1.1 BapJw
s]mXp-hmb Pohn-X-Kp-W-ta-∑-sIm≠v C¥y°p apgp-h≥ amXr-I-bmb kwÿm-
\-amWv tIc-fw. s]mXp-hn-Zym- ym-k-Øns‚ hym]\w, s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-cw-KsØ
anIhv F∂nh-bmWv {][m-\-ambpw tIcf-Øns‚ Cu t\ -Øn\p Imc-Ww. kaq-
l-Ønse F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I--sfbpw hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ Ign-s™-¶nepw
F√m-h¿°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym- -ymkw \¬IpI F∂Xv tIc-f-Ønse hnZ-ym-
-ym-k-cwKw t\cn-Sp∂ G‰hpw henb sh√p-hn-fnbm-Wv. 1986 se tZiob hnZ-ym-
`ymk \bsØØpS¿∂v KpW-ta∑ e£ywh®p≈ hym-]-I-amb ASn-ÿm-\-ku-
I-c-y-hn-I-k-\hpw A[-ym-]-I-]-cn-io-e-\ -]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-∂n- p-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w
]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb inip-tI-{μo-Ir-Xhpw {]h¿Ø\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw {]{In-bm-_-‘n-X-
hp-am°n Imtem-Nn-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-ßfpw D≠mbn. CXns‚ ^e-ambn
Adn-hns\ \n¿an-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv ¢mkv-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \S-t°-≠-sX∂ Xncn-®-dn-
hp-≠mbn. C{]-Imcw Ip´nsb hnZ-ym- -ymk{]{In-b-bpsS tI{μ-ÿm-\Øp \n¿Øp∂-
Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v XpS°w Ipdn-°m≥ \ap°p Ign-™n- p-≠v.
PohnXØns‚ kakvX- ta-J-e-Ifpw A\p-\n-anjw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. t_m[-
\-imkv{Xw, ]T-\-a\ximkv{Xw F∂n-h-bnse ]pXnb Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw {]mtbm-
KnIm\p- -h-ßfpw Iptd°qSn sa®-s∏- -co-Xn-bn¬ ]T-\-km-a{KnIfpsS \n¿am-Whpw
]T-\m-\p- -h-ß-fpsS hn\n-a-bhpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v \sΩ {]m]vX-
cm-°p-∂p. F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\]ptcm-KXn \mw e£ywhbv°p∂p.
""hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ap≈, hy-X-y-kvX-amb imco-
cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fp≈ F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ]Tn-
°m\pw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnPbw ssIh-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-sa∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. enwKw,
PmXn, `mj, kwkvIm-cw, aXw, AwK-ssh-I-e-y-߃ apX-em-b-h-bn¬\n∂v DS-se-
Sp-°p∂ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m≥ \b-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw am{Xw t]mcm, ssii-
h-L´w apX-¬-Xs∂ tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-e-£-y-ßfpw A[-ym-]-\-co-Xn-Ifpw Xnc-s™-
Sp-°p-Ibpw cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-Ibpw th≠-Xp-≠v'' (F≥.-kn.-F v. 2005, ]pdw˛27).
$ hy-X-y-kvX-amb kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI ]›m-Ø-e-ßfnep-≈-h¿.
$ imco-cn-Itam am\-kn-Itam _u≤n-I-tam Bbn hy-X-y-kvX-amb Ign-hp-I-fp-
≈h¿.
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tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn 2013
s]mXpkao-]\w
6
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Cßs\- F√m hn`m-K-Ønepw s] -h¿°v ]T-\-t\´w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v hnZ-ym- -ym-k-
{]-{In-b-bpsS F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw IqSp-X¬ kq£vahpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb \ne-
]m-Sp-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww \ΩpsS Ft∏mgsØbpw ImgvN-∏mSv F∂v
F≥.-- kn-. F v. kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]mT-y-]-≤Xn \ho-I-cWw \S-
Øn-s-°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw kwhn-[m-\sØ {]h¿Ø\-\nc-Xam°pIbpw sNbvXm¬
am{Xta Cu e£yw ssIh-cn-°m\mIq F∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p. Cu ImgvN-∏m-
Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ct∏mƒ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hnZ-ym- ymk
{]{In-b-bn¬ \nc-¥cw CS-s]- p-sIm≠ncn-°p∂ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw A\p- -h-ßfpw
Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]T-\˛K-th-j-W-ßfpw kzmw-io-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv CXp \S-Øp-
∂-Xv. icn-bn¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ icn-bn-te°v F∂ imkv{Xobkao-]-\-amWv ChnsS
kzo-Icn®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.
1.2 ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]k‡n
Ign™ A©p-h¿jØn-\n-S-bn¬ hnZ-ym- -ymkcwKØv \ho-\-amb Ht´sd Bi-b-
߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. C¥-y-bn-em-Is´, 2009 se hnZ-ym- -ymk Ah-Imi
\nbaw {]m_-e-y-Øn¬h∂-tXmsS KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym- -ymkw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-
Im-i-ambn amdn-°-gn™p. Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnX hnZ-ym-ebw (Right based EducationalInstitution) F∂ e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ ka{Kamb kvIqƒhn-I-k\ ]cn-t{]£yw
\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤-Xnsb A¥¿tZ-iob \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ FØn-t°-≠-
Xp-≠v. A¥¿tZ-iob\ne-hmcw F∂Xv GsX-¶nepw Hcp cmP-y-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-
a√, Hcp {]tX-yI L´w ]n∂n-Sp∂ Ip´n temI-sØ-hn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw B¿Pn-
t°≠ Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw A\p- -h-ß-fp-sSbpw BIØpI-bmWv. BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ anI® ]T-\ -t_m-[\amXr-I-Iƒ tIc-f-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`y-
am-t°-≠-Xps≠∂v CXp ImWn-°p-∂p.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
7
hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi\nb-a-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤Xn, hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ \nb-a-߃ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WØn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv Bh-
iy-am-Wv.
hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009
skIvj≥ ˛ 29 (A[ymbw 5)
]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-ج \S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw
(1) {]mY-anI hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-ج
\S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw kap-Nn-X-k¿°m-cn-\m¬ hn⁄m-]\w hgn \n¿tZ-in-°-
s∏-Sp∂ Hcp A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-Øm¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-tS-
≠-XmWv.
(2) A°m-Z-anI A[n-Im-c-ÿm\w 1˛mw D]-h-Ip∏v {]Im-c-ap≈ ]mTy-]-≤-
Xnbpw hne-bn-cp-ج \S-]-Sn-{I-ahpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ Xmsg ]d-
bp-∂h ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv :-
(a) `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-amb aqey-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A\p-tbm-
PyX.
(b) Ip´n-bpsS k¿h-ap-J-amb hf¿®.
(c) Ip´n-bpsS Adnhpw Ignhpw sshZ-Kv[yhpw {ItaW h¿[n-∏n-
°¬.
(d) imco-cn -Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS kºq¿W
hnIk\w.
(e) Ip´n°v kulr-Z-]-c-am-bXpw Ip´nsb tI{μo-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xp-amb
Hcp coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Ø-\hpw I≠p]n-Sn-Øhpw ]cy-th-£-
Whpw aptJ-\-bp≈ ]T\w.
(f) t_m[-\-am-[yaw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-´p-≈n-S-tØmfw Ip´n-bpsS
amXr-`m-j-bn-embncnt°-≠-Xm-sW-∂-Xv.
(g) `bw, am\-knI ]ncn-ap-dp-°-ap-≠m-°p∂ kml-N-cyw, DXvIWvT
F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Ip´nsb hnap-‡-am-°epw kzX-{¥-ambn A`n-
{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ip´nsb klm-bn-°-epw.
(h) Adnhv {Kln-°p-∂-Xn-\pw AXv {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pap≈ Ip´n-
bpsS Ign-hn-s‚ ka-{Khpw \nc-¥-c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج.
8
So®¿ sSIvÃv
kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ Ip´nIfpsSAhImiw - tIcf N´ßfpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw 2011
A°m-Z-anI A[n-ImctI{μw
1. 29 ˛mw hIp∏ns‚ BhiyØnte°v kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW
]cnioe\ Iu¨kn¬ (SCERT) Bbncn°pw A°mZanI A[nImctI{μw.
2. (1) ˛mw D]N´Øn≥ Iogn¬ hn⁄m]\w sNbvXn´p≈ A°mZanI
A[nImctI{μw Icn°pehpw aqey\n¿Wb \S]Sn{Iaßfpw
Xbmdm°ptºmƒ Cu BIvSnse 29˛mw hIp∏ns‚ (2) ˛mw D]hIp∏ns‚
D]Jfiw (a) apX¬ (f) hscbp≈ hyhÿIƒ°v tZmj-IcamImØhn[w.
(a) {]kIvXhpw {]mbm\pkrXhpamb kne_kn\pw ]mT]pkvXI߃°pw
ASnÿm\ PohnXss\]pWn ]I¿∂p \¬Ip∂Xn\mhiyamb
]T\kma{KnIƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ a‰p ]T\kma{KnIƒ°pw cq]w
\¬IpIbpw;
(b) H∂papX¬ F´phscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Hmtcm hnjbØn\pw
Bhiyamb an\naw ]T\^ew \n¿Wbnt°≠Xpw Ip´nIƒ°pth≠n
anIhpkqNI߃ hnIkn∏n°p∂tXmsSm∏w Ip´nIfpsS
]T\^eØn\p th≠nbp≈ A[ym]IcpsS DØchmZnXz
am\Zfi߃°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;
(c) ]T\˛t_m[\ ^eØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ C≥ ˛k¿hokv A[ym]I
]cnioe\ kma{KnIƒ hnIkn∏n°pIbpw;
(d) 1995 ˛ se sshIeyap≈ hy‡nIƒ (XpeymhImi߃,
AhImißfpsS kwc£Whpw ]q¿W ]¶mfnØhpw) BIvSns‚
hyhÿIƒ A\pkcn®v sshIeyap≈ Ip´nIƒ°v hnZym`ymkw
\¬Ip∂Xn\p th≠n A[ym]I¿°v {]o ˛ k¿hokv, C≥ ˛ k¿hokv
]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v cq]w \¬IpIbpw;
(e) \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-
iy-amb am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-߃ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw;
(f) \b]cn]mSnIƒ, t{]m{KmapIƒ, Icn°pew, Ip´nIfpsS t_m[\^ew
F∂nhsb°pdn®v KthjWßfpw ]T\ßfpw Gs‰Sp°pIbpw AXv
IΩoj≥ sNøpIbpw.
hnZym- ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ]›mØ-e-Øn¬ \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb
hne-bn-cp-ج `c-W-L-S\m_m[y-X-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-IbmWv. CXv Dd∏phcp-
Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu- ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn-emWv ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-WsØ \mw ho£n-t°-≠-Xv.
tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn- (2013) bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v ]cn-
tim-[n-°mw.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
9
1. ]TnXmhn¬ tI{μoIrXamb {]{Inbm_‘nXhpw {]h¿Øt\m∑pJhpw
aqeym[njvTnXhpamb ]mTy]≤Xn.
2. _u≤nIXeØnepw {]{InbmXeØnepw at\m`mhXeØnepw aqeyßfpsS
XeØnepw ]TnXmhv FØnt®tc≠ ]T\t\´ßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p.
3. ⁄m\-\n¿ΩnXn F∂ XmØznIamb ASnØdbn¬\n∂psIm≠p≈
]mTy]≤Xn.
4. hn\n-ab{]{In-b-bn¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂Xpw bp‡-hp-amb ]T-\-X-{¥-߃ kzoI-
cn-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX{¥yw A[ym-]-I¿°v \¬Ip-∂p.
5. ]T-\-t\- w, D≈-S°kz`m-hw, ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hyXykvX \ne-hmcw F∂nh
Xncn-®-dn™v hnhn[ ]T\˛t_m[\ coXn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ hg-
°w. Is≠-ج ]T\w, Bi-b-k-ºm-Z\coXn, BK-a-\-Nn¥mcoXn, Nn¥-sb-
°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ hf¿Ø¬, kl-I-c-W-]-T\w, kl-h¿ØnX-
]-T-\w, {]Xn- -e-\-Nn¥ hf¿Ø¬, hy‡n-]-c-ambpw kwL-]-c-ambpw Ah-
k-c-߃ \¬I¬ apX-em-bh ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
6. kuP-\yhpw km¿h-{Xn-I-hp-amb hnZym- ym-kw F∂-Xp-t]mse F√m Ip´n-I-
fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w Dd-∏m-°pI-sb-∂-Xn\p {]m[m-\yw \¬Ip-∂p.
7. {]o˛ss{]adn apX¬ lb¿ sk-°-≠dn hsc ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- ka-{K-
amb ]mTy-]-≤-Xn.
8. Hmtcm ¢mknepw hnhn-[ -hn-j-b-ß-fnse D≈-S°w tZiobXe-Ønse D≈-
S°tØmSv GIo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v tIc-f-Øn-t‚-Xmb ]mT-]p-kvXI߃ Xbm-
dm-°p∂p.
9. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-se-∂Xpt]mse H∂v, c≠v ¢mkp-I-fn-te°v amXr- mj (]cn-
k-c-]-T\w DZv{K-Yn®v), KWnXw, Cw•ojv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p ]mT-]p-kvX-I-
߃ Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
10. H∂p apX¬ \mep hscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnte°v Cw•ojv aoUnbw
]mT]pkvXIßfpw Xbmdm°p-∂p.
11. t{ijvT`mj F∂ \nebnepw amXr`mj F∂ \nebnepw aebmf
`mjm]T\Øn\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.
12. {]o-˛ss{]adn hnZym`ymkØn\mbn GIoIrX]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcn®v
Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkØns‚ `mKam°n amt‰≠XmsW∂v \n¿-tZin°p∂p.
13. hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy (sF.kn.Sn.) Hcp {]tXyI ]mTyhnjbw
F∂Xnep]cn ]mTyhnjbßfpsS hn\nabw ^e{]Zam°p∂Xnte°p≈
Hcp D]m[nbmbn D]tbmKnt°≠XmWv.
10
So®¿ sSIvÃv
14. {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v hyXy-kvXhpw \qX-\-hp-amb ]T-
\-X-{¥-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hne-
bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-SpØn \S-∏n-em-°p∂p.
15. ]T-\-t\- -ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ka-{Khpw \nc¥c-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج (CCE)Dd∏phcp-Øp∂p.
16. BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnZym`ymkw, IemhnZym`ymkw, {]hr-Øn-]cn-Nb]-T\w
F∂nh \n¿_‘nX ]mTyhnjbßfm°n ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
17. lb¿sk-°-≠-dn-X-e-Øn¬ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ Xbm-dm-
°p∂p.
18. tZiobhnZym-`ym-k-\nb-a-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnXhnZym-`ym-
k-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
19. A[-ym-]-Is\ Hcp kl-c-£m-I¿Øm-hns‚ (Mentor) Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿Øn
Ip´n°v kvIqfn-\-IØpw ¢mkvap-dn-bnepw th≠p∂ Icp-Xepw XWepw A\p-
-hn-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p∂p.
20. A[ym-]-I¿ ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI\nb-a-kw-ln-Xbv°v (Code of ProfessionalEthics for School Teachers) Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
21. 21˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ]T\ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ (21st Century Learning Skills) B¿Pn-°p-
∂ -X-c-Øn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-am-b-Xv.
22. am\p-jnIaqey-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-
am-b-Xv.
23. Ah-k-c-Xp-ey-Xbpw ka-Xzhpw (Equity and Equality) e`n-°p∂ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-
\-\p-kr-X-am-b-Xv.
]T-\sØ kzm- m-hn-I-am-°n, ]Tn-Xm-°-fp-sS _u-≤n-Ihpw am-\-kn-I--hpw {]-h¿-Ø-
\-]-c-hpam-bp≈ k-a-{K hn-Im-kw e-£-y-am°p∂ a-kv-Xn-jv-I˛lr-Z-b˛l-kv-Xka-
\-zn-X-am-b ]mT-y-]-≤-XnbmWv (Curriculum for the harmony of Head, Heart andHand) \mw hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv.
F¶n¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]\w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww? AXns‚ ssk≤m-¥n-
Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb ASn-Ød F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww?
1.3 ]mTy-]-≤Xnkao-]\w
⁄mt\-{μn-b-ßfneqsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬\n∂p ]Tn-°m-\p≈ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Ign-
hp-I-tfmsS-bmWv Ip´n P\n-°p-∂-Xv. temIsØ ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-°m-
Wm\pw a\- n-em-°m\pw CS-]-g-Im-\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p-ap≈ km[y-X-I-fmWv hnZym-
e-b-Ønse Hu]-Nm-cnI]T\w hgn Ip´n°v e`n-°p∂Xv.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
11
Xs‚ ap∂n-ep≈ {]iv\-k-μ¿ -ß-
fn¬ CS-s]- p-sIm≠v {]iv\-]-cn-l-
c-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp -∂-Xn-eq -sS-
bmWv ]T\w \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]mTy-]-
≤Xn hn\n-ab-k-ao-]-\-Øns‚ khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cn-
°Ww?
$ {]h¿Ø--\m-[n-jvTnXw
$ {]{In-bm-_-‘nXw
$ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂Xv.
$ ]T-\-t\- -߃ ssIh-cn-°p-
∂-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-am-b-Xv.
$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn- kulr-Z-]-c-am-
bXv.
$ hnIm-k-ta-JeIsf ]cn-K-
Wn-°p-∂-Xv.
$ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]Ir-X-Øn\p
tbmPn-®Xv.
$ ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w hne-bn-cp-
Øepw HØp-tN¿∂p
t]mIp-∂-Xv.
⁄m\\n¿anXnhmZ-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-
amb ]T-\-co-Xn-bmWv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-
bpsS B[m-cw. ]Tn -Xm -hns‚
B¿PnXamb Adn-hn-s\bpw Bi-
b-]-cn -k-c-sØbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-
sIm≠v e-{]-Z-amb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzm`m-hn-
I-ambn Adnhv \n¿an-s®-Sp-°m≥
km[n°pw F∂-XmWv Cu ImgvN-
∏m-Sn-s‚ {]tXy-I-X.
]T\m-\p- -h-߃
hyXykvX PohnXkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬
\n∂p- h-cp∂ ]Tn -Xm -°-fpsS
Ip´n-Iƒ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ ⁄m\\n¿am-W-{]-{In-b-
bn¬ A[-ym-]-I¿ IqSp-X¬ kPo-h-amb ]¶p-h-ln-
°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, AXv Ip´n-I-fpsS Adn-hns\ i‡n-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ]T-\-Øn¬ hym-]r-X-cm-bn-cn-
°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ kz¥w Adnhv \n¿an-°p-I-bmWp
sNøp-∂-Xv. X߃ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xns\
]pdØp \S-°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m≥
th≠ tNmZ-y-߃ tNmZn-°p-hm≥ Ip´n-Isf A\p-h-
Zn-°p-I, ImWm-∏mTw ]Tn®v Hscm‰ icn-bp-Øcw
\¬Ip-∂-Xn\p ]Icw kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂v
kz¥w hm°p-I-fn¬ DØcw ]d-bm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-
°p-I. CsX√mw Xß-fpsS Adnhv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥
Ip´n-Isf klm-bn-°p-∂, sNdpsX-¶nepw {][m-\-amb
Nph-Sp-I-fmWv. _p≤n-]q¿h-I-amb Duln-°¬ A¿Y-
h-Ømb Hcp t_m[t\m]m-[n-bm-Wv. AXv t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw Xß-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\m-\p- -
h-ß-fn¬\nt∂m am[-y-a-k-º¿°-Øn¬\nt∂m Ip´n-I-
fpsS a\- n¬ Nne Bi-b-߃ cq]-s∏- n- p-≠m-hmw.
]t£, So®¿ {]Xo-£n-°p∂ hm°p-I-fn¬ Ah {]I-
Sn-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°p ]‰n-sb∂p hcn-√. Adn-™-
Xns‚bpw IjvSn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xns‚bpw CS-bv°p≈
CS-Øn¬ BWv ]pXnb Adnhv krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
kvIqfn\p ]pdØv ho´ntem kaq-l-Øntem hf¿Øn-
s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ Ic-hn-cp-Xp-I-fpsS cq]-Øn-em-bn-
cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw CØcw Adnhv krjvSn-°-s∏-SpI.
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ F√m Adn-hp-Ifpw _lp-am-\n-°-
s∏-S -Ww. Adnhpw kwth-Z -\-£-a -X-bp -ap≈
Hc[ym]nI CXn-s\-∏‰n t_m[-h-Xnbm-bn-cn-°pw. Ip´n-
I-fpsS hnIm-k-km-[-y-X-Iƒ km£m¬°-cn-°m≥
klm-bn-°p-∂-hn[w {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In-b-pw tNm-
Z-y-߃ tNmZn®pw Ahsc \bn-°m≥ So®¿°p Ign-
bpw.
At\-z -jWw, ]c-y -th-£-Ww, tNmZ-yw -tNmZn -°¬,
Unt_-‰p-Iƒ, kn≤m-¥-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°pw Bi-
b-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-]-mSp-I-fp-sSbpw krjvSn-bn-
te°pw \bn-°p∂ {]tbm-Khpw Nn¥bpw˛Ch-
sbms° kPo-h-amb CS-s]-S-ens‚ mK-am-Wv. kvIqfp-
Iƒ, tNmZ-y -߃ tNmZn-°m\pw At\-z-jn-°m\pw
X¿°n-°m\pw a\\w sNøm\pw k¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬
FØn-t®-cm\pw ]pXnb Bi-b߃ D≠m-°m\pw
Hs° Ah-kcw Hcp-°Ww.
(F≥.-kn.-F- v. 2005, ]pdw ˛ 41, 42)
12
So®¿ sSIvÃv
B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, Ign-hv, Xm¬∏cyw F∂nh hyXy-kvX-am-W-t√m. Cu sshhn-
[ysØ Dƒs°m-≠v, hy‡n-hy-Xym-k-sØbpw _lp-apJ_p≤n-sbbpw ]cn-K-Wn-
®p-sIm≠v ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ Hcp-°pI F∂-XmWv {][m\w.
]T-\m-¥-co£w
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xmev]-cy-hpw hnIm-khpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ ]T-\-
{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w ¢mkvapdn {Iao-I-cn-°Ww. ]T-
\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ hnZym¿Yn-tI-{μo-IrXam-h-Ww. AXn\p klm-b-I-am-Ipw-hn[ap≈
]T-\m-¥-co-£-amWv k÷-am-t°-≠Xv.
]T-\-{]-{Inb
$ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xmhpw Ah-cpsS ap≥ A\p- -h-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv
⁄m\\n¿amWw (Knowledge construction) \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
$ hy‡n-X-e-Ønepw kmaq-lnIXe-Øn-ep-w ⁄m\\n¿am-Ww \S-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ hnhn[ ]T-\-ssi-en-Iƒ (Learning styles), ]T-\-th-Kw (Learning pace) F∂nh
]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v hnhn[ C{μn-bm-\p-`-h-߃ (Multi sensory experiences)\¬Ip-∂Xp hgn ]T\w ^e-{]-Z-am-Ip∂p.
