 Road traffic injuries1 030
Fires303
HIV/AIDS4 193
Cirrhosis of the liver9 513
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
90 524
Diabetes mellitus97 039
8Nutritional/endocrine
disorders865
Drowning225
Cirrhosis of the liver3 295
Self-inflicted injuries8 935
Diabetes mellitus89 983
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
95 972
9 Interpersonal violence652
Inflammatory cardiac disease189
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers3 145
Stomach cancers6 267
Dementias62 198
Dementias64 979
10 Drowning539
Self-inflicted injuries180
Cervix uteri cancers2 767
Road traffic injuries6 134
Stomach cancers47 613
Stomach cancers56 228
11 Meningitis488
Cerebrovascular disease180
Leukaemia2 700
Diabetes mellitus5 464
Nephritis/nephrosis42 874
Pancreas cancers47 245
12 Fires471
War injuries123
Colon/rectum cancers2 395
Lymphoma4 934
Pancreas cancers41 768
Nephritis/nephrosis45 995
13 Dementias464
Dementia116
Stomach cancers2 345
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
4 925
Falls41 372
Ovary cancers45 296
14 Inflammatory cardiac disease460
Diarrhoeal diseases101
Lymphoma2 103
Pancreas cancers4 822
Lymphoma34 668
Falls43 589
15 Tetanus360
Asthma101
Ovary cancers2 096
Cervix cancers4 142
Ovary cancers33 204
Lymphoma41 841
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 12. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, High-Income Countries, Females, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions869 545
Road traffic injuries123 732
Unipolar major depression3 404 250
Osteoarthritis1 019 386
Ischaemic heart disease2 974 336
Unipolar major depression4 563 288
2 Congenital abnormalities804 635
Asthma79 233
Psychoses1 061 323
Unipolar major depression837 947
Cerebrovascular disease1 892 213
Ischaemic heart disease3 614 510
3 Diarrhoeal diseases94 903
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders68 965
Road traffic injuries872 470
Breast cancers689 178
Dementias1 450 070
Cerebrovascular disease2 625 697
4Acute lower respiratory
infections91 486
Dental caries68 782
Bipolar affective disorder760 428
Ischaemic heart disease513 340
Diabetes mellitus845 020
Osteoarthritis1 861 285
5Nutritional/endocrine
disorders87 255
Epilepsy53 433
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders656 493
Diabetes mellitus489 714
Breast cancers622 789
Dementias1 795 618
6 Pertussis63 963
Anaemias53 265
Alcohol dependence610 877
Cerebrovascular disease445 959
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers613 307
Diabetes mellitus1 666 171
7 Protein−energy malnutrition47 402
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders44 194
Self-inflicted injuries387 664
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers357 941
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
565 067
Breast cancers1 642 504
8 Road traffic injuries41 408
Falls38 047
STDs excluding HIV375 327
Dementias261 783
Colon/rectum cancers527 722
Road traffic injuries1 253 883
9 Meningitis41 396
Otitis media33 000
Osteoarthritis373 276
Colon/rectum cancers228 987
Osteoarthritis468 623
Psychoses1 087 662
10 Falls34 943
Measles32 775
Panic disorder359 964
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
212 710
Acute lower respiratoryinfections411 574
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
1 048 920
11 Measles34 583
Fires29 778
Rheumatoid arthritis330 714
Cirrhosis of the liver193 141
Unipolar major depression321 092
Congenital abnormalities897 653
12 Dementias34 175
Drug dependence28 913
Breast cancers330 489
Rheumatoid arthritis187 918
Rheumatoid arthritis227 521
Bipolar affective disorder875 533
13 Asthma29 165
Congenital abnormalities26 816
Drug dependence329 495
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders183 087
Stomach cancers205 096
Perinatal conditions870 817
14 Interpersonal violence26 041
Post-traumatic stress disorder26 757
Diabetes mellitus320 744
Ovary cancers163 173
Falls204 606
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders862 138
15 Anaemias22 855
Leukaemia24 035
Anaemias280 760
Self-inflicted injuries152 669
Pancreas cancers183 267
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
838 465
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 13. Leading Causes of Death, Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions2 101 802
Acute lower respiratoryinfections212 608
HIV/AIDS1 606 263
Ischaemic heart disease746 527
Ischaemic heart disease4 520 547
Ischaemic heart disease5 491 646
2Acute lower respiratory
infections1 844 668
Malaria209 109
Road traffic injuries524 063
Cerebrovascular disease556 987
Cerebrovascular disease3 411 345
Cerebrovascular disease4 212 944
3 Diarrhoeal diseases1 809 966
Road traffic injuries156 643
Interpersonal violence483 647
Tuberculosis405 265
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 709 684
Acute lower respiratoryinfections3 145 990
4 Measles882 329
Drowning156 414
Self-inflicted injuries454 103
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers238 674
Acute lower respiratoryinfections898 041
HIV/AIDS2 253 201
5 Malaria793 368
Diarrhoeal diseases133 682
Tuberculosis426 104
Cirrhosis of the liver225 169
Tuberculosis556 458
Diarrhoeal diseases2 211 933
6 Congenital abnormalities379 390
War injuries56 984
War injuries370 497
HIV/AIDS207 788
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers543 305
Perinatal conditions2 101 802
7 HIV/AIDS349 712
Nephritis/nephrosis44 510
Ischaemic heart disease220 428
Liver cancers195 144
Stomach cancers443 526
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 969 084
8 Pertussis342 296
Congenital abnormalities41 565
Cerebrovascular disease183 303
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
189 433
Cirrhosis of the liver286 127
Tuberculosis1 480 272
9 Tetanus301 927
Inflammatory cardiac disease40 407
Drowning137 297
Stomach cancers184 764
Diabetes mellitus283 947
Malaria1 110 293
10 Protein−energy malnutrition214 112
HIV/AIDS38 876
Cirrhosis of the liver129 160
Road traffic injuries150 208
Liver cancers261 315
Road traffic injuries1 029 037
11 Drowning123 790
Fires38 302
Fires119 867
Self-inflicted injuries146 626
Oesophagus cancers258 923
Measles882 329
12 STDs excluding HIV118 031
Tuberculosis38 076
Maternal haemorrhage116 426
Oesophagus cancers106 617
Nephritis/nephrosis226 034
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers822 060
13 War injuries102 859
Cerebrovascular disease37 942
Acute lower respiratoryinfections110 946
Breast cancers92 112
Colon/rectum cancers217 229
Self-inflicted injuries817 762
14 Road traffic injuries80 101
Interpersonal violence34 012
Rheumatic heart disease103 401
Diabetes mellitus91 139
Inflammatory cardiac disease211 844
Interpersonal violence698 187
15 Meningitis59 054
Leukaemia33 033
Liver cancers101 928
Rheumatic heart disease88 129
Self-inflicted injuries184 859
Stomach cancers678 759
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 14. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions78 546 270
Falls10 825 475
HIV/AIDS45 164 806
Ischaemic heart disease12 874 122
Ischaemic heart disease22 444 291
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
80 989 604
2Acute lower respiratory
infections64 028 292
Road traffic injuries8 375 099
Unipolar major depression43 454 923
Cerebrovascular disease9 767 776
Cerebrovascular disease16 964 958
Perinatal conditions78 547 611
3 Diarrhoeal diseases61 730 733
Acute lower respiratoryinfections8 353 500
Road traffic injuries19 356 752
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
7 166 000
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
12 152 555
Diarrhoeal diseases72 741 883
4 Malaria28 377 796
Malaria7 786 061
Interpersonal violence15 385 986
Tuberculosis6 672 130
Cataracts4 668 183
HIV/AIDS69 907 361
5 Measles25 319 196
Drowning5 870 198
War injuries14 973 679
Unipolar major depression6 160 795
Acute lower respiratoryinfections4 007 033
Unipolar major depression51 216 883
6 Congenital abnormalities23 295 389
Diarrhoeal diseases5 850 178
Self-inflicted injuries14 590 971
Osteoarthritis5 632 511
Tuberculosis3 685 651
Ischaemic heart disease42 446 835
7 HIV/AIDS18 770 689
Anaemias5 124 953
Tuberculosis14 176 191
Cirrhosis of the liver4 364 496
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
3 202 781
Malaria39 267 129
8 Protein−energy malnutrition14 046 414
Measles4 662 405
Bipolar affective disorder13 410 958
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
3 688 835
Dementias3 066 566
Cerebrovascular disease36 406 797
9 Pertussis11 608 243
Fires4 288 997
Anaemias13 314 272
Cataracts3 603 490
Diabetes mellitus2 677 069
Road traffic injuries34 293 113
10 Tetanus10 096 448
Tropical diseases3 263 605
Alcohol dependence12 419 945
Liver cancers2 979 928
Stomach cancers2 667 868
Measles30 069 492
11 STDs excluding HIV5 777 002
HIV/AIDS2 950 670
Psychoses11 783 578
Stomach cancers2 964 892
Osteoarthritis2 341 615
Tuberculosis28 046 908
12 Falls5 548 727
Intestinal nematodeinfections2 824 878
STDs excluding HIV10 436 157
Road traffic injuries2 797 919
Cirrhosis of the liver1 923 537
Congenital abnormalities26 232 173
13 Drowning4 140 740
War injuries2 564 470
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders8 012 293
Diabetes mellitus2 780 885
Unipolar major depression1 601 165
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
26 204 967
14 War injuries3 924 998
Asthma2 447 443
Cerebrovascular disease7 468 443
HIV/AIDS2 551 951
Liver cancers1 520 871
Falls25 623 754
15 Road traffic injuries3 029 449
Nephritis/nephrosis1 995 774
Falls7 224 622
Self-inflicted injuries2 340 258
Oesophagus cancers1 508 702
Anaemias23 972 657
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 15. Leading Causes of Death, Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions1 090 252
Malaria105 377
HIV/AIDS774 141
Ischaemic heart disease475 532
Ischaemic heart disease2 095 954
Ischaemic heart disease2 718 603
2Acute lower respiratory
infections964 793
Drowning104 812
Road traffic injuries422 667
Cerebrovascular disease308 063
Cerebrovascular disease1 520 113
Cerebrovascular disease1 972 695
3 Diarrhoeal diseases958 229
Road traffic injuries98 783
Interpersonal violence416 961
Tuberculosis248 030
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
904 249
Acute lower respiratoryinfections1 603 169
4 Measles453 311
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
97 612
Self-inflicted injuries254 259
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers189 959
Acute lower respiratoryinfections441 358
Diarrhoeal diseases1 145 851
5 Malaria416 892
Diarrhoeal diseases61 691
Tuberculosis243 473
Cirrhosis of the liver166 439
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers409 747
HIV/AIDS1 137 247
6 Congenital abnormalities194 394
War injuries33 739
War injuries225 672
Liver cancers149 775
Tuberculosis342 598
Perinatal conditions1 090 252
7 Pertussis176 318
Nephritis/nephrosis21 528
Ischaemic heart disease147 116
HIV/AIDS140 578
Stomach cancers274 132
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 055 462
8 HIV/AIDS169 801
Interpersonal violence20 965
Cerebrovascular disease112 107
Stomach cancers129 101
Cirrhosis of the liver180 126
Tuberculosis881 528
9 Tetanus155 453
Self-inflicted injuries20 785
Drowning105 516
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
115 315
Liver cancers163 347
Road traffic injuries753 658
10 Protein−energy malnutrition105 208
Cerebrovascular disease20 378
Cirrhosis of the liver98 679
Road traffic injuries108 040
Oesophagus cancers162 529
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers629 604
11 Drowning72 391
Congenital abnormalities20 164
Liver cancers83 357
Self-inflicted injuries92 000
Nephritis/nephrosis121 159
Malaria572 411
12 STDs excluding HIV61 227
Inflammatory cardiac disease19 055
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
56 937
Oesophagus cancers73 605
Mouth and oropharynxcancers116 522
Interpersonal violence553 794
13 War injuries51 724
Leukaemia19 051
Inflammatory cardiac disease55 452
Interpersonal violence62 315
Diabetes mellitus114 693
Self-inflicted injuries470 188
14 Road traffic injuries48 550
HIV/AIDS18 415
Poisoning54 918
Mouth and oropharynxcancers56 972
Prostate cancers110 432
Measles453 311
15 Meningitis30 617
Tuberculosis17 979
Rheumatic heart disease51 394
Inflammatory cardiac disease49 643
Colon/rectum cancers106 634
Cirrhosis of the liver451 208
