Leonardo da Vinci, on Flight of birds
For once you have tasted flight, You will walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward;
For there you have been,
And there you long to return.
Private Pilot Ground SchoolAVF 112
Fall Quarter 2012
Mr. Joseph MacDougall, Instructor
About Mr. MacDougall
Diploma in Aviation Mount Royal University
Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics UND
www.avcanada.ca Weather Modification BBCC since 2000
SYLLABUS
REVIEW / ANY QUESTIONS? AOPA interactive courses
http://www.aopa.org/asf/online_courses/
FAA Safety Team courseshttp://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_catalog.aspx
BOOKS (REQUIRED MATERIALS) Pilot’s Handbook of
Aeronautical Knowledge Private Pilot Manual (Jeppesen
Sanderson Training Products) Flight computer E6B, Plotter and Chart (Seattle Sectional)
HIGHLY SUGGESTED MATERIALS Beech Sport B-19 PILOT INFO MANUAL Private Pilot Test Prep Study and Prepare FAA
Knowledge Exam book (ASA) GLEIM Private Pilot (may also be used)
Airplane Flying Handbook ASA Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms Current Airport Facility Directory FAR/AIM 2012 Private Pilot PTS Aircraft Weight & Balance Handbook Private Oral Exam Guide Calculator
Lesson 1: Aircraft General (Systems)
1. Airplane Structure 2. Primary flight controls and trim 3. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers 4. Landing gear 5. Fuel oil and hydraulic 6. Electrical 7. Environmental 8. Deicing and anti-icing 9. Vacuum System
READING ASSIGNMENT
JEPPESON PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL CHAPTER #1 SECTION A&B CHAPTER #2 SECTION A CHAPTER #2 2-24 TO 2-31 CHAPTER #2 2-40 TO 2-42 Chapter #2 2-63 to 2-68
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge PHAK CHAPTER 1 PHAK Chapter 2 (2-1 through 2-11) PHAK Chapter 5 PHAK Chapter 6-25 through 6-39
HOMEWORK DUE NEXT CLASS
AOPA INTERACTIVE COURSE Create a free account by visiting
https://www.aopa.org/asf/osc/register.cfm?course=pneumatic_systems
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS http://flash.aopa.org/asf/pneumatic_systems/swf/
flash.cfm ASA 1-20 & Chapter 2
Gleim chapter 1 1.1 Gleim chapter 2 2.8
AIRCRAFT STRUCTUREPHAK CHAPTER 2
5 MAJOR PARTS OF AN AIRCRAFT Be able to label on Wednesday figure 2-1 in
chapter 2 Jeppeson book or Chapter 2 page 1 PHAK.
Airplane Structure
Airplane Structure
Three Axes
An aircraft moves in three dimensions and is controlled by moving it about one or more of its axes which all pass through the C of G or the Center of Gravity
C of G
One of the most significant components of aircraft design is CG. It is the specific point where the mass or weight of an aircraft may be said to center; that is, a point around which, if the aircraft could be suspended or balanced, the aircraft would remain relatively level.
The position of the CG of an aircraft determines the stability of the aircraft in flight.
Move the CG rearward the aircraft becomes more and more dynamically unstable.
Fuselage
Fuselage is the central body of an airplane and is designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, and cargo. It also provides the structural connection for the wings and tail assembly
4 types: Truss type Monocoque (French for single shell) Semi-Monocoque Composite
Truss type
Usually constructed of steel tubing welded together in such a manner that all members of the truss can carry both tension and compression loads.
Truss type
Monocoque Structure Relies on the strength of the skin or
covering to carry the primary stresses.
Good example is a soda can.
Semi-Monocoque Additional strength is provided in a
semi-monocoque structure by a sub-structure that reinforces the skin
Composite 2-8
Composite Advantages
Generally lighter than metal, wood or fabric
Very smooth which helps reduce drag
Lack of Corrosion which allows for higher pressure differential and higher humidity in the cabin than previous airliners
Don’t suffer from metal fatigue or crack growth
Disadvantages Composites
Visual proof of damage Potential to heat damage to
the resin. Many epoxies begin to weaken over 150 degrees F.
Chemical paint strippers are very harmful to composites
Lightning Composite/fiberglass is an
excellent insulator. Need to add additional electrical conductivity to the skin such as aluminum or copper mesh
Wings
The wings are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight
Wings Continued
Most wings today are monoplanes (one pair of wings) two wings are called biplanes, three triplanes.
The most common used wing construction consists of airfoil-shaped ribs attached to spars.
Common Wing Forms
Low wing High Wing Gull Wing
Dihedral (B-19) Mid wing Inverted gull
Wings
Cantilever, (no external bracing) Like Beechcraft
Semi-Cantilever (use external bracing such as struts and wires), Like Cessna
Ribs, spars, stringer of wing
Ribs, spars, stringer of wing
Skin of Wing
The ribs and spares are then covered by a thin skin which forms the outer surface.