$ kl-I-c-Wm-fl-Ihpw kwhm-Zm-fl-I-hp-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ ]T\w IqSp-X¬
^e-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.
$ ]mTy-h-kvXpX Xm¬∏-cy-P\Ihpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-am-°p-∂Xphgn ]T-\w
IqSpX¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂p.
$ ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ Nm{In-I-ambn (Spiralling) Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xphgn ]T\w
IqSp-X¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-Ip∂p.
$ ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-߃°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hg°w (Flexibility), A\p-cq-]o-I-
cW km[yX (Adaptations) F∂nh Dd-∏m-°p∂XneqsS hyXykvX
]T\mhiyap≈-h-scbpw A`n-cp-Nn-bp≈-h-scbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.
$ aXn-bmb ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn\pw e`n-°p-tºmƒ am{Xta ]T\-
t\´w (Learning outcome) Dd-∏m-°m-\m-Iq.
$ ]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw DZv{K-Yn-Xambn \S-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ hnj-bm-[n-jvTnXamb D≈-S°w (Content), ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\m-h-iy-߃
F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v -tbm-Py-amb ]T-\ -t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw X{¥-ßfpw
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ F√m-h¿°pw ]T-\-t\´w (Learning outcome) ssIh-
cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
13
$ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw ka-{K-hn-I-k\w e£yw h®m-bn-cn-°Ww ]T-\-{]-
{Inb \n›-bn-t°-≠-Xv.
1.4 ]T\-t\- -߃ (Learning Outcomes)
hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v \¬Ip∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn
Adnhv, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-߃, aqey-߃ F∂nh Ip´n-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
CXn¬ NneXv {lkz-Im-e-bf-hn¬ B¿Pn-°p-∂Xpw NneXv Zo¿L-Imew sIm≠v
B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cßs\ Ip´n-bn-ep-≠m-th≠ am‰-ßsf ap≥Iq´n \n›-
bn-°m≥ \ap°p km[n-°pw. ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]oIcn-°p-tºmƒ kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-
Øns‚ hnhn[ L -ß-fn¬ Ip´n ssIh-cn-t°≠ e£y-ß-fmbn \mw IW-°m-°p-
∂-h-bmWv ]T-\-t\-´-߃. GXm\pw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS t{iWn-bn-eqsS
Hmtcm bqWn-‰nepw t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\-´-߃ hnI-kn®v Hcp ¢mkns‚ HSp-hn¬
t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\- -ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym- ymkIme-Øns‚ \n›nXL -ß-fn-ep≈
]T\-t\-´-ß-fmbn CXv hnImkw {]m]n-°p-∂p. ]T-\-t\-´-ß-fpsS {]tXy-IX
Ah \nco-£Whnt[-bhpw (Observable) Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw (Measurable)
Bbn-cn-°psa∂-XmWv. ]T-\-t\- -ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-Øn-eqsS Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-\pw
¢mkn-\pw L´-Øn\pw HSp-hn¬ Ip´n t\tS≠ Adn-hv, tijn-Iƒ, aqey-߃,
at\m- -mh-߃ F∂nh t\Sn-bn- pt≠m F∂p hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw. ]mTy-]-≤-
Xn-bpsS ^e-{]-Z-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-t\´w Dd-∏p-h-
cp-Øm≥ \ap°p km[n-°-Ww.
]T-\-t\- -ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cßs\ kw{K-ln-°mw:
$ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb ]T-\-Øn-eqsS ]Tn -Xmhv B¿Pn-t°≠ Adnhv
(knowledge), tijn-Iƒ (Skills), at\m-`m-h-߃ (Attitudes), aqey-߃
(Values) F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xmhpw ]T-\-t\- -߃.
$ ]T-\-t\- -߃ \nco-£n-°m-hp-∂Xpw Af-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°pw.
$ {lkzhpw Zo¿L-hp-amb Ime-b-f-hn¬ t\Sp∂ ]T-\-t\- -߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
1.5 ]T-\-hn- -h-ßfpw ]T-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßfpw
]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-ß-fmWv
]T\hn- -h-߃. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS ]cn-]q¿W-Xbv°v ]T-\-hn- -h-߃ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øntb aXn-bm-Iq.
$ sse{_dn $ Unkvtπ t_m¿Up-Iƒ
$ em_v (`mj, KWnXw, imkv-{Xw) $ Iw]yq- ¿ em_v
$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ $ aƒ´n-ao-Unb D]-I-c-W-߃
$
14
So®¿ sSIvÃv
CXn\p ]pdta Ip´n-I-fpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ \nc-h[n thZn-Ifpw hnZym-
e-b-ß-fn-ep-≠t√m. Chbpw ]T-\t\- -߃ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Ø-Ww.
$ _me-k`
$ taf-Iƒ
$ Akwªn
$ ¢∫p-Iƒ
$ N¿®m-th-Zn-Iƒ
$ ]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ
$ k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ (SPC, NSS, Scout, NCC)
$
Ip´n-I-fpsS ]cn-]q¿WhnIm-k-Øn\v CØcw LS-I-߃ AXy¥m-t]-£n-X-
ßfmWv.
1.6 Iem-]-T\hpw {]hr-Øn-]-T\hpw
Iem-]-T\w
k¿Km-fl-IX, \nco-£-W-]m-S-hw, hy-Xn-cn‡_p≤n XpS-ßn-bh Ip´n-I-fn¬
hf¿Øm≥ Iem-]-T\w AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. ]pXnb ]mT-y-]-≤Xnkao-]-\-Øn¬
s]mXphnj-b-߃s°m∏w {]m[m-\yw \¬In-bmWv Iem-]-T-\-sØbpw IW-°m-
°p-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Iem-]-T-\-Øn\v kwKo-Xw, \rØw, Nn{X-c-
N\, inev]-c-N-\, \mS-Iw, kn\na F∂o C\-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
Ip´n-I-fpsS CØcw taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ Xncn®-dn-bm\pw ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-
Øm\pw Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. Iem-]-T\Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb e£y-߃:
$ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ss\k¿Kn-I-amb Iem-hm-k-\-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-
°p-I.
$ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ie-Isf Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Ip´n-bpsS A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn®v Ah
A`y-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-ß-sfm-cp-°p-I.
$ hnhn[ Ie-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bnse kuμ-cym-fl-IX Dƒs°m-
≈p-∂-Xn\pw.
$ Ie-I-fpsS Bkzm-ZyX Dƒs°m≠v kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ am\-hn-I-amb
ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ kmwkvIm-cnIsshhn[yw Xncn-®-dn™v kmwkvIm-cnImh-t_m[w hf¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\v.
$ Ie-bpsS Du¿Papƒs°m≠v \ho-\-ß-fmb Nn¥-I-fn -te¿s∏-Sm\pw
kmaqlnI{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\pw.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
15
$ Iesb D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn a‰p hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\w ^e-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v.
$ _lp-ap-J --_p-≤n-hn-Im-k-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ hn`n-∂-ti-jn-bp≈ hnZym¿Yn-Isf ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ X¬∏-c-cm-°p-∂-
Xn-\v.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
{]hr-Øn-]-T\w
sshIm-cnIhpw ssh⁄m-\nIhpamb taJ-e-I-fpsS ka\-z-bhpw hnIm-khpw km[y-
am-°p∂-Xn\v {]hr-Øn-]-cn-NbhnZym- ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
Hmtcm {]hrØn]T\ ¢mkn-s‚bpw ASn-Ød am\-h-tijn hnI-k-\-am-bn-cn-°-
Ww. F√m ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw tijn-Ifpw Ign-hp-Ifpw cmjv{S-\n¿am-W-Øn-\p-X-
Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂-XmWv am\-h-tijn hnI-k\w sIm≠p-
t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. sXmgn-en-t\mSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap≈Xpw sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-hsc BZ-cn-
°p∂Xpw kmaqlnIt_m[-ap≈ ]p-Xnb Hcp sXmgn¬kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-
°-fm°n ]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂Xpw {]hrØn]T\-Øns‚ kp{]-
[m\ e£yßfm-Wv.
$ am\-h-tijnhnI-k\w
$ tZio-b-]p-tcm-KXn
$ sXmgn¬k∂-≤X
$ D¬∏m-Z-\-cw-KsØ kzm{i-bXzw
$ k¥p-en-X -hy-‡nXzhnI-k\w
$ aqey-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw hf¿Ø¬
Iem-]-T-\-Øn\pw {]hrØn-]-T-\-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-thWw ]mTy-
]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNtø-≠-Xv. Ch-bpsS X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-
s\m∏w hyXy-kvX -hn-jb-ß-fp-ambn DZv{K-Yn®pw hn\n-abw sNtø-≠Xv Bh-iy-
am-Wv.
1.7 BtcmKy˛Imbn-I-hn-Z-ym-`-ymkw
imco-cnI˛am\-knIhnIm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw hf¿®bp-sSbpw ASn-Ød cq]s∏-Sp∂ L -
amWv ss{]a-dn-X-ew. AXn-\m¬ Cu L -Øn¬ apgp-h≥ Ip´n-I-ƒ°pw Btcm-K-y-
˛Im-bnIhnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øns‚ A\p- -h-߃ e -y-am-Ip∂psh∂v Dd∏phcp-tØ-≠-Xp-
≠v. Ip´n-bpsS BtcmKy˛ImbnIhnI-k-\-L- -ßsf imkv{Xo-b-ambn t]mjn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Pohn-X-io-e-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw
sNøpI F∂-XmWv B-tcmKy˛Imbn-I-]T-\-Øns‚ kp{]-[m\ e£yw. Btcm-
Ky- -Im-bnI]T-\-Øns‚ X\Xp km[y-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-t\msSm∏w hyXy-
kvX -hn-j-bß-fp-ambn DZv{K-Yn®pw hn\n-abw \St°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
16
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Btcm-Ky- Im-bnI]T-\-Øns‚ {][m\ Dt±-iy-߃ Ch-bm-Wv:
$ hnhn[ kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ DNn-X-amb coXnbn¬ ico-csØ Nen-∏n-°m\p≈ tijn-
Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-I.
$ ico-c-N-e\w \nb-{¥n-°p∂ hnhn[ L´-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw ico-csØ
k¿Km-fl-I-amb Ne-\-߃°p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
$ kmaq-lnI- DØchmZn-Ø-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw P\m-[n-]-
X-y-]-c-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ ]men-°p-Ibpw Bk-z-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
$ Ip´n-bpsS k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hnImkw Dd∏phcp-Øp-I.
1.8 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym- ymkw (Inclusive Education)
hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ anI® {]I-S\w ImgvN-h-bv°p∂ Xß-fpsS kl-
]m-Tn-°v Xma-kn-°m≥ hoSn-√, ]mX-tbm-csØ ss]∏n-\n-S-bn¬ hen®p
sI´nb jo‰mWv Ahs‚ hoSv F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv Ip´n-Iƒ°nS-bn¬
henb N¿®mhnj-b-ambn. hnj-a-߃ ]c-kv]cw ]¶p-hbv-°p-∂-Xn-
eqsS ]cn-lmcw D≠m-hn√ F∂p a\- n-em-°nb Ip´n-Iƒ A[ym-]-
I-cpsS klm-btØmsS kam-l-cn® XpI D]-tbm-Kn®v Iq´p-Im-c\v
hoSv \n¿an®p \¬In amXr-I-bm-bn.
(Hcp hnZym-ebm-\p-`-hw)
¢mkvapdn-bn¬ F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂, Bscbpw ]pd-¥-≈mØ Hcp
]T-\m-¥-co£w kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-ambpw c≠p
hn`m-K-°m¿°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W-\bpw klm-bhpw {i≤bpw \¬In \oXn-]q¿h-
amb KpW-ta∑m hnZym- ymkw (Equitable Quality Education) Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v.
Bsc-√m-amWv khn-ti-j-{i-≤bpw ]T-\-k-lm-bhpw ]cn-c-£bpw Bh-iy-ap-
≈-h¿?
(F)kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]pd¥≈s∏´-h-cpsS
Ip´nIƒ.
$ -ISpØ Zmcn{Zyw t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿, BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ, s]¨Ip- n-Iƒ, ]´n-I-PmXn
]´n-I-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h¿, A\y-tZ-iØp\n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-b-h¿, ÿnc-ambn
Xma-k-ku-Icyw C√m-Ø hn`m-K-°m¿, ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hnth-N\w A\p- -
hn-°p-∂-h¿ F∂n-ßs\ H´\-h[n t]¿ C°q- Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p.
]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw hyXy-kvXX-I-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-
am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww CØcw Ip´n-I-tfm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS kao-
]\w. hnZym-e-b-Ønse Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS CØ-c-°m-cpsS {]bm-k-
߃ \ap°v ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-Ipw.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
17
(_n) imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂ -Ip- n-Iƒ.
imco-cn-I-hpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw ]T-\-{]-bmkw
A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw {]tXyI ]T-\m-h-iy-ßfp≠v (Special EducationalNeeds). tIƒhn-°p-d-hv, ImgvNm ]cn-an-Xn, _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn, Ne\]c-amb
]cn-an-Xn, ]T-\-ssh-I-eyw, Hm´n-kw, skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn, _lp-ap-J-ssh-I-ey-߃,
sshIm-cnI Ak-¥p-enXmhÿbnep≈ Ip´n-Iƒ, {i≤m-]-c-amb ]cn-anXn D≈-
h¿ F∂n-hsc√mw CXn¬ s]Sp-∂p.
Ch¿°p-th≠n ]mTy-]--≤-XnbpsS hn\n-a-bØn¬ \mw Fs¥-√mw A\p-h¿Øn-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v?
$ ]T-\m-h-iy-߃, A`n-cpNn F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn®v ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-
{X-W-w.
$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fnØw e`y-am-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ ]mTm-kq-{X-W-
Øn¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw.
$ hyXykvX ]T-\-th-K-w, ]T-\-ssien F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v _lp C{μn-
bm-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w (Multisensory Approach) \S-∏n-em-°¬.
$ ]cn-lm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ (Remedial Practices), t]mj-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ (En-richment Practices) F∂nh Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn Bkq-
{XWw sNbvXp \S-∏n-em-°-¬.
$ hnhn[ hne-bn-cp-ج km[y-X-Iƒ Ab-thmsS (Flexibility) {]mh¿Øn-I-am-
°¬.
$ dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw a‰p hnZ-Kv[-cp-sSbpw klmbw Dd-∏m-°¬.
$ Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\w, ]cn-c-£- F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS \nc-¥-c-]n-
¥pW Dd-∏m-°¬.
Cu c≠p taJ-e-bnse Ip´n-I-sf- Iq-SmsX khn-tij {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw
th≠-h-cmWv h¿[n® A`n-cp-Nnbpw Ignhpap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ (Gifted Children).Cßs\ F√m hn`mKw Ip´n-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bpw-hn[w kvIqƒ
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-sfbpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn {Iao-I-cn-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v.
18
So®¿ sSIvÃv
1.9 hnhchn\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy ˛ km[-yX
hnhc ssIam-‰-Øn\v At\Iw kwhn-[m-\-߃ \ne-hn-ep-≠-t√m. Cu Iq -Øn¬
Gsd {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb H∂mWv sF.kn.-Sn.bpsS D]-tbm-Kw. Ip´n-Iƒ ]e-X-c-
Øn¬ CXns‚ kt¶-X-߃ Gdnbpw Ipd™pw Adn-bp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. Cu Adn-
hns\ ¢mkvdqw ]T-\-Øn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]T\w Bbm-k-c-ln-
Xhpw BÀm-Z-I-c-hp-ambn am‰m≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bpw.
Bh-i-y-IX
]mT--y-]-≤Xnhn\n-a-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v -DNnXamb sF.kn.Sn. kma-{Kn-Iƒ Dƒs∏Sp-
Ø-Ww. A®Sn® ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fmb Ne-\m-fl-I-Xbn√mbva, i_vZ-
߃ tIƒ∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ XpS-ßn-bh sF.kn.Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-
SpØn adn-I-S-°m-\m-hpw. sF.kn.-Sn-.bpsS Bh-i-y-IX GtXXv kμ¿ -ß-fn¬ thW-
sa∂pw AsX-ß-s\ -{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw \n¿Wbn-°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿
{]m]vX-cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
A\p-tbm-P-yX
Ip´n-bpsS k¿K-ti-jn-sbbpw _p≤n-bpsS _lp-X-e-ß-sfbpw D±o-]n-∏n-°p∂ hn[-
Øn-ep≈ sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-I-fm-Wv th≠-Xv. Pn⁄m-kbpw DtZ-z-Khpw-hgn ]T-
\-hn-j-b-Øn-ep≈ Xm¬∏-c-yw \ne\n¿Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww sF.kn.Sn. D]-tbm-
Kw. F∂m¬ C{μnb]cn-anXn A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h¿°v Cu km[-yX Iptd°qSn {]tbm-
P\w sNøpw. i_vZw-sIm≠pw ImgvN-sIm≠pw Imc-y-߃ IqSp-X¬ A\p- -h-th-Zy-
am-°m≥ sF.kn.Sn. {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. hy-X-ykvX ]T-\-ssienIƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-
sIm-≠p≈ ]T\m-\p- -h-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw CXp klm-b-I-am-Wv.
hnizm-k-yX
kma-{Kn-I-fpsS hnizm-k-yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Kh¨sa‚ v Un]m¿´vsa‚ v
ssk‰pIƒ, hnZ-ym- -ymk sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, t]m¿ -ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ, tkmj-y¬
s\‰vh¿°p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂p≈ hnh-c-ßfpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX Dd-∏m-°n-
thWw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥. ¢mkvdqw hn\n-a-b-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kma-{Kn-I-fpsS
{]mtbm-Kn-IX Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ≠-Xp-≠v. CØcw kma-{Kn-Iƒ, Ah {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂-Xn\-\p-tbm-P-y-amb tkm v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ F∂nh Ffp-∏-Øn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw
D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. sF.kn.-Sn. km[-y-X-Iƒ Ip´n-bpsS
{]mbw, am\-knI\ne F∂nhbv°v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°Ww.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
19
1.10 aqe-y-߃, at\m- m-h-߃, {]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh
hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-X-Ip∂ taJ-e-Iƒ
]Tn-Xm-hn¬ am\-hnIaqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw `c-W-L-S\maqe-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-
t_m[w krjvSn-°pI, kmaq-lnIPohnXw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ at\m- mhw krjvSn-
°pI, kmaq-lnI{]Xn-_-≤X hf¿ØpI XpS-ßnbh ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS {]Ya
]cn-K-W\m hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ch hf¿Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ta-J-eIfpsS
hni-Zmwi߃ \¬Ip∂p
P\m-[n-]-Xyt_m[w
hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w Xnc-s™Sp-°p-tºmƒ P\m-[n-]-X-ysØ kw_-
‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-{X-W-
Ønepw hn\n-ab{]{In-b-bnepw P\m-[n-]-Xykao-]-\-ap-≠m-h-Ww. P\m-[n-]-Xy]c-
amb ¢mkv, kvIqƒ CS-߃ (P\m-[n-]XythZn-Iƒ) F∂n-h-bn-eqsS P\m-[n-]-
Xy]c-amb PohnXkao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpIsb∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS e£-y-amWv.
`cWLS\maqe-y-߃
\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ aqe-y-ßfpw e£-y-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-
bn¬ {]Xn- -en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. `c-W-L-S-\maqey߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ hnZ-ym¿Yn-
Isf {]m]vX-cm-°p∂ D≈-S-°hpw hn\n-a-b{]{In-bbpw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m≥ {i≤n-
°-Ww.
atX-X-c-Xz at\m- mhw
atX-X-cXz at\m- mhw hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ D≈-S-°-Øn¬ tN¿°p-
Ibpw AXn-\p-X-Ip∂ hn\n-a-b-coXn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøWw.
kln-jvWpX
hntbm-Pn-°p-∂-h-sc-t∏mepw kln-jvWp-XtbmsS ImWpI F∂ -X-Øzw ]mT-y-]-
≤Xn e£-y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
{Inbm-flI ˛ k¿Km-flI Nn¥
hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ k¿Km-flIhpw {Inbm-fl-I-hp-amb Nn¥bpw At\-z-j-Whpw
hf¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ]T\X{¥-ß-fnepw
k¿Km-fl-I-amb At\z-j-W-߃°p≈ km[-yXbp≠m-hWw; _lp-apJ_p≤n-
bpsS (Multiple Intelligence) Xe-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
kwkvIr-Xn-tbmSpw ss]Xr-I-tØm-Sp-ap≈ BZ-chv
\ΩpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]XrItØmSpw Ncn-{X-tØmSpw BZ-c-]q¿h-amb at\m-
`mhw kr„n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv.
20
So®¿ sSIvÃv
ka-Xzw F∂ Bibw
hnhn[ Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw XpeyX, ka-`m-h\ F∂nh
Dd∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠Xv A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.
t\Xr-]m-Shw
]pXnb kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sm\pw km[-y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap-X-Ip∂ t\Xm-°sf krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p- ]-c-ym-]vX-amb ]T\X{¥-
߃ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw
]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw t\Xr-ti-jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-c-y-
߃ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.
Pohn-X-ss\-]pWo hnZ-ym- -ymkw
ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ hy-‡n-Iƒ°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßfpw {]Xn-_-‘-
ßfpw ^e-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb A\p-Iq-e-hpw A\p-Kp-W-hp-
amb s]cp-am-‰-Øn-te°p \bn-°p∂ Ign-hp-I-fmWv PohnXss\]p-Wn-Iƒ. kzbw
Adn-b¬, kl- m-hw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jn, hy‡ym¥-c-_-‘w, k¿Km-fl-I-Nn-
¥, hna¿i-\m-flI-Nn-¥, Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°¬, {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Ww, sshIm-cnI
k¥p-e-\w, ]ncn-ap-dp°w ssIImcyw sN-ø¬ F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ Pohn-X-ss\-
]p-Wn-Iƒ. Ip´n-I-fpsS kml-Nc-y-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Cu taJ-e-I-fnse
LS-I-߃ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Pohn-XsØ Bflhni-zm-k-
tØm-sS- kao]n°m\pw apt∂-dm\pw CØcw ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ klm-
bn-°p∂p.
]uc-[¿aw
cmjv{S-Øn\v P\-ß-tfm-sS-∂-t]mse ]uc≥am¿°v cmjv{S-tØmSpw Nne [¿a-
ßfpw I¿Ø-h-y-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-≠v. cmjv{S-hn-I-k\w a\p-j-y-tijnhnI-k-
\-ambn ImWp∂ C∂sØ Ime-L- -Øn¬, ]uc-t_m-[-ap≈ P\-Xsb krjvSn-
°pI F∂-Xm-Wt√m hnZ-ym -` -ym -k-Øns‚ {][m\ [¿aw. Hcp kz-X{¥
kaqlkrjvSn-tbm-sSm∏w A®-S-°t_m-[hpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzt_m[-hp-ap≈ Hcp
kaq-l-Øns‚ krjvSn-°mbn ]uc≥amsc Xbm-dm-t°-≠Xv hnZ-ym- -ymkhy-h-ÿ-
bpsS e£-y-am-Wv.
a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃
a\p-j-y-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ A¥-t msS Pohn-°m-\p≈ hy-‡n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-
fmWv a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃. sFI-y-cmjv{Sk -bpsS a\p-j-ym-h-Imi{]J-ym-]-\-Øn-
eqsS km¿h-{Xn-I Aw-Ko-Imcw e`n® a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-߃°v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-
c-W-Ønepw hn\n-ab{]{In-b-bnepw {]m[m-\yw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
21
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃
Ip´n-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw \ΩpsS
IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p.
