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Social Capital – Theory, Measures, and Policy
Social Capital – Theory, Measures, and Policy
Bill ReimerBill Reimer
with the NRE Teamwith the NRE [email protected]@vax2.concordia.ca
2005/07/262005/07/26
Click on for Click on for the data behind the the data behind the
claims and View claims and View Notes Page for Notes Page for Speakers NotesSpeakers Notes
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How can rural Canada (re)vitalize?
How can rural Canada (re)vitalize?
• Identify the conditions that have Identify the conditions that have contributed to devitalizationcontributed to devitalization
•Organize assets and resources to do the Organize assets and resources to do the things considered importantthings considered important
This ability to organize is:
Capacity
Capacity transforms assets into valued outcomes
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ASSETS•Economic Capital•Human Skills and Abilities•Social Capital•Natural Resources
PROCESSES•Market•Bureaucratic•Associative•Communal
OUTCOMES•Economic wealth•Social and political inclusion•Social Cohesion •Environmental security•Social and self-worth•Health•Personal Security
outcomes can become outcomes can become new assets and new assets and
liabilitiesliabilities
CAPACITY MODELCAPACITY MODEL
Return
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Context MattersContext Matters
•exposure to global economies•stability of the local economy•adjacency to metro regions•social and institutional capacity
ASSETS•Economic Capital•Human Skills and Abilities•Social Capital•Natural Resources
PROCESSES•Market•Bureaucratic•Associative•Communal
OUTCOMES•Economic wealth•Social and political inclusion•Social Cohesion •Environmental security•Social and self-worth•Health•Personal Security
outcomes can outcomes can become new assets become new assets
and liabilitiesand liabilities
CAPACITY MODELCAPACITY MODEL
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The NRE Sample FrameThe NRE Sample FrameLow CapacityHigh Capacity
LagLeadLagLead
Distant
Adjac.
Distant
Adjac.
Distant
Adjac.
Distant
Adjac.
Local Exposed
Stable
Fluctu-ating
Stable
56169915
45710012
1351612
9454
3018165
198264
4412413251
154627175Fluctu-ating
Global Exposed
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NRE…The Rural ObservatoryNRE…The Rural Observatory
…an International Network
…an International Network
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Social CapitalSocial Capital
• One type of asset or resource (stock)One type of asset or resource (stock)• Social assets potentially useful for outcomesSocial assets potentially useful for outcomes• Network structuresNetwork structures
Bonding, bridging, linking, density, etc.Bonding, bridging, linking, density, etc.• Normative structuresNormative structures
Market, bureaucratic, associative, communalMarket, bureaucratic, associative, communal
relationships, networks, and associated norms that facilitate collective action
Capacity Model
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Market
Associative Commun
al
R ob s onE con om ic
Jon esS oc ia l
P o ls onP o lit ica l
S m ithP res id en t
Bureaucratic
High Capacity = Agility with all systems
The Type of Social Relation MattersThe Type of Social Relation Matters
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How is social capital to be measured?
How is social capital to be measured?
•Social capital is about social relationsSocial capital is about social relations
•Reflected in institutions, organizations, Reflected in institutions, organizations, groups, events (AVAILABLE social capital)groups, events (AVAILABLE social capital)
•Reflected in the USE of these groups and Reflected in the USE of these groups and networksnetworks
•Rooted in 4 types of social relationsRooted in 4 types of social relations
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Measuring AVAILABLE Social CapitalMeasuring AVAILABLE Social Capital
•Market relationsMarket relations: Enterprises, Financial : Enterprises, Financial institutions (formal and informal), institutions (formal and informal), commercial servicescommercial services
•Bureaucratic relationsBureaucratic relations: Schools, Gov’t : Schools, Gov’t organizations, corporationsorganizations, corporations
•Associative relationsAssociative relations: Voluntary associations: Voluntary associations
•Communal relationsCommunal relations: Family networks, : Family networks, Daycares, Senior citizens’ centres, Religious Daycares, Senior citizens’ centres, Religious organizations, Community-integration eventsorganizations, Community-integration events
Sites
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Measuring USE of Social CapitalMeasuring USE of Social Capital
• Market-basedMarket-based: Employment, M-Internet, : Employment, M-Internet, market services, employment organizations, market services, employment organizations, market supportmarket support
• Bureaucratic-basedBureaucratic-based: B-Internet, bureaucratic : B-Internet, bureaucratic services, actions re. bureaucracies, services, actions re. bureaucracies, bureaucratic supportbureaucratic support
• Associative-basedAssociative-based: A-Internet, associative : A-Internet, associative services, associative-based groups, services, associative-based groups, associative actions, associative supportassociative actions, associative support
• Communal-basedCommunal-based: C-Internet, sharing goods, : C-Internet, sharing goods, sharing services, family supportsharing services, family support
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Are the normative structures related?Are the normative structures related?Within LevelsWithin Levels
SitesSites: Market, Bureaucratic, Associative correlate: Market, Bureaucratic, Associative correlateHHsHHs: Bureaucratic, Associative, Communal correlate: Bureaucratic, Associative, Communal correlate
Across LevelsAcross LevelsAvailable social capital not always used Available social capital not always used ..
