11 、 、 choroid of eyeball choroid of eyeball
A. occupies posterior five-sixths of middle tunic A. occupies posterior five-sixths of middle tunic
and is white in colourand is white in colour
B. outer surface is covered by pigment cell B. outer surface is covered by pigment cell
layer of retinalayer of retina
C. inner surface is close to scleraC. inner surface is close to sclera
D. supplies the nutritionD. supplies the nutrition
E. receives stimulation of lightE. receives stimulation of light
一、 Single Choice Questions
22 、 、 ciliary bodyciliary body
A. is posterior extension of choroidA. is posterior extension of choroid
B. located on external surface of junction of B. located on external surface of junction of
cornea and scleracornea and sclera
C. is the thickest part of middle tunicC. is the thickest part of middle tunic
D.constriction of ciliary m. tenses ciliary D.constriction of ciliary m. tenses ciliary
zonulezonule
E.constriction of ciliary m. decreases E.constriction of ciliary m. decreases
convexity of lensconvexity of lens
33 、 、 irisiris
A. is the largest part of middle tunicA. is the largest part of middle tunicB. divides chamber of the eye into anterior B. divides chamber of the eye into anterior and posterior chambersand posterior chambersC. iris and sclera meet to form angle of antC. iris and sclera meet to form angle of ant
erior erior chamberchamberD. Has the function of D. Has the function of refracting lightrefracting light E. is colourless and transparantE. is colourless and transparant
4. The ascending tract in the spinal cord is4. The ascending tract in the spinal cord is
A.A. spinothalamic tractspinothalamic tract
B.B. anterior corticospinal tractanterior corticospinal tract
C.C. lateral corticospinal tractlateral corticospinal tract
D.D. rubrospinal tractrubrospinal tract
E.E. vestibulospinal tractvestibulospinal tract
5. 5. The fasciculus gracilisThe fasciculus gracilis
A.A. extends the whole length of the spinal cordextends the whole length of the spinal cord
B.B. lies in the lateral part of the posterior lies in the lateral part of the posterior
funiculus funiculus
C.C. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of the transmits the proprioceptive sensation of the
contralateral lower limbcontralateral lower limb
D. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of D. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of
bilateral lower limbbilateral lower limb
E. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of E. transmits the proprioceptive sensation of
homolateral trunk and limbshomolateral trunk and limbs
66 、、 In adult, the lower end of spinal cord iIn adult, the lower end of spinal cord is at the level ofs at the level of
A. inferior border of L1A. inferior border of L1B. superior border of L1B. superior border of L1C. inferior border of L2C. inferior border of L2D. superior border of L2D. superior border of L2E. superior border of L3E. superior border of L3
77 、、 The position of the 10th thoracic segThe position of the 10th thoracic segment of spinal cord is at the level of ment of spinal cord is at the level of
A.A. 9th thoracic vertebra9th thoracic vertebra
B.B. 8th thoracic vertebra8th thoracic vertebra
C.C. 7th thoracic vertebra 7th thoracic vertebra
D.D. 6th thoracic vertebra6th thoracic vertebra
E.E. 1st lumbar vertebra1st lumbar vertebra
88 、 、 Which is wrong about anterior horn oWhich is wrong about anterior horn of spinal cordf spinal cord
A.A. consists of the sensory neuronconsists of the sensory neuronB.B. consists of the motor neuronconsists of the motor neuronC.C. its neuron axon passes through the its neuron axon passes through the anterior root of spinal nerveanterior root of spinal nerveD.D. innervates the skeletal muscleinnervates the skeletal muscleE.E. is innervated by corticospinal tractis innervated by corticospinal tract
99 、 、 Which segment of the spinal cord coWhich segment of the spinal cord conducts the skin sensation at the level of unducts the skin sensation at the level of u
mbilicusmbilicus
A.A. the 4th thoracic segmentthe 4th thoracic segment
B.B. the 6th thoracic segmentthe 6th thoracic segment
C.C. the 8th thoracic segmentthe 8th thoracic segment
D.D. the 10th thoracic segmentthe 10th thoracic segment
E.E. the 12th thoracic segmentthe 12th thoracic segment
10. The tracts being related to 10. The tracts being related to transmitting motor information in spinal transmitting motor information in spinal
cord arecord are
A. fasciculus gracilisA. fasciculus gracilis B. fasciculus cuneatusB. fasciculus cuneatus C. corticonuclear tractC. corticonuclear tract D. lateral corticospinal tractD. lateral corticospinal tract E. anterior corticospinal tractE. anterior corticospinal tract
11 、、 retinaretina
A. is divides into outer and inner layersA. is divides into outer and inner layers
B. outer layer contains photoreceptorsB. outer layer contains photoreceptors
C. inner layer is pigment cell laminaC. inner layer is pigment cell lamina
D. optic disc is in sensitive to lightD. optic disc is in sensitive to light
E. visual acuity in fouea centralis of E. visual acuity in fouea centralis of
