Chapter 9Expanding Markets and Moving West
Essential Question What were the causes and consequences of
Westward Expansion?
Section 1 – The Market Revolution
Objectives:o Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted
the U.S. economy.o Identify the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and
helped fuel the country’s economic growth.o Explain how transportation and communication systems
helped to link America’s regions and make them interdependent.
Early 19th CenturyRural Workers
Produced own goodstraded when necessary
Farm FamiliesSelf Sufficient
Mid 19th Century More Industrialized – Northeast Rise of textile mills Developed factory system Farmers change to specialization (raising crop for
a profit) Led to Market Revolution
Market Revolution People buy and sell goods rather than making
them for own use Changed U.S. economy Changed lives of Americans
Capitalism Economic system in which private businesses and
individuals control the means of production (factories, machines, land) and use it for a profit
Francis Cabot Lowell Capitalist who risked his own money to start a
company Known as an entrepreneur 1813 formed the Boston Manufacturing Company Produced textiles
Charles Goodyear Entrepreneur who helped developed vulcanized
rubber 1839 discovered when rubber is mixed with sulfur
and heated it toughens into a durable elastic. Named it vulcanization after the mythological god
of fire – Vulcan First used to protect boots
Elias Howe 1846 – sewing machine First used in shoe factories
I. M. Singer Invention the foot treadle Reduced the time to sew garments Led to production of clothing Reduced the cost of clothing
Economic Revolution Impacted consumers Enhanced business activities Improved transportation system
Impact on Communication
Samuel Morse – 1837 telegraph Carried messages tapped in code across copper
wire Telegraph lines connected larger cities on the
East Coast Business could transmit orders, relay up-to-date
information on prices and sales Used by trains to maintain schedules and warn of
hazards By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed
the country
Impact of Transportation
Robert Fulton – 1807 invented the Clermont, first successful steamboat. (traveled 150 miles up Hudson River from NYC to Albany in 32 hours)
Increased canals in the U.S. (1816 100 miles of canals, 1840 3,300 miles of canals)
Erie Canal First major canal in the U.S. Joined the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean Cut the cost of freight from 19 cents to 2 cents a
ton per mile
Emergence of Railroads
RR caused transportation by canals to decline RR offered speed (4 X faster than canals) Pulled freight at ten miles an hour Trains could operate in the winter Trains brought goods to people who lived inland Safe and reliable 1850 10,000 miles of RR had been laid 1859 RR carried 2 billion tons of freight a year
New Markets Link Regions in the U.S.
1818 National Road Extended from Cumberland, MD to Wheeling, VA. 1838 extended to Springfield, IL Contributed to the development of regional
specialties
Southern Agriculture Cash crops – tobacco, rice, cotton Exported cotton to England and New England
(Northeast)
Northeast Shipping and Manufacturing
Center of American commerce Erie Canal made New York City the central link
between American agriculture and European markets (exported more cotton than any other city)
NE manufacturing produced more and better goods at lower prices than before
Midwest Farming 2 inventions that helped cultivate the land
o Steel Plow – 1837 by John Deereo Mechanical Reaper – Cyrus McCormick
Manifest Destiny The belief that Americans should spread over the
whole North American continent from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean
Trails West Dangerous Feared Native American attacks Many died
Santa Fe Trail Busiest and most well known avenues of trade Helped to open trade with Mexico 780 miles Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
Oregon Trail Started in Independence, Missouri Ended in Portland, Oregon Led to Oregon Territory – controlled by British Wanted to reach the Pacific Ocean 54-40 or fight – 49th parallel
Mormon Trail Used by Mormons to travel to Salt Lake City, Utah Led by Brigham Young
California Trail Gold Rush
Expansion in Texas Mission System – convert Native Americans to
Catholicism Impact of Mexican Independence – resulted in
loose control over Mexican settlements in Texas and New Mexico
Mexico invites U.S. settlers – gave land grants to American settlers (empresarios) who pledged to obey Mexican laws
Stephen Austin Most successful empresario Brought first settlers to Texas
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Mexican president
Battle of the Alamo Old Spanish mission Against Mexicans Most Texans died “Remember the Alamo”
William Travis Alabama lawyer Led the Battle of the Alamo
Battle of San Jancito Defeated Mexican general Santa Anna
Sam Houston Led Texans at the Battle of San Jacinto Created the Republic of Texas (Lone Star
Republic)
1836 Texas won their independence from Mexico
1845 President Polk wanted to annex Texas Texas became a state 28th state
War with Mexico Causes
o Hostilities during the Texas Revolutiono President Polk wanted New Mexico and Californiao Disagreement over Texas-Mexico southern border
Bear Flag Rebellion Americans in California rebelled against Mexico Started the Mexican War California became known as the Bear Flag
Republic
Zachary Taylor U.S. General Ordered to block the Rio Grande River
Sectionalism Attitude about War with Mexico
Southerners wanted to extend slavery and increase power in Congress
Abolitionists were strongly opposed to expansion Wilmot Proviso – proposed to prohibit slavery in
lands gained from Mexico
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848 Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as southern
border of Texas Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to U.S. U.S. agreed to pay Mexico 15 million
Gadsden Purchase President Franklin Pierce paid $10 million to
Mexico to secure southern border below the Gila River
Compromise of 1850 Established because of California Gold Rush and
need to be admitted as a state Admitted California as a free state