1
Paola Agostini
E-mail: [email protected]
Rome, May 10, 2006
Ghana: SLM/PES – GEF Project(Terrafrica)
2
1986 (January) Landsat Image
2002 (March) Landsat Image
2002: Dark reds = dense tree cover (forest/plantations); greens and yellows = grass; pale-medium blue = bare; dark blue-black = water. Background difference in 1986 mainly a season effect.
3
Much of this expansion is in lands unsuited to it, quickly degraded
4
Much of this expansion is in lands unsuited to it, quickly degraded
5
Loss of tree cover (5% estimated )
6
Critical loss of biodiversity and carbon
7
Unsustained landuse
8
Total loss of tree cover & resultant siltation
9
Problems of traditional conventional agriculture production in Ghana
Reasons for the depletion Conversion of forest land for cash crops Shifting cultivation Overgrazing Bushfire Unsustainable timber logging Uncontrolled collection of Non-Timber
Forest Products (NTFPs)
10
Possible Technologies for better NRM/SLM
Riparian Forests
Intensive SPS
On agricultural land: Mixed tree crop systems (cocoa agroforests –
cocoa, fruit, timber) Simple tree crop systems (fruit trees) Field boundary planting (fruit, timber) Woodlots (timber) Soil Management
Adjacent to agricultural land: Riparian strips Hedgerows Natural areas Forestland
11
Examples of Land uses with Tree Systems
Riparian Forests
12
Examples of Land Uses with Tree Systems
Live fences or wind-breaks
13
14
Benefits of Tree Crops Systems and Project Objective
Production ConservationLink
15
Benefits of Agroforestry systems
On-site benefits: Promote soil fertility Provide shade Provide fodder Provide additional products (timber, fruit, etc)
Biodiversity benefits: Host larger number and wider variety of species Help connect remaining natural habitats
Carbon benefits: Sequester more carbon in soil and biomass
Water benefits: Higher infiltration (but higher evapotranspiration) Improved water filtration
Often insufficient to justify adoption
Ignored by land users
16
What are Environmental Services?
Working Definition: Regulatory functions – upon stocks
and flows of matter and energy – of natural ecosystems which help to maintain or improve the environment and quality of life.
17
Example: Hydrologic Services
Possible downstream beneficiaries:
• Water for domestic use• Irrigation systems• Hydroelectric power
generation• Fishing• Recreation• Downstream ecosystems
Land uses in upper watersheds affect the quantity, quality, and timing of stream flows.
18
New Principles
Payment for Environmental Services from those who Benefit and Payment to those
Land Owners whose Natural Capital produces those services.
Development of Markets for Environmental Services
19
Payments for environmental services
Benefits to land users
Costs to downstream populations and global community
Conventional System
Payment
Improved system with
PES
20
Impact of PES on profitability
-500
-250
0
250
500
750
1,000
1,250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Year
Net
farm
inco
me (
US
$)
Current practices
Silvopastoral practices
Silvopastoral practices with PES
Note: 20ha farm in Nicaragua
21
Barriers to adoption of Tree Systems/Agroforestry systems
Technological Barriers Capacity/ Institutional Barriers Financial Barriers Policy Barriers Cultural Barriers
22
Project Components
1. Policy formulation and dissemination
2. Sustainable Land Management Extension and Capacity Building
3. Eco-services Fund
4. Monitoring and Evaluation
5. Project Coordination
23
Consultation process
2004 IITA visits LAC project 2005 Jan Thematic Group Grant for Exchange
LAC/AFR Feb 2005 Workshop in Accra May 2005 Mission IITA- GoG- WB June 2005 Workshop in Ghana August 2005 – Request from Ministry of Environment Oct 2005 GoN-WB-IITA preparation of Block B Feb 2006 Mission to Ghana- WB-GoG-IITA Submission of Block B to GEF (feb 10, 06)