macula lutea is highestmacula lutea is highest
二、 Multiple Choice Questions
22 、、 walls of tympanic cavitywalls of tympanic cavity
A. superior wall is tegmental wall which A. superior wall is tegmental wall which separates the middle cranial fossa from separates the middle cranial fossa from tympanic cavitytympanic cavityB. inferior wall is jugular wallB. inferior wall is jugular wallC. anterior wall is carotid wall at superior C. anterior wall is carotid wall at superior part of which there is the opening of part of which there is the opening of auditory tubeauditory tubeD. posterior wall is mastoid wallD. posterior wall is mastoid wallE .lateral wall is membranous wallE .lateral wall is membranous wall
33 、 、 the tracts passing through the lateral futhe tracts passing through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord includniculus of the spinal cord includ
A A 、、 lateral corticospinal tractlateral corticospinal tract
B B 、、 anterior corticospinal tractanterior corticospinal tract
C C 、、 anterior spinocerebellar tractanterior spinocerebellar tract
D D 、、 posterior spinocerebellar tractposterior spinocerebellar tract
E E 、、 vestibulospinal tractvestibulospinal tract
The brain stemThe brain stem
The brain stemThe brain stem
midbrain midbrain
ponspons
medulla oblongatamedulla oblongata
Bulbopontine sulcus
ventral surfaceventral surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
PyramidPyramid : contain pyramidal tract (cort: contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract)icospinal tract)
Decussation of pyramidDecussation of pyramid formed by crossing fibers of corticospinaformed by crossing fibers of corticospina
l tractl tract
emerge from retroolivary sulcus
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
hypoglossal nerve
emerge from anterolateral sulcus
Glossopharyngeal n.
vagus n.
accessory n.
Olive : overlying inferior
olivary nucleus
Basilar partBasilar part
Basilar sulcusBasilar sulcus
ventral surfaceventral surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
PonsPons
Bulbopontine sulcus
from medial to lateral,
abducent, n
facial n.
vestibulocochlear n.
ventral surfaceventral surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
PonsPons
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Trigeminal nerve
Pontocerebellar trigone
the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum
Crus cerebriCrus cerebri
Interpeduncular fossaInterpeduncular fossa
oculomotor nervesoculomotor nerves
emerge from medial of crus cerebriemerge from medial of crus cerebri
ventral surfaceventral surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
MidbrainMidbrain
Posterior perforated substance
Gracile tubercle Gracile tubercle overlyioverlying gracile nucleusng gracile nucleus
Cuneate tubercle Cuneate tubercle overloverlying cuneate nucleusying cuneate nucleus
Inferior cerebellar peduInferior cerebellar peduncle ncle
dorsal surface of the brain stemdorsal surface of the brain stem
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
Superior cerebellar Superior cerebellar pedunclepeduncle
Superior medullary Superior medullary velumvelum
dorsal dorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
PonsPons
Superior colliculusSuperior colliculus centers of visual flexescenters of visual flexesInferior colliculusInferior colliculus conduct auditory sensationconduct auditory sensation
Trochlear nerveTrochlear nerve
dorsaldorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
MidbrainMidbrain
Brachium of superior colliculus
Brachium of inferior colliculus
Inferolateral: Inferolateral:
gracile tubercles gracile tubercles
cuneate tuberclescuneate tubercles
inferior cerebellar peduncleinferior cerebellar peduncle
BoundariesBoundaries
rhomboid fossarhomboid fossa
Superolateral:
superior cerebellar peduncle
Lateral recess
dorsaldorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
Median sulcus Median sulcus Sulcus limitans Sulcus limitans Vestibular area Vestibular area
overlies vestibular nucleioverlies vestibular nuclei
Acoustic tubercle Acoustic tubercle
overlying dorsal cochlear nucleusoverlying dorsal cochlear nucleus
Medial eminence Medial eminence Striae medullares Striae medullares
rhomboid fossarhomboid fossa
Facial colliculus overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve
dorsaldorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
dorsaldorsal surface surface of the brain stemof the brain stem
rhomboid fossarhomboid fossa
Hypoglossal triangle Hypoglossal triangle
overlying hypoglossal nucleusoverlying hypoglossal nucleus
Vagal triangle Vagal triangle
overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus neroverlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nerveve
Area postrema : lies between the vagal triangle and gracile tubercles
Locus ceruleus at the upper end of Sulcus limitans
Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle 第四脑室第四脑室
Lie between theLie between thePons medulla Pons medulla OblongataOblongataand cerebellum and cerebellum
(in front of cerebellum and (in front of cerebellum and posterior to theposterior to the pons pons and and medulla oblongatamedulla oblongata ).).
