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CIMMYT nternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center nternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Conservation Agriculture-based CropManagement Technologies for
Rainfed Production Systems in Mexico
en Sayreonsulting Agronomist with the CIMMYT Conservation Agriculture-Based Cropanagement
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CIMMYT HeadquartersEl Batn
Low RainfallLow RainfallMainlyMainly RainfedRainfed
2249 m
MexicoMexicoCityCity
TolucaHigh Rainfall
Rainfed 2640 m
Locations of the CIMMYT Main
Rainfed Experiment Stations inMexico where the CIMMYT
Conservation Program is Working
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Toluca May-Oct. 870 536 1127 5 21
El Batan May-Sept. 501 357 618 9 24
Summary of weather variables during the wheat growing
season at the rainfed Toluca and El Batan ExperimentStations (period covered 1973-1996).Average Min. Max. Average
total total total min. max.
Months for rainfall rainfall rainfall temp temp.the wheat ------------------------------------------------------------Experiment growthStation cycle (mm) (mm) (mm) C C
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Rainfed Production Systems in the Central
Highlands of Mexico Rainfed maize and small grain-based production systems (someeans too)
Range in elevation from 1500 to 2800+ masl
Annual average rainfall in the area ranges from 400 to 1000 mmer year distributed from late May to early October and highly ariable both within year and year-to-year
Very erratic onset and ending of rains and very unpredictable
istribution during the rainy season commonly with heavy ownpours followed by extended dry periods
Crop/Livestock interactions are common with associated
ompetition for crop residues
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Rainfed Small Grain-Based Systems
in the Central Highlands of Mexico
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Crop Residue Status on Soil Surface after Removal Of Residuesfrom Different Crops
After Maize - All Residues Removed for Fodder Almost No Ground Cover
After Beans All Residues Removed Very Minimal Ground Cover
After Wheat Most Residues Removed -Some Ground Cover
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Crop Residue Status on Soil Surface after
Retention Of All Residues For Rainfed Maize For Rainfed Wheat
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Planting rainfed wheat on permanent raised beds
wheat into full retention of wheat residue
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Early Stage Zero Till Rainfed Wheat Removed versus Retained Residues
Zero Till Residues Removed Zero Till Residues Retained
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Later Stage Zero Till Rainfed Wheat
Removed versus Retained Residues Zero Till Residues Removed Zero Till Residues Retained
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Comparison of Rainfed Wheat Yields for the Most Common FarmerPractice versus the Best Conservation Agriculture Practice at El
Batan, Mexico from 1996 to 2006
1500
2500
3500
4500
5500
6500
7500
8500
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
G r a i n Y i e l d
( k g / h a )
FarmerPractice -ContinuousWheat: Conv.tillage:Residue
RemovedBest CAPractice -Wheat-Maize:Zero tillage:ResidueRetained
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Effect of Rotation, Tillage and Residue Management on AverageRainfed Wheat Grain Yields from 1997 to 2009 at El Batan in the
Central Highlands of Mexico (Mean Annual Rainfall = 550mm)
3000
35004000
4500
50005500
6000
6500
Wh-Wh - ConvTill - All
ResiduesRemoved(Farmer
Practice)
Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - All
ResiduesRemoved
Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - All
ResiduesRetained
Wh-Mz - ZeroTill - All
ResiduesRetained
Wh-Mz - ZeroTill - 50% ofResiduesRetained
Wh-Mz - ZeroTill - All
ResiduesRemoved
Rotation - Tillage - Residue Management
G r a i n Y i e l d ( k g / h a )
LSD (0.05) = 235 kg/ha
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Effect of rotation, tillage and residue management for rainfed production systems onthe distribution ofsoil wet aggregate distribution
(0-20cm) at El Batan in the Central Highlands of Mexico
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Wh-Wh - Conv.Till - Residue
Removed(FarmerPractice)
Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - Residue
Removed
Wh-Wh - ZeroTill - Residue
Retained
Wh-Mz - Zero Till- ResidueRemoved
Wh-Mz - Zero Til- ResidueRetained
Rotation - Tillage - Residue Management
M W D o f
S o i l W
e t
A g g r e g a t e s ( m m ) LSD (0.05) = 0.6 mm
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Rainfed Maize-Based Systems in theCentral Highlands of Mexico
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Contrasts in Maize Residue RetentionComplete Residue Removal
Partial Residue Removal
Complete Residue Retention
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Roller for Managing Standing Crop Residues
Instead of Chopping
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Field after zero-tilled rainfed maize with full retention of
maize straw rolled down and left on soil surface
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Field afterzero-tilled
rainfed wheatwith straw left
on soil surface
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Zero Till Rainfed Maize
Removed versus Retained Residues Zero Till Residues Removed after Maize Zero Till Residues Retained
ero Till Residues Removed after Wheat
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Planting Rainfed Maize on Permanent Raised
Beds into Wheat Straw
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Rainfed Maize After Full Retention of WheatResidues from the Previous Crop
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Daily Rainfall Ammounts (mm) from June 1 to August 31 , 2009, at
El Batan in the Central Highlands of Mexico
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89
Consecutive days from June 1 to August 32, 2009
D a i l y R a i n f a l l ( m m )
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Zero Till Rainfed Maize Removed versus Retained Residues
Zero Till Residues Removed Zero Till Residues Retained