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 16. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Males, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions40 680 548
Falls7 438 969
HIV/AIDS21 439 338
Ischaemic heart disease8 149 187
Ischaemic heart disease11 397 194
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
41 667 998
2Acute lower respiratory
infections33 395 371
Road traffic injuries5 237 261
Road traffic injuries15 581 473
Cerebrovascular disease5 242 789
Cerebrovascular disease8 160 026
Perinatal conditions40 681 342
3 Diarrhoeal diseases32 658 245
Drowning3 928 218
Unipolar major depression15 480 111
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
4 221 000
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
6 783 899
Diarrhoeal diseases37 828 222
4 Malaria14 826 431
Malaria3 915 755
Interpersonal violence13 253 774
Tuberculosis4 025 106
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
2 466 260
HIV/AIDS34 169 282
5 Measles13 025 426
Acute lower respiratoryinfections3 845 168
Alcohol dependence11 111 869
Cirrhosis of the liver3 185 003
Tuberculosis2 231 693
Road traffic injuries25 110 892
6 Congenital abnormalities11 837 654
Diarrhoeal diseases2 731 450
War injuries9 104 589
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
2 903 185
Cataracts2 071 167
Ischaemic heart disease24 158 063
7 HIV/AIDS9 379 896
Anaemias2 731 210
Tuberculosis7 996 417
Liver cancers2 266 043
Acute lower respiratoryinfections2 062 344
Malaria20 187 610
8 Protein−energy malnutrition7 041 465
Measles2 335 355
Self-inflicted injuries7 690 352
Unipolar major depression2 205 932
Stomach cancers1 727 638
Cerebrovascular disease18 972 433
9 Pertussis6 005 736
Tropical diseases2 130 996
Bipolar affective disorder6 844 023
Osteoarthritis2 143 530
Dementias1 280 527
Unipolar major depression18 208 233
10 Tetanus5 195 494
Fires1 504 686
Psychoses6 216 587
Stomach cancers2 039 646
Cirrhosis of the liver1 236 515
Falls16 241 953
11 STDs excluding HIV2 956 783
Asthma1 459 055
Anaemias5 472 082
Road traffic injuries1 979 715
Diabetes mellitus1 114 513
Interpersonal violence16 217 253
12 Falls2 771 788
HIV/AIDS1 446 764
Falls4 992 649
Cataracts1 783 005
Liver cancers985 323
Tuberculosis16 034 818
13 Drowning2 420 281
Intestinal nematodeinfections1 446 522
Ischaemic heart disease4 611 682
Benign prostatic hypertrophy1 627 868
Oesophagus cancers963 747
Measles15 412 257
14 War injuries1 971 090
War injuries1 441 746
Cerebrovascular disease4 403 939
HIV/AIDS1 597 494
Osteoarthritis905 397
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
14 782 990
15 Road traffic injuries1 835 623
Nephritis/nephrosis974 434
Tropical diseases4 099 577
Self-inflicted injuries1 404 032
Mouth and oropharynxcancers754 012
Congenital abnormalities13 285 330
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 17. Leading Causes of Death, Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Females, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions1 011 551
Acute lower respiratoryinfections114 996
HIV/AIDS832 122
Ischaemic heart disease270 994
Ischaemic heart disease2 424 593
Ischaemic heart disease2 773 043
2Acute lower respiratory
infections879 875
Malaria103 732
Self-inflicted injuries199 845
Cerebrovascular disease248 925
Cerebrovascular disease1 891 232
Cerebrovascular disease2 240 249
3 Diarrhoeal diseases851 738
Diarrhoeal diseases71 991
Tuberculosis182 631
Tuberculosis157 235
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
805 435
Acute lower respiratoryinfections1 542 821
4 Measles429 017
Road traffic injuries57 860
War injuries144 825
Breast cancers92 112
Acute lower respiratoryinfections456 682
HIV/AIDS1 115 954
5 Malaria376 476
Drowning51 603
Maternal haemorrhage116 426
Cervix cancers85 904
Tuberculosis213 860
Diarrhoeal diseases1 066 081
6 Congenital abnormalities184 996
Fires24 663
Road traffic injuries101 396
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
74 119
Stomach cancers169 394
Perinatal conditions1 011 551
7 HIV/AIDS179 912
War injuries23 245
Fires76 473
HIV/AIDS67 210
Diabetes mellitus169 254
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
913 622
8Pertussis165 978 Nephritis/nephrosis
22 982Ischaemic heart disease
73 312Cirrhosis of the liver
58 730
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers133 558
Tuberculosis598 745
9 Tetanus146 474
Congenital abnormalities21 401
Cerebrovascular disease71 196
Stomach cancers55 664
Inflammatory cardiac disease116 046
Malaria537 882
10 Protein−energy malnutrition108 904
Inflammatory cardiac disease21 351
Maternal sepsis70 348
Self-inflicted injuries54 626
Breast cancers115 057
Measles429 017
11 STDs excluding HIV56 803
HIV/AIDS20 461
Interpersonal violence66 686
Rheumatic heart disease53 199
Colon/rectum cancers110 595
Self-inflicted injuries347 574
12 Drowning51 398
Tuberculosis20 097
Abortion63 146
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers48 715
Cirrhosis of the liver106 001
Road traffic injuries275 379
13 War injuries51 135
Tetanus18 005
Hypertensive disorders ofpregnancy
58 350
Diabetes mellitus46 622
Nephritis/nephrosis104 875
Breast cancers251 529
14 Road traffic injuries31 551
Cerebrovascular disease17 563
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
54 009
Liver cancers45 368
Cervix cancers101 160
Stomach cancers248 020
15 Meningitis28 437
Leukaemia13 982
Rheumatic heart disease52 007
Road traffic injuries42 168
Liver cancers97 968
Diabetes mellitus245 982
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 18. 15 Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Females, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions37 865 721
Acute lower respiratoryinfections4 508 332
Unipolar major depression27 974 811
Ischaemic heart disease4 724 935
Ischaemic heart disease11 047 097
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
39 321 606
2Acute lower respiratory
infections30 632 921
Malaria3 870 306
HIV/AIDS23 725 468
Cerebrovascular disease4 524 988
Cerebrovascular disease8 804 932
Perinatal conditions37 866 269
3 Diarrhoeal diseases29 072 488
Falls3 386 506
Anaemias7 842 189
Unipolar major depression3 954 863
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
5 368 656
HIV/AIDS35 738 079
4 Malaria13 551 365
Road traffic injuries3 137 838
STDs excluding HIV7 725 594
Osteoarthritis3 488 980
Cataracts2 597 016
Diarrhoeal diseases34 913 661
5 Measles12 293 771
Diarrhoeal diseases3 118 729
Self-inflicted injuries6 900 619
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
2 945 000
Acute lower respiratoryinfections1 944 689
Unipolar major depression33 008 650
6 Congenital abnormalities11 457 736
Fires2 784 312
Obstructed labour6 743 902
Tuberculosis2 647 024
Dementias1 786 039
Malaria19 079 519
7 HIV/AIDS9 390 794
Anaemias2 393 743
Bipolar affective disorder6 566 935
Cataracts1 820 485
Diabetes mellitus1 562 556
Ischaemic heart disease18 288 771
8 Protein−energy malnutrition7 004 949
Measles2 327 050
Tuberculosis6 179 775
Breast cancers1 524 401
Tuberculosis1 453 958
Cerebrovascular disease17 434 365
9 Pertussis5 062 507
Drowning1 941 980
War injuries5 869 089
Diabetes mellitus1 457 584
Osteoarthritis1 436 219
Measles14 657 234
10 Tetanus4 900 955
HIV/AIDS1 503 906
Maternal sepsis5 824 923
Cervix cancers1 395 846
Unipolar major depression1 078 975
Anaemias13 148 434
11 STDs excluding HIV2 820 219
Intestinal nematodeinfections Psychoses
5 566 991Glaucoma1 219 050
Stomach cancers940 229
Congenital abnormalities12 946 843
1 378 35612 Falls2 776 938
Tropical diseases1 132 609
Abortion5 401 781
Anaemias1 211 286
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers736 521
Tuberculosis12 012 090
13 War injuries1 953 908
War injuries1 122 724
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders4 492 253
Cirrhosis of the liver1 179 494
Breast cancers688 750
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
11 421 978
14 Drowning1 720 459
Nephritis/nephrosis1 021 340
Road traffic injuries3 775 279
HIV/AIDS954 456
Cirrhosis of the liver687 022
STDs excluding HIV10 840 414
15 Meningitis1 351 707
Asthma988 389
Maternal haemorrhage3 659 138
Self-inflicted injuries936 226
Colon/rectum cancers653 907
Falls9 381 801
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 19. Leading Causes of Death, African Region, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Malaria744 163
Malaria168 801
HIV/AIDS1 250 047
HIV/AIDS173 098
Cerebrovascular disease312 880
HIV/AIDS1 829 729
2 Diarrhoeal diseases617 756
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
62 946
Interpersonal violence214 416
Cerebrovascular disease80 396
Ischaemic heart disease198 069
Malaria960 734
3Acute lower respiratory
infections552 133
Diarrhoeal diseases54 981
War injuries192 587
Ischaemic heart disease52 073
Acute lower respiratoryinfections144 899
Acute lower respiratoryinfections792 568
4 Perinatal conditions532 461
Drowning46 595
Tuberculosis98 573
Tuberculosis45 661
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
78 279
Diarrhoeal diseases731 475
5 Measles502 510
Road traffic injuries46 198
Road traffic injuries84 434
Liver cancers23 022
Prostate cancers32 662
Perinatal conditions532 461
6 HIV/AIDS340 283
HIV/AIDS37 809
Malaria44 289
Interpersonal violence21 148
Inflammatory cardiac disease32 656
Measles502 510
7 Pertussis130 468
War injuries30 743
Maternal haemorrhage44 117
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
20 420
Tuberculosis30 222
Cerebrovascular disease448 902
8 Tetanus80 543
Fires14 774
Cerebrovascular disease40 560
War injuries15 170
Nephritis/nephrosis29 742
War injuries308 425
9 Protein−energy malnutrition69 576
Tropical diseases14 538
Maternal sepsis29 374
Road traffic injuries15 013
HIV/AIDS28 492
Ischaemic heart disease275 092
10 War injuries57 554
Tuberculosis14 235
Abortion24 671
Nephritis/nephrosis13 858
Diarrhoeal diseases28 212
Interpersonal violence265 900
11 STDs excluding HIV48 397
Nephritis/nephrosis13 773
Diarrhoeal diseases23 255
Cervix cancers13 514
Liver cancers25 583
Tuberculosis209 293
12 Congenital abnormalities43 436
Interpersonal violence13 346
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
23 216
Inflammatory cardiac disease11 834
Cervix cancers20 987
Road traffic injuries170 118
13 Fires23 434
Cerebrovascular disease11 076
Tropical diseases22 793
Stomach cancers11 643
Mouth and oropharynxcancers19 406
Pertussis130 468
14 Drowning22 604
Vitamin A deficiency8 862
Hypertensive disorders ofpregnancy
22 233
Cirrhosis of the liver10 324
Stomach cancers18 601
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
110 145
15 Poisoning22 584
Inflammatory cardiac disease7 990
Ischaemic heart disease21 046
Oesophagus cancers10 246
Breast cancers15 219
Tetanus103 438
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 20. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, African Region, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Malaria26 611 615
Malaria6 287 868
HIV/AIDS34 181 137
HIV/AIDS1 714 753
Cerebrovascular disease1 575 582
HIV/AIDS54 100 841
2 Diarrhoeal diseases20 917 977
Measles2 770 226
War injuries7 756 289
Cerebrovascular disease1 318 745
Ischaemic heart disease1 049 029
Malaria34 506 494
3 Perinatal conditions20 032 582
HIV/AIDS2 471 386
Interpersonal violence6 633 732
Ischaemic heart disease898 828
Cataracts738 080
Diarrhoeal diseases24 231 478
4Acute lower respiratory
infections18 906 295
Acute lower respiratoryinfections2 420 389
Unipolar major depression4 860 480
Cataracts861 720
Acute lower respiratoryinfections653 546
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
22 817 647
5 HIV/AIDS15 419 011
Road traffic injuries2 308 694
Tuberculosis3 179 472
Tuberculosis737 934
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
521 404
Perinatal conditions20 032 582
6 Measles14 356 931
Diarrhoeal diseases2 240 165
Tropical diseases2 928 470
Tropical diseases578 425
HIV/AIDS314 553
Measles17 132 438
7 Pertussis4 277 746
Tropical diseases1 761 306
Road traffic injuries2 913 773
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
536 982
Tuberculosis233 093
War injuries11 740 254
8 Protein−energy malnutrition3 948 577
Drowning1 748 360
STDs excluding HIV2 702 187
Unipolar major depression535 833
Glaucoma219 198
Interpersonal violence7 878 238
9 Congenital abnormalities3 558 429
Fires1 585 023
Alcohol dependence1 931 429
Osteoarthritis445 915
Inflammatory cardiac disease199 700
Road traffic injuries6 116 559
10 Tetanus2 693 335
War injuries1 384 451
Maternal sepsis1 889 801
