8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
1/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
2/118
Years of Fear
Truth and Justice for the enforceddisappearances in Syria
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
3/118
Transitional Justice in the Arab World Project
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
4/118
1970
198049
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
5/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
6/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
7/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
8/118
1
2
3
4
1
1821162000
19791999314513920084
20082008 2007
2003
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
9/118
20091979
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
10/118
1970
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
11/118
1970
3.5 4.4 6.4 4.6 3.1197051960 6
78
22919871 5
22
20056
55567
HannaPatatuSyria`sPeasantrytheDescendantsoItslesserRuralNotablesandtheirpoliticPrincetonNJPrincetonUniversitypress1999
19581946819491963819581949 19611958 19631958
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
12/118
1963
19701949
1973
91973
1031081111010795
2007
200009
20021973
10
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
13/118
11101100
197311
1987
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
14/118
12
652571531559.5%
13
1965 9000001419916850007000065000 1965 2004
1520047000005300001991
12
MiddleEastWatchCommitteeedSyriaUnmaskedthesuppressionohumanrightsbytheregime
NewHavenYaleuniversitypress1991
13
AlanGeorgeSyrianeitherbreadnorreedomLondon ;NewYorkzedBooks2003p2314VolkerPrethesTePoliticalEconomyoSyriaunderAsadLondonNewYorkIBauris1995
pp14114515
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
15/118
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1965 1991 2005
19634001665398197119923743321981
1.008.24317
16AlanGeorgeSyrianeitherbreadnorreedomLondon ;NewYorkzedBooks2003pp71Alan GeorgeSyrianeither bread nor reedompp101715.066199716.320200020 200413.782 19941960 6.30519709.046 1981
4.565
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
16/118
18
1984
8718
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
17/118
1980197919
19
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
18/118
201971
21
19631972 1971 19691973
22 19731138197419801976 280610252
23
5.419762000
12
241971
197331251950
12%20
21Hanna BatatuSyria`s peasantrythe Descendants o Its lesser Rural Notablesand their politics pp26026122VokerPerthesthepoliticalEconomyoSyriaunderAsadPP135140
23HannaBatutuSyria
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
19/118
26
27
28
1973
197312
197229
1962 30
200219732627PatrickSealeAsadoSyriaPP279
2792802829HannaBatutuSyria`sPeasantrypp26226530
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
20/118
31
19791973197819751980321975719761972 22
5519631976250019735 33
1977
8
171968931142004
1987 311995
32VolkerPerthesTePoliticalEconomyoSyriaunderAsadpp28
51733VolkerPerthesTePoliticalEconomyoSyriaunderAsadP109114
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
21/118
34
3519793616
1980
2737
381964 1975
16 342000
35VolkerPerthesTePoliticalEconomyoSyriaunderAsadP147153354442000
RegimethebyRightsHumanoSuppressionTeUnmaskedSyriaedCommitteeWatchEastMiddle
1991PressUniversityYaleHavenNew
Alasdair DrysdaleTe succession Question in SyriaMiddle East JournalVol39N2Spring 1985P93111omas kozynovskyRiaat AlassadOrientVol41984P465470shrcwww20021636org279120002
6831985Hanna Batatu Syrias Muslim Brothers MERIPReports Vol 12 November December 1982 No110P122037PatrickSealAsadandtheStruggleortheMiddleEastpp532533
200126wwwshrcorg 38ItzchakWeismannSa`idHawwaandIslamicRevivalisminBa`thistSyriaStudiaIslamicaNo851997pp;131154andItzchakWeismannSa`idHawwaTeMakingoaRadicalMuslimTinkerinModernSyriaMiddleEasternStudiesVol29No4October1993pp601623
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
22/118
197330 197519761976
1979
39 1979 4
1979
19807494041
39MiddleEastwatchCommitteeedSyriaUnmaskedP163185
2852001198217198074940
49153335063514441
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
23/118
22
1980
6
1979
4243 1978 30 99.61% 19788
1981
1982150005000 180044
53425198042
4501970 43
HannaBatatuSyriasPeasantrytheDescendantsoItsLesserRuralNotablesandtheirpoliticsNewJerseyPrincetonUniversityPress1999
53754044Nikolaos Van Dam Te Struggle For Power in Syria Sectarianism Regionalism and ribalism inpolitics19611978LondonGroomHelm1979TomasFriedmanFromBeiruttoJerusalemNewYorkFarrarStrausandGiroux1989p76105
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
24/118
45
46
1982 4748
49
DavidRobertsTeBathandtheCreationoModernSyriaLondon1987P128ReymondHinnebuschAuthoritarian Power and state ormation in Bathist Syria ArmyPartyandPeasantSanFrancisco1990P291300FredH LawsonSocialBasesortheHamahRevoltMeripReportsNovemberDecember1982P2428RobertFiskTeimesLondon19February198212000166167199311982
19871Michel SeuratLEtat de barbarie ParisEditions du Seuil1989
45HannaBatatuSyria