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Comparison of Rainfed Maize Yields for the M ost Common FarmerPractice versus the Best Conserv ation Agriculture Practice at El
Batan, Mexico from 1996 to 2006
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
G r a i n
Y i e l d ( k g / h
a )
Farmer Practice - Continuous Maize: Conv. Tilage: Residue Removed
Best CA. Practice: Maize-Wheat: Zero tillage: Residue Retained
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Comparison of Rainfed Maize Yields for the Most Common FarmerPractice versus the Best and Worst Conservation Agriculture
Practice at El Batan, Mexico from 1996 to 2006
010002000
300040005000
60007000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
G r a i n
Y i e l d ( k g / h a )
Farmer Practice - Continuous Maize: Conv. Tilage: Residue Removed
Best CA-based. Practice: Maize-Wheat: Zero tillage: Residue Retained
Worst Practice - Continuous Maize: Zero Tillage: Residue Removed
LSD (0.05) = 550 kg/ha
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Effect of Rotation, Tillage and Residue Management of Average Rainfed M aizeYields from 1997 to 2009 at El Batan in the Central Highlands of Mexico
(Mean Annual Rainfall = 550 mm)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Mz-Mz - Conv Till- All Residues
Removed(Farmer
Practice)
Mz-Mz - Zero Till- All Residues
Removed
Mz-Mz - Zero Till- All Residues
Retained
Mz-Wh - Zero Till- All Residues
Retained
Mz-Wh - Zero Till- 50% of
ResiduesRetained
Mz-Wh - Zero Till- All Residues
Removed
Rotation - Tillage - Residue Management
G r a i n Y i e l d ( k g / h a )
LSD (0.05) = 239 kg/ha
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Effect of Residues on Weed DynamicsCONVENTIONAL TILLAGE
Residues Removed ZERO TILLAGE Residues Retained
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Zero-tilledrainfed beanwith previouscrop residue
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Use of CA-based, Permanent RaisedBeds for Rainfed Production Systems
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Zero or Direct Seeding on the Flat is the Most
Common Seeding System for Rainfed CA-basedProduction Systems
WHY USE PERMANENT RAISED BEDS?
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Rainfed wheat
planted onpermanent
beds withprevious crop
residue
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Rainfed
maize plantedon permanent
beds withprevious crop
residue
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Permanent Beds = Reduced Water Logging Problems Following
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Permanent Beds Reduced Water Logging Problems Following
Heavy Rain Events
onventional Till- Water Logging Permanent Beds Minimal Water Logging
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WHEAT ON
PERMANENTRAISED BEDSWITH TIED
RIDGES ANDWITH
RESIDUE
REMOVAL
P t B d O t it t U Ti d Ridg t I i
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Permanent Beds = Opportunity to Use Tied Ridges to Increase in situ Rain Water Harvest
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Rainfed wheatplanted on
permanent bedswith tied-ridges
with minimalretention of the
previous cropsresidue
Effect of Tillage Residue Management and Use of Tied Ridges in Furrows on Avera
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Effect of Tillage, Residue Management and Use of Tied Ridges in Furrows on AveraRainfed Wheat Yields from 1999 to 2005 at El Batan in the Rainfed Highlands of Cen
Mexico
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,0004,500
5,000
5,500
Conv.TillRemove. All
No
Perm. bedRetain All
No
Perm. bedRemove All
No
Perm. bedRemove All
Yes
Perm. bedRemove 60%
No
Perm. bedRemove 60%
Yes
Tillage - Residue Management - Tied Ridges
G
r a i n
Y i e l d
k
/ h a LSD (0.05) = 223 kg/ha
TillageResidueTied Ridges
Rainfed maize planted on permanent
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Rainfed maize planted on permanent
beds with tied-ridges
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Rainfed maizeplanted on
permanentbeds with tied-ridges with
minimalretention of the previous
crops residue
Effect of tillage residue management and field ridges on average maize grain
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Effect of tillage, residue management and field ridges on average maize grainyields produced in a rainfed, annual summer crop, maize-wheat rotation from
2000 to 2005 at El Batan
5,698
7,788
6,335
7,2657,472
7,655
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
8,000
8,500
Conv.Incor.
No
Perm. bedRetain
No
Perm. bedRemove
No
Perm. bedRemove
Yes
Perm. bedPartial
No
Perm. bedPartial
Yes
Y i e l
d k g /
h a a t
1 2 %
H 2 O
LSD (0.05) = 338 k /ha
Tillage a
Resi due manag. b
Tied-ridges
a Con v: Conventional til lage , ne w beds made for each crop.Perm. Bed: Permanen t beds, no till age e xcept to reshape as n ee ded.
b Incor.: Incorporate; Retai n: C hop and le ave on su rface; Remove: Rem ove for fodder;Partial : Remove whe at straw cut by combin e an d remove mai ze s tove to just be low the ear.
Use of Permanent Raised Beds for Rainfed
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Use of Permanent Raised Beds for Rainfed
Production Systems Narrow Permanent Raised Beds Wide Permanent Raised Beds
Wheat on Narrow Permanent Raised Beds in
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W
Toluca(76cm furrow to furrow)
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Wheat onWide
PermanentRaised Beds
in Toluca(152cm
furrow tofurrow)
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Comparison of Rainfed Maize and Wheat Yields for Permanent and Tilled
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Wide Beds for 2009 (Dry Crop Cycle) and 2010 (Wet Crop Cycle) at El Batan
447841283561347749214235334933002010
59065358458821612205182519812009
WheatYieldskg/ha
692867557365659892739717743572562010450522074839361291328169546356202009
MaizeYieldskg/ha
150 Basal
N+ Residue
150 Basal
N- Residue
0 N
+ Residue
0 N
- Residue
150 Basal
N+ Residue
150 Basal
N- Residue
0 N
+ Residue
0 N
- Residue
TilledWideBeds
TilledWideBeds
TilledWideBeds
TilledWideBeds
PermanentWide Beds
PermanentWide Beds
PermanentWideBeds
PermanentWideBeds
Year
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Thanks