{]IrXn ˛ {]Ir-Xn-hn- h kwc-£-Ww, ]cn-kcipNn-X-zw
{]Ir-Xn-sbbpw {]IrXnhn`hkwc-£-W-sØbpw kw_-‘n-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\
ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ss{]adn ¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hy-‡n-ip-Nn-Xzwt]mse
{][m-\-amWv ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-X-z-sa∂pw ipNn-X-z-t_m[w ]uc-[¿aØns‚ ASn-ÿm\
LS-I-ßfnsem∂msW∂pw hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. {]Ir-Xnbpw
{]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßfpw a\p-j-ys‚ Bh-i-y-߃°p am{X-ap≈Xs√∂pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS
k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ am‰w Zqchym-]-I-amb {]X-ym-Lm-X-߃°p Imc-W-am-
hp-sa-∂p-ap≈ at\m- mhw hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fn¬ hf¿Ø-Ww. {]IrXnhn -h-kw-c-£-Whpw
]cn-kcipNn-X-zhpw Hcp aqeyhy-h-ÿbpw at\m- m-hhpam°nam‰p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°-Ww.
kam-[m\hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
hy-‡n-X-e-Ønepw a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Spw ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-tfmSpw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw
kulm¿Z-]-c-ambpw CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ Ignhpw aqe-y-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-
I-bmWv kam-[m\hnZ-ym- -ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. kwL¿j-ßfpw kwL¿j-
߃°v hgn-sX-fn-°p∂ kml-N-c-y-ßfpw Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw im¥n-bp-sSbpw kulr-
Z-Øns‚bpw kam-[m-\-Øns‚bpw km[y-X-Iƒ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bnse hnhn[ hnj-
b-ta-J-e-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xv kam-[m-\-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-k-Øn\v
A\n-hm-c-y-amWv.
\nbakm£-cX
\nb-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ Adnhpw Aht-_m-[hpw Hcp P\m-[n-]-XycmP-y-Ønse
]uc-∑m¿°v A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. \nbakm£-cX Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]mT-
`m-K-߃ hnj-b-_-‘n-X-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv Im-e-L´Øns‚ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.
\nb-a-k-lm-b-th-Zn, \nba¢∫p-Iƒ, \nb-a- ¢n-\n-°p-Iƒ, \nb-a-t_m-[-h-¬°-cWw
F∂n-ßs\ hy-X-y-kvX -{]-h¿Ø\]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ Adn-hv
hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Z-y-bpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-K-ßfpw {Inan-\¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
Zn\w{]Xn-sb-t∂mWw h¿[n°p-∂p-≠v. Ip´n-Isf CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
AI‰n\n¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ t_m[-h¬°-cWw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ `mK-ambn Dƒs∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. C‚¿s\‰v, tkmj-y¬ s\‰vh¿°nMv ssk‰p-Iƒ, C˛sabn¬ XpS-ßnb-
22
So®¿ sSIvÃv
h-bpsSsbms° D]-tbm-KsØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ hy-‡hpw IrX-y-hp-amb [mc-Wbpw
Adnhpw ]I¿∂p \¬I-Ww. ssk_¿ Ip‰-Ir-X-y-߃°p≈ in£sb kw_-
‘n®pw C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-K-Ønse [m¿Ωn-I-Xsb°pdn®pw t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-
∂-Xn\v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.
am[-ya Ah-t_m[w
]{X˛Zri-y-am-[-y-a-߃°v hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\-y-ap≈ kaq-l-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.
Zri-y-am-[-y-a-߃°v Ip´n-I-fn¬ henb kzm-[o-\-ap-≠v. am[-y-a- Ah-t_m[w D≠m-
°p∂ hnhn[ LS-I-߃ ]mTy-]-≤Xn D≈-S°taJ-e-I-fn¬ Bh-i-y-am-Wv.
kpÿn-c -hn-I-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv
`qan a\p-j-y\p am{Xw Ah-Im-i-s∏- -X-s√-∂p-≈- ]m-cnÿnXnIm-h-t_m[w ]mTy-
]-≤Xn ]I¿∂p \¬tI-≠-Xp≠v. ]mcn-ÿnXnIamb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf kw_-‘n-
®pw ]cn-ÿnXnØI¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-hp∂ a\p-j-ys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf kw_-
‘n®pw ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb Kpcp-X-c-amb A]-I-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v Fßs\ c£-s∏-Sp-
Øpsa∂Xn-s\-°p-dn-®pap≈ Xncn-®-dnhv C°m-eØv {][m-\-am-Wv. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw
hnI-k-\hpw Fßs\ tbmPn-∏n-®p-t]mImw F∂ At\-z-j-Whpw kpÿn-c-hn-I-
k-\sØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw At\-z-j-W-ßfpw ]mT-y-]-≤Xn
Db¿Øn∏nSn-t°-≠XmWv. ka-{K-amb ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w krjvSn-°p-I-sb-
∂Xv ]mT-y-]-≤Xn e£-y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.
IuamchnZ-ym-`-ymkw
inip-a-\-xim-kv{X-⁄-cpsSbpw Btcm-Ky{]h¿Ø-I-cp-sSbpw tUmIvS¿am-cp-sSbpw
A[-ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw kwbp‡ ]cn-{i-a-ß-fn-eqsS Iuam-c-hn-Z-ym- -ym-k-Øn-\mh-i-y-
amb D≈S°taJ-e-Iƒ hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚ km[-yX
]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS Btcm-Kyw, ip-Nn-Xzw F∂nh kw_-‘-
amb kwi-b-ß-sfbpw Ah-y-‡-X-I-sfbpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xv
A\n-hm-cy-amWv.
D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw ˛ Zqj-y- -e-߃
D]-t`mKkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Zqjy- eßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ss{]adn
¢mkp-Iƒ apX¬ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. D]-t`m-‡mhv F∂
\ne-bn-ep≈ \ΩpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfpw D]-t`m-IvXr\nb-a-ßfpw hnj-b-_-‘n-X-
ambn IS-∂p-h-c-Ww.
el-cn-hn-cp≤ at\m- mhw
aZ-yw, ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ, ]pI-bn-e, a‰p elcn]Zm¿Y-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw
]pXp-X-e-ap-dbpsS Btcm-Ky-w XI¿°p-∂p-sh∂ Xncn-®-dnhv \ap-°p-≠m-hWw. mhn-
]cn-kc-]-T\w
23
X-e-ap-dsb Ch-bpsS Zqjn-X-h-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂p kwc-£n-t°≠-XmWv. CXn-\mbn
elcn D]-tbm-K-Øns‚ imco-cnI ˛ am\-knImLmX-ßfpw A]-I-S-ßfpw hy-‡-
am-°p∂ Nn{X-߃, eLp-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ, Zriy-߃ F∂nh D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bpsS
]cn-K-W-\bn¬ htc-≠-Xm-Wv. elcnhncp≤ at\m-`mhw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-hWw
Ch-bpsSsb√mw ASn-ÿm\e£-yw.
enwK-\oXn
]mT-y-]-≤Xn enwKka-X-zhpw enwK\oXnbpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xm-h-Ww. B - -s]¨
hnth-N\w ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cm≥ ]mSn-√. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfnse Nn{X-
ß-fn¬t∏mepw enwK\oXn-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fp-≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ Gs‰-SpØp \S-∏m-°p-tºmƒ enwK-\oXn Dd-∏m-t°-≠Xv A[ym-]-I-cpsS
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv.
anX-h-y-b-ioew
ss{]a-dn-Xew apX¬ Xs∂ anX-h-y-b-io-e-Øns‚ _me-]m-T-߃ Ip´n-I-fn¬ k∂n-
th-in-∏n-°-Ww. anX-hybioe-Øns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\-yhpw hy-‡-am-°mw.
anX-h-y-b-ioew {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-
hp∂XmWv.
tdmUv kpc£
tdmUn¬ ]men-t°≠ \nb-a-߃, tdmU-]-I-S-߃ Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ {]mtbm-KnI
\n¿tZ-i-߃, {]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw tdmUv kpc-£-bpsS LS-I-ß-
fmWv. tdmUv F∂Xv Hcp s]mXpCS-am-sW∂pw \ap-°p-≈-Xp-t]mse a‰p-≈-
h¿°pw tdmUv D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ kz-mX-{¥-y-ap-s≠-∂p-ap≈ ]uc-t_m[w ]I¿∂p
\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. tdmUv kpc-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw {]m[m-
\yw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.
]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS kzm- m-hn-I-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ Cu taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-
°n-bp≈ ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S°]c-
amb Bi-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\-߃ {Iao-I-cn-°p-tºmgpw
aXn-bmb ]cn-K-W\ e`n-t°-≠-Xp≠v. ]T-\˛-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-
t]m-Ip-tºmƒ CØcw Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ Adnhv, ss\]p-Wn, at\m-
`mhw F∂n-hbv°v Du∂¬ thWw. Cu e£-y-߃ t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-´pt≠m
F∂v \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج {]{In-bbn-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw IgnbWw. hnhn[
¢∫v {]h¿Ø-\-߃, SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides, JRC, hnZ-ymcwKw Iem-km-
lnXythZn, Km‘n-Z¿i≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-\-߃ aqe-y-߃, at\m- m-h-߃,
{]Xn-_-≤X F∂nh hf¿Øm-\p≈ thZn-Ifm-IWw.
24
So®¿ sSIvÃv
1.11 Ah-Imim[njvTnX hnZym- ymkw (Right based Education)
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ \n¿Wbn-°p-Ibpw temI-hym-]-I-ambn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-Xn\v bp\kvtIm ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CtX XpS¿∂v hnhn[
cmPy-ß-fn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Ht´sd \nb-a-
\n¿am-W-߃ \S-∂n- p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ tZiobhnZym- ymkmh-Imi\nbaw ˛ 2009
\S-∏m-°n-bXv Hcp kp{]-[m\ \mgn-I-°-√mbn IW-°m-°mw. Ip´n-I-fpsS F√m-
hn[ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw apXn¿∂-h-cmb \ΩpsS
IS-a-bmbn amdp-∂p. hnZym- ymk Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ah {][m-
\-ambpw aq∂p taJ-e-I-fn-embn -Xn-cn-°m-\m-hpw.
$ ]¶m-fnØw (Participation)
$ e`yX (Provision)
$ kwc-£Ww (Protection)
X\n°v e`y-amb Ah-Im-ißsf°p-dn®v Ip´n- Nn¥n-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?
]¶m-fnØw
$ Ip´n-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m Xocp-am-\-ß-fnepw Fs‚ A`n-{]mbw Bcm-
bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ Fs‚ Xm¬∏-cy-Øn\v apJy-]-cn-K-W\ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn™v \¬Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
]¶mfnbmIm≥ F\n°v Ah-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°m\pw Ign-bp∂
hg-°-ap≈ ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Im-≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-߃°v am\y-amb ÿm\w e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ F\n°pw Iq´p-Im¿°pw ¢mkn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-amb
]¶m-fnØw e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ Fs‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ F\n-°-h-kcw e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
e`yX
$ aXn-bmb hnZym- ym-k-tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈hcpw Adn-hp-Iƒ Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]pXp-
°p-∂h-cp-amb A[ym-]-I-cpsS tkh\w F\n°v e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
$ A\p-h-Zn-®n- p≈ apgp-h≥ ka-bhpw ]T-\m-\p- -h-߃ e`n-°p∂p-≠v.
$ imco-cn-I˛am\-knI hf¿®sb ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p∂Xn\v tbmPn® ¢mkvdqw
A¥-co£w F\n-°v e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
25
$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°m-h-iy-amb ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ bYm-k-abw Hcp-°n-
Ø-cm≥ Fs‚ A[ym-]-I¿°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Iem- -Im-bnI ]cn-t]m-j-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw
F\n°v In´p∂p-≠v.
B¿.-Sn.-C. (2009) Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p
$ 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v 200 {]hr-Øn-Zn-h-kßfpw
800 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`nt°≠-Xp-≠v.
$ 6 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°v 220 {]hr-Øn-Zn-h-
kßfpw 1000 aWn-°q¿ t_m[-\-k-a-bhpw e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
kwc-£Ww
$ hnZym-e-b-Øntem ]pdtØm bmsXm-cp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw Rm≥ A\p- -hn-°p-
∂n-√.
$ Fs∂ Hcp Xc-Ønepw Bcpw Ah-K-Wn-°p∂n-√.
$ imco-cn-I-am-tbm am\-kn-I-amtbm Bbn Bcpw Fs∂ ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.
$ \n¿ -b-ambn A[ym-]-I-tcmSv CS-s]-Sm≥ F\n°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ Ip´n-bm-sW-¶nepw F\n°v kzIm-cy-X-bp-≠v F∂v F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-
∂p-≠v.
$ hnZym-e-b-Ønepw ho´nepw Rm≥ G‰hpw kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cn°pw F∂v F\n°v
Dd-∏p-≠v.
tIc-f- kw-ÿm\ _memh-Imi kwc-£W IΩo-j≥
2002 sabv amk-Øn¬ IqSnb sFIycm-jv{S-k- -bpsS, Ip´n-Iƒ°v
th≠n-bp≈ {]tXyI ktΩ-f\w "Ip´n-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
Hcp temIw' F∂ io¿j-I-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb tcJ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xns‚
shfn-®-Øn¬ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \n¿an® 2005 se _mem-h-Imi kwc-
£W IΩo-j≥ BIvSpw 2012 se tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-
ImiN -ßfpw {]Imcw tIcfkwÿm\ _mem-h-Imikwc-£W
IΩo-j≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ auen-Im-h-
Im-i-ßfpw _mem-h-Im-i-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p-I-bmWv IΩo-js‚
ZuXyw.
Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v
X\n°v Fs¥ms° sNøm≥ km[n®n´p-≠v? C\nbpw Xm≥ Fs¥ms° sNtø-
≠-Xp≠v F∂v Hmtcm A[ym-]-I\pw A[ym-]n-Ibpw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
26
So®¿ sSIvÃv
1.12 sa‚dnMv
tZio-b-hn-Z-ym- -ym-km-h-Im-i-\n-baw A[-ym-]-Is\/A[-ym-]n-Isb sa‚¿ (Mentor)
Bbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. ka-{K- kvIqƒ hnI-k-\-]-cn-t{]-£-y-Øn¬ sa‚dnßn-\v -h-
enb {]kIvXnbpw {]m[m-\-yhp-ap-≠v.
hnZ-ym-`-ymk{]{In-b-bnse apJ-y-L-S-I-amb So®¿˛Ip´n _‘-Øn¬ C∂v ImX-
emb am‰w D≠m-bn- p-≠v. hn⁄m-\w- hn-X-cWw sNøp∂ Bfm-b√; Ip´n-Iƒ°v
hn⁄m\w t\Sm-\p≈ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Ah-k-c-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n°p-∂ hy‡n-
bm-bmWv So®¿ {]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xv.
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ as‰mcp hoSp-X-s∂-bmWv hnZ-ym-ebw. A[ym-]-IcmIs´, ho´p-Imcpw.
Ip´n-Iƒ°v ho´n¬\n∂v e`n-t°≠ kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w,
AwKo-Imcw F∂nh Gdnbpw Ipd™pamWv e`n-°p-∂Xv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hv- Hmtcm
A[-ym-]-I\pw A[-ym-]-nIbv°pw D≠m-h-Ww. CXv Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Hmtcm Ip´n°pw
th≠ coXn-bn¬ Ch sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-tºm-gmWv Ah-cpsS DØ-
c-hm-Zn-Xzw ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. At∏m-gmWv kvIqƒ hoSm-Ip-∂-Xv.
Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hy‡n]chpw IpSpw-_-]c-hp-amb ]-›m-Øew a\- n-em-°p-
∂-Xn\v Xmsg -]-d-bp-∂h A[ym-]-I¿ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ Krl-k-μ¿i-\w
$ c£n-Xm-°-fp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
$ Ip´n-sb \nc-¥-c-ambn \nco-£n--°¬
$
$
Aßs\ Ip´n°v kvt\lw, ]cn-K-W-\, kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[w, AwKo-Imcw XpS-
ßnbh \¬In Hcp kl-c-£n-Xm-hmbpw ]T-\-t\- -߃ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
klm-bn-bmbpw amdp-tºm-gmWv ]pXnb Ime-L- -Øns‚ A[-ym-]nI/A[-ym-]-I-
\mbn \mw amdp∂-Xv.
sa‚-dnßn-eqsS hgn-Im- ¬, D]-tZ-iw, ]n¥pW, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-\p≈ Ah-kcw
XpS-ßn-bh Ip´n-Iƒ°v e`n°p-∂p. A\p- -h-ÿ-\mb ap≥Kman F∂ \ne-bnepw
A\p-I-c-Wo-b-\mb amXrI F∂ \ne-bn-ep-amWv sa‚¿ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-tØ-
≠-Xv. t_m[-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb klm-b-ßfpw Iu¨kenßp-sa√mw CXns‚
`mK-am-Wv. hnZym¿Yn-bn¬ Hfn-™pInS°p∂ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-sIm≠phcm≥
Hcp \√ sa‚¿°v Ign-bpw.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
27
sa‚-dnßneqsS;
$ A[ym-]-I\pw hnZym¿Yn°pw anI® hnZym- ymk A\p- -h-߃ e`n-°p-∂p.
$ A[ym-]-I-s‚bpw hnZym¿Yn-bp-sSbpw Adn-hns‚ taJe hnI-kn-°p-∂p.
$ hnZym¿Yn-bpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw hy‡n-Xzhn-Im-khpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ Iq´mb Nn¥bpw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°epw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
$ c£n-Xm-°fpw kvIqfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w i‡-am-hp-I-bpw Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\-
\n-esb kw_-‘n®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ Ie˛BtcmKy˛Imbn-I˛{]hr-Øn-]-T\ taJ-e-I-fnse Ip´n-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Øhpw
hne-bn-cp-Øepw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\-Xm¬∏-c-y-sØbpw hy-‡n-X-z-hn-I-mk-sØbpw Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
Xn-\p≈ ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[-\-{]-{In-b-sbbpw \nc-¥c aqe-y-\n¿W-b-{]-{In-bsbbpw
klm-bn-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmbn sa‚dnMv hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sa‚dnMv A\p- -h-
ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- - Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ k©n-Xtc-J-bn¬ tN¿°Ww.
kvIqfnse apgp-h≥ A[-ym-]-I-scbpw sa‚¿am¿ Bbpw F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw sa‚n
Bbpw ]cn-K-Wn®psIm≠m-hWw sa‚dnMv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xv. ¢mknse F√m Ip´n-
I-sfbpw sNdnb {Kq∏p-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw Hmtcm {Kq∏ns‚bpw ]ptcm-KXn
Dd-∏m-°m-\p-X-Ip∂Xn\v {]kvXpX ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[-ym-]-Isc
NpaXetb¬∏n-°m≥ Btem-Nn-°m-hp-∂-XpamWv.
1.13 A[ym-]-I¿ sXmgn¬]-c-ambn ]men-t°≠ [m¿anI \nb-a-kw-lnX
(Code of Professional Ethics for School Teachers)1. hnZym¿Yn-I-tfm-Sp≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃
1.1 F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw kvt\l-hm-’-ey-ß-tfmsS s]cp-am-dp∂p.
$ F√m hnZym¿Yn-I-tfmSpw ka- m-h-\-tbmsS s]cp-am-dpI.
$ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\
\¬IpI.
$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬ Bfl-hn-izm-kw, Xm¬∏-cyw, {]Xymi F∂nh P\n-∏n-
°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-hWw s]cp-am-‰w.
1.2 PmXn, aXw, h¿Kw, h¿Ww, kmº-ØnI\ne-, `mj, enwKw, P∑-ÿew F∂o
]cn-K-W-\-I-fn-√msX, \oXn, ]£-]m-X-cm-lnXyw F∂o aqey-ßsf _lp-am-
\n-°p∂p.
$ A[ym-]-I¿°v P\m-[n-]XyXØz-ß-fn-epw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kmaq-
lnI\oXn-bn-ep-ap≈ hnizmkw hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°pw ]I-cp∂-p.
28
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$ A[ym-]IcpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnizm-k-߃, `c-W-L-S\mXØz-߃°v
FXn-cm-bn-cp∂-m¬ AXv kvIqƒ kwhn-[m-\sØ Kpcp-X-c-ambn _m[n°pw.
1.3 hnZym¿Yn-bpsS imco-cn-I-hpw _u≤n-I-hpw sshImcn-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c-]chpw
kmaq-ln-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb hnIm-k-Øn\v A¥-co-£-sam-cp-°p∂-p.
$ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb tijn-Iƒ AXns‚ ]q¿WXbnte°p
hnI-kn-°p∂ Ime-amWv kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-Im-ew.
$ _u≤nI afi-e-Øn-\p-am{Xw hnImkw \¬I-em-h-cpXv hnZym- ymkw.
$ k¿h-tXm-ap-J-amb hy‡n-Xz-hn-Im-k-am-bn-cn-°Ww hnZym- ymke£yw.
1.4 kvIqƒ Pohn-XØ-ns‚ F√m Xe-Ønepw hnZym¿Yn-bpsS hy‡nXzw am\n-°-
s∏Sp∂p.
$ a\p-jy≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Hcp hnZym¿Yn-°p≈ P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i-
ßfpw A¥ pw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ A[ym-]IcpsS `mKØp\n∂p≈ {]Xn-Iq-e-amb A`n-{]mb{]I-S-\w
hnZym¿Yn-bpsS Bflm- n-am-\sØ apdn-s∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]T-\sØ _m[n-
°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
$ kvIqfns‚ F√m {]h¿Ø-\-ßfnepw F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw kPo-h-amb
]¶m-fnØw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.
$ sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` AwKo-I-cn-®Xpw C¥y-IqSn H∏ph®-Xp-amb Ip´n-I-fpsS
Ah-Imi{]Jym]-\hpw Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-Imikwc-£W IΩo-j≥
dnt∏m¿´pw A[ym-]-I¿ a\- n-em°n {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ A®-S°w ]men-°p∂--Xn-\p-th≠n cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \nb-
am-hen Ip´n-I-fpsS a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-߃ \ntj-[n-°p--∂Xm-
h-cp-Xv.
1.5 Ip´n-IfpsS B¥cn-I-ti-jn-Ifpw {]Xn- bpw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p≈ Bkq-
{Xn-Xhpw Nn -s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v cq]w \¬I-Ww.
$ tIh-e-amb A°m-Z-anIt\´-߃°v D]-cn-bmbn Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw
tijnbpw {]Xn- bpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I F∂Xv A[ym-]IcpsS {][m-\- ISa-
bmWvv.
$ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS F√m-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ D≠m-I-Ww.
1.6 `c-W-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ aqey-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂
hn[-Øn-em-hWw ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw.
$ P\m-[n-]-Xyw, aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX-{¥yw F∂o `c-W-
L-S\m aqey-߃ ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ {][m\s∏´ B¥-cn-I-
[mc-bm-h-Ww.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
29
$ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ]uc-∑m-cpsS IS-a-Isf°pdn®v ]d-bp∂ B¿´n-°nƒ 51
F a\- nem°p-Ibpw AXnse F apX¬ sI hsc-bp≈ Jfi-߃
Dƒs°m≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.
1.7 hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-߃ A\pk-cn®v A[ym-]n-I-bpsS/ A[ym-]-Is‚
A[ym-]-\-coXn ]cnjvIcn°p∂p.
$ \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-bpsS {]Ir-Xw,
B¿PnXamb Adn-hv, A`n-cp-Nn, ]T-\-coXn XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-K-Wn®v t_m-
[-\-X-{¥-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb ]cn-jvI-cWw \n-c-¥cw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
1.8 Ip´n-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Ah-cpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-fpsS cl-ky-kz- mhw
kq£n-°p-Ibpw B hnh-c-߃ \nb-a-]-c-ambn ssIam-dm-hp∂h-¿°p-am{Xw
ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNøp∂-p.
$ Hcp Iu¨k-e¿ IqSn-bmb A[ym-]n-I/A[ym-]-I\v Ip´n-bpsS hy‡n-
]-c-amb hnh-c-ß-sf√mw Adnbmw.
$ Cu hnh-c-߃ Ip´n-bpsS \∑-bv°p-th≠n hnth-I-]q¿hw am{Xta D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.
1.9 Ip´n-Isf b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, D¬°WvTmIpe-cm-°p-I, imco-cn-I-ambn in£n-°pI,
am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°pI F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Hgn™p
\n¬°p∂-p.
$ Ip´nsb ssewKnI]oU-\-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]oU-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ah-
K-W-\-bn¬\n∂pw Nqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-
ZnXzw A[ym-]I¿°p≠v.
$ in£ sa®-s∏´ ]T-\-Øn-te°p \bn°pw F∂ sX‰n≤mcW Xncp-Ø-
s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ip´n°p e`n-°p∂ \nb-a-]-cn-c-£sb°pdn®pw
A[ym-]-I¿ Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww.
1.10 GXp hnt[-\-bpap≈ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn¬\n∂pw Ip´nsb kwc-£n-°p∂p.
$ ssewKnINqj-Ww imco-cn-I--amb BLm-X-߃ am{X-a√, hf-sc-°mew
Xßn-\n¬°p∂ am\-kn-Im-Lm-XhpwIqSn Ip´n°p≠m-°p∂p.
$ _lp-am-\-s∏´ C¥y≥ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xnbpw F≥.-kn.]n. Bdpw tPmen
ÿe-ß-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw \S-°p∂ ssewKnINqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc
\¬In-bn- p≈ am¿K-\n¿tZ-i-߃ A[ym]-I¿ ]men-t°-≠-XmWv.
2. c£n-Xm-°-tfmSpw kaq-l-tØm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃
2.1 amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSpw c£-I¿Øm-°-tfmSpw hn\-b-]q¿h-ap≈ _‘w ÿm]n-
°p∂p.
30
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$ Ip´nsb IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp--∂Xn\v Ah-cpsS c£I¿Øm-°-fp-ambpw kplr-
Øp-°-fp-ambpw A[ym-]-I¿ \√ _‘w ]pe¿tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
$ A[ym-]Icpw c£-I¿Øm-°-fp-am-bp≈ kvt\l-]q¿W-amb _‘w
Ip´nsb A[ym-]Icp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n°pw.
$ `qcn-]£w c£n-Xm-°fpw Xß-fpsS Ip´n-I-fpsS kvIqfn-\-I-Øpw -]p-d-
Øp-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂v Adn-bm≥
Xm¬∏cy-ap-≈-h-cmWv.
$ hf¿®-bpsS L -Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°p kw -hn-°p∂ ]ng-hp-IƒIqSn t\ -
ß-tfm-sSm∏w c£n-Xm-°-fp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°p--∂Xv henb Zpc-¥-߃
Hgn-hm-°p∂--Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
2.2 Ip´n-I-fpsS A¥- ns\ l\n-°p∂ GXp {]hr-Øn-bn¬\n∂pw hn´p-\n¬°pI.
$ a‰p≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-fpsS ap∂n¬h®v Bflm- n-am-\sØ CSn-®p-XmgvØn
kwkm-cn-°p∂-Xv Hgn-hm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ AXp-t]mseØs∂ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS A`n-am-\-sØbpw tNmZyw
sNøcpXv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`mKw Ip´n-I-fpsS am{Xw ]›m-Ø-esØ (Pm-Xn,
aXw, kmº-Øn-Iw, ....) ]pIgvØn∏d-bp-∂Xv a‰p≈ Ip´n-I-fn¬ hntZzjw
P\n-∏n°pw.
2.3 Ip´n-Iƒ°n-Sbn¬ C¥y-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-I-sØ-°p-dn®v A`n-am-\-
t_m[w hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p∂p.
$ At\Iw kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw `mj-I-fp-sSbpw aX-ß-fp-sSbpw hnizm-
k-ß-fp-sSbpw \mSmWv C¥y. CXv Hmtcm ¢mkv apdn-bnepw {]Xn-^-
en°pw.
$ F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ Cu \m\m-Xz-Ønepw GIXzw cq]w-sIm-≠n- p-≠v.
$ ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ kln-jvWp-Xbpw F√m kwkvIm-c-ß-sfbpw _lp-am-
\n°m-\p≈ a\ pw thWw.
$ Cu XØzw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS- hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ t_m[-]q¿h-
amb {iaw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
2.4 hnhn[ P\-hn- m-K-߃ XΩn-ep≈ hntZz-jhpw i{Xp-Xbpw hf¿Øp∂ XcØn-
ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hgn-hm-°Ww.
$ F√m aX-ß-tfmSpw hnizm-k-ß-tfmSpw `mj-I-tfmSpw Xpey-_-lp-am\w
hf¿Øp∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv ¢mkn¬ \S-t°-≠-Xv.
$ tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ød BZyw C¥y-°m-c≥, ]ns∂ am{Xw
Hcp hn`m-K-Ønse AwKw F∂ [mcWbmWv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn kvIqƒ / ¢mkv D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
31
$ ImenI-amb kmaqlnI - cmjv{Sob Imcy-߃ N¿®-sN-øp-tºmgpw A[ym-
]-I≥/A[ym-]nI GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]£Øp \n∂v kwkm-cn-°-cp-Xv.
3. A[ym-]\w F∂ sXmgn-ent\mSpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcm-Sp-ap≈ DØ-c-hmZn-
Xz-߃.
3.1 sXmgn¬sshZKv[yw hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂X-n\v \nc-¥-cw ]cn-{i-an-°p∂-p.
$ Hcp hnZym¿Ynsb \nc-¥c]Tn-Xmhm-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ A[ym-]-I\pw
Aßs\ BtI-≠-Xp-≠v,
$ \nc-¥cw hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hn⁄m\taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw
A[ym-]\coXn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Adnhv tiJ-cn-°m\pw {]tbm-K-Øn¬
hcp-Øm\pw Ign-b-Ww.
$ GsX√mw Xe-ß-fn-¬\n∂v X\n°v ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ e`n°pw F∂v
At\z-jn-°pIsb∂Xv A[ym-]-Is‚ IS-a-bm-Wv.
3.2 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ XΩnepw a‰p-≈-h¿ XΩn-ep-ap-≈ t_m[-]q¿h-amb Bi-b-
hn-\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS ]pXn-sbm-cp kwcw`w krjvSn-°p∂-p.
$ A°m-Z-an-I-amb DW-¿hv P\n-∏n-°p∂--Xpw F√m A[ym-]-I¿°pw Xß-
fp-tS-Xmb kw`m-h\ \¬Im≥ Ignbp-∂Xp-amb Hcp ss\Xn-IX kvIqfn¬
krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ Cß-s\-sbm-cp-W¿hv D≠m-°p∂--Xn\v Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-amb
kl-I-cWw F√m A[ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂pw D≠m-h-Ww.
$ kvIqfnse {]iv\߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p--∂Xn¬ F√m A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw
{Inbm-fl-I-amb \n¿tZi-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D≠m-I-Ww.
$ A[ym-]Isc am{Xa√, kvIqƒ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Xm¬∏-cy-ap≈ F√m hn`m-
K-sØbpw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°m≥ A[ym-]-I\v
Ign-b-Ww.
3.3 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcmSv A¥-t m-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-dp-∂p.
$ kvIqfnse F√m A[ym-]-I-tcmSpw Ah-cpsS hnZym- ymktbmKy-Xtbm
Ah¿ GXp hn`m-K-Ønse Ip´n-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-sht∂m ]cnKWn-
°msX A¥-t m-sSbpw _lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw s]cp-am-d-Ww.
3.4 A[ym-]-I¿ kzIm-cySyqj≥ FSp-°p-Itbm a‰p kzIm-cy hnZym- ymk{]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Itbm sNøp∂-n-√.
$ A[ym-]-I≥ kzImcySyqj≥ FSp-°p-∂Xv Ah-cpsS kvIqƒ {]h¿-Ø-\-
ßsf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p∂-p.
$ kz¥w {]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je anI-®-Xm-°m-\p≈ kabw Ah¿°v \jvS-am-
Ip∂-p.
32
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$ kz¥w hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v kzIm-cySyqj≥ \¬Ip-tºmƒ AXv kvIqfnse
ss\XnIXØz-߃°pXs∂ hnLm-XamI-Ø° s]cp-am-‰-߃°p Imc-
W-am-bn-Øo-cpw.
3.5 Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw Xocp-am-\-ß-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-sa∂v Adn-bm-hp-
-∂Xn-\m¬ GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈ kΩm-\-ßtfm a‰p klm-b-ßtfm
kzoI-cn-°p∂n√.
$ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ B\p-Iq-ey-߃ {]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v \¬I-
s∏-Sp∂ hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ kΩm-\-߃ A[ym-]-I¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn¬\nt∂m
c£-I¿Øm-°-fn¬\nt∂m kzoI-cn-°-cp-Xv.
3.6 kl{]h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-scbpw D∂-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw A\m-h-iy-
amb Btcm-]-W-߃ D-∂bn-°p-∂n-√.
$ ]c-kv]cw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hn`m-KobkwL-߃ A[ym-]-I¿°n-S-bn¬
A`n-Im-ay-a-√.
$ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿s°-Xn-cmbn sXfn-hp-I-fn-√mØ Btcm-]-W-߃ D∂-
bn-°-cpXv.
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚/kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-bpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v
Kpcp-X-c-amb sX‰v ImWp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXv ko\n-b¿ A[ym-]-I-cpsS
{i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
3.7 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sStbm hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-sStbm c£n-Xm-°-fp-sStbm
ap∂n¬h®v Hcp kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is\ A[n-t£-]n®v kwkm-cn-°p∂-n-√.
$ A[ym-]-Isc-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-ßfmb A`n-{]m-b-߃ D≠mImw.
F∂m¬ AXv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ coXn am\y-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ kl-{]-h¿Ø-Is‚ A[ym-]\coXnsb A]-l-kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬
kwkm-cn-°-cpXv.
3.8 kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS A[ym-]-\-\n-e-]m-Sp-Isf am\n-°p-∂p.
$ A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ anIhp ]pe¿Øp--∂h-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf «mLn-°p-
Ibpw AØcw anIhv B¿Pn-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. F∂m¬
AXv XnI®pw A‘-amb A\p-I-c-W-am-I-cp-Xv.
3.9 kl-{]-h¿ØI-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ kzImcyhnh-c-߃ cl-ky-ambn kq£n-
°pIbpw \nb-a-]-c-ambn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ am{Xw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNøp∂p.
$ GsX-¶nepw Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn tiJ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂, kl-{]-h¿Ø-Isc-
°p-dn-®p≈ hy‡n]c-amb hnh-c-߃ clkykz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬
Ah \nb-a-]-c-amb Imcy-߃°p am{Xta shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mSp≈q.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
33
1.14 So®nMv am\-z¬
ssZ\w-Zn\ ]mTm-kq{XW tcJ-bmWv So®nMv am\z¬. ]T-\-t\- -ßsf e£y-am°n
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønepw So®¿sS-IvÃnepw \¬In-bn-´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Xs‚
¢mknse Ip´n-Iƒ°v tbmPn® coXn-bn¬ hg-°-tØmsS, am‰-߃ hcp-Ønbpw
Iq´n-t®¿Øpw {]{Inbm t]Pv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bmWp th≠-Xv.
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏wXs∂ hne-bn-cp-Øepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈
Bkq-{X-W-amWv {]{In-bm-t]-Pn¬ Fgp-tX-≠-Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS e`n-
°p∂ hnh-c-ß-ƒ hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pnep≠mbn-cn-°-Ww.
IrXyhpw A¿Y-]q¿W-hp-amb Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-hWw So®nMv am\z¬. Cßs\ Hmtcm BgvN-bnepw \S-∏n-
em-°nb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ßsf
(ssZ\w-Zn\ hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pn-ep≈) ASn-ÿm-\-am°n So®¿ Hcp eLp-hmb
{]Xn-^-e-\-°p-dn∏v (Reflection Note) Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw SRG/Subject CouncilF∂n-h-bn¬ N¿®sN-øp-Ibpw thWw. Cu Ipdn-∏ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-
°Ww So®-¿ XpS¿∂p≈ Bkq-{X-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv.
So®nMv am\z-ens‚ t^m¿am‰v NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
34
So®¿ sSIvÃv
So®nMv am\-z¬
]mT-Øns‚ t]cv :
XnøXn :
{]Xo-£n-°p∂ kabw :
Xow :
]T-\-t\- -߃ :
Bi-b-߃ :
tijn-Iƒ :
`mjmhkvXp-X-Iƒ (`mj-bv°p -am-{Xw) :
hy-h-lmccq]-߃ (`mj-bv°p- am-{Xw) :
aqe-y-߃, at\m- m-h-߃ :
]T\kma-{Kn-Iƒ :
{]Xo-£nX D¬∏-∂-߃ :
{]{Inbm t]Pv hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pv
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw (hne-bn-cp-ج hnh-c-ß-fmWv
AS-ßnb {]{Inb ChnsS Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.)
slUvankv{Skv/slkvam-ÃdpsS H∏v A[ym-]-I≥/A[-ym-]nIbpsS H∏v
]cn-kc-]-T\w
35
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{]Xn- -e-\m-flINn¥ (Reflections)Fs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ, Xncn-®-dn-hp-Iƒ
(]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج {]{In-b-bn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-ß-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬)
$
$
$
$
XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]cn-lmc{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ˛ kqN\
$
$
$
$
{]Xn- -e-\m-flI Ipdn∏v (Reflection note) F¥n\v?
$ {]Xn-hmc SRG, k_vP‰v Iu¨kn¬ tbmK-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n°p∂-Xn-\v.
$ XpS¿ Bkq-{X-W-Øn\v Znimt_m[w \¬Ip∂-Xn-\v.
$ tSanse kn. C. t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn-\v.
36
So®¿ sSIvÃv
]T\w (Learning) F∂Xv Ip´nIfn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw \nc-¥-c-ambpw \S-°p∂
Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. ]T\w Imcy-£-a-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬, A\p-`-h-߃ Dt±-iym-[n-
jvTn-X-hpw ]T-\-t\-´-߃ tI{μo-I-cn-®p-am-IWw. Ip´n- t\-tS≠ tijn-Isfbpw
[mc-W-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v A[ym-]-I\v hy‡-amb Ah-t_m[w D≠m-I-Ww.
Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v D≠mth≠ ]T\t\ -߃ (Learning outcomes)ap≥Iq´n I≠p-sIm≠v ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww. Cu {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ Pohn-X-k-μ¿ -ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw.
C{]-Imcw t\Snb tijn-I-fpw [mc-W-Ifpw ]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v F{X-
am{Xw ]cym-]vX-amWv? ]T-\-t\-´-߃ ssIh-cn-°m≥ C\nbpw tijn-°p-∂-h¿
Bsc√mw? \¬tI≠p∂ XpSc\p-`-h-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-IWw? Ah Fßs\
\¬Ipw? C{]-Im-c-ap≈ Nn¥-I-fmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-s‚ `mK-ambn A[ym-]-I-cn¬
D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.
Hcp ]mT- m-K-Øns‚/bqWn-‰ns‚ hn\n-a-b-Øn-\p-tijw "Fs¥ms° ]Tn®p' F∂v
hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ {]{Inbsb ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-ج (Assessment of learning)F∂p ]d-bmw. ]mT- m-K-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hv, ]T-\-
\n-e-hmcw F∂n-h-bmWv ChnsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXv hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚
Hcp Xew am{Xta BIp-∂p-≈q.
F∂m¬ ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mWv IqSp-X¬
{]mapJyw I¬∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]T\w \S-°p∂ thf-bn¬ AXns‚ Imcy-£-a-X-
bv°p-th≠n A[ym-]-It\m kl-]m-Tn-Itfm \S-Øp∂ hnhn-[-ß-fmb CS-s]-S-ep-
Iƒ D≠m-Imw. ]T-\-Ønt\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw oUv_m°v \¬Iepw
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ as‰m-cp -X-e-am-Wv. CXns\ ]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-ج
(Assessment for learning) F∂p ]d-bmw. CXv ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n \nc-
¥cw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xpw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-tØmSv Cg-tN¿∂v \n¬°p-∂-Xp-amWv.
CtXm-sSm∏w ]T-\-Øn-eqsS t\Snb Bi-b-ßsfbpw [mc-W-I-sfbpw kzbw
hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw am‰-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp∂
Hcp Xncp-ج {]{In-bbpw D≠v. CXns\ kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-embn Icp-Xmw.
C{]-Imcw kzbw \n¿h-ln-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsSbpw ]T\w km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
CXns\ hne-bn-cp-جXs∂- ]-T\w (Assessment as learning) F∂p ]d-bmw.
hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]\w
]cn-kc-]-T\w
37
]T\w IqSpX¬ Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿h-ln-°-W-sa¶n¬ "]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-
bn-cp-ج', "hne-bn-cp-جXs∂ ]T\w' F∂n-h-bv°v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬ \¬tI-
≠-Xp-≠v. AØ-c-Øn¬ ]T\w ^e-{]-Z-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ hne-bn-cp-ج {]{In-b-
Iƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ kao-]-\-amWv \Ωƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T\kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXn\v
A\p-Kp-W-amb Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]-\hpw kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn-
\m¬ ]T-\-t\- -ß-ƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ hne-bn-cp-ج kao-]-\-amWv (Out-come focused assessment approach) kzoIcn-t°-≠-Xv. ]T-\-t\-´-߃°v
Du∂¬ \¬In cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ "kPoh-]-
¶m-fnØw' Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. hna¿i-\m-flINn¥, bp‡nNn¥, ]T-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-
-e-\hpw {]I-S-\hpw, ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-amb Adnhv XpS-ßn-bh ]T-\-t\- -߃°v
Du∂¬ \¬In-bp≈ ]T-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.
\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج (CCE)
\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn--cp-ج coXn-bmWv \mw kzoI-cn-®ncn°p-∂-Xv.
Ip´n-bn¬ A\pkyq-X-ambn \S°p∂ Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv ]T\w. AXp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ tijn-Ifpw [mc-W-Ifpw F{X-tØmfw t\Sn F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ hne-
bn-cp-ج {]{In-bbpw \nc-¥-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ka-{K-amb hne-bn-cp-ج F∂-
Xp-sIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-bpsS ssh⁄m-\n-I-hpw kmaq-ln-I-hpw sshIm-
cn-I-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fnse hne-bn-cp-ØemWv.
t{KUnMv coXn
\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v t{KUnMv coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xv. ss{]a-dn-X-e-Ønse t{KUnßn\v s]mXp-hmbn A©v t]mbn‚ v t{KUnMv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. A©v t]mbn‚ v t{K-Unßns‚ t{KUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am-\hpw
t{KUpw NphsS \¬Ip-∂p.
t{KUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am\w t{KUv
75 - 100 A
60 - 74 B
45 - 59 C
33 - 44 D
33 ¬ Xmsg E
hne-bn-cp-ج {]{In-b-bpsS XpS¿®bpw ka-{K-Xbpw Dd-∏m-°p∂Xn\p-th≠n {][m-
\-ambpw c≠v taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
38
So®¿ sSIvÃv
CCE taJ-e-Iƒ
1. ssh⁄m-\nItaJe
2. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cn-ItaJ-e
Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hnImkw kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-ج
Ip´n ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p∂ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp∂p. `mjmhnj-b-߃, imkv{Xhnj-b-߃ (ASn-ÿm-\-imkv{Xw, KWn-
Ximkv{Xw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw), Iem-]T\w, {]hrØn]T\w, Btcm-Ky -Im-bnI
hnZym- ymkw XpS-ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬s∏Sp-Ømw. Hmtcm
hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-t\- -߃ Is≠Øn Ah F{X-tØmfw t\Sm≥
km[n®p F∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \S-tØ-≠Xv. ChnsS c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ hne-
-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv.
1. \nc-¥chne-bn-cp-ج (CE)
2. tSw hne-bn-cp-ج (TE)
\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج ( ( ( ( (CE)))))
ss{]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ `mjm-hn-j-b-ßfpsS -]-T\ØneqsS At\-I-ti-jn-I-fpsS
B¿P\w \S-t°≠Xp≠v. CXn¬ Bi-b-߃, hkvXp-X-Iƒ, hnhn[ hn⁄m-\-
ta-J-e-Iƒ, k¿Km-fl-I-c-N-\-Iƒ XpSßn sshhn-[y-am¿∂ D≈-S-°-hp-ap-≠v. Ch
Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v `mjm-ti-jn-Isf \n¿W-bn-°pI ZpjvI-c-am-Wv. tI´pw hmbn®pw
Imcy-߃ {Kln-°p-I, ]d™pw Fgp-Xnbpw AXv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I, k¿Km-flI cN-
\-Iƒ \S-ØpI XpS-ßnb tijn-Iƒ `mjm-]T\hp-ambn _‘-s∏- mWv hf¿Øn-
sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ tIhetijn-I-fmtbm hn⁄m-\kºmZ-\-amtbm `mjm-
]-T-\sØ th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn-√.