Liver cancers349 459
Prostate cancers194 285
Tropical diseases5 558 249
11 STDs excluding HIV2 396 120
Falls1 046 705
Obstructed labour1 787 234
Interpersonal violence327 790
Osteoarthritis174 502
Unipolar major depression5 517 539
12 War injuries2 192 842
Anaemias859 795
Abortion1 735 893
War injuries315 519
Trachoma155 433
Tuberculosis5 441 617
13 Fires1 078 924
Nephritis/nephrosis615 677
Malaria1 553 172
Road traffic injuries259 262
Nephritis/nephrosis150 202
STDs excluding HIV5 249 412
14 Poisoning772 121
Tuberculosis587 562
Bipolar affective disorder1 507 042
Inflammatory cardiac disease219 693
Liver cancers143 449
Cerebrovascular disease4 894 478
15 Drowning755 996
Interpersonal violence575 093
Cerebrovascular disease1 450 880
Cervix cancers218 986
Dementias135 764
Pertussis4 793 469
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 21. Leading Causes of Death, Region of the Americas - High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions11 258
Road traffic injuries2 153
Road traffic injuries27 814
Ischaemic heart disease46 324
Ischaemic heart disease534 136
Ischaemic heart disease589 338
2 Congenital abnormalities10 636
Congenital abnormalities590
Self-inflicted injuries20 219
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers22 568
Cerebrovascular disease261 537
Cerebrovascular disease281 048
3 Road traffic injuries976
Leukaemia588
HIV/AIDS13 473
Cerebrovascular disease14 483
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers107 262
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers133 051
4Acute lower respiratory
infections927
Drowning441
Interpersonal violence9 604
Breast cancers13 631
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
90 102
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
95 636
5Nutritional/endocrine
disorders769
Interpersonal violence357
Ischaemic heart disease8 878
Cirrhosis of the liver13 031
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
83 225
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
88 260
6 Drowning597
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders
300
Cirrhosis of the liver5 036
Self-inflicted injuries10 690
Colon/rectum cancers64 527
Colon/rectum cancers76 836
7 Interpersonal violence488
Fires266
Cerebrovascular disease4 720
Colon/rectum cancers10 303
Diabetes mellitus44 309
Breast cancers51 121
8 Meningitis453
Self-inflicted injuries203
Breast cancers4 635
Road traffic injuries7 381
Stomach cancers36 746
Diabetes mellitus50 385
9 Fires428
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
160
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers3 206
Stomach cancers6 840
Prostate cancers35 647
Road traffic injuries49 304
10 Dementias410
Lymphoma129
Poisoning2 850
Pancreas cancers4 655
Breast cancers32 855
Stomach cancers45 427
11 Inflammatory cardiac disease297
Dementias124
Leukaemia2 504
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease Dementias
30 771Self-inflicted injuries
44 303
4 54012 Leukaemia249
Cerebrovascular disease113
Lymphoma2 352
Lymphoma4 526
Pancreas cancers25 879
Cirrhosis of the liver39 147
13 Cerebrovascular disease195
Asthma105
Inflammatory cardiac disease2 122
Diabetes mellitus4 506
Nephritis/nephrosis25 627
Prostate cancers36 867
14 Nephritis/nephrosis194
Falls101
Colon/rectum cancers2 000
Mouth and oropharynx4 296
Lymphoma21 977
Dementias33 205
15 Diarrhoeal diseases161
Inflammatory cardiac disease95
Falls1 933
HIV/AIDS4 146
Cirrhosis of the liver21 055
Pancreas cancers31 255
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 22. 15 Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Region of the Americas, High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Congenital abnormalities714 900
Road traffic injuries132 947
Unipolar major depression1 936 751
Ischaemic heart disease760 587
Ischaemic heart disease1 978 070
Ischaemic heart disease2 954 844
2 Perinatal conditions433 116
Asthma82 939
Alcohol dependence1 484 348
Osteoarthritis578 553
Cerebrovascular disease1 045 722
Unipolar major depression2 511 443
3Nutritional/endocrine
disorders74 831
Dental caries57 934
Road traffic injuries1 279 157
Unipolar major depression435 425
Dementias691 004
Alcohol dependence1 736 134
4 Road traffic injuries39 251
Falls51 209
Psychoses819 519
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers355 260
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers564 614
Road traffic injuries1 670 374
5 Meningitis36 589
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders50 768
Self-inflicted injuries615 475
Cerebrovascular disease355 163
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
515 558
Cerebrovascular disease1 651 090
6 Falls34 303
Drug dependence48 136
Bipolar affective disorder567 225
Diabetes mellitus322 036
Diabetes mellitus469 775
Osteoarthritis1 029 558
7Acute lower respiratory
infections32 266
Anaemias42 098
Drug dependence503 187
Cirrhosis of the liver255 839
Colon/rectum cancers345 402
Diabetes mellitus1 017 620
8 Asthma32 115
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders40 916
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders429 807
Breast cancers234 155
Acute lower respiratoryinfections256 543
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers996 145
9 Dementia29 513
Epilepsy40 139
Interpersonal violence366 205
Alcohol dependence204 494
Osteoarthritis191 843
Dementias940 350
10 Diarrhoeal diseases29 216
Otitis media27 773
Osteoarthritis259 161
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
190 961
Breast cancers187 956
Self-inflicted injuries858 469
11 Protein−energy malnutrition27 514
Fires25 769
Cerebrovascular disease239 454
Colon/rectum cancers181 510
Prostate cancers182 354
Psychoses836 623
12 Drowning19 970
Leukaemia22 937
Diabetes mellitus219 931
Dementias176 986
Stomach cancers179 397
Congenital abnormalities790 899
13 Interpersonal violence19 965
Congenital abnormalities22 160
Ischaemic heart disease216 188
Self-inflicted injuries168 375
Cirrhosis of the liver146 807
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
767 490
14 Fires18 817
Post-traumatic stress disorder17 843
HIV/AIDS214 422
Road traffic injuries153 844
Unipolar major depression139 267
Bipolar affective disorder639 211
15 Anaemias18 289
Interpersonal violence17 239
Asthma213 550
Stomach cancers111 405
Pancreas cancers123 108
Colon/rectum cancers580 242
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 23. Leading Causes of Death, Region of the Americas, Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions137 645
Road traffic injuries18 404
Interpersonal violence106 116
Ischaemic heart disease65 686
Ischaemic heart disease332 224
Ischaemic heart disease420 126
2 Diarrhoeal diseases90 231
Drowning7 159
Road traffic injuries70 469
Cerebrovascular disease49 599
Cerebrovascular disease224 765
Cerebrovascular disease298 122
3Acute lower respiratory
infections68 621
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
5 914
HIV/AIDS52 010
Cirrhosis of the liver23 389
Diabetes mellitus67 276
Acute lower respiratoryinfections140 767
4 Congenital abnormalities31 467
Interpersonal violence4 576
Cerebrovascular disease22 282
Diabetes mellitus19 739
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
55 561
Perinatal conditions137 645
5 Protein−energy malnutrition21 789
Diarrhoeal diseases3 684
Ischaemic heart disease22 216
Road traffic injuries17 704
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
46 721
Interpersonal violence133 917
6 Pertussis15 723
Leukaemia3 395
Tuberculosis22 058
Breast cancers15 343
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers31 986
Road traffic injuries125 959
7 Tetanus12 980
Congenital abnormalities3 196
Self-inflicted injuries17 985
Interpersonal violence15 096
Stomach cancers29 455
Diarrhoeal diseases110 694
8 STDs excluding HIV6 574
Tuberculosis2 500
Cirrhosis of the liver15 779
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers13 753
Nephritis/nephrosis24 636
Diabetes mellitus95 779
9Nutritional/endocrine
disorders6 109
War injuries1 782
Drowning13 934
Cervix cancers10 759
Cirrhosis of the liver24 015
HIV/AIDS80 493
10 Road traffic injuries5 508
Lymphoma1 749
War injuries11 941
Tuberculosis10 745
Prostate cancers23 621
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
67 702
11 Drowning4 160
Protein−energy malnutrition1 728
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
11 126
HIV/AIDS10 072
Colon/rectum cancers20 372
Cirrhosis of the liver63 819
12 Meningitis4 062
Nephritis/nephrosis1 582
Diabetes mellitus6 959
Stomach cancers8 823
Breast cancers19 702
Tuberculosis52 735
13 War injuries3 363
Anaemias1 533
Breast cancers6 616
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
8 385
Tuberculosis15 636
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers48 336
14 HIV/AIDS2 873
Falls1 467
Nephritis/nephrosis6 600
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
7 488
HIV/AIDS14 760
Breast cancers41 661
15Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
2 466
Intestinal nematodeinfections
1 450
Cervix cancers6 435
Nephritis/nephrosis7 165
Inflammatory cardiac disease13 974
Nephritis/nephrosis41 577
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 24. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Region of the Americas,Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions5 061 346
Road traffic injuries1 055 375
Unipolar major depression4 193 189
Osteoarthritis1 291 947
Ischaemic heart disease1 559 530
Perinatal conditions5 062 687
2 Diarrhoeal diseases3 142 287
Falls636 933
Alcohol dependence3 943 035
Ischaemic heart disease1 120 217
Cerebrovascular disease1 095 051
Unipolar major depression4 895 545
3Acute lower respiratory
infections2 441 582
Dental caries481 892
Interpersonal violence3 417 684
Cerebrovascular disease845 585
Diabetes mellitus632 316
Road traffic injuries4 410 736
4 Congenital abnormalities2 076 326
Intestinal nematodeinfections387 886
Road traffic injuries2 711 969
Diabetes mellitus645 434
Dementias389 894
Alcohol dependence4 347 519
5 Protein−energy malnutrition977 479
Diarrhoeal diseases294 979
HIV/AIDS1 979 270
Unipolar major depression564 647
Cataracts388 970
Interpersonal violence3 986 394
6 Pertussis593 042
Asthma279 548
Psychoses1 440 200
Cirrhosis of the liver453 832
Osteoarthritis374 321
Diarrhoeal diseases3 774 260
7Nutritional/endocrine
disorders511 677
Drowning268 619
Bipolar affective disorder1 272 144
Road traffic injuries340 519
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
373 092
Ischaemic heart disease3 393 509
8 Tetanus434 039
Acute lower respiratoryinfections259 647
Drug dependence1 137 288
Alcohol dependence326 454
Acute lower respiratoryinfections184 967
Acute lower respiratoryinfections3 354 899
9 STDs excluding HIV265 486
Anaemias232 585
STDs excluding HIV938 331
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
288 839
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers175 281
Cerebrovascular disease2 830 317
10 Falls259 157
Interpersonal violence213 143
Osteoarthritis871 232
Breast cancers255 267
Stomach cancers164 060
Osteoarthritis2 538 021
11 Anaemias Epilepsy Cerebrovascular disease Interpersonal violence Cirrhosis of the liver HIV/AIDS
245 278 188 340 836 399 236 285 160 689 2 348 28912 Meningitis214 985
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders141 927
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders782 517
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers214 699
Unipolar major depression137 709
Congenital abnormalities2 280 285
13 Road traffic injuries214 141
Leukaemia130 583
Tuberculosis745 088
Benign prostatic hypertrophy194 867
Prostate cancers135 958
Diabetes mellitus1 862 139
14 HIV/AIDS192 245
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders124 755
Ischaemic heart disease713 762
Tuberculosis178 827
Colon/rectum cancers118 262
Falls1 700 462
15 Drowning139 149
Congenital abnormalities119 962
Anaemias651 300
Cervix cancers175 371
Breast cancers114 260
Psychoses1 464 840
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 25. 15 Leading Causes of Death, Eastern Mediterranean Region - High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1Diarrhoeal diseases
1 827
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
228
War injuries1 204
Ischaemic heart disease1 997
Ischaemic heart disease4 868
Ischaemic heart disease7 424
2Acute lower respiratory
infections1 713
War injuries154
Road traffic injuries561
Cerebrovascular disease610