position
Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle
FloorFloor-- -- rhomboid fossarhomboid fossa
Anterior part superior cerebellar peduncle
superior medullary velum
RoofRoof ::
Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle
choroid plexuses of fourth
Ventricle produce the cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Posterior part
inferior medullary velum
tela choroidea of fourth
Ventricle
RoofRoof ::
Tela choroidea and choroid plexusTela choroidea and choroid plexus
Fourth ventricleFourth ventricle
(1) (1) Median aperture of fourth venMedian aperture of fourth ventricletricle
(2) (2) lateral apertures of fourth velateral apertures of fourth ventricle ntricle :: a pair.a pair.
Subarachnoid space
Communication
(3) mesencephalic aqueduct ( cer
ebral aqueduct )
Third ventricle
Internal structuresInternal structures –– gray mattergray matter
■ Cranial nerve nuclei ■ Non- Non- Cranial nerve nuclei ( relay nucleirelay nuclei))
Nuclei Nuclei 神经核神经核
The arrangments of Cranial nerve nuclei :
Cranial nerve nuclei
General Somatic motor nucleiGeneral Somatic motor nuclei
Special visceral motor nucleiSpecial visceral motor nuclei General visceral motor nucleiGeneral visceral motor nuclei
The Cranial nerve nuclei may be divided into 7 kinds:
Visceral afferentVisceral afferent (( sensorysensory )) nuclei nuclei ( general and special )( general and special )
General somatic afferent General somatic afferent (( senssensoryory )) nucleinuclei
Special somatic afferent (( sensorysensory )) nuclei
Nucleus of oculomotor n.Nucleus of oculomotor n.Nucleus of trochlear n.Nucleus of trochlear n.Nucleus of abducent n. Nucleus of abducent n.
Nucleus of hypoglossal n.Nucleus of hypoglossal n.
Cranial nerve nuclei
General Somatic motor nucleiGeneral Somatic motor nuclei
NucleusNucleus SiteSite Cranial n.Cranial n.
FunctionFunction
Nucleus of Nucleus of
Oculomotor n.Oculomotor n.
MidbrainMidbrain Ⅲ Ⅲ
Supreior, inferior,and mediSupreior, inferior,and medial rectus, inf. obliquus, levaal rectus, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioristor palpebrae superioris
Nucleus ofNucleus oftrochlear n.trochlear n. MidbrainMidbrain
Ⅳ Ⅳ Superior obliquusSuperior obliquus
Nucleus of abNucleus of abducent n.ducent n. PonsPons
Ⅵ Ⅵ Lateral rectusLateral rectus
Nucleus of Nucleus of hypoglossal n.hypoglossal n. MedullaMedulla
Ⅻ Ⅻ Muscles of tongueMuscles of tongue
GeneralGeneral Somatic motor nuclei
Special visceral motor nuclei
Motor nucleus of trigeminal n.
Nucleus of facial n.
Nucleus ambiguus
Accessory nucleus
Cranial nerve nuclei
Special visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function
Motor nucleus of trigeminal n.
Pons Ⅴ
Masticatory muscles
Nucleus of facial n.
Pons Ⅶ
Facial m., platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius 镫骨肌
Nucleus ambiguus
Medulla Ⅸ, .Ⅹ Ⅺ
Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus
Accessory nucleus
Medulla-cervical cord
ⅪSternocleidomastoid, trapezius
General visceral motor nucleiGeneral visceral motor nuclei
Accessory oculomotor nucleus
Superior salivatory nucleus
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
Cranial nerve nuclei
●General visceral motor nuclei
Nucleus Site
Cranial n. Function
Accessory oculomotor nucleus Midbrain Ⅲ
Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m.
Superior salivatory nucleus Pons
Ⅶ
Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands
Inferior salivatory nucleus Medulla
Ⅸ Parotid gland
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. medulla Ⅹ
Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera
Visceral afferent nuclei ( general and special )
Nucleus of solitary tNucleus of solitary tractract
Cranial nerve nuclei
Function :Taste and visceral sensation
Lies in the Medulla obongataSend out the fibers to form ,Ⅶ
, cranial nⅨ Ⅹ .
General somatic afferent nuclei
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n.
Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n.
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
Cranial nerve nuclei
General somatic afferent nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n.
Function
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n.
Midbrain ⅤProprioception of head
Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n.
