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Overview of Risk andProtective Factors
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A Four-Pronged Approach to
Evidence-Based Practice in School
Decrease stress/risk factors
Increase protective factors
Train in core skills
Implement manualized interventions
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Mental Health
Decrease stress/risk factors
Increase protective factors
Train in core skills
Implement manualized interventions
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Paradigm Shift
Providers and programs are being encouraged to
focus more on fostering resiliencyand less on
identifying pathology
Resilient individuals are more likely to be able to
withstand stress and avoid negative outcomes
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What are risk and protective
factors?
Risk/stress factor:A condition that increases the
probability of a disorder (e.g., abuse, neglect,
violence exposure, poor health care). Protective factor:A condition that inhibits,
reduces, or buffers the probability of a disorder
(e.g., parental monitoring, problem-solving skills,school connectedness).
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Risk and protective factors encompass
psychological, behavioral, family, and socialcharacteristics.
Children and adolescents underexcessive stress
with few protective factors are most at risk foremotional, behavioral, and other problems, while
children and adolescents with relatively low stress
and many protective factors are least at risk forproblems.
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A number of risk/stress and protective factors have
been shown to correlate with child mental healthand well-being, and have been documented as
areas to focus interventions with youth in order to
promote their mental health.
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Could someone help me with these?
Im late for math class.
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Adolescent Health Study (1997)
Dr Michael Resnick, Adolescent Health Program,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Initial sample: 91,000 adolescents (7th
12th
graders) Followed 20,000 over one year
Goal: Understand the determinants of health and
risk behavior among American youth (Individual,Family, School, and Community)
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Adolescent Health Study:
Protective Factors
Connectedness with Family/Parents Perceived Availability emotional availability of parents
Connectedness with School Fairness of teachers
Caring teachers
Sense of belongingness
Academic Success Note: Size of school, private/public/religious, student:teacher
ratio did not predict outcomes
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Outcomes
Less likely to: Use cigarettes
Use alcohol
Use marijuana
Initiate sex early
Attempt suicide
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Adolescent Health Study:
Risk Factors
Access to guns in the home suicidality, involvement ininterpersonal violence
Access to tobacco, alcohol, illicit substances More likely
to use
Repeating a grade in school engagement in riskybehaviors, greater distress
Working > 20 hours/week More likely to use cigarettes,more distressed, more likely to get involved with kidsengaging in risky behaviors
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The Asset Approach
Search Institute, non-profit organization
Since 1989, research on developmental assets that promote healthybehavior in youth
Current framework: 40 developmental assets
Based on research with 217,000 sixth to twelfth graders in 318communities: consistent relationship between the number of assets
present in young peoples lives and the degree to which they developin positive and healthful ways
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Assets
Receive Support
Neighbors Encourage
Feel Safe
Adult Positive Models Feel Valued
Family has Standards
Parents feel that theschool helps
Want to do well
Read for Pleasure
Stand up for Beliefs
Accept Responsibility Resist Peer Pressure
Optimistic
Life has Purpose
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Assets Protective FunctionsSource: The Asset Approach: Giving Kids What They Need to
Succeed (Search Institute, 1997)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s
Problem
Alcohol Use
Illicit Drug
Use
Sexual
Activity
Violence
10 or less
30 or more
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How Many Assets are Needed?
While there is no magic number of assets, 31 is agood benchmark for experiencing their positiveeffects most strongly
The average young person surveyed in the UnitedStates experiences only 19.3 of the 40 assets.
Overall, 56% of young people surveyed have fewerthan 20 of the 40 assets.
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Social Development Model
Social Development Research Group, University ofWashington
J. David Hawkins, Director,
Richard Catalano, Associate Director
Risk and Protective Factors associated with health
and risk behaviors in youth
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Social Development Model
Two key protective factors: bonding to prosocial family, school and peers clear standards or norms for behavior
Three processes that promote these protective factors: opportunities for involvement in productive prosocial roles
skills to be successfully involved in these roles consistent systems of recognition and reinforcement for prosocial
involvement
Buffer against: conduct problems, school misbehavior,truancy, and drug abuse
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Individual Protective Factors
being easy to get along with
having good social skills
feeling empathy
having a positive and optimistic outlook
taking responsibility for his/her actions
having a sense of personal identity
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Individual Protective Factors
having a strong sense of what is right and wrong
having defined goals for the future
believing in ones self
asking for help
having good problem-solving skills
being proactive
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Family, School, Community
Protective Factors
caring relationships with adults who support the
students and model healthy behavior
family cohesion positive and high expectations that the student will
succeed
opportunities for meaningful participation inrelevant, engaging activities
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Individual Risk Factors
Impulsivity
Aggressive/violent behavior
Disregard for others
Sensation seeking Language problems
Poor interpersonal boundaries
Affiliates with anti-social youth Disconnected from school
Hopelessness
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Individual Risk Factors
Negative self-concept/Low self-esteem
Prenatal exposure to drugs/alcohol
Low birth weight
Poor/irregular attachment
Unsatisfactory relationships
Biological risk factors (head injury, infection,
nutrition, exposure to toxins)
Acute health condition
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Individual Risk Factors
Low intelligence Attention deficits
Apathy or emotional blunting
Emotional immaturity
Poor scholastic work skills
Delinquency
Substance abuse
Stressful life events
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Family Risk Factors
Family history of mental illness Parental crime/incarceration
Familial abuse/neglect
Familial substance abuse Lack of parental support
Family isolation
Large family size
Death of a caregiver
Physical/mental illness of a loved one
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School/Community Risk Factors
Underachieving schools Peer rejection/isolation
Poverty
Limited access to health/mental health care
Poor community resources
Neighborhood crime and violence
Few recreational outlets
Social discrimination
Overcrowding
Exposure to trauma/violence
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This is Your Lifeline!