Cerebrovascular disease1 535
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
2 818
3Perinatal conditions
1 397Self-inflicted injuries
112Ischaemic heart disease
559
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
380
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
717
Cerebrovascular disease2 408
4Measles
393Road traffic injuries
104Self-inflicted injuries
319Cirrhosis of the liver
242
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
514
Diarrhoeal diseases1 983
5Congenital abnormalities
366Diarrhoeal diseases
91Interpersonal violence
260Diabetes mellitus
227Diabetes mellitus
310War injuries
1 825
6Tetanus
344Inflammatory cardiac disease
87Inflammatory cardiac disease
183Inflammatory cardiac disease
203
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
262
Perinatal conditions1 397
7Protein−energy malnutrition
269Cerebrovascular disease
71Cerebrovascular disease
172
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
196
Inflammatory cardiac disease208
Road traffic injuries923
8Pertussis
245Drowning
58Rheumatic heart disease
148War injuries
181Cirrhosis of the liver
183
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
797
9War injuries
216Rheumatic heart disease
47HIV/AIDS
110Road traffic injuries
177Nephritis/nephrosis
151Inflammatory cardiac disease
758
10Interpersonal violence
84Congenital abnormalities
45Maternal haemorrhage
107Self-inflicted injuries
147Stomach cancers
110
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
693
11Inflammatory cardiac disease
77Interpersonal violence
41Drowning
103Stomach cancers
137
Mouth and oropharynxcancers
109
Diabetes mellitus659
12Vitamin A deficiency
62Vitamin A deficiency
38Nephritis/nephrosis
98Nephritis/nephrosis
123Colon/rectum cancers
96Self-inflicted injuries
643
13Drowning
60Leukaemia
38Cirrhosis of the liver
92
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
83
War injuries70
Cirrhosis of the liver536
14STDs excluding HIV
56Nephritis/nephrosis
34Diabetes mellitus
81Oesophagus cancers
79Bladder cancers
69Congenital abnormalities
495
15Meningitis
45
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders
31
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
77
Breast cancers78
Dementias66
Interpersonal violence486
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 26. 15 Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Eastern Mediterranean Region –High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Diarrhoeal diseases62 214
Acute lowe r respiratoryinfections
8 943
War injuries50 233
Ischaemic heart disease33 751
Ischaemic heart disease25 113
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
75 853
2Acute lower respiratory
infections59 643
War injuries6 914
Unipolar major depression45 345
Cerebrovascular disease10 790
Cerebrovascular disease8 088
Ischaemic heart disease73 041
3 Perinatal conditions51 245
Road traffic injuries5 572
Road traffic injuries19 723
Unipolar major depression8 212
Cataracts4 222
War injuries69 672
4 Congenital abnormalities21 680
Falls4 966
Psychoses16 656
Cataracts6 615
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
4 069
Diarrhoeal diseases68 437
5 Protein−energy malnutrition15 984
Anaemias4 608
Bipolar affective disorder14 704
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers5 776
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
3 597
Unipolar major depression54 660
6 Measles11 550
Self-inflicted injuries4 220
Ischaemic heart disease14 177
Cirrhosis of the liver4 712
Diabetes mellitus3 149
Perinatal conditions51 245
7 Tetanus11 517
Diarrhoeal diseases4 104
Anaemias12 728
Osteoarthritis4 514
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers1 563
Road traffic injuries29 979
8 Pertussis8 452
Inflammatory cardiac disease3 362
Drug dependence11 000
Benign prostatic hypertrophy4 479
Cirrhosis of the liver1 227
Cerebrovascular disease28 685
9 War injuries8 252
Cerebrovascular disease2 671
Self-inflicted injuries9 928
Edentulism4 130
Inflammatory cardiac disease1 214
Congenital abnormalities25 229
10 Falls3 460
Asthma2 467
Obstructed labour9 265
Diabetes mellitus4 126
Unipolar major depression1 102
Anaemias21 506
11 Interpersonal violence Drowning Obsessive−compulsivedisorders
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease Osteoarthritis Inflammatory cardiac disease
2 840 2 163 8 600 4 104 1 066 17 349
12 Inflammatory cardiac disease2 729
Fires1 990
Interpersonal violence8 112
War injuries3 751
Dementias1 000
Psychoses17 003
13Nutritional/endocrine
disorders2 573
Rheumatic heart disease1 922
Maternal sepsis7 067
Inflammatory cardiac disease3 629
Edentulism978
Self-inflicted injuries16 777
14 Anaemias2 546
Measles1 860
Cerebrovascular disease6 484
Road traffic injuries3 208
Trachoma932
Protein−energy malnutrition16 370
15 Meningitis2 245
Dental caries1 823
Inflammatory cardiac disease6 415
Self-inflicted injuries2 277
Nephritis/nephrosis756
Bipolar affective disorder16 022
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 27. Leading Causes of Death, Eastern Mediterranean Region - Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions272 167
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
25 648
War injuries102 794
Ischaemic heart disease81 698
Ischaemic heart disease391 723
Ischaemic heart disease505 657
2 Diarrhoeal diseases255 388
War injuries16 568
Tuberculosis54 837
Tuberculosis33 568
Cerebrovascular disease141 148
Acute lower respiratoryinfections339 817
3Acute lower respiratory
infections237 732
Road traffic injuries12 808
Road traffic injuries41 465
Cerebrovascular disease31 383
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
64 559
Diarrhoeal diseases275 848
4 Measles98 087
Diarrhoeal diseases12 159
Interpersonal violence32 110
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers14 038
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
44 674
Perinatal conditions272 167
5 Pertussis49 798
Self-inflicted injuries10 766
Ischaemic heart disease31 997
Cirrhosis of the liver10 285
Tuberculosis34 144
Cerebrovascular disease195 859
6 Congenital abnormalities46 153
Malaria10 255
Self-inflicted injuries22 939
Diabetes mellitus10 109
Diabetes mellitus25 544
War injuries163 116
7 Tetanus45 921
Inflammatory cardiac disease8 818
HIV/AIDS13 898
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
9 205
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers19 954
Tuberculosis138 607
8 Malaria36 277
Drowning8 480
Cerebrovascular disease13 294
Inflammatory cardiac disease9 159
Inflammatory cardiac disease18 372
Measles96 087
9 Protein−energy malnutrition36 232
Cerebrovascular disease7 467
Inflammatory cardiac disease13 188
War injuries8 383
Cirrhosis of the liver14 839
Road traffic injuries70 677
10 War injuries29 205
Tuberculosis5 583
Maternal haemorrhage11 904
Road traffic injuries7 464
Nephritis/nephrosis13 627
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
62 918
11 Interpersonal violence10 498
Rheumatic heart disease4 927
Rheumatic heart disease11 604
Nephritis/nephrosis6 113
Stomach cancers9 600
Inflammatory cardiac disease59 148
12 Tuberculosis10 475
Interpersonal violence4 778
Drowning8 365
Stomach cancers6 090
Mouth and oropharynxcancers9 408
Congenital abnormalities56 883
13 STDs excluding HIV9 656
Congenital abnormalities4 704
Maternal sepsis7 970
Breast cancers5 823
Colon/rectum cancers8 369
Interpersonal violence54 217
14 Inflammatory cardiac disease9 610
Vitamin A deficiency4 217
Nephritis/nephrosis7 675
Self-inflicted injuries5 633
War injuries6 166
Malaria52 733
15 Drowning8 527
Nephritis/nephrosis4 153
Hypertensive disorders ofpregnancy
7 474
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
4 538
Liver cancers5 747
Tetanus51 585
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 28. 15 Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Eastern Mediterranean Region –Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions10 009 706
Acute lower respiratoryinfections1 004 458
War injuries4 145 089
Ischaemic heart disease1 387 448
Ischaemic heart disease1 965 555
Perinatal conditions10 009 706
2 Diarrhoeal diseases8 688 230
War injuries745 609
Unipolar major depression3 834 512
Cerebrovascular disease552 207
Cerebrovascular disease730 297
Acute lower respiratoryinfections9 876 826
3Acute lower respiratory
infections8 258 419
Road traffic injuries677 877
HIV/AIDS2 096 138
Tuberculosis544 111
Cataracts378 761
Diarrhoeal diseases9 441 463
4 Measles2 816 057
Falls539 093
Tuberculosis1 805 448
Unipolar major depression431 296
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
332 986
War injuries6 228 034
5 Congenital abnormalities2 797 540
Diarrhoeal diseases533 351
Road traffic injuries1 520 615
Cataracts350 101
Acute lower respiratoryinfections315 057
Ischaemic heart disease4 427 032
6 Protein−energy malnutrition2 144 129
Anaemias492 687
Psychoses1 263 359
Diabetes mellitus281 387
Tuberculosis250 656
Unipolar major depression4 363 574
7 Pertussis1 696 248
Measles453 615
Bipolar affective disorder1 187 268
HIV/AIDS257 119
Diabetes mellitus214 748
HIV/AIDS3 420 409
8 Tetanus1 535 610
Self-inflicted injuries406 508
Anaemias1 098 772
Osteoarthritis239 463
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers115 312
Measles3 420 409
9 Malaria1 295 873
Malaria382 217
Ischaemic heart disease1 066 029
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
225 468
Inflammatory cardiac disease105 459
Tuberculosis3 187 971
10 War injuries1 116 517
Inflammatory cardiac disease339 316
Interpersonal violence1 010 585
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers214 168
Osteoarthritis98 923
Congenital abnormalities3 109 068
11 HIV/AIDS Drowning Obstructed labour Cirrhosis of the liver Cirrhosis of the liver Road traffic injuries
991 144 318 133 927 904 201 755 98 398 2 533 77112 Falls439 664
Fires290 591
Drug dependence758 775
Edentulism179 692
Unipolar major depression97 766
Cerebrovascular disease2 215 379
13 STDs excluding HIV389 460
Cerebrovascular disease280 317
Maternal sepsis744 002
War injuries174 781
Trachoma88 283
Protein−energy malnutrition2 183 471
14 Tuberculosis358 004
Asthma263 474
Self-inflicted injuries728 210
Inflammatory cardiac disease165 449
Dementias86 687
Anaemias2 020 033
15 Interpersonal violence355 162
Tuberculosis229 752
Obsessive−compulsivedisorders707 096
Benign prostatic hypertrophy158 381
Edentulism81 397
Pertussis1 880 397
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 29. Leading Causes of Death, European Region - High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions20 060
Road traffic injuries2 273
Road traffic injuries34 833
Ischaemic heart disease64 406
Ischaemic heart disease869 258
Ischaemic heart disease944 775
2 Congenital abnormalities10 674
Congenital abnormalities640
Self-inflicted injuries25 017
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers30 790
Cerebrovascular disease422 546
Cerebrovascular disease448 854
3Acute lower respiratory
infections2 789
Leukaemia630
Interpersonal violence11 973
Cerebrovascular disease20 085
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers173 578
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers208 269
4 Diarrhoeal diseases2 165
Drowning500
Ischaemic heart disease11 112
Breast cancers18 311
Acute lower respiratoryinfections144 591
Acute lower respiratoryinfections153 707
5 Road traffic injuries975
Interpersonal violence398
HIV/AIDS8 699
Cirrhosis of the liver17 835
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
132 790
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
139 745
6Nutritional/endocrine
disorders778
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
376
Cirrhosis of the liver6 122
Self-inflicted injuries14 580
Colon/rectum cancers104 189
Colon/rectum cancers120 567
7 Measles772
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders
334
Cerebrovascular disease5 831
Colon/rectum cancers13 945
Diabetes mellitus72 403
Diabetes mellitus80 679
8 Drowning643
Self-inflicted injuries313
Breast cancers5 594
Road traffic injuries10 110
Stomach cancers59 212
Breast cancers78 880
9 Interpersonal violence565
Fires286
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers3 886
Stomach cancers9 357
Breast cancers54 975
Stomach cancers70 809
10 Pertussis508
Cerebrovascular disease182
Poisoning3 535
Pancreas cancers6 322
Prostate cancers54 891
Road traffic injuries66 099
11 Meningitis486
Inflammatory cardiac disease179
Leukaemia3 095
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease Dementias