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
25/118
199050
19841984
51
1987
198049
19385019771975197719901979wwwaljazeeranet3122005511920
1920
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
26/118
52
53
1995
1995
198049
54
2000
5253
54RazanZeitounehandAbdulHaAlSayyedCanExtraordinaryCourtsEnsureJusticeSupremeStateSecurityCourtDamascusCenterorHumanRightsStudiesDCHRSMay2007
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
27/118
20062006
2005
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
28/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
29/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
30/118
2
3
4
558
59
58
2006200959
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
31/118
198260198027
61
62
198049
63
200150 64
65
1982 60
222006187199919802761
432006 6219801998200963
6465
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
32/118
2008
66
1973
251973
1
2
28
66SyriaDisclose Fate o DetaineesHuman Rights Watch July 32009
httpwwwhrworgennews20090703syriadiscloseatedetaineesSyriaLi Blackout on Prisoners FateHuman Rights WatchDecember 102009
httpwwwhrworgennews20091210syrialiblackoutprisonersate
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
33/118
6
69
5
1952
6
26
72
252242
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
34/118
1
2
43
104
1
2
105
385
359
2
367 1
237
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
35/118
1
1
2
3
4
1
2
2 1 3
2
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
36/118
3
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
37/118
14161969
1963
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
38/118
293 260
873369
459427
586573
117
8
9
11
14
1969
74
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
39/118
1969525549
200893069
47
1950
2
27
61
53
67
Nikolaos Van DamTe Struggle For Power in Syriapp567167
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
40/118
6819638
196382
196338
69 70737271 74
7568
69
41121110 702252531967
71319328451971
73619935821721996611097380581519754012111074
3101975
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
41/118
3
76
77
6
76
200777httptharwacommunitytypepadcomsyrianelector200707html
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
42/118
293260
873369
2459427
586573
1963 78196429
79
1982
1964
82842008119182000782008797275199132
26626922000
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
43/118
80 81
82
83
196576
3
39680
155157200710
15681 821162001
httpwwwaljazeeranetNRexeres2782922BCE354FEBB8299A20F7DD007Ahtm196583
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
44/118
19
19921992172984
1963 18
85196623
httpwwwshrcorgdataaspx004RESEARSHaspx84
85NikolaosVanDamTeStruggleForPowerinSyriapp8194
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
45/118
196717196625
1967
1967817 109 2
8619678141091966225
4
86
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
46/118
1966 8719648988
1982 1980713219678171092109
90
911985330
wwwmoustaatlassorg871888819672889
90httpwwwshrcorgdata 91
aspx005BOOKSaspx
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
47/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
48/118
199119841983
94
1967
196832847
6196517
httpwwwshrcorgdataaspx004RESEARSHaspx94
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
49/118
95
1965176 1973
9697
2831968479596
278
286
285
307Far rom Justice Syria`s Supreme State Security Court Human Rights Watch HRWFebruary 2497
2009 httpwwwhrworgenreports20090223arjustice0
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
50/118
98
99
100
29
196915 1416
19695409
3016101 74 1969 1 25 14 5 25 549
1969
1969125143016
1998252249105200699
httpwwwhrworgar 100news20090224
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
51/118
16
30
196952554910174
74
196911514101
2
367
247
1 391
2
247545 534 353 534
30
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
52/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
53/118
105
197119712400 106
1973
148 1071971
53 19798
198049
1980749
105Ibidpp27911106
20074774107
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
54/118
1979 53
49 530198078 108
109
151980110
19821710820099109
httpwwwthisissyrianet20090909writers05html2009110
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
55/118
30
1980 30 198077
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
56/118
1980 49
49
1980713219688171092109 111
1979616
54 32
111
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
57/118
11219801979 13
139147
httpwwwshrcorgdataaspx012BOOKSaspx112
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
58/118
113
1183813 1980627
114
10
115
1981
1982 25000 3500015000
1165000
httpbeirutindymediaorg 113200928ar200306301shtml
253262114
19801025019809 1161980 18 1980 25198011198011980 Middle East Watch, Syria Unmasked :The Suppression of Human Rights by the Asad Regime, Yale
Univ Press, 1991, for more about that see: Fisk, Robert, Pity the Nation, London, Touchstone, 1990
pp.87- 181,Time (Newspaper), Syria: Bloody Challenge to Assad, London, Monday, Mar. 08, 1982.