1, 2 ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Xoap-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv `mj, (ae-bm-fw, Cw•o-jv,
CXc- m-j-Iƒ), ]cn-k-c-]-T-\w, KWnXw F∂o hnj-b-ß-fnse {]h¿Ø-\-߃
Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu ¢mkp-I-fnse D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bmbn
{]kvXpX Xoans\ \ap°v \nP-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hmNn-Ihpw enJn-X-hp-amb tijn-I-
fpsS hnIm-k-Øn¬ {]mY-an-I-L- -Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-I-fm-I-bm¬ {ih-Ww,
`mj-Ww, en]n-hn-\ym-k-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b¬, D®m-c-W-hy-‡-X-
tbm-sS-bp≈ hmb-\, icn-bmb Bte-J-\-{I-aw, cN-\-bnse hf¿® F∂nh `mjm-
ti-jn-I-fpsS {]mY-anIL´ß-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠n-h-cpw.
imkv{X-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-L- -Ønepw Ip´n- B¿Pn® Bib
[mc-W-Iƒ, ssIh-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
39
ChnsS aq∂p coXn-bn-ep≈ \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂Xv.
$ ]T\{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
$ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج
$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج (Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-s‚bpw ka-{K-amb hne-bn-cp-
ج)
Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ ]T\{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج
]T-\-{]-{In-b-bpsS mK-ambn tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n A[ym-]-I≥ hnhn-
[-ß-fmb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂p. Hmtcm {]h¿-Ø\w \S∏m°p-
tºmgpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fn-Øw, ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]I-S-\-Øn-
setbm Ah-X-c-W-Øn-setbm anI-hv, {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn Fgp-Xm\pw Ipdn--∏p-
Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m-\p-ap≈ A`n-cp-Nn, Ip´n-Iƒ°v \n¿ZnjvS tijn-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw
B¿Pn-°m≥ Ign-™n- p≠v XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {iahpw
So®-dpsS `mK-Øp-\n∂v D≠mhWw. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ, ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bnse
]TnXm-hns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v s]mXp-hmbn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn°mw F∂p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1. {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw ({]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-Sp-°m-\p≈ k∂-≤X,
hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp-∂-Xnse anI-hv, {Kq∏nse CS-s]-S¬,
Bi-b-߃ ]¶p-h-bv°¬....)
2. Bib[mcW
3. tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬
4. {]I-S\w/Ah-X-cWw
5. tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/Xbmdm°¬
{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN--Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "{]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw'
F∂ kqNIw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ G‰hpw anI® ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-
≈-h¿, anI® ]¶mfn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, icm-icn ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈-h¿, C\nbpw sa®-s∏-
tS-≠-h¿ F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ/ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
So®nMv am\z-ens‚ hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. Hcp tSan-\p-≈n¬ F√m
]Tn-Xm-°-tfbpw Hmtcm kqN-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw hne-bn-cp-ج \SØn
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
CXv F{]-Im-c-am-Im-sa∂v KWn-X-Ønse Hcp {]h¿Ø\ØneqsS ]cn-tim-[n-
°mw.
40
So®¿ sSIvÃv
1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI H‰kwJy-I-fpsS FÆsØ
AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®-Xm-bn-cn-°pw F∂ Bibw cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p-
≈-XmWv Cu {]h¿Ø\w. (DZm: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 4 x 4 = 16).
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج, ]´nI hni-I-e\w sNø¬, ]c-kv]c
_‘w Is≠-ج, \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°¬ F∂o tijn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw e£y-
an-Sp-∂p.
CXn-\mbn So®¿ Hcp {]iv\w sImSp-°p-∂p.
Hcp Ip´n Xos∏´n ASp-°n-h®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp {]tXyI coXn-bn-em-Wv. G‰hpw
apI-fn--esØ hcn-bn¬ H∂v, AXn\v Xmsg hcn-bn¬ 3, AXn\p XmgsØ hcn-
bn¬ 5 F∂n-ß-s\.
Cßs\ 10 hcn hbv°m≥ F{X Xos∏- n D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠mIpw? Cßs\ 30 hcn
hbv°m≥ F{X Xos∏- n th≠nhcp-sa∂v Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ¢mkvdqw {]{Inb ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
10 hcnhbv°m≥ F{X I√v D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠mIpw F∂ tNmZy-amWv BZyw ]cn-
K-Wn-°p-I.
Ip´n Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn¬ DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂p.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 100
GXm\pw t]¿ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
30 hcn-bn¬ F{X-sb∂v CXpt]mse I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ffp-∏-amtWm?
hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI Xos∏´n-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w ]cn-tim-
[n-°m≥ Hcp ]´n-I-bn¬ hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
F¶n¬ ]´nI Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww?
Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw hy‡n-K-ambn ]´nI D≠m-°p-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ¢mkn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ¢mkv N¿®bv°v tijw s]mXp-hmb ]´nI cq]o-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw AXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
41
]´nI
hcn hcn-bnse FÆw BsI FÆw
1 1 1
2 3 4
3 5 9
4 7 16
5 9 25
6 11 36
So®¿ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p:
hcn-bpsS FÆhpw BsI FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Is≠-Øm≥
Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?
hy‡n-K-X-ambn Is≠-Øp-∂p.
Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h¿°mbn So®¿ Nne tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-∂p:
hcn H∂m-Ip-tºmƒ F{X Xos∏´n?
hcn c≠m-Ip-tºmƒ F{X Xos∏´n?
hcnbpw Xos∏´n-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘w Dt≠m?
................................................................ ?
................................................................ ? F∂n-ßs\
Is≠-Ønb Imcyw t\m v_p-°n¬ Ipdn-°p-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv ]c-kv]cw
hne-bn-cpØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
¢mkn¬ AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
N¿®bv°v tijw ho≠pw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xp-∂p.
hcn-bpsS FÆsØ AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ KpWn-®m¬
BsI Xos∏´n-I-fpsS FÆw In´pw.
XpS¿∂v So®¿ Hcp tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p: 1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS
XpI ImWm≥ F¥mWv Ffp∏hgn?
Ip´n-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p. {Kq∏n¬ N¿®. - ]ckv]cw hne-bn-cp-ج ˛
sa®-s∏-Sp-ج.
¢mkn¬ Ah-X-c-Ww.
N¿®bv°v tijw sa®-s∏-SpØn Fgp-X¬.
42
So®¿ sSIvÃv
1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb H‰kwJy-I-fpsS XpI ImWm≥ H‰kwJy-I-fpsS
FÆsØ AXpsIm≠pXs∂ KpWn-®m¬ aXn.
Cu ]T-\-{]-{In-bbnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ hnhn[ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v
hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-fnØw
˛ {]h¿Ø\w Gs‰-SptØm?
˛ hy‡nK-X-ambn sNøm≥ {ian-®n- pt≠m?
˛ {Kq∏n¬ ^e-{]-Z-ambn CS-s]- n- pt≠m?
˛ Bi-b-߃ ]¶p-h-®n-´pt≠m?
$ Bi-b-[m-cW
˛ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn D≠m-tI≠ Bi-b-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ign-™n-´pt≠m?
-˛ ho≠pw {]h¿Ø-\tam ^oUv_mt°m \¬tI≠n h∂n- pt≠m?
$ tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°¬
˛ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ tijn-Iƒ t\Sm≥ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-
™n-´pt≠m?
-˛ ]´nI cq]o-I-cn-®n- pt≠m?
˛ hcn-Ifpw Xos∏- n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m?
A[nI tNmZy-ßfpw So®-dpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw Bh-iy-ambn h∂n- pt≠m?
-˛ ]´nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m? a‰p-
≈-h-cpsS klmbw th≠nht∂m?
$ {]I-S\w/ Ah-X-cWw
˛ hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v tijhpw {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø\-Øn\v tijhpw
Is≠-Ønb Imcyw Ah-Xcn∏n-°m≥ {ian-®n- pt≠m?
˛ \nK-a\w bp‡n-]q¿hw ka¿Yn-°m≥ Ign-™n- pt≠m?
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/ Xbm-dm-°¬
-˛ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-
Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´pt≠m?
-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬ BtWm?
-˛ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m?
-˛ ]´nI icn-bmbn Xbm-dm-°nbn´pt≠m?
-˛ hy‡n-K-Xambpw {Kq∏v N¿®bv°v tijhpw ¢mkv N¿®bv°v tij-hp-
ap≈ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fpt≠m?
Ipdn∏v : Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Cu kqN-I߃ D]tbm-Kn®v F√m Ip´n-I-
sfbpw hne-bn-cpØn t{KUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂n-√. Cu kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-
]cn-kc-]-T\w
43
ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp tSanse samØw {]I-S-\-sØ-bmWv hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv. CXn-
\mbn So®-dpsS hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pn¬ Nne Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. tSans‚
HSp-hn¬ Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 kvtImdp-Iƒ \¬In-bmWv {]{In-b-bpsS
t{KUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ sXfn-hmbn Ip´n-bpsS t\m´v_p°nse tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn `mj-bn¬ ]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-
≠Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
`mj-bn¬ D≈-S-°-]-c-amb Bibw e`n-°p∂p F∂-Xp-t]mse {][m-\-amWv hyh-
lm-c-cq-]-kw-_-‘n-bmb Adnhpw `mjm-ti-jn-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw Ip´n-bn-ep-≠m-
Ip∂p F∂-Xpw. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ kqN-I-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Fß-s\-bmWv
]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv?
$ ]¶m-fnØw
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Xm¬∏cyw, {Kq∏v {]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]¶m-
fn-Øw, hyXykvX `mjm-]-T-\-k-t¶-X-ß-fn-eqsS (sse{_-dn, Assk≥sa‚ v
]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ ...) Adnhv \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°p∂ coXn F∂n-h-sbms° CXn¬
]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
$ Bib[mcW
`mj-bnse D≈-S-°-]-c-amb [mc-W, hyh-lm-c-cq-]-Øns‚ LS-\, KpW-\n-e-
hmc kqNI-߃, `mjm-]-c-amb anIhv F∂n-h-bn¬ ]Tn-Xmhv FhnsS
\n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv A[ym-]nI ChnsS hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.
$ tijn-Iƒ
{ih-Ww, `mjWw, hmb-\, teJ-\w, k¿Km-fl-IX XpS-ßnb tijotaJ-e-
I-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpØn ^oUv_m°v \¬Ip-∂p. ChnsS
hnhn[ mjm hyh-lmctaJ-e-Iƒ, mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, Bi-b-hn-\n-abw F∂n-
h-bn¬ Ip´n-bpsS {]I-S\w IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.
$ {]IS\w/Ah-X-cWw
`mj-bn¬ Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn\v hyXykvX hgn-I-fp-≠-t√m. Ip´n-bpsS cN-\m-
ti-jn-t]m-se-Øs∂ {][m-\-amWv a‰p `mjm-{]-I-S-\-ßfpw (]mcm-b-Ww,
Bem-]-\w, A`n-\-bw, Nn{Xw-h-c, `mj-Ww) ˛ D®m-c-W-ip-≤n, kv]jvSX
F∂n-h-sbms° ]cn-K-Wn-®m-bn-cn°pw ChnsS A[ym-]nI ^oUv_m°v
\¬tI-≠Xv.
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج/Xbm-dm-°¬
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-b-t∏mƒ Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
\S-Øn-bn- pt≠m? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ coXn-bn¬
BtWm? tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\v ASp°pw Nn´bpw Dt≠m? hy‡n-K-Xambn cN\
44
So®¿ sSIvÃv
\S-Øn-bn- pt≠m? ¢mkv N¿®bv°v tijw {Kq∏n¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- pt≠m?
sX‰n-√msX cN\ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂pt≠m? F∂-
Xs°bmWv A[ym-]nI hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® taJ-e-I-fn-sem-s°, Hcp tSw Ign-bp-tºmƒ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚
ka-{K-]p-tcm-KXn I≠psIm≠v thWw ]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cpØn A[ym-
]nI t{KUv sNtø-≠-Xv.
Cu kqN-I-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂ `mjm-]-T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ Ft∏mgpw {]k-‡-am-Wv.
Hcp tSanse hnhn[ bqWn-‰p-I-fnse \n¿ZnjvS ]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°p∂ F√m
]T-\-{]{Inbbn-sebpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]I-S-\sØ A[ym-]n-Ibv°v hne-bn-cpØmw;
A\n-hm-cy-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v So®nMv am\z-ens‚ {]Xn-I-c-W-t]-Pn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
I-bp-am-hmw.
$ `mjbnse Hcp ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kq£va-{]-{Inb t\m°q. (hnh-cWw
Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]T-\-{]-{Inb)
$ Ip´n-Iƒ ]qt¥m- -Øns‚ hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
{]{In-bm-L- -߃
$ e`n® A\p-`-h-Øn-s‚bpw (t\c-\p-`-hw, Zriyw) B¿PnX Adn-hn-s‚bpw
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-K-X-ambn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
$ {Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Bh-iy-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ/Hgn-hm-°¬
\SØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ {Kq∏ns‚ Ah-X-c-Ww.
$ D≈-S-°w, LS-\, `mjm-{]-tbmKw F∂nh kw_-‘n®v ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-
N¿®.
$ hnh-c-W-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-kq-N-I߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ sa®-s∏-SpØn hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°¬.
CXns\ FUn-‰nMv {]{In-b°v hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmtgm?
Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ {]{In-bm-L-´-߃ Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?
$ hy‡n-KX cN\
$ {Kq∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°¬ ˛ N¿®
$ {Kq∏p-ev]∂w Xbm-dm-°¬ (F√m-hcpw N¿®-sNbvXv Hcp Dev]∂w Xbm-dm-
°¬).
$ {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb hnh-cWw {]Z¿in-∏n-°¬.
$ So®¿ th¿j≥ Ah-X-cWw.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
45
$ icm-i-cn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Hcp Dev]∂w ]cn-K-Wn®v IrXy-amb tNmZy-߃
tNmZn-°p∂p. (Bi-b-X-ew, hmIy-L-S-\, ]Zw, A£-cw, Nn”w)
$ N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS cN-\-Iƒ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.
Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ hnhn[ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
$ ]¶m-fnØw ˛ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-epS\of-ap≈ ]¶m-fn-Øw.
$ Bi-b-[m-cW ˛ ]qt¥m- -hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Bi-b-߃, hnh-
c-W-Øns‚ LS\, kqN-I-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw kw_-
‘n® Adn-hv.
$ tijn-Iƒ ˛ `mj-Ww, hmb-\, teJ-\w... XpS-ßn-bhbn¬ Ip´n-bpsS
Ign-hv.
$ {]I-S\w ˛ hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\ -{Kq-∏n¬ hmbn-®-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºm-gpw
{Kq∏hXc-W-th-f-bnepw.
$ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج ˛ hy‡n-KX cN-\, {Kq∏nse sa®-s∏-SpØepIƒ, {]h¿Ø-
\-ØnepS-\ofw \S-Ønb tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج F∂nh ]cn-K-
Wn®v Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ hne-bn-cpØn A\n-hm-cy-Xbv°-
\p-k-cn®v So®nMv am\z-en¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-t√m.
]T\{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃ {i≤n-®-t√m.
tSan-s\m-Sp-hn¬ ]T\{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ A[ym-
]n-Ibv°v (i) Xs‚ So®nMv am\z-¬ (ii) Ip´n-I-fpsS t\m v]p-kvXIw F∂nh B[m-
c-am°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(1) So®nMv am\z-ense hni-Zmw-i-߃
]T-\{]h¿Ø-\-߃ kq£va-X-e-Øn¬ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \nc-¥c
hne-bn-cp-ج imkv{Xo-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pambn So®nMv am\z-¬ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-
Wv. So®nMv am\z-ep-I-fn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
(i) ]T-\-t\-´-߃
(ii) Bib߃/[mc-W-Iƒ
(iii) tijn-Iƒ
(iv) aqey-߃/at\m-`m-h-߃
(v) ]T\kma-{Kn-Iƒ
(vi) {]Xo-£n-°p∂ Dev]-∂-߃
(vii) kabw
46
So®¿ sSIvÃv
(viii) {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw AS-ßnb {]{Inbm t]Ppw hne-bn-cp-
ج hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hne-bn-cp-ج t]Ppw.
(ix) hne-bn-cp-ج t]Pnse hnh-c-߃ ASn-ÿm\-am-°n-bp≈ dn vf-Ivj≥
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ.
am\z-en¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw Dƒt®¿Øp-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bkq-
{XWw, hne-bn-cp-ج kμ¿ -߃, X{¥-߃, Sqfp-Iƒ F∂nh D≠m-I-Ww.
(2) hnj-b-_-‘n-X-amb t\m´v_p°v kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-߃
ssh⁄m-\nItaJ-e-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v ASn-ÿm-\am-t°≠ {][m-\ -tc-J-
bmWv ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ t\m v_p°v. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v t\m v-_p°v klm-b-I-am-Wv. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ k¿Km-
fl-I-X, Nn¥m{]{In-b-Iƒ, `mjmss\]pWn F∂nh t\m´v_p°n¬ {]Xn-^-en-
°pw. ]mT- mKw hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ X{¥-߃, Ah-
bpsS ]q¿Øo-I-c -W-Øn\v ]Tn -Xmhv \S-Øp∂ aps∂m-cp -°-߃,
{]h¿Ø\ßfpsS hnhn[ L -ß-fnse CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ XpSßn F√m hnh-c-ßfpw
t\m´v_p°n¬ D≠m-I-Ww. {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏´ Dev]-∂-߃ kw_-
‘n® hni-Zmw-i-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xpw t\m v_p°n¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv.
ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn t\ -߃ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZ-
i-ßfpw ssIØm-ßpw A[ym-]nI \¬I-Ww. bqWn‰v Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ B
bqWn‰nse ]T-\-t\´-߃ ]Tn-Xmhv t\Sn-bn-´pt≠m F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Hcp tcJ-bmbn t\m v-_p-°p-Iƒ ]cn-W-an-°-Ww.
Bi-b-hy-‡-X-bp-≈Xpw kμ¿ -߃°pw Bi-b-߃°pw tbm-Py-amb ]cm-a¿i-
߃ D≈Xpw kz¥w Nn¥-Iƒ kzmwio-I-cn -°p-∂-Xpw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-
∂XpamhWw t\m´v_p-°v. Imcy-߃ X∑-b-Xz-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww.
t\m v_p°n\v ka-{K-Xbpw XpS¿®bpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
$ t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIptºmƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ F√m Dev]-∂-ßfpw
t]m¿ vt^mfn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn hne-bn-cp-Ø-Ww. ]T-\sØ kw_-‘n®v Ip´n-
°pw c£n-Xm-hn\pw A[ym-]n-Ibv°pw ^oUv_m°v \¬IpI F∂ [¿a-amWv
t]m¿ vt^mfntbm \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. CXv ]T-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw.
t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬
$ t\m´v_p°v
$ a‰p cN-\Iƒ (hy‡n-K-X-c-N-\, sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb cN-\)
$ a‰v ]T-\-sØ-fn-hp-Iƒ (Nn{X-߃, tiJ-c-߃, ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃)
]cn-kc-]-T\w
47
$ ]T-\-sØ-fn-hpIƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ip´n-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb kqN-I-߃
$ k¿Km-flI krjvSn-Iƒ
$ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Spw.
t]m¿ vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-Øen\v Xmsg sImSpØ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
$ Bibhy‡-X
$ [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw
$ A\p-tbm-Py-amb cq]-Iev]\
$ ]q¿WX
$ X\na
t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]cn-tim-[n-
°mw.
{]h¿Ø\w : ]T-t\m-]-I-cW \n¿amWw
Ggmw ¢mknse imkv{X-hn-j-b-Ønse "{]Im-i-hn-kva-b-߃' F∂ ]mT- m-K-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏ v Bh¿Ø\ {]Xn-]-X\w F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ tNm°p-
s]-´nbpw IÆmSn°jW-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip´n Hcp-]-I-cWw \n¿an-°p-∂p.
tNm°p-s]- n--bn¬ kam-¥-c-ambn c≠v hiØpw IÆmSn H´n-®p-hbv-°p-∂p. tNm°p-
s]- n-bn¬ Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-ap-≠m°n B hiØv H´n-®p-h-bv°p∂ IÆmSn
°jW-Øn¬ \n∂v ck-]mfn A¬∏w \o°w sNø-Ww. tNm°p-s]- n-bn¬ GsX-
¶nepw Hcp hkvXp h®v tNm°p-s]- n-bnse Zzmc-Øn-eqsS AI-tØ°v t\m°n-
bm¬ A\-¥amb FÆw {]Xn-_nw_w ImWmw. t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm hnebn-cp-Ø-
en-\p≈ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu {]h¿Ø\w Fßs\ hnebn-cpØmw F∂p
]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
(1) Bi-b-hy-‡X
an\p-k-ap≈ {]X-ew {]Im-isØ \∂mbn {]Xn-]-Xn-∏n°p∂p F∂pw {]Imiw
Bh¿Øn®v {]Xn-]-Xn-°p-∂Xp-aq-e-amWv At\Iw {]Xn-_nw-_-߃ D≠m-hp-∂Xv
F∂p-apff Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb Hcp D]-I-c-W-amWv CXv F∂v
Ip´n a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v.
(2) [mc-W-I-fpsS kzmwio-I-cWw
IÆmSn°jW-߃ A`n-ap-J-ambn hbvt°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, kam-¥-c-ambn {Iao-
I-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iyw, IÆmSn°jWw H´n® Hcp hiØv sNdnb Zzmc-an- v,
IÆm-Sn-bnse ck-]mfn \o°w sNbvXv, Cu `mK-Øp-IqSn AI-tØ°v t\m°p-
tºm-gm-Wv {]Xn-_nw-_-߃ IqSp-X¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp--∂Xv XpS-ßnb [mc-W-Iƒ
Ip´n°v Dt≠m F∂-dn-bm≥ Ip´n-bp-ambn N¿® \S-tØ≠n hcpw.
48
So®¿ sSIvÃv
(3) DNnX-amb cq]-L-S\
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-ß-fmWv Cu kqNIw D]--tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-Øp-tºmƒ apJy-
ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.
$ tNm°ps]´ntbm a‰v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hkvXp-°tfm Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv.
$ D]-tbm-Kn® IÆmSn°jW-ß-fpsS hep∏w.
$ GXp hi-ß-fn-emWv IÆmSn°jW-߃ H´n-®Xv?
$ {]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-tS≠ hkvXp Fhn-sS-bmWv h®-Xv?
(4) ]q¿WX
D]-I-cWw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®n- pt≠m, At\Iw {]Xn-_nw-_-߃ ImWm≥ Ign-™n-
´pt≠m XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]q¿WX hne-bn-cp-
Ømw.
(5) X\na
D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ `wKn, {]Xn-_nw_w D≠m-t°-≠- hkvXp-hns‚ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v
(DZm: ]q°ƒ, sNdn-b-]m-h-Iƒ, sse‰v, ....), hrØn, CuSv XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬
X\na ]pe¿Øp-∂pt≠m F∂p ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
ta¬ kqNn-∏n® LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Dev]-
∂sØ (t]m¿´vt^m-fntbm) hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]T-\{]-{In-b-bpsS `mK-
ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Dev]-∂-߃ AXXp-k-a-bØv hne-bn-cpØn So®n-Mvam-\z-ens‚
{]XnIcW -t]-Pntem {]tXyI Ipdn-∏p-I-fmtbm tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-bv°mw. tSan-sem-
cn-°¬ apgp-h≥ Dev]∂-ß-sfbpw ka-{K-am-bn- I≠psIm≠v kqN-I-Øn\v A\p-k-
cn®v t]mbn‚ v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]T\{]{In-b-bp-sSbpw t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm--bp-sSbpw t{KUv IW-°m-°p∂ coXn
tSan-\¬ BbmWv t{KUv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv. CXns‚ coXnimkv{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-
°mw.