49 467Self-inflicted injuries
61 410
6 29612 Fires442
War injuries147
Lymphoma2 886
Diabetes mellitus6 283
Pancreas cancers41 950
Cirrhosis of the liver59 019
13 Dementias399
Lymphoma145
Inflammatory cardiac disease2 748
Lymphoma6 136
Nephritis/nephrosis41 224
Prostate cancers56 556
14 Tetanus389
Dementias126
Colon/rectum cancers2 427
Mouth and oropharynxcancers5 883
Lymphoma35 604
Dementias52 510
15 Inflammatory cardiac disease372
Falls118
Falls2 396
Oesophagus cancers4 920
Cirrhosis of the liver35 021
Pancreas cancers49 144
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 30. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, European Region - High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1Perinatal conditions
767 076Road traffic injuries
139 632Unipolar major depression
2 414 194Ischaemic heart disease
1 058 254Ischaemic heart disease
3 327 038Ischaemic heart disease
4 663 904
2Congenital abnormalities
714 103Asthma86 348
Alcohol dependence1 822 606
Osteoarthritis781 928
Cerebrovascular disease1 751 981
Unipolar major depression3 242 602
3Acute lower respiratory
infections97 081
Dental caries60 209
Road traffic injuries1 585 210
Unipolar major depression593 590
Dementias1 150 391
Cerebrovascular disease2 553 701
4Diarrhoeal diseases
96 623Falls
56 386Psychoses1 019 407
Diabetes mellitus509 440
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers931 598
Alcohol dependence2 177 401
5Nutritional/endocrine
disorders74 914
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders52 715
Self-inflicted injuries764 267
Cerebrovascular disease488 714
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
856 924
Road traffic injuries2 082 321
6Protein-energy malnutrition
44 056Drug dependence
49 455Bipolar affective disorder
708 554
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers484 418
Diabetes mellitus739 579
Diabetes mellitus1 606 590
7Road traffic injuries
39 116Anaemias
46 948Drug dependence
626 380Cirrhosis of the liver
350 103Colon/rectum cancers
571 952
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
1 510 399
8Meningitis
37 768
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders43 110
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders534 391
Breast cancers314 483
Acute lower respiratoryinfections432 741
Dementias1 469 021
9Falls
36 918Epilepsy42 211
Interpersonal violence454 389
Alcohol dependence277 344
Osteoarthritis322 527
Osteoarthritis1 424 073
10Asthma32 070
Otitis media29 044
Diabetes mellitus348 299
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
261 875
Breast cancers317 014
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 198 084
11Dementias
28 994Fires
27 965HIV/AIDS
325 760Colon/rectum cancers
245 567Prostate cancers
296 892Self-inflicted injuries
1 116 539
12Pertussis27 130
Leukaemia24 577
Osteoarthritis319 618
Dementias239 045
Stomach cancers296 620
Psychoses1 046 668
13Interpersonal violence
22 448Congenital abnormalities
24 029Cerebrovascular disease
299 156Self-inflicted injuries
229 534Cirrhosis of the liver
244 490Colon/rectum cancers
883 473
14Drowning
21 496Interpersonal violence
18 871Ischaemic heart disease
278 612Road traffic injuries
210 350Unipolar major depression
234 818Bipolar affective disorder
813 478
15Anaemias
20 404Drowning
18 746Asthma265 238
Stomach cancers152 351
Pancreas cancers203 640
Congenital abnormalities809 514
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 31. Leading Causes of Death, European Region, Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1Perinatal conditions
91 814War injuries
6 436Road traffic injuries
60 577Ischaemic heart disease
163 682Ischaemic heart disease
1 216 657Ischaemic heart disease
1 419 683
2Acute lower respiratory
infections57 883
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
6 292
War injuries48 624
Cerebrovascular disease74 261
Cerebrovascular disease724 923
Cerebrovascular disease816 863
3Diarrhoeal diseases
53 338Road traffic injuries
6 110Self-inflicted injuries
45 982
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers50 635
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers126 585
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers184 297
4Congenital abnormalities
24 122Drowning
4 199Ischaemic heart disease
39 344Stomach cancers
28 227
Acute lower respiratoryinfections105 423
Acute lower respiratoryinfections182 272
5Pertussis14 323
Self-inflicted injuries3 306
Interpersonal violence29 193
Self-inflicted injuries26 842
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
96 354
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
113 626
6War injuries
9 919Congenital abnormalities
2 279Poisoning
19 099Cirrhosis of the liver
20 531Stomach cancers
77 056Stomach cancers
111 199
7Tetanus11 165
Diarrhoeal diseases2 262
Cerebrovascular disease15 127
Road traffic injuries20 410
Colon/rectum cancers58 187
Road traffic injuries106 757
8Protein-energy malnutrition
7 565Inflammatory cardiac disease
2 237Tuberculosis
14 964Tuberculosis
19 005Inflammatory cardiac disease
39 722Self-inflicted injuries
102 164
9Measles
5 982Leukaemia
2 025Drowning
14 234Poisoning
18 238Diabetes mellitus
35 440Perinatal conditions
91 814
10Meningitis
2 771Cerebrovascular disease
1 868Inflammatory cardiac disease
9 068Breast cancers
16 045Cirrhosis of the liver
34 221Colon/rectum cancers
75 987
11Interpersonal violence
2 646Interpersonal violence
1 406Rheumatic heart disease
7 902Colon/rectum cancers
14 371Self-inflicted injuries
26 034War injuries
73 279
12Drowning
2 600Rheumatic heart disease
1 230Cirrhosis of the liver
7 229
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
13 788
Breast cancers24 509
Inflammatory cardiac disease64 359
13Inflammatory cardiac disease
2 370Nephritis/nephrosis
995
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers7 000
Rheumatic heart disease11 681
Pancreas cancers22 462
Cirrhosis of the liver62 549
14Road traffic injuries
1 791Vitamin A deficiency
937Falls6 943
Inflammatory cardiac disease10 961
Liver cancers19 524
Diarrhoeal diseases57 806
15Vitamin A deficiency
1 749
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders
916
Stomach cancers5 885
Mouth and oropharynxcancers9 258
Falls19 298
Tuberculosis53 335
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 32. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, European Region –Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions3 380 069
Road traffic injuries338 708
Unipolar major depression3 628 363
Ischaemic heart disease2 760 173
Ischaemic heart disease5 372 265
Ischaemic heart disease9 220 987
2Acute lower respiratory
infections2 012 444
War injuries288 838
Road traffic injuries2 311 156
Cerebrovascular disease1 357 696
Cerebrovascular disease3 312 641
Cerebrovascular disease5 411 429
3 Diarrhoeal diseases1 842 989
Acute lower respiratoryinfections261 120
War injuries2 016 437
Osteoarthritis831 003
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers795 050
Unipolar major depression4 579 350
4 Congenital abnormalities1 362 321
Falls224 878
Alcohol dependence1 577 634
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers785 671
Dementias751 040
Perinatal conditions3 380 069
5 Protein-energy malnutrition514 066
Anaemias215 018
Self-inflicted injuries1 389 277
Unipolar major depression695 961
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
646 500
Road traffic injuries3 213 104
6 Pertussis440 029
Drowning157 538
Psychoses1 257 750
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
498 791
Stomach cancers449 809
Acute lower respiratoryinfections2 960 173
7 War injuries378 997
Pertussis138 693
Bipolar affective disorder1 100 587
Stomach cancers455 881
Diabetes mellitus411 532
War injuries2 804 913
8 Tetanus323 309
Asthma136 748
Ischaemic heart disease1 088 549
Self-inflicted injuries417 722
Acute lower respiratoryinfections406 284
Osteoarthritis2 255 052
9 Falls159 841
Epilepsy127 267
Osteoarthritis1 028 976
Cirrhosis of the liver401 292
Osteoarthritis395 073
Self-inflicted injuries2 071 110
10 Meningitis145 800
Self-inflicted injuries124 788
Interpersonal violence989 061
Road traffic injuries385 205
Colon/rectum cancers350 411
Diarrhoeal diseases2 055 510
11 Measles Diarrhoeal diseases Obsessive-compulsivedisorders Diabetes mellitus Unipolar major depression Alcohol dependence
116 800 109 289 729 326 305 552 255 026 1 835 204
12 Anaemias110 497
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders92 801
Drug dependence720 602
Tuberculosis287 491
Cirrhosis of the liver234 823
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
1 766 043
13Nutritional/endocrine
disorders99 165
Dental caries92 341
Falls683 455
Poisoning270 466
Cataracts198 487
Congenital abnormalities1 554 561
14 HIV/AIDS97 813
Inflammatory cardiac disease87 279
Cerebrovascular disease648 086
Breast cancers269 793
Inflammatory cardiac disease195 622
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 467 389
15 Interpersonal violence92 238
Congenital abnormalities85 559
Poisoning509 724
Colon/rectum cancers246 171
Breast cancers153 936
Falls1 377 221
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 33. Leading Causes of Death, South-East Asia Region - India, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1Perinatal conditions
611 910
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
71 971
HIV/AIDS159 420
Ischaemic heart disease212 072
Ischaemic heart disease1 220 779
Ischaemic heart disease1 470 950
2Acute lower respiratory
infections550 704
Diarrhoeal diseases44 256
Tuberculosis118 248
Tuberculosis131 841
Cerebrovascular disease469 186
Acute lower respiratoryinfections968 568
3Diarrhoeal diseases
538 466Road traffic injuries
37 755Road traffic injuries
94 797Cerebrovascular disease
61 992
Acute lower respiratoryinfections271 662
Diarrhoeal diseases711 234
4Measles190 000
Drowning31 595
Self-inflicted injuries87 244
Cirrhosis of the liver53 728
Tuberculosis147 274
Perinatal conditions611 910
5Congenital abnormalities
126 152Fires
16 117Fires
77 140
Mouth and oropharynxcancers37 105
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
122 772
Cerebrovascular disease557 345
6Tetanus122 144
Tetanus15 726
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
41 532
Road traffic injuries35 234
Diarrhoeal diseases77 768
Tuberculosis420 928
7Pertussis71 410
Nephritis/nephrosis15 398
Ischaemic heart disease38 100
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
32 698
Diabetes mellitus60 872
Road traffic injuries216 859
8Protein-energy malnutrition
38 875Falls
11 478Diarrhoeal diseases
33 386
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers30 072
Cirrhosis of the liver54 802
Measles190 000
9STDs excluding HIV
33 216Congenital abnormalities
11 315Rheumatic heart disease
33 369Rheumatic heart disease
29 232
Mouth and oropharynxcancers52 467
HIV/AIDS179 365
10Road traffic injuries
21 976Tropical diseases
10 849Cirrhosis of the liver
32 128Cervix cancers
27 572Inflammatory cardiac disease
45 032Tetanus165 020
11Meningitis
17 927Tuberculosis
9 181Maternal haemorrhage
28 992Inflammatory cardiac disease
23 193Nephritis/nephrosis
42 538Congenital abnormalities
153 481
12Drowning
17 687Diabetes mellitus
8 122Drowning
26 680Self-inflicted injuries
22 623
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers41 827
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
152 575
13Fires
15 199Dengue7 369
Interpersonal violence24 628
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
21 016
Oesophagus cancers36 706
Cirrhosis of the liver144 387
14Tuberculosis
14 385Self-inflicted injuries
6 576Childhood diseases
23 935Oesophaguscancers
20 930Stomach cancers
27 385Fires
134 550
15Interpersonal violence
13 648Vitamin A deficiency
5 771Inflammatory cardiac disease
20 133Diabetes mellitus
20 512Road traffic injuries
27 098Self-inflicted injuries
124 378
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 34. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, South-East Asia Region - India, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions23 315 835
Falls6 964 831
Unipolar major depression8 227 330
Ischaemic heart disease3 724 816
Ischaemic heart disease6 743 414
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
24 806 393
2Acute lower respiratory
infections18 966 571
Acute lower respiratoryinfections2 785 099
HIV/AIDS3 802 963
Tuberculosis2 074 619
Cerebrovascular disease2 523 377
Perinatal conditions23 315 835
3 Diarrhoeal diseases18 314 537