Type of social capital matters .Type of social capital matters .
Census proxies depend on type of social capital Census proxies depend on type of social capital ..
Policy: Third sector strategic choice for Policy: Third sector strategic choice for economyeconomy
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Does context have specific effects on production and use of social capital?Does context have specific effects on production and use of social capital?
•YesYes (more social capital use in): (more social capital use in): Connected to global economyConnected to global economy Fluctuating local economyFluctuating local economy Remote from metropolitan centresRemote from metropolitan centres Low institutional capacityLow institutional capacity Socio-economic leadersSocio-economic leaders
•Condition relationship between social capital Condition relationship between social capital and outcomes and outcomes ..
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Policy ImplicationsPolicy Implications
•Build from social capital strengthsBuild from social capital strengths Social capitals are substitutableSocial capitals are substitutable
•Organize for incompatibilitiesOrganize for incompatibilities e.g. Bureaucratic and Associativee.g. Bureaucratic and Associative
•Adapt to local conditionsAdapt to local conditions Non-metro: Associative and CommunalNon-metro: Associative and Communal Globally connected: AssociativeGlobally connected: Associative
•Develop multiple measuresDevelop multiple measures
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Social Capital Theory, Measures, and Policy
Social Capital Theory, Measures, and Policy
The Canadian Rural Revitalization The Canadian Rural Revitalization FoundationFoundation
nre.concordia.canre.concordia.ca
www.crrf.cawww.crrf.ca2005/07/262005/07/26
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investor today!
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NRE Field Sites by AVAILABLE Types of Social CapitalNRE Field Sites by AVAILABLE Types of Social Capital
Source: 19 NRE Site Profiles 2000
0
4
8
12
16
20
Communal Associative
Bureaucratic Market
Return
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Correlation between Types of AVAILABLE Social Capital: Site-level
Correlation between Types of AVAILABLE Social Capital: Site-level
Bureaucratic Associative Communal
Market .76** .84** .29
Bureaucratic .87** .12
Associative .13
(r) 19 sites – raw sums with skewed variables logged ** p<.01Source: NRE Site Profiles 2000 Return
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Correlation between Types of USE of Social Capital: HH-levelCorrelation between Types of USE of Social Capital: HH-level
Bureau. Associative Communal
Market .18 .28 .27
Bureau. .37 .41
Associative .29
(r) 1995 HHs – sums of logged items p<.01Source: NRE HH Survey 2001 Return
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AVAILABLE Social Capital is not always USEDAVAILABLE Social Capital is not always USED
AVAILABILITY of Social Capital (Site-level)
USE of SoKp (HH-level)
Market Bureau. Assoc. Comm. Total
Market .12 .08 .21 .15
Bureaucratic .22 .13 .35 .29
Associative .20 .09 .28 .22
Communal -.18 .09 .07 .05*
Total .19 .12 .32 .25
• (r) (N=1849) Unless otherwise indicated p<.01; * p<.05• Availability is measured at the site level (Source: NRE Site Profiles 2000)• Use is measured at the household level (Source: NRE HH Survey 2001) Return
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Type of USE of Social Capital matters for HH Incomes
Type of USE of Social Capital matters for HH Incomes
($4,000)
($2,000)
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
B C
oeffi
cie
nt
• Adj. RAdj. R22 = .37 = .37• Constant = $9102Constant = $9102• N = 1697N = 1697• Logged values for Logged values for
USE of social USE of social capitalcapital
• P < .05P < .05• Source: NRE HH Source: NRE HH
survey, 2001survey, 2001• Total HH incomeTotal HH income• Market, Market,
bureaucratic, bureaucratic, communal, communal, associative: associative: indexes of types of indexes of types of social capitalsocial capital
• Education of the Education of the respondentrespondent
• HH Size: number of HH Size: number of people in the people in the householdhousehold
Return
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Census Proxies for Social CapitalCensus Proxies for Social CapitalTotalTotal MarketMarket Bureau.Bureau. Assoc.Assoc. Comm.Comm.