{]{In-b-bpsS hne-bn-cp-ج, t]m¿´vt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bnse
Hmtcm kqN-Ihpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn "G‰hpw sa®w/sa®-s∏-´Xv/icm-icn/
C\nbpw sa®-s∏-tS-≠Xv' F∂v td‰v sNbvXv bYm-{Iaw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\ t]mbn‚ v
IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
5 kqN-I-ßfpw ]cnK-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw 4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\
t]mbn‚ v \¬In-bm¬ ]c-am-h[n 20 t]mbn‚ v F∂v IW-°m-°mw.
t{KUnMv am\-Zfiw A\p-k-cn®v Xbm-dm-°nb NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ sdUn-
sd-°-W¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v t]mbn‚ v t{KUm°n am‰mw.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
49
t]mbn‚ v t{KUv
15 - 20 A12 - 14 B9 - 11 C7 - 8 D
Below 7 E
Hcp tSanse {]{In-bsbbpw t]m¿ vt^m-fntbm C\-ß-sfbpw ka-{K-ambn I≠p-
sIm-≠p-thWw Hmtcm kqN-I-Øn\pw t]mbn‚ v \¬In t{KUn-te°v am‰m≥.
$ bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج
Hcp bqWn-‰n¬ hnhn[ ]T-\-t\-´-߃°p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]c-kv]-c-_-‘-
tØmsSbmWv hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv. CXn\v Hcp ka-{K-kz- m-h-ap-≠v. Hcp bqWn-
‰nse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ ]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Cu ka-{KXmt_m[-sØ-
bmWv (apgp-h≥ ]T-\--t\- -ß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn®v) hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xv. hmNn-I-amb
hne-bn-cp-ج, Iznkv t{]m{Kmw, Hm∏¨_p°v hne-bn-cp-ج, tNmZy-߃ Xbm-
dm-°epw DØ-c-kq-NnI Is≠-Ø-epw, ]pXnb cN-\-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-ج XpS-ßn-
bh bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \n›nX bqWn-‰nse ]T-
\-t\- -ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ip´n FhnsS \n¬°p∂p F∂v Xncn®dnbm≥ klm-
b-I-amb td‰n-MvkvsI-bn¬, sN°v enÃv XpS-ßn-b-hbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-ج ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\--tØm-sSm∏w kzm`m-hn-I-ambn \S-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv.
bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-Ø-en¬ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t]mbn‚ v \¬In t{KUv
B°n tSans‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ \n›nX t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Hcp
tSan¬ H∂n-e-[nIw bqWn‰v hne-bn-cp-ج D≠mIpw F∂Xp sIm≠v bqWn‰v
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpsS icm-icnbmWv tSans‚ HSp-hn¬ tN¿t°-≠-Xv. CXn-\p-]-
tbm-Kn® Sqfns‚ kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ kqN-I-߃ So®¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Iem-]-T-\w, {]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky-˛Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw F∂o hnj-b-
߃°pw {]{In-b, t]m¿ vt^mfntbm, bqWn‰v Xew F∂n-h-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-ج
\SØn t{KUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
CE t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn t{KUv Is≠-Øp∂ coXn
Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn-s‚-bpw ]T\{]{In-b, t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm, bqWn‰vXe hne-bn-cp-
ج F∂nhbn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw t{KUv IW-°m-°n-b-Xn\v tijw A, B, C, D,E t{KUp-Iƒ°v bYm-{Iaw 5/4/3/2/1 F∂n-ßs\ t]mbn‚ v \¬I-Ww. Cßs\
e`n-°p∂ BsI t{KUv t]mbn‚ns‚ icm-icn IW-°m°n CE t{KUv Is≠Ømw.
50
So®¿ sSIvÃv
DZmlc-W-ambn Hcp Ip´n°v ae-bm-f-Øn\v ]T\{]{In-b, t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm, bqWn-
‰vXe hne-bn-cp-ج F∂n-h-bpsS t{KUv bYm-{Iaw A, B, B BsW-∂n-cn-°-s´.
F¶n¬ BsI e`n® t{KUv t]mbn‚ v 5 + 4 + 4 = 13 BWv. icm-icn = 13 / 3 = 4.33
BWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Ip´n-bpsS t{KUv B BWv.
tSw hne-bn-cp-ج (TE)
ss{]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ `mjm-hn-j-b-߃°v tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ bqWn-‰p-I-fnse
]T-\-t\- -߃ Bkv]-Z-am°n hyh-lm-c-cq-]-߃, `mjm-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, `mjm-ti-
jn-Iƒ F∂o taJ-e-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®m-hWw tSw hne-bn-cp-ج. D≈-S° taJ-e-
Iƒ°pw tijn-Iƒ°pw Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m≠v sshhn-[y-ap≈ tNmZy-am-Xr-I-
Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. imkv{X-hn-j-b-߃°v tSan¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ bqWn-‰p-
I-fnse D≈-S°taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWv tSw hne-bn-cp-ج \S-tØ-
≠-Xv. ]T\t\ -߃°v Du∂¬ sImSp-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Bi-b-ßfpw tijn-
Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v DX-Ip∂ tNmZy-߃ CXn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°mw.
Hmtcm bqWn‰v/Bi-b-ta-Jebv°pw hnhn[ Xe-Øn-ep≈ am\-kn-I-{]-{In-b-Iƒ°pw
icn-bmb shbn-t‰Pv \¬In-s°m≠v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tNmZy-߃ Dƒs∏- n- p-s≠∂v
Dd∏phcpØn thWw tNmZy-t]-∏¿ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. tNmZy-߃°-\p-tbm-Py-amb
kqN-I-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n- hne-bn-cp-ج \n¿h-ln-
°pIbpw thWw. Hmtcm tNmZy-Øn\pw th≠n Xbm-dm-°n-bn- p≈ kqN-I-ßsf
ASnÿm\-s∏-SpØn t]mbn‚ v \¬Ip-I-bpw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Hmh-tdmƒ t{KUv Is≠-
Øp-Ibpw thWw.
Iem-]-T-\w, {]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛ImbnI -hn-Zym- ymkw F∂o hnj-b-ßsf
kw_-‘n®v tSan\¬ hne--bn-cp-ج {]I-S-\-hn-e-bn-cp-Øem-bmWv (PerformanceAssessment) \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p≈ amXr-I-Iƒ AXXp hnj-b-ß-fpsS
lm‚ v_p-°n¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Iem-]-T-\w, {]hr-Øn-]T\w, Btcm-Ky˛-Im-bnI
hnZym- ymkw F∂o hnj-b-߃°pw Cu coXn-bn¬ t{KUv \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.
ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ tSan-\¬ t{ImUo-I-cWw
(1) ¢mkv 1 apX¬ 4 hsc
1 apX¬ 4 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-
cp-ج, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-ج F∂nh {]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F1 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F1 t^m¿am‰v A\p-
_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn- p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh t{KUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-
≠-Xv. F1 t^m¿am‰n¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw kn.C., Sn.C. hni-Zmw-i-߃ aq∂v
tSap-I-fn--teXpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Htc t^m¿am-
]cn-kc-]-T\w
51
‰n¬ H∂n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Ip´n-bpsS sa®-s∏-S¬ {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn kw -
hn-°p-∂pt≠m? Bscm-s°-bmWv ]n∂m°w t]mIp-∂Xv? XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃
a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
(2) ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsc
5 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Hmtcm hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn kn.C. hne-bn-
cp-ج, Sn.C. hne-bn-cp-ج F∂nh {]tXy-I-ambn I≠v tSan-\-embn tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn F2 t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F2 t^m¿am‰v A\p-
_-‘-ambn \¬In-bn- p-≠v. kn.C., Sn.C. F∂nh t{KUp-I-fmbmWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-
≠-Xv.
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-ج
ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-esbt∏mse Xs∂ {][m-\-amWv kmaq-lnI -ssh-Im-cnI taJ-
e-bnsebpw hne-bn-cp-ج. Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning to live to-gether, Learning to be F∂nh-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ss\]p-Wn-I-fmWv ChnsS ]cn-
K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-ambn _‘-
s∏-SpØn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-XmWv.
1 Bibhn\n-ab tijn (Communication skills)
2 hy‡ym-¥c ss\]pWn (Interpersonal skills)
3 kl- mhw (Empathy)
4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with emotions)
5 am\-knI kΩ¿±-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with Stress)
6 {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn (Problem solving skills)
7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ (Decision making)
8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥ (Critical thinking)
9 k¿Km-flItijn (Creative thinking skills)
10 kzbm-h-t_m[w (Self-awareness)
ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ hnhn[ hnj-b-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-]-I¿
Xs∂ Ch-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-°-Ww. AXXv hnj-b-ß-fpsS {]{Inbm
hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn Cu hne-bn-cp-Øepw \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ChnsS
{]{In-bm-tijn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w aqey-߃/at\m- m-h-߃ F∂nh cq]-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xpambn _‘-s∏´ hne-bn-cp-جIqSn \S-°-Ww.
52
So®¿ sSIvÃv
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe-bnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂
KpW]-c-amb C\-߃ Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpIbmWv th-≠-Xv. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-
hn-s‚bpw KpW]c-amb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t{]m’m-ln∏n°s∏-tS-≠Xp≠v.
hne-bn-cp-ج ˛hm¿jnI t{ImUo-I-cWw
(1) ¢mkv 1 apX¬ 4 hsc
1 apX¬ 4 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb t^m¿am‰v (F1)
se kn.C., Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ hm¿jn-I-ambn t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F3
D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. CXn¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C.
t{KUp-Iƒ tSan-\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F3 ImWp-I). tSan-\¬
Bbn e`n-°p∂ kn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ip´n°v
e`n® G‰hpw anI® t{KUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ t{KUv.
CXv F3 t^m¿am-‰n¬ {]tXy-I-ambn hrØ-Øn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. t{KUv
Fs¥∂v kqNn-∏n-°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ip´n°v e`n® t{KUmWv
Sn.C. t{KUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-
‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc
{]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-´n√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.
(2) ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsc
5 apX¬ 8 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ AXXv hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ A[ym-
]-I¿ \¬Ip∂ hnj-b-Øns‚ kn.C., Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ (F2 t^m¿am-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bXv) hm¿jn-I-ambn t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v t^m¿am‰v F4 D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
CXn¬ Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw hnj--b-_-‘n-X-amb kn.C., Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ tSan-
\¬ Bbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. (F4ImWp-I). tSan-\¬ Bbn e`n-°p∂
kn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ 3 tSan-ep-ambn Ip´n°v e`n® G‰hpw anI®
t{KUv BWv kn.C. bpsS hm¿jn-I-am-bp≈ Hmh-dmƒ t{KUv. CXv F4 t^m¿am-
‰n¬ {]tXy-I-ambn he-bØn-em°n Hmh-dmƒ kn.C. t{KUv Fs¥∂v kqNn-∏n-
°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Sn.C. t{KUp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂mw tSan¬ Ip´n°v e`n® t{KUmWv
Sn.C. t{KUmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv.
kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse ss\]p-Wn-I-fn¬ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-
‘n®pw anI-®-h AXn-\mbp≈ tImf-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠XmWv. anIhv Xosc
]cn-kc-]-T\w
53
{]Z¿in-∏n-°mØ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ "anIhv ssIh-cn-®n-´n√' F∂ coXn-bn¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√.
C{]-Imcw ssh⁄m-\nI Xe-Øn-sebpw kmaq-ln-I -ssh-Im-cnI Xe-Øn-sebpw
]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anI-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn ]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-
Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu hne-bn-cp-ج \nc-¥-c-ambpw ka-{K-
X-tbm-sSbpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Iq´mb {ia-߃ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-
X-am-Wv. Ah km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ¢Ã¿Xe IqSn-t®-cep-I-fn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-
ج IqSp-X¬ kºp-jvS-am-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\p≈ hnhn[ t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ A\p-_-‘-ambn \¬Ip-∂p.
54
So®¿ sSIvÃv
hne-bn-cp-ج H‰-t\m- -Øn¬....
hne-bn-cp-ج
kao-]\w : ]T-\-t\- -߃°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂ kao-]\w
\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp-ج (CCE)
ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-Je kmaq-lnI˛sshIm-cnI taJe
1 Bibhn\n-abtijn(Communication skills)
2 hy‡ym-¥c ss\]pWn(Interpersonal skills)
3 kl- mhw (Empathy)4 hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-
s∏-S¬(Coping with emotions)
5 am\-knIkΩ¿±-ß-fp-ambns]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬(Coping with Stress)
6 {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn(Problem solving skills)
7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬(Decision making)
8 hna¿i-\m-flINn¥ (Criticalthinking)
9 k¿Km-flItijn(Creative thinking skills)
10 kzbm-h-t_m[w(Self-awareness)
\nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-ج tSw hne-bn-cp-ج
$ ]T\{]{In-bhne-bn-cp-ج
$ t]m¿´vt^m-fntbmhne-bn-cp-ج
$ bqWn-‰vXehne-bn-cp-ج
$ Bi-b-߃,{]{In-b-IƒapX-em-b-h.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
55
A\
p-_‘
w
56
So®¿ sSIvÃv
2) CE, TE F∂nh Hmtcm tSanepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ hnj-b-_-‘nX
t{ImUo-I-cW t^m¿am‰v ( F2) - ¢mkv 5 apX¬ 8 hsctSw : 1/2/3
hnjbw : ..................................................... ¢mkv ........................................Unhn-j≥ ...............................
\º¿ hnZym¿Yn-bpsS t]cv CE C\-߃
{]{I
nb
t]m¿
vt^
mfntb
m
bqW
n‰v
hne
-b
ncpØ
¬
BsI
CE
t{KU
v
TEt{KU
v
dnam
¿I
vkv
F2
]cn-kc-]-T\w
57
58
So®¿ sSIvÃv
a\p-jy≥ C∂p-hsc t\Snb A\p- -h-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv imkv{Xw F∂p
]dbmw. Hcp hy‡n-°p-≠m-hp∂ A\p- hw AtX kml-N-cy-Øn¬ a‰p hy‡n-
Iƒ°pw D≠m-hp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah imkv{X-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. CØcw
A\p-`-h-ßsf ap≥ A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. ImgvN,
tIƒhn, cpNn, kv]¿iw, K‘w F∂n-h-bn-eqsSbmWv Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ \ap°v A\p-
-h-th-Zy-am-hp-∂Xv. ap∂dnhpI-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ icn-bmbn \S-Øp∂ hni-
I-e\w ]pXnb Adn-hns‚ \n¿an-Xn-bn-te°v \sΩ \bn-°pw. \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp∂
Hmtcm Adnhpw ASpØ At\z-j-W-Øn-te-°p≈ hmXn-ep-I-fm-Wv. bp‡amb
tNmZy-߃ tNmZn-°p-Ibpw {]k‡amb hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°pIbpw ka-{K-amb
hni-I-e\w \SØp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS Imcy-Im-cW hnNmcw ^e-{]m-]vXn-bn-
-se-Øp-∂p. CXmWv imkv{X-]-T\coXn. Cu coXn kzmb-Ø-am-°nb kaq-l-Øn¬
A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A_-≤-[m-c-W-Ifpw \ne-\n¬°n-√. B kaqlw Nqj-W-
Øn\pw X´n-∏p-Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-hp-I-bp-an-√. AXn-\m¬ imkv{Xw i‡-amb
Hcp c£m-I-hNw IqSn-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-kvX -ta-J-e-I-fnepw {]tbm-Kn-°-
s∏-tS≠ H∂mWv imkv{X-Øns‚ coXn. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Du¿P-sØ-°p-dn®pw
]Zm¿Y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Pohn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-sam-s°-bp≈ hnh-c-- ti-J-cWw am{X-ambn
imkv{X]T\w HXpßcpXv. AXn-\p-a--∏pdw imkv{X-]-T-\-Øn\v hnim-e-amb e£y-
߃ D≠v.
]cn-kc ]T-\-Øn¬ imkv{X-]-T-\hpw kmaqly imkv{X ]T-\hpw DuSpw ]mhpw
t]mse ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-Ihpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb kao-]-\-Øn¬
A[njvTnXambn Np‰p-]m-Sns\ ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p≈ Ignhv hnI-kn-
∏n-°pIbpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v am{Xta a\p-jy\v apt∂m v t]m-Im≥ Ign-bp-Ibp≈p.
]cn-k-c-]-T\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠v \mw Dt±-in-°p∂Xv Adn-hns‚ Dev]m-Z-\hpw t\Snb
AdnhpIsf hymJym-\n-°m\pw AXv PohnX{Ia-am°n am‰m\pw Ign-bpI F∂-
XmWv.
kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ ^e-{]-Z-ambn CS]-s∏- p-sIm≠v am{Xta al-Ømb
\msfsb krjn-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p. kaq-l-Øn¬ Xs‚ ÿm\-sa-s¥∂v Xncn-
®-dn-bp-Ibpw a\pjy≥ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ kaq-l-Øn¬
Fs¥ms° am‰-߃ D≠m°n F∂v Xncn-®dnbpIbpw thWw. a\p-jy\pw a\p-
jy\pw XΩnepw, a\p-jy\pw kaqlhpw XΩnepw, a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-
epap≈ ]mc-kv]cyw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\p≈ Ahkcw ]cn-kc ]T-\-Øn-eqsS e`y-
am-°-Ww.
]cn-kc]T\ kao-]\w
60
So®¿ sSIvÃv
]cn-kc]-T\ e£y-߃
$ IuXp-Iw, Pn⁄m-k, \nco-£-W-]m-Shw F∂nh ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°pI.
$ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf imkv{Xo-b-ambn hymJym-\n-°m≥ Ign-bpI.
$ sa®-s∏-S-en-\p-th≠n ]cn-{i-an-°pI.
$ imkv{X--Øns‚ coXn kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Ibpw {]tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI.
$ \nc¥-c-amb At\z-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw e`n® hnh-c--߃ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
\nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-Ibpw sNøp-I.
$ {]IrXn {]Xn- m-k-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøpI.
$ A‘-hnizmk-ß-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw C√m-Xm-°pI.
$ imkv{X-Øns‚ Zpcp-]-tbmKw XS-bpI.
$ imkv{Xob ho£Ww cq]s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ ]cn-ÿnXn kulrZ at\m- mhw hf¿ØpI.
$ {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ hnth-I-]q¿ham-°pI.
$ {]Ir-Xn-bnse ]c-kv]-cm-{i-bXzw Xncn-®-dn-bpI.
$ kzmb-Ø-am-°nb Adnhv Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS \∑bv-°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°pI.
$ kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w F∂ Bibw hym]n-∏n-°pI.
$ ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-hp-ambn ]T-\sØ _‘-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xzhpw kmaq-lnI-ip-Nn-Xzhpw ]men®p-sIm≠v -imco-cn-I-˛am-\-
knI˛km-aq-lnI BtcmKyw ssIh-cn-°m≥ klm-bn-°pI.
$ am\-hn-I-X-bn¬ Du∂n-bp≈ imkv{Xm-h-t_m[w hf¿ØpI.
$ imkv{X-Øns‚ t\ -ß-fn¬ A`n-am--\n-°pI.
$ \mSns‚ t\ -ß-fn¬ A`n-am-\n-°p-I, ]¶m-fn-I-fm-IpI
$ imkv{X-t\- -߃ kmaq-ly-\-∑-bv°mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ imkv{X-Øn-\p-w kmaq-lnI \∑bv°pw th≠n PohnXw ka¿∏n-®-h-tcmSv BZ-
chv ]pe¿ØpI.
]cn-k-c-]-T\w ˛ kao-]\w
ap≥ ]d-™ e£y-߃ t\S-W-sa-¶n¬ ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ kao-]-\-Øn¬ am‰-
߃ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ]cn-kc-]-T\w F∂Xp Ip´n-Iƒ Xs∂ sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
61
a‰p-≈-h¿ Ah¿°p-th≠n sNøp∂ kwK-Xn-b√ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv AwKo-I-cn-t°-
≠-Xp-≠v. {]]-©-sØ-°p-dn®v Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn kzcq-]n-°-s∏´ hn⁄m\w
]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°-emWv ]cn-k-c-]-T\w F∂ ]c-º-cm-KX ImgvN-∏mSv h¿j-
߃°pap≥]pXs∂ amdn-°-gn-™p. D≈-S°w t]mse-Øs∂ {][m-\-amWv {]{In-
bbpw F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv C∂v {]_-e-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂-m¬ D≈-S-°-Øn\pw {]{In-
b-bv°p-a-∏pdw Nne -Im-cy-߃ IqSn ]cn-k-c-]-T\-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
imkv{X- -km-aq-lnI imkv{X-Øn¬ Du∂¬ \¬tI≠ Nne {][m\ taJ-e-Iƒ
D≠v.
hn⁄m-\-ta-Je (Knowledge domain)kmaq-lnI Np‰p-]mS,v {]]-©-{]-Xn- m-k-߃, Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, Ah-bpsS
hniZoI-c-W-߃ kmaq-lnI ÿm]-\-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw s]mXp \nb-a-ßfpw
AhbpsS \nd-th-‰epw XpS-ßnb hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb [mcW
e`n°m≥ ]cn-ÿnXn ]T\w klm-b-I-am-I-Ww.
]co-£-W-\n-co-£-W-߃, N¿®, kwhm-Zw, t{]mPIv‰v {]h¿Ø-\w, d^d≥kv
XpSßnbh-bn-eqsS Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ [mcW hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°mw.
{]{InbmtaJe (process domain)
Hcp {]tXyI ^ew {]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v AYhm {]tXyI e£yw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-
th≠n sNøp∂ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fpsS t{iWn-bmWv {]{Inb (Process). Bi-b-
ßfpw sXfnhp-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw Ah tiJ-cn®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-
Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-amb tijn-I-fmWv {]{In-bm-ti-jn-
Iƒ (Process skills).
Nne {][m\ {]{In-bm-tijn-Iƒ
$ \nco-£Ww
$ ZØ-߃ tiJ-cn-°epw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øepw
$ h¿Ko-I-cWw
$ Af-°epw Nm¿´m-°epw
$ ZØ߃ hymJym-\n-°epw hni-I-e\wsNøepw
$ ]co-£-W-Øn-te¿s∏-S¬
$ Nc-߃ (Variables) Xncn-®-dn-bepw \nb-{¥n-°epw
$ tNmZyw Db¿Ø¬
$ kmam-\y-hXv°-cWw
$ {]iv\-]-cn-lmcw Is≠-ج
62
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$ XmXv°m-enI\nK-a-\w (Hypothesis) cq]-hXv°-cn-°epw AXp ]cn-tim-[n-°epw
$ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-ج
$ Xocp-am-\-saSp°¬
$ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
$ {]h-Nn-°epw A\p-am-\n-°epw
$ D]-I-c-W-߃ ssIImcyw sNø¬
k¿Km-fl-I-ta-Je (Creativity domain)Ip´n-bpsS k¿Km-flI Nn¥-tbbpw `mh-\-tbbpw hf¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ kao-]-\-
amWv \mw Ah-ew-_n-t°-≠-Xv. \S∂p]Xn™ hgn-Øm-c-bn¬ \n∂p amdn \S-
°m≥, hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ Nn¥n-°m≥ Ip´n°p Ign-tb-≠--Xp≠v.
Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Nne tijn-Iƒ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p.
$ at\m-Nn-{X-߃ cq]-hXv°-cn-°¬ (Visualizing), ]co-£-W-߃ cq]-I-ev]-\-
sN-ø¬
$ hkvXp-°-sfbpw Bi-b-ß-sfbpw ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ _‘n-∏n°¬
$ hkvXp-°ƒ°v km[m-c-W-a-√mØ/ _Z¬ D]-tbm-K-߃ Is≠-ج
$ {]iv\-߃°pw {]tlfnIIƒ°pw (Puzzles) DØcw Is≠-ج
$ {`a-I-ev]-\-Iƒ cq]-h-XvI-cn-°¬ (Fantasizing)
$ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw b{¥-ßfpw Unssk≥ sNø¬
$ kz]v\w ImW¬ (Dreaming)
$ thdn´ Nn¥-Iƒ
at\m- m-h-ta-Je (Attitudinal domain)]cn-k-c-]-T\Øns‚ {][m-\-e-£y-ß-fn-sem∂v at\m- m-h-ß-fnepw aqey-t_m[-\-
Ønepw htc≠ A`n-e-j-Wob am‰-am-Wv. Bi-bßfpw {]{In-bm-ti-jn-I-fp-sams°
kzm-b-Ø-am-°n-bm¬ t]mepw Pohn-X-ho-£-W-Ønepw kmaq-lnI sshb-‡nI
{]iv\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepw th≠{X am‰w D≠m-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n¬ ]cn-k-c-
]-T\w sIm≠v \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bm-\m-hp-I-bn-
√. AXn-\m¬ at\m-`m-h-߃, aqey-߃, Xncp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ XpS-ßnb taJ-e-
Ifnse tijohn-I-k\w kw_-‘n® {]iv\sØ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w IqSpX¬ Bg-
Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n®p \ne-]m-sS-Sp-t°-≠--Xp-≠v.
Cu taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sm-hp∂ LS-I-߃:
$ imkv{Xo-b-amb Adn-hn-t\mSpw imkv{X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-tØmSpw IqSp-X¬ aa-
Xm-]-c-amb \ne-]mSv D≠m-I¬.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
63
$ kz¥w Ign-hn-ep≈ hnizmkw
$ am\p-jn-I-hnImcßsf a\-kn-em-°m\pw hne-a-Xn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhv
$ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfmSpw Nn¥I-tfmSpw IqSp-X¬ kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-
bp-≠m-bn-cn-°¬
$ kz¥w hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-߃ krjvSn-]-c-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-°¬
$ sshb-‡n-I-aq-ey--ß-fn¬ Imcy-Im-c-W-t_m-[-tØmsS Nn¥n®p Xocp-am-\-sa-
Sp-°¬
DZvt_m-[-\-ß-fn-eqsS hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ H∂√ at\m- m-h-ta-J-e-bnse tijn-
Iƒ. kaq-l-hp-am-bn, {]tXyIn®v kl-]m-Tn-I-fp-ambpw A[ym-]-I-cp-ambpw CS-]-g-
In-s°m≠v G¿s∏-Sp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hy‡-amb e£y-t_m-[-tØmsS
A[ym]I¿ {Iao-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ ]T-\-˛-t_m-[\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw
kzmbØ-am-t°-≠-h-bmWv Cu aqey-߃. t{]mPIvSv {]h¿Ø-\-߃ CXn-
s\mcpZml-c-W-am-Wv. C∂phsc Ah-KWn°s∏- p-t]m∂ imkv{Xob at\m- mhw
XpS¿aqey\n¿Wb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-am-{Xta Cu taJ-e-
bnse ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw IqSp-X¬ hnI-kn-∏n-°m\pw km[n-°p-I-bp≈q.
{]tbm-K taJe (Application domain)\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ip´n B¿Pn® Bi-b-ßfpw
{]{In-b-Ifpw aqey-ß-fp-sa√mw \nc¿Y-I-am-sW-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. AXp-t]m-se-
Xs∂ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ \n∂v A\y-amb ip≤-im-kv{X-X-Xz-߃°pw Bi-b-
߃°pw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ henb {]k‡n D≠m-sb-∂p-h-cn-√. at\m- m-h-ta-J-
e-t]mse Xs∂ ]cn-k-c-]-T\-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-X-e-Øn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ F{X
{]k‡n Df-f-Xm-sW-¶nepw ]cn-k-c--kw-_-‘-amb hnh-c-߃ Pohn-X-K-‘n-bpw
PohnX_‘nbpw Bbn-s√-¶n¬ Ip´nsb kw_-‘n®v Ah A{]-k-‡-amtb A\p-
-h-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q.
{]tbm-K-ta-J-e-bpsS Nne LS-I-߃ Ch-bmWv:
$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-߃ ssZ\w-Zn\
Pohn-X-Øn¬ \nco-£n-°p-I.
$ kzmb-Ø-am-°p∂ Bi-b-ßfpw tijn-Ifpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-
bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ ho´nse D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-
°¬.
$ ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v kzoIm-cy-amb
{]{In-b-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ج.
64
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$ ]cn-ÿnXn-kw-_-‘-amb kw -h-hn-Im-k-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ Ignhv
$ Blm-cw, Btcm-Kyw, Pohn-X-ssien XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ hy‡n-]-c-ambn
imkv{Xob Xocp-am-\-saSp-°¬.
$ a‰p hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn Adnhv _‘-s∏-Sp-ج
]cn-kc]T\Øns‚ coXn
imkv{X- km-aq-lyimkv{X ]T\w Ip´n-bpsS ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®m¬ am{Xta
Dt±-in® e£y-w ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hq. ]cn-kc-]-T\w {]{In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°-
Ww. {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I, e`n®
hnhc-߃ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I, \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-I, FØn-t®¿∂ \nK-
a\w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I, ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°pI XpS-ßnb tijn-
Iƒ hnIkn°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ \S-°-Ww.
IrXy-X-tbm-sSbpw kq£va-X-tbm-sSbpw ]co-£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw
sNøp∂--Xn\pw ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw D]-I-c-W-߃ ssIImcyw
sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\pw sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw kq£va-
X--tbm-sS-bp≈ {]IrXn \nco-£-W-Øn\pw [mcmfw Ah-k-c-ß-ƒ ]cn-kc-]-T-\-
Øns‚ `mK-ambn e`n-°-Ww. Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS D]-
tbmKw ]c--am-h[n km[y--am-°-Ww. \nXy-Po-hnXkμ¿ -ß-fpambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bm-bn-cn-°Ww ]cn-kc]-T\w. AXv Hcn-°epw ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬ HXpßn \n¬°p∂
H∂-√. AXn-\m¬ hmXn¬∏pd]T-\-߃°pw {]m[m\yw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. ]co-
£-Ww, \nco-£-Ww, ZØ-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww, ZØ-ß-fpsS hymJym-\w, D]-I-c-
W-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw, \n¿am-Ww, sa®-s∏-Sp-ج, cq]-I-ev]\ sNø¬, Xmc-
Xayw sNø¬, h¿Ko-I-cn-°¬, Adn-hns‚ {]tbm-Kw, {]h-N-\w, Af-°¬, k¿Km-
fl-I-c-N\ \S-ج, {`a-I-ev]-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°¬, ]co-£Ww Bkq-{XWw
sNø¬, A]-{K-Yn®v \nK-a-\-Øn-se-ج, s]mXp-XØzw cq]o-I-cn-°¬, tNmZy-
߃ D∂-bn-°¬ XpS-ßnb {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-
amb sshhn-[y-am¿∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
]T-\-{]-{Inb
]cn-kc-]-T\w {]{In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amhWw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ tIhew {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ sNbvXp t]mh¬ am{X-am-h-cp-Xv. Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw Hcp e£y-ap-
≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. B e£y-Øn¬ Ip´n FØn F∂v Dd∏p hcp--Øp-Ibpw thWw.
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ sNøp-Ibpw t{ImUo-I-cWw \S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ
Dt±--in® ^e-{]m]vXn ssIh-∂p-sIm-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. Hcp ]T-\-{]-{Inb ]q¿Øn-bm-
hp-tºmƒ Xm≥ F¥mWv t\Sn-b-sX∂v Ip´n°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. XpS¿]-
T-\-Øn\v CXv Ahs\ {]m]vX-\m°pw.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
65
]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv \nK-
a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sXfn-hp-I-sfbpw cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ \nK-a-\-ß-sfbpw hna¿i-
\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ]n∂n´ hgn-I-sfbpw sNbvX {]h¿Ø-\-ß-
sfbpw ho≠pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-°p-tºmƒ ]ni-Ip-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ Xncn-
®-dn-bm\pw Xncp-Øm\pw Ah-kcw e`n-°pw. Db¿∂ _u≤nI A®S°-tØmsS
hna¿i\hn-t[-b-am-°n-b-Xn--\p-ti-j-amWv e`n® Bi-b-ßsf X≈p-Itbm sIm≈p-
Itbm sNtø≠Xv. XnI®pw P\m-[n-]-Xyco-Xn-bn¬ \S-°p-∂Xpw kzX-{¥-ambpw
\n¿ -b-ambpw CS-s]-Sm-hp-∂-Xp-amb ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬ am{Xsa CXv km[y-am-hq.
A[ym-]n-I-bpsS CS-s]-S-en¬\nt∂m Iq´p-Im-cp-am-bp≈ N¿®-I-fn¬ \nt∂m \nco-
£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sStbm ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmtgm Hs°-bmhmw
Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ip´n°v hnhn-[-ß-fmb A\p- -h-߃
e`n-°-Ww.
kb≥kv tIm¿W¿
At\z-j-Wm-flI ]T-\-Øn¬ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ ]‰mØXmWv ]co-£-Ww. {]iv\
]cnlcWØn-\m-h-iy-amb ]co-£-W-Øn-te¿s∏-S¬, ]co-£Ww kz¥-ambn
Bkq-{XWw sNø¬, D]-I-c-W-߃ ssIImcyw sNø¬ XpS-ßnb tijn-Iƒ
Ip´n-I-fn¬ hnIknt°≠Xp-≠v. ]co-£-W- -\n-co-£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnƒ Ip´n \nc-
¥cw G¿s∏Sp∂XneqsS am{Xsa CXp km[y-am-Iq.
temh¿ ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Ws®e-hp≈ emt_m-d-´dn kwhn-[m-\-Øn\p
]Icw sNehp Ipd-s™mcp _Z¬ kwhn-[m\w F∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-
XmWv DNn-Xw. eLp-]-co-£-W-߃°mbn Hcp kb≥kv tIm¿W¿ Hcp-°mw.
Ipd™ hnebv°p e`n-°p∂Xpw hne-bn-√m-ØXpw Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p-∂-
Xp-amb hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠p Xs∂ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w ^e-{]-Z-am-
°m≥ A[ym-]-I¿°p Ign-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-¢m- nse kb≥kv tIm¿W¿
Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww?
$ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ffp∏w sXc-s™-Sp-°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw Ign-bp∂
coXn-bn¬ ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ {]tXyIw k÷-am-°nb Hcn-Stam, Hcp tai-tbm,
Hc-e-am-ctbm BImw. kb≥kv tIm¿W¿.
$ ¢mkp-ap-dn-bn¬ Ip´n-Ifpw A[ym-]-I\pw tN¿∂v Xøm-dm-°p-∂-tXm tiJ-cn-
°p-∂tXm Bb D]-I-c-W-ßtfm hkvXp-°tfm Bbn-cn-°Ww AhnsS k÷o-
I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ°v kz¥-ambn ]co-£Ww Bkq-
{XWw sNøm-\m-h-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ AhnsS Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww.
66
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$ sl¿t_-dn-bw (C-e-B¬_w) ]e-Xcw hnØp-Iƒ, ]£n-Øq-h-ep-Iƒ XpS-
ßnb Ip´n-I-fpsS tiJcW-ßfpw AhnsS {]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww.
$ imkv{X-⁄≥am-cpsS Nn{X-߃, Poh-N-cn-{X-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂nh {]Z¿in-
∏n-°mw.
$ IuXp-I-I-chpw Ip´n-I-fpsS Pn⁄mk DW¿Øp-∂-Xp-amb ]co-£-W-
߃°mh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw k-÷-am-°-Ww.
$ kb≥kv tIm¿W¿ Ft∏mgpw ASp°pw Nn´bpw hrØn-bp-apffXmbn kq£n-
°-Ww.
$ ]co-£-W-߃ A[ym-]-I¿ ImWn®p sImSp-°p-I-b√ th≠Xv; Ip´n-Iƒ
kzbw Ah sNbvXp t\m°-s´.
hmb-\m-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ
]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb kml-Ncyw Hcp-°pI am{X-amWv ]mT-]p-kvXIw
sNøp∂Xv. ]T\ {]{In-b, ]T\ coXn F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]T\
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te°p \bn-°p∂ ]T\ kμ¿`-߃ Hcp-°p-I-bp-amWv ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Øn\v \n¿hln-°m-\p-≈-Xv. ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ hnh-c-߃
IqSn tNcp-tºm-gmWv ]mT-]p-kvXIw ka{KamIp-∂-Xv.
]cn-k-c-]-T-Øn\v a‰p hmb-\m-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xt√?
]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\pw a‰pw Fs¥√mw kma-{Kn-Iƒ {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-SpØmw?
$ d -d≥kv {KŸ-߃
$ imkv{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ
$ _me-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
$ hm¿Øm t_m¿Up-Iƒ
$ eLp-te-J-Iƒ
]cn-ÿnXn ¢∫v
¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn Ip´n \n¿an-°p∂ D]-I-
c-W-߃, t_m[--h-Xv°-ctWm]m-[n-Iƒ, skan-\m¿ t]∏-dp-Iƒ, t{]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿ v,
]co-£-W-߃ XpS-ßn-bh AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp thZn-bmbn kvIqƒ
kb≥kv ¢∫v amd-Ww. Ip´n-I-fn¬ imkv{X˛km-aq-ly-imkv{X A- n-cpNn hf¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ i‡-amb Hcp-]m-[n-bmbn ]cn-ÿnXn-¢-_ns\ am‰nsbSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
Pq¨ amk-Øn¬ Xs∂ ¢_v {]h¿Ø\w Bcw- n°p-Ibpw Hcp h¿j-tØ-°p≈
]cn-kc-]-T\w
67
{]h¿Ø-\-]-≤Xn Bkq-{XWw sNøp-Ibpw thWw. h¿jm-h-km\w Ip´n-I-fpsS
D¬∏-∂-߃ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp -{]-Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw. ]cn-kc-]-T-
\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Zn\m-N-c-W-߃, {]tXy-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn-ep≈ hnZ-Kv[-¢m-kp-
Iƒ, skan-\m-dp-Iƒ XpSßn [mcmfw km[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnXn¢-∫n\v ap∂n-ep-≠v.
So®¿ sSIvÃv
A[ym-]n-I-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\m-kq-{X-W-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-bXpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xn\v Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip-∂Xpw IqSp-
X¬ hnh-c-߃ Is≠-Øm≥ A[ym-]n-Isb t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xpw A[ym-]n-Ibv°v
Bh-iy-amb- A[n-I-hn-hcw \¬Ip-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°Ww So®¿ sSIvÃv. ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-߃, IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃, hne-bn-cp-ج amXr-I-
Iƒ, hn\n-ab X{¥-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ A[ym-]n-Ibv°vv IqSp-X¬ Dƒ°mgvN \¬tI-
≠-Xp-≠v F∂-XmWv So®¿ sSIvÃns‚ {]k-‡n. AXn-\m¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-
I-߃ So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.
BapJw
Hmtcm bqWn-‰n\pw BapJw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. B ]mT-`mKw e£yw hbv°p∂
{][m-\m-i-b-߃, Ip´n-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-t°≠ {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ, D≠m-th≠ aqey-
ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw, hnj-b-Øns‚ kmaqly {]m[m\yw F∂nh Bap-J-Øn¬
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-Øn-te-°p≈ hmXn-ep-I-fmWv Bap-Jw.
bqWn‰v s{^bnw
{][m\ Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- mWv Hmtcm bqWn‰v s{^bnapw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-
´p-≈-Xv. bqWn‰v s{^bn-an\v aq∂v `mK-ß-fp-≠v. ]T\t\ -߃ ssIh-cn-°-W--sa-
¶n¬ GsX√mw Bi-b-߃ Ip´n a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v, GsX√mw {]{In-bm-ti-
jn-Iƒ hnI-kn-t°-≠-Xp≠v XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fmWv BZy-`m-K-Øp-≈-Xv.
ASpØ`mKØv ]T\{]h¿Ø\ß-fmWv kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≈-Xv. Ah-km\- m-KØv B
bqWn-‰n-eqsS Ip´n t\tS≠ {][m\ ]T\t\ -߃ BWv \¬In-bn- p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm
bqWn-‰n\pw Bh-iy-amb GI-tZi kabw kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm bqWn-‰n-eq-
sSbpw IS∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ Ip´n-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-tS≠ aqey-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw
bqWn-‰vs{ -bn-an¬ {]tXyIw kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≠v.
bqWn-‰n-te°v
samUyq-fp-I-fmbn Xncn-®mWv Cu `mKw {Iao-I-cn-®n- p-≈-Xv. ]mT- m-KsØ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃ ]mT-`m-
KØns‚ {Ia-a-\p-k-cn®v kqNn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. ]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏m-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb
68
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Nne {]h¿Ø-\-߃, Ifn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw \¬In-bn- p-≠v. t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-
bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ DXv]-∂-ß-fpsS kqN-\bpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.
]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-km\w \¬Inb XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Ah-km-\-tØ°v
am‰n-h-bv°msX AXXp ka-b-ß-fn¬ sNbvXp t]mh-Ww. Hcp bqWn-‰nse {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ ]q¿Øn-bm-hp--tºm-tg°pw kam-¥-c-ambn XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]q¿Øn-
bm-bn-cn-°pw.
hne-bn-cp-ج
]T\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ^e-{]-Z-ambn \n¿hln-°p-∂-Xn¬ hne-bn-cpØen\p≈
{]m[m\yw FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. Hmtcm bqWn-‰pambpw _‘-s∏´v Ip´n-
bpsS ]T-\-t\- -߃ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eq-sS-bmWv
CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v klm-b-I-amb h¿°vjo-‰p-Ifpw
kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج D]m-[n-Ifpw ]c-kv]c hne-bn-cp-ج D]m-[n-Ifpw A[ym]nI
kzbw Xøm-dm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Nne amXr-I-Iƒ So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
So®¿ sSIvÃn¬ \¬Inb A[nI {]h¿Ø-\߃, ]mT`mK-Øns‚ Ah-km\w
\¬Inb XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-߃, A[n-I-hm-b\bv°v XpS-ßnbh tSw aqey-\n¿W-
b-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xn-√.
]cn-k-c-]-T\ -]m-T-]p-kvXIw
]T\w km[y--am-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpsS ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. A[ym--]n-
Ibv°pw c£n-Xm-hn\pw a‰pw ]mT-]p-kvXIw klm-b-I-am-hp-sa-¶nepw AXv apJy-
ambpw e£yw hbv°p-∂Xv Ip´n-Isf-bm-Wv. {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-
∂-h-bm-bn-cn-°Ww ]cn-kc]m-T-]p-kvX--I-߃. Ip´n°v kzbw Gs‰-SpØv \S-Øm≥
Ign-bp-∂Xpw A[ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xp-amb [mcm-
fw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn´p-≠v. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-߃
IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®mWv Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
$ ss{]adn apX¬ lb¿ sk°‚dn hsc imkv{X˛km-aq-ly-imkv{Xm-i-b-ß-
fpsS XpS¿®bpw hf¿®bpw Dd-∏m-°n-s°m-≠mWv kne-_kv Xøm-dm-°n-bXv.
$ Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-ß-fnepw km[y-amb CS-ß-fn¬ kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-߃ D∂--bn-
°p-∂p-≠v.
$ ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-a-t\m- m-hhpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ioe-ßfpw hf¿Øp-∂-
Xn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.
$ Hmtcm ]mT- m--K-Øn\pw kzX-{¥-amb \ne-\n¬∏v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂p. Bh-iy-
amb N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-ج km[y-X-Ifpw {]h¿Ø\ \n¿tZ-i-
ßfpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
69
$ XXvkab hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v Bh-iy-amb tNmZy-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Dƒ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ Hmtcm ]mT- m-K-tØmSv tN¿∂pw {]k-‡-amb A[n-I-hn-h-c-߃ tN¿Øn- p-
≠v. Iq-Sp-X¬ At\z-jn-°m\pw Adn-bm\pw Nne km[y-X-Iƒ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.
$ ^o¬Uv {Sn∏v, t{]mP-IvSv XpSßnb hyXykvX ]T-\-X-{¥-߃ {]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ ]mT- m-K-ß-fpsS Ah-km\w Ip´n-bpsS {][m-\ -]-T-\-t\- -߃ kqNn-∏n-®n- p-
≠v. Nne hne-bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-
߃ \n¿tZ-in-®n-´p-≠v.
$ hne-bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \¬Inb "aƒ´n-∏nƒ tNmbvkv' tNmZy-߃
Bi-b-ß-fpsS {]tbm-K-X-e-Øn¬ D≈-h-bm-Wv, tIhew Hm¿a]-cn-tim-[\
e£yw h®n- p-≈-X-√.
$ Ip´n-bpsS ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw
imkv{X]pkvX--I-Øn¬ D≠m-h-Ww. F¶nepw Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\tØm-sSm-
∏hpw ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ {][m\ hnh-c-ß-fpsS
\n¿tZiw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.
$ Ip´n°v t\cn v a\-…n-em-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap≈ imkv{Xm-i-b-߃°v IqSp-X¬
hy‡X hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v sF.kn.Sn km[yX ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p. Edubuntu - school resource - ¬ D≈ hn -h-ß-fpsS kqN\ Hmtcm ]mT-
`m-K-tØmSv tN¿∂pw \¬In-bn- p-≠v.
$ Ip´n-I-fn¬ aqey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v ¢mkvap-dn-I-fn¬
t_m[-]q¿Δ-amb N¿®-Iƒ \St°≠Xp≠v. CXn-\p-X-Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
tNmZy-ßfpw ]mT- m-K-ß-fn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.
$ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-amb ]cn-io-e-\-߃,
\n¿tZi-߃ F∂n-hbpw ]mT- m-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.
]mT]pkvX-I-Øn-s‚ icn-bmb hn\n-tbmKw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-Ibpw sshhn-[y-
am¿∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw {]mtZ-inI km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-
K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw klm-[ym-]-I-cpsS kl-I-cWw tXSp-Ibpw a‰v km[y-X-
Iƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-tºm-gmWv ]T\ t_m[\{]h¿Ø-\-߃ km¿Y-
I-am-hp-∂-Xv.
