To consider how the properties of titanium relate to its uses

To consider the development of the periodic table and the position of elements within it

To appreciate grouping of elements by physical and chemical properties

To recap on how the extraction processes for metals relate to their reactivity

Properties Uses

Low densityStrongCan be alloyed with Iron, Aluminium, Vanadium, Molybdenum

Lustrous / high strength to weight ratio/Silver colour

Corrosion-resistant

Biocompatable (non-toxic to or rejected by the body)

Can make strong lightweight alloys for aircraft and aerospace manufacture

Jewellery, sporting goods , mobile phones

Reaction Vessels and pipes

Medical prostheses, orthopedic and dental implants and instruments

By mid 1600s only 10 elements had been identified – most had been known since prehistoric times

1669- While searching for the ‘Elixir of Life’ Hennig Brand heated urine and discovered Phosphorus

Over next 150 years – 30 new elements discovered

Titanium – discovered in 1791 by William Gregor from the mineral ilmenite

Martin Heinrich Klaproth separated Titanium oxide and named it after the Titans of Greek Mythology

Isolated as impure titanium in 1825 by Jons Jakob Berzelius

difficult to isolate due to stability of its oxides

First published by Russia chemist Dmitri Mendeleev

arranges elements in rows (periods) by increasing atomic number

In columns or groups by chemical properties and electron arrangement

Trends in the Periodic Table and Bonding

The periodic table is a very useful arrangement of all of the known chemical elements.It can be used to observe patterns and relationships between different elements, and the table is arranged in several important ways.

Horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods.

Elements are arranged in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number.

Li3

Be4

B5

C6

N7

O8

F9

Ne10

The outer electron shell becomes filled as we move from left to right.

Li2,1

Be2,2

B2,3

C2,4

N2,5

O2,6

F2,7

Ne2,8

The atomic number of the elements increases by one moving left to right along a period.

METALS

NON-

METALS

We can divide the periodic table with a ‘staircase’ line to show elements that are metals and non-metals.As we move along a period from left to right we see a shift from metal to non-metal characteristics.

Numbered vertical columns of elements in the periodic table are called groups.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 01 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

Some groups are known by special names

Alkali Metals

Transition Metals

Halogens

Noble Gases

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

1 3 4 5 6 7 02

Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties

The alkali metals are all soft, very reactive metals.

Li3

Na11K

19Rb37Cs55

They all have one electron in their outer shell and show a gradual trend in both chemical and physical properties as we move down the group

1

1 3 4 5 6 7 02

Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties

The halogens are all very reactive non-metal elements.

They all have seven electrons in their outer shell. The halogens are the only group to contain all three states of matter at room temperature.

F9Cl17Br35I

53At85

7

1 3 4 5 6 7 02

Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties

The noble gases are all unreactive gaseous elements. He

2Ne10Ar18Kr36Xe54

They all have a full outer electron shell and are all odourless, colourless monatomic gases.

Rn86

0

Metal Melting Point K

Density Relative Strength

Titanium 900

Aluminium 483

Iron (steel) 531

Copper 220

Heat Alone – relatively unreactive metals can be obtained from their ores by simply heating to drive off the oxygen

Using a Reducing Agent e.g. Carbon Monoxide – for metals in the mid-range of the Reactivity Series-Carbon monoxide ‘grabs’ the oxygen from the metal forming carbon dioxide

Using Electrolysis of a melt – the Most reactive metals require high voltage electrical energy to separate them from their ores