Time (Newspaper), Syria: Battle of Hama, London, Monday, Mar. 29, 1982. Read more: http://www.
time.com/
1983MDE 240483
1982
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
59/118
291976730236
117
11820001500
196198 65
httpwww200811 236117200915elaphcomElaphWebPolitics20082303313htm
15 httpwwwatehorumscomshowthreadphp?t109420 1182009
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
60/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
61/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
62/118
1980
1700020091980 % 4.3
120
2009 120
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
63/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
64/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
65/118
24
1
2
121
1988525
122
121Communication 5401993Celis Laureano vPeru views 25 March 1996 para8.5 Communication5421993Katombe Lshishimbi vZaireviews 26 March 1996para5.5 Communication 4401990Yousse ElMegreisi v the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya para 5.4 Communication 4491991 Mojica v
Dominican Republicpara5.7Te European Convention on Human RightsNo one shall be subjected to torturehttpwww122
facatorgenspipphp?article638
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
66/118
123
124
125
123A PsychoMoral Support to the amilies o victims o enorced disappearance By Khurram Parvez
Association o Parents o Disappeared Persons KashmirIndiahttpwwwediecorgareasdescriptionconsequences#c186124
2009125
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
67/118
1980126
127
2009126127
httpwwwictjnetarabicmemoralizationarhtm
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
68/118
128
129
2009128
httpwwwediecorgareasdescriptionconsequences#c186129
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
69/118
1301980
1614
1980
131
2009130
2009131
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
70/118
132
29
133
134
httpwwwicrcorgwebarasiteara0nshtmlallmissinginterview270807?opendocument13220091332009134
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
71/118
135
1980
136
20091352009136
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
72/118
1500751371981
2009137
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
73/118
6 24
138
202
203
204
2009138
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
74/118
139
24
140
2009139
2009140
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
75/118
1949812
141
ECN42006918 February 2006141
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
76/118
14230
21112005142
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
77/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
78/118
724
143
1980
144
143 2005
2000Human Rights Watch144Syria UnmaskedTe Suppression o Human Rights by the Asad Regime1990MED 240483 1983MDE 240495 1995MDE MDE 2400195 1999
240142001 2001
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
79/118
1453920041980
2004 4000
147
146
200314 7000
145
ECN420056523 December 2004198910146199010 1991 %99.981991219921991199272000
200720012003147
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
80/118
13347 199218
20031999148
200519901979 20062005
20061979
2007
149
1989
1979
150
200826
20031481492008 31
2007200615150
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
81/118
19891979
HRW
AMNESY 151
1980 152 153
1980
2006151152Middle East Watch Syria Unmasked Te Suppression o Human Rights by the AsadRegimepp60153Ibidpp60
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
82/118
1980154
1991
2005
198020052
17000
1995
200428
40155
200920082007
17000
154Ibidpp612009155
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
83/118
156
AHRC9NGO30
358
2003156
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
84/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
85/118
37 13
1632 161 1981 9
162
49 163
198026
1980132
164
1980 19821982
41469CNE161
1622001 4 253261
1980311631993164
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
86/118
500165
1661502005167
16826
1980
1979 Middle East WatchSyria UnmaskedTe Suppression o Human Rights by the Asad Regimepp16165
KoelblSusanneSYRIAA 101 Course in Mideast DictatorshipsDer SpiegelBrlin 02212005166
19791989
httpwwwspiegeldeinternationalspiegel0151834324200html167
1964
14 57 19791963Middle East Watch Syria UnmaskedTe Suppression o Human Rights by the Asad Regimepp130
198031168
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
87/118
1979 1982
169
1979
17060001982
19851984
291989
17000
1982 169 Middle East Watch Syria Unmasked Te Suppression o Human Rights by the AsadRegimepp130