Pons Ⅴ
Tactile(touch) sensation of head
Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
Medulla Ⅴ
Pain and temperature sense of head
Special somatic afferent nuclei
Cochlear nucleiCochlear nuclei
Ventral cochlear nucleusVentral cochlear nucleus
Drsal cochlear nucleusDrsal cochlear nucleus
Cranial nerve nuclei
Vestibular nuclei
Special somatic afferent nuclei
Nucleus Site Cranial n.
Function
Cochlear nuclei
Pons and medulla Ⅷ
Sensation of hearing
Vestibular nuclei
Pons and medulla Ⅷ
Sensation of equilibrium
■ In medulla oblongata
Gracile nucleus
Cuneate nucleus
Inferior olivary nucleus
non- non- Cranial nerve nuclei
■ In pons
Pontine nucleus
■■ in midbrainin midbrain
inferior colliculus inferior colliculus
Gray matter layers of sGray matter layers of superior colliculus uperior colliculus
Red nucleusRed nucleus
Substantia nigraSubstantia nigra
non- non- Cranial nerve nuclei
Nucleus position
Gracile nucleus Medulla (underneath gracile tubercle)
Cuneate nucleus Medulla (underneath cuneate tubercle)
Pontine nucleus Pons
Nucleus of inferior colliculus
Midbrain
Inferior colliculus superior colliculus
Midbrain
Red nucleus Midbrain
Substantia nigra Midbrain
Non- Non- Cranial nerve nuclei
White matter White matter
Medial lemniscus Spinal lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Lateral lemniscus
Ascending tracts
Descending tracts Pyramidal tract
Corticospinal tract
Corticonuclear tract
White matterWhite matter — — ascending tractsascending tracts
Medial lemniscus
decussation of medial lemniscus
White matterWhite matter — — ascending tractsascending tracts
Spinal lemniscusSpinal lemniscus
White matterWhite matter — — ascending tractsascending tracts
Trigeminal lemniscusTrigeminal lemniscus
White matterWhite matter — — ascending tractsascending tracts
Lateral lemniscus
White matterWhite matter —— descending tractsdescending tracts
Corticospinal tract Corticospinal tract
Corticonuclear tractCorticonuclear tract
Pyramidal tract
Corticonuclear tractCorticonuclear tract
White matterWhite matter —— descending tractsdescending tracts
Others: rubrospinal tract tectospinal tract vestibulospinal tract reticulospinal tract
Reticular formationReticular formation of brain stemof brain stem
The reticular formation is recognized as the extensive area outside the more conspicuous fiber bundles and nuclei of the brain stem, in which the grey were intermingled with whiter matter. Its major function may sum up as follows:
Reticular formationReticular formation of brain stemof brain stem
■■ Viscceromotor controViscceromotor contro
l-l-----vital centresvital centres CardiovasCardiovascular center and respiratory cecular center and respiratory center in medulla oblongata.nter in medulla oblongata.
■ Ascending reticular activating system
maintenance of the conscious state
of cerebeal cortex.
■ somatomotor control
reticulospinal tract
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
Lower part (closed part) Two decussations–
– Decussations of medial lemniscus– Decussations of pyramid
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
Upper part (open part) inferior olivary nuculeus and inferio
r cerebellar peduncle Enlargement of central canal to for
m the fourth ventricle floor
Tracts: pyramidal tracy medial lemniscus inferior cerebellar peduncleNuclei: nucleus of hypoglossal n. dorsal nucleus of vagus n. nucleus ambiguus. solitary nucleus, spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----
contains a number of new cranial nerve contains a number of new cranial nerve nuclei ,Such as : nuclei ,Such as :
nucleus of abducent n. nucleus of abducent n. nucleus of facial n. nucleus of facial n. vestibular nuclei ,vestibular nuclei , spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.
longitudinal fibers(pyramidal tract)
transverse fibers arised from the pontine nuclei.
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----
Middle cerebellar peduncle
ponspons
■ Tegmentum of pons
■ Basilar part
■ tectum of midbrain
■ Cerebral peduncle :
may be divided into 3 parts
● Tegmentum :
Ascending tracts:
medial lemniscus,
spinal lemniscus,
trigeminal lemniscus.
nuclei: red nucleus, nucleus of oculomotor n. and troclear n.
includes superior and inferior colliculi
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----
midbrain
■ Cerebral peduncle
● Tegmentum
The transverse section of brain stem----The transverse section of brain stem----
midbrain
● Substentia nigra ● Crus cerebri : frontopontine Tract , pyramidal tract, tempo-occipito-pontine tract
Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticosp
inal tract
superior cerebellar peduncle
its fibres arises from theits fibres arises from the cerebellum,cerebellum, and passe and passes to the opposite s to the opposite thalathalamusmus and the opposite and the opposite rred nucleus ed nucleus of the midbof the midbrain. rain.