Metal, fabric or plywood are the common wing coverings
Wing leading and trailing edge shapes.
Ailerons and Flaps
On the trailing (rearmost) edge of the wing are two sets of moveable surfaces. Farthest from the center of the airplane you find the ailerons inboard you find the flaps
Ailerons Ailerons, controls bank about the
longitudinal axis. Conventional cable system terminating in bellcranks.
Ailerons
B-19 has Frise-Differential-type ailerons.
Differential aileron raises one aileron a greater distance than the other aileron is lowered. Both reduce adverse yaw.
Turning to the right which aileron goes up?
Function of Flaps (GLEIM/ASA) High lift/drag devices which, in
effect, increase the camber of the wing and in some cases, as with Fowler flaps increase the wing area.
Gives better T.O. performance and permits steeper approach angles and lower approach speeds.
B-19 has four position slotted flaps 0, 15, 25 and 35 degrees.
Flaps Main
function of the flaps increase the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed.
Tail Assembly includes
Vertical/Horizontal stabilizer (stabilator) and rudder
ruddervator/V-tail
Empennage/Tail Assembly
Two surfaces the Horizontal Surface
Vertical Surface
Rudder Rudder
(controls yaw, movement of airplane around the vertical axis)
Rudder peddles control the rudder and brakes.
Horizontal stabilizer
Elevator and stabilator controls pitch about the lateral axis
Elevator control
Different Tail Configurations
V-Tail Dihedral Mounted on twin
booms
Trim Devices (Secondary flight Control)
Used for trimming and balancing the airplane in flight and to reduce the force required of the pilot in actuating the primary flight controls.
Anti-Servo Tab
Moves in the same direction as the trailing edge of the stabilator and helps make the stabilator less sensitive. The antiservo tab also functions as a trim tab to relieve control pressure.
B19 has a stabilator
Landing Gear/ Undercarriagepage 2-7 to 2-9 PHAK 6-31
Purpose is to take the shock of landing and support the weight of the aircraft on the ground while still allowing the aircraft to maneuver on the ground
Two types Fixed gear or Retractable. Also tricycle (has a nose wheel) or
conventional or tailwheel
Conventional/Tricycle Gear
Conventional gear (tailwheel) Requires an endorsement
Tailwheel disadvantages More difficult to T.O. and land Lack of good forward visibility Directional control on the ground is more difficult
Tailwheel advantages More clearance for a larger prop More desirable for operations on unimproved strip
Tricycle gear advantages Better forward visibility during T.O., landing or taxi Better braking without nosing over Better control ie no ground loop
Fixed undercarriage
Tripod Landing Gear
Single Leaf Cantilever
Split Axle
Single Strut Gear B-19
B-19 landing gear 7-13
Fixed tricycle gear, fabricated from magnesium castings and aluminum forgings, uses rubber disks for shock absorption.
Nose wheel steerable through a spring loaded linkage connected to the rudder pedals.
Max travel of 40 degrees +/-2 degrees
Shock absorption
Low Pressure Tires Oleo Rubber discs or doughnuts B-19 Steel Spring
Brakes
Hydraulically operated disk brakes toe brakes, parking brake Brake Fluid is Red
DON’T FORGET TO READ THE HOMEWORK
ASSIGNMENT given at the beginning of class BEFORE
Wednesday!!!!!!! You can take a break
FUEL OIL AND HYDRAULIC (PG. 2-26 TO 2-31 PHAK 6-25
In a carburetor system, outside air flows into the carburetor and through a venturi. When air flows rapidly through the venturi, a low pressure area is created. This low pressure allows the fuel to flow through the main fuel jet and into the airstream where it mixes with the flowing air
Fuel system diagram for B-19Read PHAK 6-25 TO 6-28
Fuel Systems
Gravity-feed system Uses force of gravity to
transfer fuel from the tanks to the engine.
Common on high wing
Cessna fuel system diagram
FUEL PRIMER
FUEL VENTS AND OVERFLOW
FUEL GUAGES PHAK 6-26
FUEL SELECTORS
Fuel tanks
Normally found in the wings of small aircraft. Three common types Hard cell (welded or riveted)BladderIntegral fuel tank (Seal off a portion of
the wing for a fuel tank)
Usable vs Unusable fuel
59.8 gal, 7.6 unusable (52 usable) 2,4,5,59
2.6 unusable (57.2 usable) rest of the C-23’s and B-19’s
AIRCRAFT INFO HANDOUT
Mixture Control
Mixture control prevent mixture from becoming too rich at high altitudes
conserve fuel provide optimum power
Fuel: Air Ratio
The mixture ratio of fifteen pounds of air to one pound of gasoline is known as a stoichiometric mixture, which is a chemically correct mixture in which all of the chemical elements are used and none are left over.