Road traffic injuries2 060 366
Tuberculosis3 706 973
Cataracts1 204 468
Cataracts1 521 169
Diarrhoeal diseases22 005 232
4 Congenital abnormalities6 664 919
Fires1 868 839
Road traffic injuries3 493 784
Unipolar major depression1 164 894
Acute lower respiratoryinfections1 330 932
Ischaemic heart disease11 697 101
5 Measles5 478 515
Diarrhoeal diseases1 831 887
Anaemias3 452 262
Cerebrovascular disease1 153 958
Tuberculosis918 256
Falls10 897 503
6 Tetanus3 750 146
Anaemias1 518 581
STDs excluding HIV3 107 007
Cirrhosis of the liver1 036 940
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
890 557
Unipolar major depression9 679 324
7 Protein-energy malnutrition3 491 974
Drowning1 186 455
Fires2 808 318
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
877 049
Diabetes mellitus524 548
Tuberculosis7 576 709
8 Pertussis2 409 036
Tropical diseases1 127 971
Self-inflicted injuries2 682 149
Road traffic injuries651 161
Dementias458 983
Congenital abnormalities7 453 645
9 Falls1 957 064
Measles983 899
Bipolar affective disorder2 561 265
Osteoarthritis647 061
Diarrhoeal diseases389 092
Road traffic injuries7 203 864
10 STDs excluding HIV1 655 634
Nephritis/nephrosis633 408
Psychoses1 935 788
Mouth and oropharynx622 460
Cirrhosis of the liver335 786
Measles6 474 228
11 HIV/AIDS1 248 486
Tetanus591 700
Tropical diseases1 708 876
Diabetes mellitus596 405
Mouth and oropharynx330 251
Anaemias6 301 897
12 Road traffic injuries836 420
Congenital abnormalities424 894
Abortion1 695 494
Rheumatic heart disease498 931
Osteoarthritis293 294
Fires5 722 982
13 Meningitis778 704
Tuberculosis387 380
Obstructed labour1 596 325
Acute lower respiratoryinfections495 248
Unipolar major depression287 100
HIV/AIDS5 611 121
14 Fires724 272
Intestinal nematodeinfections354 146
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders1 540 299
Anaemias484 019
Inflammatory cardiac disease270 705
Tetanus5 160 285
15 Drowning591 725
Asthma353 855
Falls1 484 807
Glaucoma472 921
Anaemias262 018
STDs excluding HIV4 909 114
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 35. Leading Causes of Death, South-East Asia Region - Other Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions203 466
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
23 846
HIV/AIDS106 060
Tuberculosis74 534
Ischaemic heart disease324 068
Ischaemic heart disease394 426
2 Diarrhoeal diseases157 111
Drowning17 469
Road traffic injuries61 337
Ischaemic heart disease49 005
Cerebrovascular disease249 122
Cerebrovascular disease325 085
3Acute lower respiratory
infections143 997
Malaria17 001
Tuberculosis55 529
Cerebrovascular disease42 995
Tuberculosis126 527
Acute lower respiratoryinfections287 766
4 Measles65 512
Road traffic injuries14 788
Self-inflicted injuries43 966
Cirrhosis of the liver36 877
Acute lower respiratoryinfections100 547
Tuberculosis261 058
5 Congenital abnormalities36 013
Diarrhoeal diseases10 236
Interpersonal violence34 527
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers26 610
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers54 583
Perinatal conditions203 466
6 Pertussis35 828
Inflammatory cardiac disease9 966
Ischaemic heart disease21 353
Liver cancers23 171
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
51 357
Diarrhoeal diseases182 595
7 Tetanus21 996
Cerebrovascular disease7 988
Cerebrovascular disease20 650
Road traffic injuries14 109
Mouth and oropharynxcancers45 595
HIV/AIDS119 329
8 Drowning18 119
Leukaemia6 643
Malaria20 243
Stomach cancers12 999
Cirrhosis of the liver41 898
Road traffic injuries118 608
9 Road traffic injuries17 010
Nephritis/nephrosis4 146
Cirrhosis of the liver18 169
Cervix cancers12 225
Nephritis/nephrosis39 618
Cirrhosis of the liver98 664
10 Protein-energy malnutrition16 420
Tetanus3 921
Drowning15 473
Nephritis/nephrosis11 391
Liver cancers31 241
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers85 728
11 STDs excluding HIV12 991
Congenital abnormalities3 420
Poisoning15 034
Breast cancers11 308
Diabetes mellitus30 891
Nephritis/nephrosis66 301
12 Malaria7 547
Tuberculosis3 242
Inflammatory cardiac disease14 711
Diabetes mellitus10 136
Colon/rectum cancers29 511
Measles65 512
13 Inflammatory cardiac disease6 966
Poisoning3 181
Falls11 633
Mouth and oropharynxcancers9 036
Stomach cancers26 567
Self-inflicted injuries62 981
14 Meningitis4 939
Vitamin A deficiency2 892
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
11 268
Inflammatory cardiac disease8 784
Inflammatory cardiac disease18 117
Liver cancers62 381
15 Vitamin A deficiency4 845
Intestinal nematodeinfections
2 714
Nephritis/nephrosis9 795
Self-inflicted injuries8 468
Oesophaguscancers14 489
Mouth and oropharynxcancers62 134
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 36. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, South-East Asia Region –Other Low- and Middle- Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions7 444 919
Acute lower respiratoryinfections934 310
Unipolar major depression5 091 912
Tuberculosis1 296 031
Ischaemic heart disease1 619 106
Perinatal conditions7 444 919
2 Diarrhoeal diseases5 359 874
Road traffic injuries784 425
Road traffic injuries2 241 437
Ischaemic heart disease847 278
Cerebrovascular disease1 255 998
Acute lower respiratoryinfections6 922 766
3Acute lower respiratory
infections5 058 619
Drowning655 481
HIV/AIDS2 223 529
Osteoarthritis799 531
Tuberculosis853 637
Diarrhoeal diseases6 148 712
4 Congenital abnormalities2 146 179
Malaria629 850
Tuberculosis2 080 047
Cerebrovascular disease759 007
Cataracts529 978
Unipolar major depression5 911 585
5 Measles1 907 821
Falls585 550
Anaemias2 065 128
Cirrhosis of the liver713 175
Acute lower respiratoryinfections459 067
Tuberculosis4 437 981
6 Protein-energy malnutrition1 264 581
Intestinal nematodeinfections580 409
STDs excluding HIV1 977 100
Unipolar major depression660 969
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
363 983
Road traffic injuries3 997 631
7 Pertussis1 251 934
Anaemias460 424
Psychoses1 949 920
Cataracts431 195
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers317 229
Cerebrovascular disease3 272 106
8 Falls863 215
Diarrhoeal diseases438 603
Alcohol dependence1 578 596
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers406 392
Dementias314 917
Ischaemic heart disease3 171 715
9 Tetanus735 532
Inflammatory cardiac disease387 079
Bipolar affective disorder1 563 087
Liver cancers352 862
Mouth and oropharynx284 268
Anaemias3 098 487
10 STDs excluding HIV701 321
Measles315 806
Self-inflicted injuries1 422 963
Glaucoma337 790
Cirrhosis of the liver284 169
HIV/AIDS3 034 115
11 Road traffic injuries Cerebrovascular disease Falls Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus Falls
643 244 299 821 1 183 128 317 454 267 604 2 808 43212 Drowning606 054
Leukaemia254 613
Interpersonal violence1 124 323
Road traffic injuries257 210
Edentulism205 218
STDs excluding HIV2 746 265
13 HIV/AIDS542 429
Asthma224 032
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders947 698
Anaemias220 882
Osteoarthritis204 771
Congenital abnormalities2 389 598
14 Malaria272 584
Epilepsy183 891
Cerebrovascular disease812 487
Stomach cancers207 958
Nephritis/nephrosis190 418
Measles2 228 772
15 Inflammatory cardiac disease249 341
Nephritis/nephrosis179 449
Drug dependence724 037
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
200 443
Colon/rectum cancers182 035
Psychoses1 977 180
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 37. Leading Causes of Death, Western Pacific Region - High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions20 483
Road traffic injuries784
Road traffic injuries13 041
Ischaemic heart disease27 894
Ischaemic heart disease310 753
Ischaemic heart disease342 226
2 Measles4 177
Congenital abnormalities215
Self-inflicted injuries8 963
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers13 571
Cerebrovascular disease150 118
Cerebrovascular disease160 873
3 Congenital abnormalities3 783
Leukaemia214
Interpersonal violence4 359
Cerebrovascular disease8 688
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers65 465
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers80 333
4 Pertussis2 698
Drowning160
Ischaemic heart disease3 579
Breast cancers8 106
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
51 248
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
54 027
5 Road traffic injuries347
Interpersonal violence130
Cirrhosis of the liver2 035
Cirrhosis of the liver7 841
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
48 439
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
51 366
6Acute lower respiratory
infections316
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders
110
Cerebrovascular disease1 956
Self-inflicted injuries6 434
Colon/rectum cancers38 422
Colon/rectum cancers45 426
7Nutritional/endocrine
disorders273
Fires97
Breast cancers1 871
Colon/rectum cancers6 187
Diabetes mellitus25 995
Breast cancers29 978
8 Drowning212
Self-inflicted injuries74
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers1 291
Road traffic injuries4 437
Stomach cancers21 933
Diabetes mellitus29 345
9 Interpersonal violence173
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
57
Poisoning1 241
Stomach cancers4 113
Prostate cancers20 587
Stomach cancers26 794
10 Meningitis161
Lymphoma47
HIV/AIDS1 180
Pancreas cancers2 799
Breast cancers20 001
Road traffic injuries25 330
11 Fires152
Dementias45
Leukaemia1 112
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease Dementias
17 663Self-inflicted injuries
23 579
2 72712 Dementias146
Cerebrovascular disease41
Lymphoma1 011
Lymphoma2 719
Pancreas cancers15 564
Cirrhosis of the liver23 114
13 Inflammatory cardiac disease105
Asthma38
Inflammatory cardiac disease910
Diabetes mellitus2 700
Nephritis/nephrosis14 796
Prostate cancers21 316
14 Leukaemia89
Falls37
Falls838
Mouth and oropharynxcancers2 590
Cirrhosis of the liver13 229
Perinatal conditions20 483
15 Cerebrovascular disease69
Inflammatory cardiac disease34
Colon/rectum cancers815
Oesophaguscancers2 158
Lymphoma13 206
Dementias18 911
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 38. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Western Pacific Region - High-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions761 154
Measles51 350
Unipolar major depression872 563
Ischaemic heart disease457 916
Ischaemic heart disease1 253 797
Ischaemic heart disease1 809 102
2 Congenital abnormalities254 261
Road traffic injuries48 439
Alcohol dependence668 985
Osteoarthritis346 061
Cerebrovascular disease661 225
Unipolar major depression1 220 698
3 Pertussis88 515
Asthma30 293
Road traffic injuries576 618
Unipolar major depression260 388
Dementias436 089
Cerebrovascular disease985 941
4 Measles83 438
Pertussis24 705
Psychoses369 394
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers213 590
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers359 019
Alcohol dependence822 366
5Nutritional/endocrine
disorders26 550
Dental caries21 097
HIV/AIDS284 215
Cerebrovascular disease213 030
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
327 745
Road traffic injuries772 838
6 Road traffic injuries13 940
Falls18 617
Self-inflicted injuries277 653
Diabetes mellitus156 477
Diabetes mellitus228 264
Perinatal conditions762 453
7 HIV/AIDS13 164
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders18 544
Bipolar affective disorder255 592
Cirrhosis of the liver153 924
Colon/rectum cancers218 922
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers606 958
8 Meningitis12 991
Drug dependence17 604
Drug dependence226 810
Breast cancers139 254
Acute lower respiratoryinfections162 498
Osteoarthritis583 433
9 Falls12 170
Anaemias15 354
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders193 703
Alcohol dependence123 252
Osteoarthritis120 681
Dementias571 014
10 Asthma11 421
Nutritional/endocrinedisorders14 942
Interpersonal violence164 362
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
114 690
Breast cancers117 561
Diabetes mellitus494 463
11Acute lower respiratory
infections10 980
Epilepsy14 644
Osteoarthritis116 691
Colon/rectum cancers108 980
Prostate cancers116 840
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
469 523
12 Dementias10 498
Otitis media10 140
Cerebrovascular disease107 826
Dementias106 113
Stomach cancers113 990
Self-inflicted injuries424 318
13 Diarrhoeal diseases9 743
Fires9 404
Diabetes mellitus106 865
