Objectives:
◦Explain the different characteristics of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
◦Show examples of the symptoms of diabetes.
◦Guide the learners through the process of how each type is diagnosed.
LESSON TWO: WHAT IS DIABETES?
Happens in 5-10% of persons diagnosed with diabetes.
Mostly in children and adults up to 30 years of age (may occur at any age).
Requires insulin injections for survival.
Prone to Ketoacidosis (life threatening condition characterized by sweet fruity odor to the breath, dehydration, and coma).
CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
Partly genetic
Autoimmune process where body thinks the Beta cells in the pancreas (where insulin is produced) is the enemy and they self-destruct
Viral infection may be the trigger for the process to begin
Causes of Type 1
Frequent urination (polyurea)
Excessive Thirst (polydipsia)
Excessive hunger (polyphasia)
Rapid weight loss
Signs and Symptoms of Type 1
Happens in 90 - 95% of persons diagnosed with diabetes
Mostly in adults after 30 years of age (may occur at any age)
Can go undetected for years
Not prone to Ketoacidosis (see section on Ketoacidosis)
Signs and Symptoms often not present
Is a progressive disease
CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES
Strong genetic link
Insulin resistance (more than enough insulin production; however, the insulin does not work properly at the cell wall)
Insulin resistance is caused by obesity and/or lack of exercise
Not enough insulin production
Causes of Type 2
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Frequent yeast infections
Occasionally frequent urination and excessive thirst
Signs and Symptoms of Type 2
Most often diagnosed between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy in 4% of pregnant women.
If left untreated can result in very large baby (over 9 lbs.), infant low blood sugar at birth, and still births. Chronic maternal high blood pressure (hypertension) and an increased rate of cesarean deliveries may also occur.
Blood glucose/sugar levels return to normal after delivery in 90% of cases.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Hormones produced by the placenta induce an environment of stress producing an insulin resistant state in the mother (see insulin resistance under Type 2 Diabetes).
Cause of Gestational Diabetes
Step 1: ◦ Drinking a 50-gram oral glucose solution followed by a 1-hour
blood glucose test.◦ If result is equal to or greater than 140 mg/dl, further testing
required.
Step 2: ◦ drinking 100-gram oral glucose solution after an 8 hour fast◦ blood sugar test at 1, 2, and 3 hours after◦ positive diagnosis requires that any two of the four glucose
values obtained during the test meet or exceed the following values: - Fasting - 105 mg/dl- 1-hour - 190 mg/dl- 2-hour - 165 mg/dl- 3-hour - 145 mg/dl
Gestational Diabetes Screening
Type of Diabetes Characteristics Signs/Symptoms Causes
Type 1 (Juvenile) Happens in 5-10% of persons diagnosed with diabetes.
Mostly in children and adults up to 30 years of age (may occur at any age).
Requires insulin injections for survival.
Prone to Ketoacidosis (life threatening condition characterized by sweet fruity odor to the breath, dehydration, and coma).
Frequent urination (polyurea)
Excessive Thirst (polydipsia)
Excessive hunger (polyphasia)
Rapid weight loss
Partly genetic
Autoimmune process where body thinks the Beta cells in the pancreas is the enemy and they self-destruct.
Viral infection may be the trigger for the process to begin
Type 2 Happens in 90 - 95% of persons diagnosed with diabetes
Mostly in adults after 30 years of age (may occur at any age)
Can go undetected for years
Not prone to Ketoacidosis (see section on Ketoacidosis)
Signs and Symptoms often not present
Is a progressive disease
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Frequent yeast infections
Occasionally frequent urination and excessive thirst
Strong genetic link
Insulin resistance is caused by obesity and lack of exercise
Not enough insulin production
Gestational Most often diagnosed between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy in 4% of pregnant women.
If left untreated can result in very large baby (over 9 lbs.), infant low blood sugar at birth, and still births. Chronic maternal high blood pressure (hypertension) and an increased rate of cesarean deliveries may also occur.
Blood glucose/sugar levels return to normal after delivery in 90% of cases.
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Frequent yeast infections
Occasionally frequent urination and excessive thirst
Hormones produced by the placenta induce an environment of stress producing an insulin resistant state in the mother
Comparison Chart
Proceed to end of lesson assessment.
Assessment