LF Particip.LF Particip. .45*.45* .74*.74*
Median HH Median HH IncomeIncome
.66*.66* .81**.81** .52*.52*
% Gov’t % Gov’t TransfersTransfers
-.73**-.73**
% English MT% English MT .58**.58** .70**.70** .55*.55* .60*.60*
IQV Visible IQV Visible MinoritiesMinorities
.50*.50* .58**.58** .67**.67**
• (r) (N=19) * p<.05; ** p<.01• Average social capital by site (Source: NRE HH Survey 2001; Statistics Canada, Census 2001)
ReturnNext
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Use of Associative Social Capital by Census Proxy
Use of Associative Social Capital by Census Proxy
• RR22(Adj)=.56(Adj)=.56• Census Variables:Census Variables:
IQV for Visible IQV for Visible Minorities and othersMinorities and others
% English Mother % English Mother TongueTongue
• Average of Use of Average of Use of Associative social Associative social capitalcapital
• NRE HH Survey 2001NRE HH Survey 2001
Regression Standardized Predicted Value
3210-1-2
Avg
Use
of a
ssoc
iativ
e so
cial
cap
ital
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
109
8
7
6
54
3
21
Return
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Perception vs. Behaviour-based Indicators of Social Cohesion
Perception vs. Behaviour-based Indicators of Social Cohesion
MarketMarket BureauBureau Assoc.Assoc. ComnlComnl TotalTotal
Community Community CohesionCohesion
.10.10 .11.11 .25.25 .18.18 .24.24
Psychol. Psychol. CohesionCohesion
.09.09 .12.12 .25.25 .17.17 .24.24
Attract-Attract-ivenessiveness
.14.14 .08.08 .09.09
Neighbour-Neighbour-linessliness
.13.13 .08.08 .15.15 .20.20 .21.21
(r) All correlations significant at .01 level (2-tailed)
(r) All correlations significant at .01 level (2-tailed)
Source: NRE HH survey 2001: 1991 respondentsSource: NRE HH survey 2001: 1991 respondents
Return
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Use of Social Capital by NRE Sample Frame Dimensions
Use of Social Capital by NRE Sample Frame Dimensions
GlobalGlobal StableStable Adjac.Adjac. Hi Cap.Hi Cap. LeadingLeading
MarketMarket .18**.18** -.12**-.12** .18**.18**
Bureau.Bureau.
Assoc.Assoc. .05*.05* -.06**-.06** -.06**-.06** .17**.17**
Comm.Comm. .05*.05* -.05*-.05* -.11**-.11**
TotalTotal .10**.10** -.10**-.10** -.05*-.05* -.05*-.05* .16**.16**
• (r) (N=1995) * p<.05; ** p<.01 (confirmed by ANOVA)• Use is measured at the site level (Source: NRE Site Profiles 2000) Return
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Context Important for Transforming Assets into Outcomes (e.g. Income)
Context Important for Transforming Assets into Outcomes (e.g. Income)
3344
4466335522221111
.35.35.43.43
HiCap.HiCap.LoCap.LoCap.
5533
4466334422221111
.31.31.41.41
Metro Metro Adj.Adj.
N.AdjN.Adj
6655445533334422221111
.43.43.29.29
Fluct.Fluct.StableStable
3355556644443322221111
.35.35.42.42
GlobalGlobalLocalLocal
665544332211
.37.37
TotalTotal
Assoc.Assoc.Comm.Comm.Bureau.Bureau.HH SizeHH SizeEducEducMarketMarketRR2
• Regression of HH Income on Social Capital, etc. under NRE Sample Frame conditions• Ranks based on standardized coefficients• Source: NRE HH Survey 2001 (1995 HHs) • USE of social capital• USE of social capitalReturn
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Market
Associative Communal
R ob sonE con om ic
Jon esS oc ia l
P o lsonP o lit ica l
S m ithP res id en t
Bureaucratic
High Capacity = Agility among systems
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What are the most appropriate levels of analysis for evaluating collective social capital?
What are the most appropriate levels of analysis for evaluating collective social capital?
•Depends on the purposeDepends on the purpose
•Our objective: Rural RevitalizationOur objective: Rural Revitalization
•Strategy:Strategy: Examine multiple levels (households, sites, Examine multiple levels (households, sites,
regions, provinces, nation)regions, provinces, nation) Examine social capital within and across levels Examine social capital within and across levels
What are the limits of aggregation of individual social capital for estimating collective social capital?
What are the limits of aggregation of individual social capital for estimating collective social capital?
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Can communities be analyzed as “networks of networks”?
Can communities be analyzed as “networks of networks”?
•Networks used in complex waysNetworks used in complex ways e.g. Health: Communal, Associative, Bureaucratic e.g. Health: Communal, Associative, Bureaucratic
integrationintegration
•Low correlation between community as Low correlation between community as action and community as perceptionaction and community as perception e.g. social cohesione.g. social cohesion
Policy: multiple strategies for social cohesionPolicy: multiple strategies for social cohesion