Self-inflicted injuries101 297
Cirrhosis of the liver93 246
Psychoses380 032
14 Protein-energy malnutrition9 595
Leukaemia8 367
Ischaemic heart disease97 389
Road traffic injuries92 473
Unipolar major depression87 747
HIV/AIDS352 872
15 Interpersonal violence7 096
Congenital abnormalities8 083
Asthma96 228
Stomach cancers66 974
Pancreas cancers78 051
Colon/rectum cancers351 929
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 39. Leading Causes of Death, Western Pacific Region - China, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions186 196
Drowning33 872
Self-inflicted injuries204 922
Cerebrovascular disease203 935
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 244 601
Cerebrovascular disease1 467 062
2Acute lower respiratory
infections171 681
Road traffic injuries14 618
Road traffic injuries90 629
Liver cancers125 583
Cerebrovascular disease1 209 961
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
1 382 668
3 Congenital abnormalities56 563
Congenital abnormalities9 179
Liver cancers71 654
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
110 714
Ischaemic heart disease733 912
Ischaemic heart disease881 435
4 Drowning42 301
Leukaemia8 891
Cerebrovascular disease47 761
Ischaemic heart disease108 183
Stomach cancers246 663
Self-inflicted injuries412 595
5 Diarrhoeal diseases30 122
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
6 384
Tuberculosis43 641
Stomach cancers95 077
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers237 780
Stomach cancers367 848
6 Protein-energy malnutrition16 595
Self-inflicted injuries5 253
Ischaemic heart disease39 340
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers86 736
Oesophaguscancers165 660
Liver cancers354 989
7 Pertussis13 099
Intestinal nematodeinfections
4 681
Cirrhosis of the liver36 074
Self-inflicted injuries73 319
Liver cancers156 034
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers336 555
8 Interpersonal violence11 461
Poisoning3 838
Rheumatic heart disease35 752
Tuberculosis65 410
Tuberculosis142 005
Acute lower respiratoryinfections324 735
9 Tetanus9 218
Interpersonal violence2 813
Drowning34 447
Cirrhosis of the liver59 505
Acute lower respiratoryinfections132 365
Tuberculosis258 503
10Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
8 879
Nephritis/nephrosis2 792
Interpersonal violence31 219
Oesophaguscancers54 767
Self-inflicted injuries129 101
Oesophaguscancers230 843
11 Meningitis8 128
Tuberculosis2 207
Leukaemia30 956
Rheumatic heart disease39 417
Rheumatic heart disease105 967
Cirrhosis of the liver187 548
12 Road traffic injuries6 153
Cerebrovascular disease2 187
Nephritis/nephrosis28 537
Road traffic injuries36 228
Cirrhosis of the liver89 992
Perinatal conditions186 196
13 Tuberculosis5 240
Vitamin A deficiency2 006
Poisoning28 110
Colon/rectum cancers25 253
Colon/rectum cancers63 508
Rheumatic heart disease182 951
14 Poisoning4 996
Appendicitis1 982
Stomach cancers25 686
Nephritis/nephrosis18 936
Nephritis/nephrosis47 041
Road traffic injuries178 894
15 Leukaemia4 807
Diarrhoeal diseases1 980
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
18 203
Inflammatory cardiac disease15 522
Falls42 270
Drowning135 109
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 40. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Western Pacific Region - China, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions6 881 674
Drowning1 271 228
Unipolar major depression11 917 210
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
4 480 862
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
8 912 877
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
17 008 546
2Acute lower respiratory
infections6 209 295
Anaemias1 160 390
Self-inflicted injuries6 807 059
Cerebrovascular disease3 560 858
Cerebrovascular disease6 082 860
Unipolar major depression14 324 282
3 Congenital abnormalities3 766 914
Intestinal nematodeinfections965 277
Anaemias3 827 109
Liver cancers1 919 872
Ischaemic heart disease3 635 249
Cerebrovascular disease11 906 254
4 Drowning1 415 024
Road traffic injuries833 401
Bipolar affective disorder3 698 315
Unipolar major depression1 913 323
Stomach cancers1 519 358
Self-inflicted injuries8 837 488
5 Protein-energy malnutrition1 161 899
Asthma646 668
Road traffic injuries3 419 895
Ischaemic heart disease1 891 044
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
1 366 654
Acute lower respiratoryinfections7 406 660
6 Diarrhoeal diseases1 160 233
Falls591 363
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
3 307 666
Stomach cancers1 524 891
Oesophaguscancers972 085
Perinatal conditions6 881 674
7 Falls1 040 434
Congenital abnormalities344 602
Psychoses2 681 178
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers
1 351 340
Liver cancers935 235
Anaemias6 770 202
8 Pertussis534 042
Leukaemia341 130
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders2 118 861
Self-inflicted injuries1 182 404
Tuberculosis914 139
Ischaemic heart disease6 690 063
9 Interpersonal violence454 226
Acute lower respiratoryinfections312 058
Cerebrovascular disease2 072 894
Cirrhosis of the liver1 156 214
Dementias831 344
Road traffic injuries5 384 909
10 Meningitis423 698
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders270 074
Falls1 898 804
Osteoarthritis1 144 637
Cataracts747 995
Liver cancers4 806 183
11 Anaemias403 304
Diarrhoeal diseases225 161
Liver cancers1 886 467
Tuberculosis1 127 092
Osteoarthritis737 430
Congenital abnormalities4 499 812
12 Tetanus308 231
Otitis media211 364
Tuberculosis1 542 980
Anaemias975 916
Self-inflicted injuries649 407
Falls4 174 986
13 Dental caries306 910
Self-inflicted injuries198 618
Alcohol dependence1 529 025
Oesophaguscancers839 940
Cirrhosis of the liver631 606
Bipolar affective disorder4 009 184
14Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
296 987
Epilepsy196 079
Asthma1 528 405
Road traffic injuries695 651
Rheumatic heart disease582 763
Drowning3 918 624
15 Iodine deficiency250 174
Fires184 873
Ischaemic heart disease1 163 770
Rheumatic heart disease680 974
Acute lower respiratoryinfections516 004
Tuberculosis3 877 543
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 41. Leading Causes of Death, Western Pacific Region - Other Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Diarrhoeal diseases67 554
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
9 607
Road traffic injuries20 356
Tuberculosis24 501
Ischaemic heart disease103 116
Ischaemic heart disease124 277
2 Perinatal conditions66 143
Drowning7 046
Tuberculosis18 253
Ischaemic heart disease14 129
Cerebrovascular disease79 361
Acute lower respiratoryinfections109 496
3Acute lower respiratory
infections61 915
Malaria6 960
HIV/AIDS14 651
Cerebrovascular disease12 428
Tuberculosis41 591
Cerebrovascular disease103 707
4 Measles17 053
Road traffic injuries5 962
Self-inflicted injuries14 646
Cirrhosis of the liver10 529
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
31 865
Tuberculosis85 814
5 Congenital abnormalities15 484
Diarrhoeal diseases4 125
Interpersonal violence11 438
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers7 591
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers16 641
Diarrhoeal diseases76 470
6 Pertussis11 647
Inflammatory cardiac disease4 015
Ischaemic heart disease7 032
Liver cancers6 602
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
16 085
Perinatal conditions66 143
7 Tetanus9 457
Cerebrovascular disease3 219
Cerebrovascular disease6 837
Road traffic injuries4 045
Mouth and oropharynxcancers14 073
Road traffic injuries41 165
8 Drowning7 791
Leukaemia2 677
Malaria6 698
Stomach cancers3 729
Cirrhosis of the liver12 817
Cirrhosis of the liver30 022
9 Road traffic injuries7 313
Nephritis/nephrosis1 671
Cirrhosis of the liver5 966
Cervix cancers3 664
Nephritis/nephrosis12 561
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers25 731
10 Protein-energy malnutrition7 060
Tetanus1 579
Drowning5 147
Breast cancers3 389
Diabetes mellitus9 783
Drowning21 590
11 STDs excluding HIV5 586
Congenital abnormalities1 378
Poisoning5 011
Nephritis/nephrosis3 310
Liver cancers9 585
Nephritis/nephrosis21 376
12 Inflammatory cardiac disease2 995
Poisoning1 281
Inflammatory cardiac disease4 884
Diabetes mellitus2 946
Colon/rectum cancers9 214
Self-inflicted injuries20 525
13 Malaria2 498
Vitamin A deficiency1 165
Falls3 849
Mouth and oropharynxcancers2 594
Stomach cancers8 198
Inflammatory cardiac disease20 197
14 Meningitis2 123
Intestinal nematodeinfections
1 094
Acute lower respiratoryinfections
3 753
Inflammatory cardiac disease2 535
Inflammatory cardiac disease5 767
Malaria19 586
15 Vitamin A deficiency2 083
Tuberculosis1 066
Nephritis/nephrosis3 253
Self-inflicted injuries2 428
Oesophaguscancers4 447
Mouth and oropharynxcancers19 219
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Table 42. Leading Causes of Burden of Disease, Western Pacific Region –Other Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Both Sexes, 1998
Rank 0-4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years AAAA60 years All ages
1 Perinatal conditions2 420 138
Acute lower respiratoryinfections376 418
Unipolar major depression1 701 927
Tuberculosis426 025
Ischaemic heart disease500 143
Acute lower respiratoryinfections2 844 239
2 Diarrhoeal diseases2 304 606
Road traffic injuries316 252
Road traffic injuries744 123
Ischaemic heart disease244 318
Cerebrovascular disease389 152
Diarrhoeal diseases2 594 225
3Acute lower respiratory
infections2 175 068
Drowning264 384
HIV/AIDS722 617
Osteoarthritis232 953
Tuberculosis280 603
Perinatal conditions2 420 138
4 Congenital abnormalities922 760
Malaria257 833
Anaemias690 175
Cerebrovascular disease219 721
Cataracts164 742
Unipolar major depression1 945 684
5 Protein-energy malnutrition543 710
Falls236 123
Tuberculosis683 743
Cirrhosis of the liver203 733
Acute lower respiratoryinfections141 176
Tuberculosis1 458 831
6 Measles496 289
Intestinal nematodeinfections233 809
STDs excluding HIV661 819
Unipolar major depression193 872
Chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
111 156
Road traffic injuries1 432 539
7 Pertussis406 166
Anaemias185 473
Psychoses650 077
Cataracts125 322
Dementias97 937
Anaemias1 078 343
8 Falls371 152
Diarrhoeal diseases176 743
Alcohol dependence523 123
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers115 974
Trachea/bronchus/lungcancers95 845
Cerebrovascular disease1 062 462
9 Tetanus316 246
Inflammatory cardiac disease155 943
Bipolar affective disorder521 250
Liver cancers100 582
Mouth and oropharynx86 796
Falls1 051 642
10 STDs excluding HIV301 544
Cerebrovascular disease120 815
Self-inflicted injuries474 111
Diabetes mellitus99 914
Cirrhosis of the liver86 404
Congenital abnormalities1 011 967
Road traffic injuries Leukaemia Falls Glaucoma Diabetes mellitus STDs excluding HIV
11 276 559 102 614 393 141 99 504 84 225 986 30012 Drowning260 593
Asthma90 293
Interpersonal violence373 108
Road traffic injuries73 794
Edentulism63 767
HIV/AIDS985 713
13 HIV/AIDS176 090
Measles82 152
Obsessive-compulsivedisorders316 368
Anaemias64 576
Osteoarthritis63 301
Ischaemic heart disease979 210
14 Inflammatory cardiac disease107 200
Epilepsy74 059
Cerebrovascular disease270 520
Stomach cancers59 695
Nephritis/nephrosis59 102
Drowning689 300
15 Meningitis105 173
Nephritis/nephrosis72 314
Obstructed labour241 579
Cervix cancers59 558
Colon/rectum cancers56 181
Psychoses658 223
Source: World Health Report 1999 Database
Appendix 1: ICD Codes of the Leading Causes of GlobalBurden of Disease
Title of GBD cause ICD-9 Code ICD 9 BTLCODES
ICD-10 Code
Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditionsInfectious and parasitic diseases1. Tuberculosis 010-018, 137 B02, B077 A15-A19, B902. Sexually transmitted
diseases excluding HIV090-099, 614-616 B06, B371-B373 A50-A64, N70-
N733. HIV/AIDS 279.5 (=042-044) B184 B20-B244. Diarrhoeal diseases 001, 002, 004,
006-009B01 minus B013 A00, A01,A03,
A04, A06-A09
5. Childhood diseasesa. Pertussis 033 B034 A37b. Poliomyelitis 045, 138 B040, B078 A80,B91c. Diphtheria 032 B033 A36d. Measles 055 B042 B05e. Tetanus 037, 771.3 B037 A33-A35
6. Bacterial meningitis 036, 320-322 B036, B220 A39, G007. Hepatitis 070.2-070.9 B046 B16-B198. Malaria 084 B052 B50-B549. Tropical-cluster diseases 085, 086, 120, 125 B053, B054,
B072, B074B55-B57, B65,B73-B74
10. Leprosy 030 B032 A3011. Dengue 061 A90-A9112. Japanese encephalitis 062.0 A83.013. Trachoma 076 B048 A71
A.