Combustion will occur
With as rich as 8:1 Or as lean as 18:1 But the maximum amount of heat
energy is released with the stoichiometric mixture of 15:1 or 0.067
Fuel injection
Fuel injected into the intake valve More even fuel distribution to the
cylinders No chance of carburetor ice
(sometimes intake ice) Usually more horsepower (better
efficiency)
Fuel grades 2-30 (memorize)
80/87 (.5 ml of lead) 100/130 (4 ml of lead) 100LL (2 ml of lead) 115/145 (better anti-
detonation large high powered engines)
Jet A
Red Green Blue Purple
Clear or Straw colored
Octane grade and substitution
next Higher grade Using a fuel grade lower than
specified can cause cylinder head and engine temperature to exceed normal operating limits
Detonation & preignition pg 2-25,2-26
Fuel weights approx. 6lbs per gal Water 1 Gallon [US] = 8.345 lbs
FUEL AND OIL WEIGHTS CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE
FUEL AND OIL WEIGHTS CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE
Electrical System PHAK 6-28 TO 6-30
Includes everything that operates electrically with the exception of the magnetos which are driven by the engine for the sole purpose of producing current to the spark plugs.
Things that the electrical system can control
Starter Flaps Gear Radios Lights Windshield
wipers
Heater Fan Anti-Icing De-Icing
equipment Etc.
Electrical System 2-40
Battery 12 or 24 V Master Switch
and Battery Solenoid
Starter Motor and solenoid
Generator or Alternator 14V 60 Amp
Voltage Regulator Buss bar Circuit breakers fuses overvoltage
relay
Storage Battery & Electrical Schematic
Electrical system is usually 12 or 24 V DC (direct current)
Pg 2-41 PHAK 6-29
Starter Motor
The purpose is to turn the engine over so that it will continue to operate.
The starter switch activates the starter solenoid which, in turn, permits current to enter and drive the starter motor (provided you have battery power)
Generator or Alternator
Purpose is to supply current to the electrical system and to recharge the battery.
Alternators are typically found on low speed engines and generators in faster speed engines.
Voltage Regulator
Prevents the generator or alternator from over-loading the system and prevents the battery from becoming overcharged.
Bus Bar
Receives the current produced by the generator, alternator and battery. From the bus bar current passes through the various circuit breakers which are connected to the components that require electrical current to operate.
Buss items
Pitot heat landing light beacon nav lights cockpit lighting boost pump stall horn
hobbs meter intercom ammeter fuel gauges nav/comm clock Turn coordinator
Circuit Breakers or Fuses
All electrical circuits are protected by circuit breakers or fuses.
Used to protect various components from damage caused by excess voltage or current, short-circuits etc.
Most are push in reset type.
Starting
Keep the Avionics master off some type of radio equipment can be damaged by the voltage drop in the electrical system during starting when all power comes directly from the battery before the alternator are working to regulate voltage.
Ammeter 2-41 Gives indication in cockpit that the
electrical power source is functioning normally.
The ammeter measures in amperes the rate of flow of the electrical current being produced. It also indicates when power is being used from the battery. It registers a discharge when turned on with the engine not running.
Ammeter Continued
(+) should always indicate or 0. If the ammeter indicates a (-) this indicates a discharge and that electrical energy is coming from the battery rather than the generator.
Ignition system (Magneto’s)
Magneto is an engine driven generator that produces an AC current. Its source of energy is a permanent magnet.
Dual ignition system 2 Mags Increased safety two spark plugs per
cylinder. More complete and even combustion Totally independent of the electrical
system run off the engine.
Environmental
Cabin heat Defrost Air flow Vents
Deicing and Anti-Icing PHAK 6-37
Anti-icing equipment is designed to prevent the formation of ice, while deicing equipment is designed to remove ice once it has formed.
Systems protect the leading edge of wing and tail surfaces, pitot and static port openings, fuel tank vents, stall warning devices, windshields, and propeller blades. Ice detection lighting may also be installed on some aircraft.
Most light aircraft only have a defrost and pitot heat and are not certified for icing. Check AFM/POH
Ignition System 2-24 to 2-25
Vacuum System (2-63 to 2-68)
Instruments used in the Vacuum system
Attitude indicator Heading indicator (need to reset
periodically with the compass as the gyro experiences precession.
Instrument air gauge (inches of Mercury)
Vacuum System
Backup vacuum systems Venturi type vacuum systems Pressure systems Aircraft instruments will be discussed
in further detail in a latter lesson Turn coordinator is electric and not a
part of the vacuum system