Ibidpp6162170
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
88/118
141983ECN4
1980 1984
211984ECN4
198523151985ECN4198624 19858
E 181986CN4
1987429E 171988CN4
200321198032200219821994
2002
32
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
89/118
271413
702003ECN4
21 362004 2019941980242003
3611 13636
15
2005
562006ECN415
2007
25
2005131619801712006
20051994
4024
200623 171
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
90/118
A61289
1996
200829 AHRC9
NGO30
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
91/118
172
173ouvier
172GeorgeEmileIraniApologiesandReconciliationMiddleEastRitualsakingWrongsSeriouslyApologiesandReconciliationEditedbyElazarBarkanandAlexanderKarnStanordUniversitypress200520062005173
737
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
92/118
ANC
174
175
1990176199919971994199420042001
174
httpwwwarabtjorgnewsphp?idC15175Louis Bickord Te Encyclopedia o Genocide and Crimes Against HumanityMacmillan ReerenceUSA2004vol3pp10451047176Kritz Neil ed 1995 ransitional Justice How Emerging Democracies Reckon with FormerRegimesVolsIIIIWashingtonDCUSInstitute o Peace Press
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
93/118
177
178
179
180
181
177BoraineAlexJanet Levyand Ronel Scheereds1997Dealing with the PastCape ownSouthAricaInstitute or Democracy in South Arica and CrockerDA1999Reckoning with PastWrongsA Normative Framework Ethics &International Aairs 134361178HaynerPriscilla 2002Unspeakable ruths Facing the Challenge o ruth CommissionsNewYork Routledge and Zalaquett Jose 1993Introduction to the English Edition In ChileanNational Commission on ruth and ReconciliationReport o the Chilean National Commission onruth and Reconciliation transPhillip EBerrymanSouth BendIndUniversity o Notre DamePress
179BassiouniMCheried2000PostConictJusticeNew Yorkransnational Publishers180232004200420032004181
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
94/118
1
182
183
30182
200522004183
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
95/118
184
261974
185
4 184Hayner Priscilla 2002 Unspeakable ruths Facing the Challenge o ruth
Commissions
New York
Routledge
7 185aking Conict Intrstate and Commissions ruth Apology RotbergI Robert and Barkan Elazar by EditedReconciliation and Apologies Seriously Wrongs
3348P2006PressUniversityStanordKarnAlexander
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
96/118
2
3
186 187
wwwictjorg 186 187
2004
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
97/118
188
280
1894
wwwictjorg188
200420032004189
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
98/118
1
2
3190
191
wwwictjorg190wwwictjorg191
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
99/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
100/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
101/118
196
197198
199519871984
wwwictjorg19630197200520051982004
2005
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
102/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
103/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
104/118
1
2
3
4
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
105/118
5
49
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
106/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
107/118
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
108/118
30
199
70
200
httpwwwediecorg EDIEC199200200820025
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
109/118
13347
201199218
10
2006 17761 200620
202
2
httpwww1umneduhumanrtsarabb053html2012007202
200720072007
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
110/118
1948 10 3 217
194912
196616 21 2200 196949197623
663 1955
19771362207619573124
1985 29 34 40
19901411145
4639
198726198410127199628
203
53150RESA10March1999203
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
111/118
1 2
3
4
1962122251
1
2
3
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
112/118
4
5
6
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
113/118
293 260
8733692459427
5865737
8
9
102
11
12
195892716213
162
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
114/118
162
162
14
19678171091966225 2
19678141091
196765
2
3
4
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
115/118
5
6
7
8
9
1968817
196832847
1
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
116/118
2
3
4
5
6
196517
6
7
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
117/118
8
9
10
11
3016101741969125141969525549
196912514301616
30
19695255491017474
196911514101
19804949 198077
8/8/2019 Years of Fear /
118/118
1
2
3
4
5