14. Intestinal nematodeinfections
126-129 B075, B076 B76-B81
Respiratory infections1. Lower respiratory
infections466, 480-487 B320-B322 J10-J18, J20-J22
2. Upper respiratoryinfections
460-465 B310-B312 J00-J06
B.
3. Otitis media 381-382 B240 H65-H66
I.
C. Maternal conditions
1. Maternal haemorrhage 640, 641, 666 B390 O44-O46, O67,O72
2. Maternal sepsis 670 O85-O863. Hypertensive disorders of
pregnancy642 O10-O16
4. Obstructed labour 660 B393 O64-O66
C.
5. Abortion 630-639 B38 O00-O08D. Perinatal conditions 760-779 B45 P00-P96
Nutritional deficiencies1. Protein-energy
malnutrition260-263 B190-B192 E40-E46
2. Iodine deficiency 243 E00-E023. Vitamin A deficiency 264 E50
I.
E.
4. Anaemias 280 B200 D50
Noncommunicable diseasesMalignant neoplasms1. Mouth and oropharynx
cancers140-149 B08 C00-C14
2. Oesophagus cancer 150 B090 C153. Stomach cancer 151 B091 C164. Colon and rectum cancers 153, 154 B093, B094 C18-C215. Liver cancer 155 B095 C226. Pancreas cancer 157 B096 C257. Trachea, bronchus and
lung cancers162 B101 C33-C34
8. Melanoma and other skincancers
172-173 B111, B112 C43-C44
9. Breast cancer 174 B113 C5010. Cervix uteri cancer 180 B120 C5311. Corpus uteri cancer 179, 182 B122 C54-C5512. Ovary cancer 183 B123 C5613. Prostate cancer 185 B124 C6114. Bladder cancer 188 B126 C6715. Lymphoma 200-202 B14 [minus B141] C81-C90, C96
A.
16. Leukaemia 204-208 B141 C91-C95
II.
C. Diabetes mellitus 250 B181 E10-E14
D. Nutritional/Endocrine disorders 240-242, 244-246,251-259, 270-279,286-289
B18, B20 [minusB181, B184,B200]
D51-D89, E03-E07, E15-E16,E20-E34, E51-E89
Neuro-psychiatric conditions1. Unipolar major depression F32-F332. Bipolar disorder 296 B212 F30-F313. Psychoses 295 B211 F20-F294. Epilepsy 345 B225 G40-G415. Alcohol dependence 291, 303, 305.0 B215 F106. Dementia and other
degenerative andhereditary CNS disorders
330, 331, 290 B222, B210 F01, F03, G30-G31
7. Parkinson disease 332 B221 G20-G218. Multiple sclerosis 340 B223 G359. Drug dependence 304, 305.2-305.9 B216 F11-F16, F18-F1910. Post-traumatic stress disorder F4311. Obsessive-compulsive
disorders300.3 F42
E.
12. Panic disorder 300.2 F40.0, F41.0Sense organ diseases1. Glaucoma 365 B230 H40
F.
2. Cataracts 366 B231 H25-H26Cardiovascular diseases
1. Rheumatic heart disease 390-398 B25 I01-I092. Ischaemic heart disease 410-414,
Proportion of:428, 427.1, 427.4,427.5, 440.9,429.0-429.2, 429.9
B27 I20-I25
G.
3. Cerebrovascular disease 430-438 B29 I60-I694. Inflammatory heart
diseases420, 421, 422, 425, Proportion of 428 I30-I33, I38, I40,
I42
H. Respiratory diseases1. Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease490-492, 495-496 B323-B325 J40-J44
2. Asthma 493 J45-J46I. Digestive diseases
1. Peptic ulcer disease 531-533 B341 K25-K272. Cirrhosis of the liver 571 B347 K70, K743. Appendicitis 540-543 B342 K35-K37Genito-urinary diseases1. Nephritis and nephrosis 580-589 B350 N00-N19
J.
2. Benign prostatichypertrophy
600 B360 N40
K. Skin diseases 680-709 B42 L00-L99
Musculo-skeletal diseases
1. Rheumatoid arthritis 714 B430 M05-M06
L.
2. Osteoarthritis 715 M15-M19M. Congenital anomalies 740-759 B44 Q00-Q99
Oral conditions1. Dental caries 521.0 K022. Periodontal disease 523 K05
N.
3. Edentulism
InjuriesE800-999(minusE980-E989)
B47-B56 minusB560
V01-Y98(minusY10-Y34)
Unintentional injuries E800-949 B47- B53 V01-X59, Y40-Y98
1. Road Traffic injuries E810-919 B47 V02-04, V09,V12-14, V19,V20-79, V86-89
2. Poisonings E850-869 B48 X40-X493. Falls E880-888 B50 W00-W194. Fires E890-899 B51 X00-X095. Drownings E910 B521 W65-W74
A.
6. Firearm accidents E922 B524 W32-W34Intentional injuries E950-978, 990-
999B54-B55, B56minus B560
X60-Y09, Y35-Y36
1. Self-inflicted injuries E950-959 B54 X60-X842. Homicide/interpersonal
violenceE960-969 B55 X85-Y09
III.
B.
3. War E990-999 B561 Y35-Y36
Appendix 2. WHO Regional and Economic GroupingsAfrica Region of the Americas Eastern Mediterranean Region European Region South-East Asia Region Western Pacific Region46 Member States 35 Member States 22 Member States 51 Member States 10 Member States 27 Member States
Low and middle income Low and middle income Low and middle income Low and middle income India ChinaAlgeria Antigua and Barbuda Afghanistan Albania Other low and middle income Other low and middle incomeAngola Argentina Bahrain Armenia Bangladesh CambodiaBenin Barbados Djibouti Azerbaijan Bhutan Cook IslandsBotswana Belize Egypt Belarus Dem. People's Rep. of Korea FijiBurkina Faso Bolivia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Indonesia KiribatiBurundi Brazil Iraq Bulgaria Maldives Lao People's Dem. RepublicCameroon Chile Jordan Croatia Myanmar MalaysiaCape Verde Colombia Lebanon Czech Republic Nepal Marshall IslandsCentral African Republic Costa Rica Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Estonia Sri Lanka Micronesia, (Fed. States of).Chad Cuba Morocco Georgia Thailand MongoliaComoros Dominica Oman Hungary NauruCongo Dominican Republic Pakistan Kazakhstan NiueCote d'Ivoire Ecuador Saudi Arabia Kyrgyzstan PalauDem. Republic of the Congo El Salvador Somalia Latvia Papua New GuineaEquatorial Guinea Grenada Sudan Lithuania PhilippinesEritrea Guatemala Syrian Arab Republic Malta SamoaEthiopia Guyana Tunisia Poland Solomon IslandsGabon Haiti Yemen Republic of Moldova TongaGambia Honduras High income Romania TuvaluGhana Jamaica Cyprus Russian Federation VanuatuGuinea Mexico Kuwait Slovakia Viet NamGuinea-Bissau Nicaragua Qatar Slovenia High incomeKenya Panama United Arab Emirates Tajikistan AustraliaLesotho Paraguay TFYR Macedonia Brunei DarussalamLiberia Peru Turkey JapanMadagascar Saint Kitts and Nevis Turkmenistan New ZealandMalawi Saint Lucia Ukraine Republic of KoreaMali Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Uzbekistan SingaporeMauritania Suriname YugoslaviaMauritius Trinidad and Tobago High incomeMozambique Uruguay AndorraNamibia Venezuela AustriaNiger High income BelgiumNigeria Bahamas DenmarkRwanda Canada FinlandSao Tome and Principe United States of America FranceSenegal GermanySeychelles GreeceSierra Leone IcelandSouth Africa IrelandSwaziland IsraelTogo ItalyUganda LuxembourgUnited Rep. of Tanzania MonacoZambia NetherlandsZimbabwe Norway
PortugalSan MarinoSpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited Kingdom
Appendix 3. Populations by Age Group
WHO Geographic Regions Population by Age Group (000)0-4 5-14 15-44 45-59 60+ Total
World, Both Sexes 603 648 1186 025 2763 736 757 385 579 097 5889 891World, Males 310 022 609 010 1409 261 379 186 258 961 2966 441World, Females 293 625 577 015 1354 475 378 199 320 136 2923 451World - High Income, Both Sexes 51 014 107 812 367 737 159 814 164 890 851 268World - High Income, Males 26 162 55 244 186 795 79 592 70 593 418 386World - High Income, Females 24 852 52 568 180 942 80 222 94 297 432 881World - Low and Middle Income, Both Sexes 552 634 1078 213 2395 999 597 571 414 207 5038 624World - Low and Middle Income, Males 283 860 553 766 1222 466 299 594 188 368 2548 054World - Low and Middle Income, Females 268 774 524 447 1173 533 297 977 225 839 2490 570Africa, Both Sexes 102 171 164 594 257 299 49 202 28 284 601 550Americas – High Income Countries, Both Sexes 21 513 44 380 135 535 53 653 49 803 304 884Americas – Low and Middle Income Countries, Both Sexes 54 753 106 803 240 917 56 788 38 123 497 383Eastern Mediterranean - High Income Countries, Both Sexes 514 1 167 2 641 890 300 5 512Eastern Mediterranean - Low and Middle Income Countries, Both Sexes 67 371 121 413 212 358 41 844 25 141 468 127Europe - High Income Countries, Both Sexes 21 334 46 050 168 471 73 107 83 311 392 274Europe - Low and Middle Income Countries, Both Sexes 31 835 77 652 219 970 74 477 73 789 477 722South-East Asia - India, Both Sexes 115 615 220 580 459 491 113 400 73 136 982 221South-East Asia - Other Low and Middle Income Countries, Both Sexes 57 568 116 744 281 131 63 866 40 076 559 386Western Pacific - High Income, Both Sexes 7 653 16 214 61 090 32 164 31 476 148 597Western Pacific - China, Both Sexes 98 570 223 400 631 082 179 427 123 219 1255 697Western Pacific - Other Low and Middle Income, Both Sexes 24 751 47 028 93 751 18 568 12 439 196 537
Source: United Nations dataset World population prospects 1950-2050 (the1998 revision), New York, United Nations Population Division, 1998
Appendix 4. Injury related mortality, world, 1998
Both Sexes Males Females
Number of
Deaths
Mortality Rate
(per 100,000)
Number of
Deaths
Mortality Rate
(per 100,000)
Number of
Deaths
Mortality Rate
(per 100,000)
All Injuries 5 764 825 97.9 3 814 757 128.6 1 950 068 66.7
Road Traffic Injuries 1 170 694 19.9 854 939 28.8 315 755 10.8
Suicide 947 697 16.1 565 156 19.1 382 541 13.1
Homicide 735 972 12.5 582 486 19.6 153 485 5.3
War 588 050 10.0 343 762 11.6 244 287 8.4
Drowning 495 463 8.4 332 498 11.2 162 964 5.6
Falls 315 633 5.4 177 022 6.0 138 611 4.7
Fires 282 178 4.8 119 090 4.0 163 088 5.6
Poisoning 251 881 4.3 155 112 5.2 96 769 3.3
Other injuries 977 259 16.6 684 692 23.1 292 567 10.0