70
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Standard - III]cn-k-c-]-T\w
kvIow Hm v h¿°v
\º¿ tSw bqWn-‰ns‚ t]cv amkw BsI ]ocn-b
UpIfpsS FÆw
1 ]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw Pq¨ 14
2 Ipgn-bm\ apX¬ sImº-\m-\-hsc Pq¨ 14
Pqsse
3 Pew Pohm-arXw Pqsse 10
BKÃv
4. hrØn \ΩpsS i‡n BKÃv 10
5 cpNn-tbmsS Icp-tØmsS sk]vXw-º¿ 15
6 \∑-hn-f-bn°pw ssIIƒ HIvtSm-_¿ 10
7 h¿W-Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ hoin-hoin HIvtSm-_¿ 7
\hw-_¿
8 aÆn-eqsS \S°mw \hw-_¿ 16
Unkw-_¿
9 kpc-£n-X-bm{X Unkw-_¿ 11
10 tIc-f-°-c-bn-eqsS P\p-hcn 11
11 \mw hkn°pw `qan P\p-hcn 10
s^{_p-hcn
12 Dd-ßm\pw DSp-°m\pw s^{_p-hcn 16
am¿®v
H∂
mw tSw
c≠
mw tSw
aq∂
mw tSw
]cn-kc-]-T\w
71
-bq-Wn‰v 1
$ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kky-ßsf \nco-£n®v t]cp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-
∂p.
$ kky-ßsf \nco-£n®v Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn Xcw Xncn-°m≥
Ign-bp-∂p.
$ BIr-Xn-bnepw hen-∏-Ønepw \nd-Ønepw aW-Ønepw ]q°ƒ sshhn-[y-
ap≈XmsW∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kky-ß-fnse Ce-I-fpsS BIr-Xn, aWw F∂nh \nco-£n®v
kkysØ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ ]cn-kcw \nco-£n®v Poh-\p-≈-h, Poh-\n-√m-Øh F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-™v Ah-
bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm kky-Øn-s‚bpw `£-W-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ `mK-߃ Xncn-®-dn-
bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ thcv, X≠v, Ce, Imbv F∂n-h-bpsS [¿a-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-
°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. thcv, X≠v F∂n-h-bpsS [¿a-߃ eLp-]-co-£-W-Øn-
eqsS sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ hnØv apf-bv°p-∂-L- -߃ \nco-£n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ kky-߃ kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw kwc-£-W-{]-
h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 2
$ \ap°v Np‰pw hnhn[ Xc-Øn¬s∏´ [mcmfw Pohn-Iƒ Ds≠∂pw Ah GsX-
√m-am-sW∂pw ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v hf¿Øp Pohn-Ifpw Ah-sb-sIm-≠p≈ D]-
Im-c-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Blm-c-co-Xn-°-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-Isf kkym-lm-cn-Iƒ, amwkm-lm-cn-Iƒ, an{im-
lm-cn-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-s®-gp-Xm≥ Ignbp-∂p.
$ Blm-c-co-Xn-°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ imco-cnI {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Hmtcm Pohn°pw
Ds≠∂v Xncn-®-dn-™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ i{Xp-°-fn¬ \n∂v c£-t\-Sp-∂-Xn\v Nne Pohn-Iƒ°p≈ A\p-Iq-e-\-߃
]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ Pohn-Isf k©m-c-co-Xn-°-\p-k-cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
]T-\-t\- -߃
72
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$ a\p-jys‚ Nne CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Pohn-I-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\ Fßs\ tZmj-
I-c-ambn _m[n°pw F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Pohn-Isf \mw kwc-£n-t°-≠-XmWv F∂ Bibw P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 3
$ agbv°v tijw {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ \nco-£n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ign-bp-∂p.
$ ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Pew Fs¥√mw Bh-iy-߃°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-
∂p.
$ Pe-£maw aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Pew ]mgm-°p∂ kμ¿ßƒ Is≠Øn ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-߃ \n¿t±-in-°m≥
Ign-bp∂p
$ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hc-Zm-\-amb Pew Aaq-ey-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn™v Pe kwc-
£W {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ignbp∂p
$ Pe-Øn\v BIr-Xn-bn√ F∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ InW-dnse Pew aen-\-am-Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw sNø-W-sa∂v \n¿tZ-
in-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Pew ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nne am¿K-߃ \n¿t±-in-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Pem-i-b-߃ aen-\-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v XS-bp-hm-\p≈
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 4
$ sImXpIv, Cu®, Fen F∂nh s]cp-Ip∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw AXp-aq-e-ap-≠m-
Ip∂ BtcmKy {]iv\-ßfpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bmbn kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥ms° sNø-W-sa∂v
Xncn-®-dn™v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ sImXpIp \io-I-cW {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Blm-c-Øn-eq-sSbpw IpSn-sh-≈-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]I-cm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ tcmK-
߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ sImXp-Iv, Cu®, Fen F∂o Pnhn-Ifn-eq-sSbpw sh≈-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]I-cp∂
tcmK-߃ ]nSn-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ \mw Fs¥√mw sNø-W-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn™v
{]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ hy‡n ipNnXzw ]men-°p-Ibpw ipNnXz ioe-߃ \n¿t±-in-°p-hm\pw Ign-
bp-∂p.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
73
$ hrØn F∂ Bibw {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-
∂p.
$ hy‡n ipNn-Xzhpw kmaq-lnI ipNn-Xzhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Xs‚ ]¶v
Xncn-®-dn™v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 5
$ icn-bmb hf¿®bv°pw Btcm-K-y-Øn\pw `£Ww Bh-i-y-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-
dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ B-h-i-y-amb t]mj-I-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Blm-c-Øn¬ sshhn-[-y-ap≈ `£-
W-km-[-\-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWsa∂v \n¿tZ-in°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ ]t©-{μn-b-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm\pw Ah-bpsS [¿a-߃ ]d-bp-hm\pw Ign-bp-
∂p.
$ \√ Blm-c-io-e-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°phm\pw ]men-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
$ \ap-°m-h-iy-amb £-W-h-kvXp-°ƒ qcn- m-Khpw A\y-tZ-i-ß-fn-¬\n∂v FØp-
∂-h-bm-sW∂v Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ ]®-°-dn-tØm- -Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw \n¿tZ-in-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ "`£Ww ]mgm-°-cpXv' F∂ ktμiw Xncn-®-dn™v a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ FØn°m-
\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 6
$ \ap°p Np‰pw hnhn[ Xcw sXmgn-ep-I-fp-s≠-∂p Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah ]´n-I-
s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-bp∂p.
$ Fs‚ {]tZ-isØ IqSp-X¬ t]cpw G¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ sXmgn¬ GsX∂v k¿tΔ-
bn-eqsS Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ Hcp DXv]∂w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hnhn[ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS {ia- -e-am-bn´msW∂v
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKw hni-Zo-
I-cn-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw AXnt‚Xmb al-X-z-ap-s≠∂v Xncn-®-dn-™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-
bp∂p.
bqWn‰v 7
$ \ap-°vNp‰pw hnhn-[-Xcw Nn{X-i-e- -߃ Ds≠∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Fs‚ {]tZ-isØ GXm\pw Nn{X-i-e- -ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ Nn{X-i-e- -ß-fpsS PohnX N{I-Ønse hnhn[ L -߃ ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf \nco-£n®v hnh-c-߃ Xøm-dm-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf kwc-£n-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
74
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn‰v 8
$ aÆn¬ [mcmfw sNdp-Po-hn-Ifpw kky-ßfpw Ds≠∂v \nco-£n-®p-I-s≠-Øm≥
Ign-bp-∂p.
$ I√p-Ifpw ]md-Ifpw s]mSn-™mWv aÆp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv F∂ Bibw hni-Zo-I-
cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ aW¬a-Æv, Ifn-a-Æv, sNΩÆv XpS-ßnb hnhn-[-Xcw aÆp-Isf Xncn-®-dn-™v
]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ ta¬a-Æn¬ hnhn[ hkvXp-°ƒ AS-ßn-bn-´ps≠∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥
Ign-bp-∂p.
$ aÆns‚ \ndw, Pew]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm-\p≈ Ignhv XpS-ßnb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ aÆn-\p-≈n¬ hmbp AS-ßn-bn- ps≠∂v ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS Is≠Øn hni-
Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbp∂p.
$ asÆm-en-∏n-\p≈ Imc-W-߃ I≠Øn ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥
Ign-bp-∂p.
$ aÆv aen-\-am-Ip∂ kml-N-cy-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-߃ \n¿t±-
in-°m\pw {]mh¿Øn-Iam°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Ifn-aÆv D]-tbm-Kn®v hnhn[ hkvXp-°ƒ \n¿an-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn-
bp-I-bpw-I-fn-a-Æp-]-tbm-Kn®v hnhn[ cq]-߃ \n¿an-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 9
$ tdmU-]-I-S-߃ D≠mIm\p≈ Imc-W-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ Im¬\-S-bm-{X-°mcpw hml\w HmSn-°p-∂-hcpw ]men-t°≠ \nb-a-߃ Xncn-
®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ {Sm^nIv AS-bm-f-hn-f-°p-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah-bpsS \nd-߃ kqNn-∏n-
°p∂ Imcy-߃ ]d-bp-hm\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
$ hml-\-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ bm{X-°mcpw Nne \nba߃ ]men-t°-≠-Xp-
s≠∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ tdmUv apdn®pIS-°m≥ {]bm-k-s∏-Sp∂ ImgvNbv°v sh√p-hn-fn-t\-cn-Sp-∂-h¿
{]mbw sN∂-h¿ F∂n-hsc klm-bn-t°-≠Xv \ΩpsS IS-a-bm-sW∂v Xncn-
®-dn™v {]h¿Ø-n°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ sdbn¬]mfw apdn®pIS°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-
bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ tdmUn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ tdmUv \nb-a-߃ ]men-°-W-sa∂v Xncn-®-
dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
75
bqWn‰v 10
$ tIcfw hfsc at\m-l-c-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-™v ]dbm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ tIc-f-Ønse ]Xn-\mev Pn√-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ kz¥w Pn√-sb-°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ HutZym-KnI Nn”-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 11
$ `qan-bpsS BIrXn Xncn-®-dn-™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ kqcy≥, N{μ≥ F∂n-hbv°pw tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-
bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ ]¥v, tSm¿®v apX-em-bh D]-tbm-Kn®v ]co-£-W-߃ sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ `qan-bn¬ cm{Xnbpw, ]Iepw D≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-bm-sW∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥
Ign-bp-∂p.
$ `qan-bn¬ Ic-`m-K-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ IS¬`mK-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-
bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
bqWn‰v 12
$ hoSv \ap°v Fßs\ D]-Im-c-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ hoSns‚ Xd, `nØn, ta¬°qc F∂nh \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ hkvXp-°ƒ
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v Xncn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ ho´nse Hmtcm apdnbpw Hmtcm Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v
Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ hoSv \n¿am-W-Øn\v hnhn[ L -ß-fp-s≠∂v Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-
∂p.
$ Imem-h-ÿbpw hoSp \n¿am-W-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w, ÿehpw kuI-c-yhpw IW-
°n-se-SpØv \n¿an-°p∂ hoSp-Iƒ F∂nh Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hoSp-I-fmWv \n¿an-t°-≠-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn™v
]d-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ hoSn-√m-Ø-h-cpsS Zpcn-X-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. Ahsc
klm-bn-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip∂p.
$ hkv{X-߃ \ap°v Fß-s\-sb√mw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-
bp-∂p.
$ hkv{X-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \mcp-Iƒ Fß-s\-sb√mw e`n-°p-∂p. F∂v
Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
76
So®¿ sSIvÃv
ssZ\w-Zn-\m-kq-{XWw
A[ym-]n-I-bpsS hni-Z-amb Xbm-sd-Sp∏v Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-
abw ^e-{]-Z-am-hq. AXn-\m¬ A[ym-]nI icn-bmb Bkq-{XWw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-
≠v. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-߃ Bkq-{X-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
$ ]mT- m-KØv Dƒs°m-≈n-®n- p≈ ]T-\-t\- -߃
$ ]mT- m-KØv Dƒs°m-f-fn® Bi-b-ßfpw [mc-W-Ifpw
$ Ip´n-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-t°≠ {]{In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ
$ ]mT-]pkvXIhpw So®¿ sSIvÃpw \n¿tZin-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
$ A[ym-]nI Is≠-Ønb {]h¿Ø-\-߃
$ {]mtZ-inI ]mT-߃
$ aqey-ßfpw at\m`m-h-ßfpw
$ PohnX ss\]pWnIƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ
$ sF.kn.Sn km[yX
$ Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ
$ d -d≥kv ]pkvX-I-߃
$ t_m[\ X{¥w
$ hne-bn-cp-ج D]m-[n-Iƒ/X{¥-߃
]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw F∂ bqWn-‰ns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Hc-p A[ym-]nI
Xømdm°nb So®nMv am\z¬ ASpØ t]Pn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
77
So®nMv am\z¬
bqWn‰v - 1 ]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw
]T-\-t\- -߃ 1. sNdnb sNSn-Iƒ h≈n-s®-Sn-Iƒ ac-߃ XpSßn hnhn[ Xc-
Øn-ep≈ [mcmfw kky-߃ \ap-°p-Np-‰p-ap-s≠∂v Xncn-®-
dn™v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
2. ]q°ƒ \nd-Ønepw aW-Ønepw BIr-Xn-bnepw hep-∏-Ønepw
hyXy-kvXamsW∂v Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
3. aWw-sIm≠v ]q°sf Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
4. IuXp-I-ap≈ At\Iw ]q°ƒ {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-s≠∂v Is≠Øn
]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ : Np‰p-ap≈ kky-ß-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xnb {]mtZ-inI enÃv, ]qt¥m-
-Øns‚ Nn{Xw, hnhn[ C\w ]q°ƒ, h¿W-°-S-em-kv.
{]Xo-£n-°p∂ kabw : 4 ]ocn-bUv
"ap‰-Øp-s≠mcp ]qt¥m´w
]q°ƒ Nncn°pw ]qt¥m´w'
So®¿ c≠v hcn- I-hnX Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
ho´p-ap-‰sØ ]qt¥m- w- -N¿®
Hmtcm Ip´nbpw CjvS-s∏´ Hcp sNSn-bpsS t]cv ]d-b-
s´. CjvS-s∏-Sm-\p≈ Imc-Whpw ]d-b-s´.
]qt¥m- -Øn¬ am{XamtWm sNSn-Iƒ D≈Xv? F∂
tNmZyw D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v N¿®.
\ap-°p-Np‰pw [mcmfw kky-߃ D≠v ˛ t{ImUo-I-
cWw.
]mT-- m-KsØ Ubdn Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°-s´. TT -bnse
kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn N¿®.
Ip´n-Iƒ {Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn™v kvIqƒ ]cn-k-csØ
kky-߃ \nco-£n®v t]cv enÃvsN-ø-s´.
enÃp-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Ø-s´.
¢mkv Ah-X-c-Ww. N¿®-bneqsS IqSp-X¬ t]cp-Iƒ
Iq´n-t®¿°¬. _n._n.-bn¬ So®¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
cmtI-jn\pw inlm-_n\pw
sNSn-bpsS t]cv am{Xta
]d-bm≥ Ign-™p≈p
kvIqƒ ]cn-k-csØ ]e-
sN-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ
I p ´ n - I ƒ ° - d n - b n - √ .
F∂m¬ an°-a-c-ß-fpsS
t]cp-Iƒ ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv.
{]{Inb hne-bn-cp-ج
78
So®¿ sSIvÃv
]c-am-h[n kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ So®¿ enÃv
sNbvXv ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°¬.
Cu kky߃ GsX√mw Xc-Øn-ep≈hbmWv F∂
tNmZyw D∂-bn®v N¿®.
kky-ßsf {]tXy-I-X-b-\p-k-cn®v Ip´nIƒ ]´n-I-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂p. (ac-߃, h≈n-s®-Sn-Iƒ, sNdnb sNSn-Iƒ)
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Ip´n-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-Øp-
∂p. So®-dns‚ kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج.
So®¿ at\m-l-c-amb Hcp ]qt¥m-´-Øns‚ Nn{Xw
{]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
]qt¥m- -Ønse ]q°ƒ ˛ N¿®
"sIm∂-∏qth tNmZn-t®m-t´...
\nt∂m-sSmcp Imcyw'
TT -bnse Ihn-Xbv°v hcn-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿°¬. ]q°-
fpsS t]cp-Iƒ- -hy-‡n-KX enÃnwKv Ah-X-c-Ww, Iq´n-
t®¿°¬.
Sn._n. -bnse ]q°ƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \ndw
\¬I¬. hne-bn-cp-ج. ]qt¥m- -Øns‚ Nn{Xw hc-
bv°¬.
Htc C\w sNSn-I-fn¬ ]e-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ ]q°ƒ, Htc
C\w sNSn-I-fn¬ Hcp \nd-Øn¬ am{Xw ImW-s∏-
Sp∂ ]q°ƒ˛ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج.
\n߃°v GXv ]qhns‚ aW-amWv CjvSw? ]q°-
fpsS aWw N¿®.
aWw-sIm≠v Xncn -®-dn -bm≥ Ign -bp∂ ]q°ƒ
GsX√mw? Ip´n-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p.
IÆv sI´n-I-fn-bn-eqsS Hmtcm Ip´n°pw F{X-]q-°-
fpsS aW-a-dn-bm-sa∂v Is≠-Ø-s´.
]mT- m-K-Ønse ]q°-fpsS hnti-jw- -hm-b-\, N¿®.
Sn._n.-bn¬ \n¿tZin® ]qhns‚ amXrI IS-em-kp-
sIm≠v Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an-°-s´.
h¿W-I-S-em-kp-IƒsIm≠v ]q°-fpsS amXrI \n¿an-
°¬˛ ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿i-\w.
LT Cu L´-Øn¬
hfsctbsd {]tbm-P-\-
s∏- p.
A\p-tamƒ, dmjn-Zv, jn^m-
\, tPmkv, Dssa-h, _nμp,
chn, B≥kn F∂n-h¿
[mcmfw kky-ß-fpsS
t]cp-Iƒ Is≠Øn
am\-Zfiw Is≠Øn ]´n-
I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]e¿°pw
Ign-™n-√. kqN\ \¬In-
b-t∏mƒ an° Ip´n -
Iƒ°pw am\-Z-fi-a-\p-k-
cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-
™p.
Ihn -X-bnse hcn -Iƒ
Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ F√m-
Ip´n-Ifpw hfscb[nIw
Xm¬∏cyw ImWn-®p.
cmPp, Zriy, ^¿km\
F∂n-h¿°v ]q°-fpsS
\nd-ß-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW
Ipd-hm-Wv.
sNSn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ]q°-
fpsS \nd-sØ-°p-dn -®p -
ap≈ ]pXnb Hcp Xncn-®-
dnhv ¢mknse Ip´n -
Iƒ°pw D≠m-bn.
]q°-fpsS aW-dn-bm-\p≈
IÆp-sI-´n -°fn hfsc
ck-I-c-am-bn.
dmWn, tacn, apkvX^
F∂n-h¿ at\m-l-c-amb
]p°ƒ D≠m-°n.
BapJw
\ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ kky-temIw IuXpIw \nd-™-Xm-Wv. \mw Adn-bp-
∂Xpw Adn-bm-Ø-Xp-amb Ht´sd kky-߃ \ap-°p-Np-‰p-ap-≠v. Xs‚
Np‰p-]m-Snse kkyßsf \nco-£n-°m\pw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øm\pw
IuXp-I-߃ Bkz-Zn-°m\pw, AXp-hgn kky-ßsf ASp-Ø-dn-bm\pw
Ip´n°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp°n sImSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. X\n-°p-Np-‰p-ap≈ kky-
-tem-I-Ønse sshhn[yw Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°-s´.
\mw `£-W-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kky- mK߃ Ip´n°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥
Ign-b-Ww. Ce, ]qhv, Imbv, X≠v, thcv, F∂nh Hmtcm∂pw kky-
Øn\v Fßs\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Ip´n°v ]co-£W ˛ \nco-£-
W-ß-fn-eqsS Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Ah-kcw e`n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Xs‚ Np‰p-
]mSnse Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°-tfbpw Poh-\n-√mØ hkvXp-°-tfbpw Ah-
bpsS {]tXy-I-XI-tfbpw Ip´n Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.
hnØv apf-bv°p-∂Xv IuXp-I-]q¿Δw \nco-£n-°m\pw Hcp kky-Øns‚
hf¿®m-L- -߃ a\- n-em-°m\pw Ip´n°v Ah-kcw e`n-°-Ww. kky-
ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°n kwc£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-
Sp∂-Xn\v Hmtcm Ip´n-tbbpw {]m]vX-\m-°pI F∂Xv henb e£y-ambn
ImW-Ww. Hmtcm kkyhpw Ip´n-Iƒ°v {]nb-s∏- -Xmbn amdm≥ Cu ]mT-
`mKw klm-bn-°-s´.
]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw1
80
So®¿ sSIvÃv
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m ti
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bqW
n‰v s{^
bnw
Bh
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nco-U
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: 14
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n{Xw, h
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m-kp-I
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scgp-X
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p-Iƒ
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mb
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p-dn-∏
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.
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n¿am-W
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nco-£
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C
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hk
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nco-£
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h, Poh
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F
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s\
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p-≈-h
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n-√m-Ø
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n-°m≥
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p-∂p.
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n-bne
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en-∏
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\nd
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Xms
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v X
ncn-®
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dn™
v ]
d-b
m≥ I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$N
p‰p-]
m-Sp-a
p≈ k
ky-ß
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e
Ce
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psS
BI
r-X
n,
aW
w
F∂
nh \
nco-£
n®v k
kys
Ø
Xnc
n-®-dn-b
m≥ I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$]
cn-k
cw
\nc
o-£n®
v P
oh-\
p-≈-
h, P
oh-\
n-√m-Ø
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∂nh
Xnc
n-
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h-b
psS {]
tX
y-I-X
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Iƒ
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s≠
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I
gn-b
p-∂p.
]cn-kc]-T\w
81
$Hmt
cm
kk
y-Øn-s
‚b
pw `
£-W
-amb
n
D]
-tb
m-K
n-°p∂
`mK
-߃
X
ncn-®
-dn-
bm≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$th
cv, X
≠v, C
e, I
mbv F
∂n-h
-bps
S
[¿a-ß
ƒ X
ncn-®
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v h
ni-Zo-I
-cn-
°m≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p. th
cv,
X≠
v F
∂n-
h-b
psS [
¿a-ß
ƒ e
Lp-]
-co-£
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qsS sX
fn-b
n-°m≥
I
gn-b
p∂p.
$h
nØv apf
-bv°
p-∂-L
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nco-
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v tcJ
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ky-ß
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ns‚
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m\pw
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pw
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v, I
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∂o-
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ne k
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bv-°
p-∂-X
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nhn[
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v.
˛]
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nco-£
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$\
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p-Np-‰
p-ap≈
]
e k
ky-
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in-®
p-sI
m-≠n-c
n-°p-∂
p.
$k
ky-ß
ƒ k
wc-£
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v
\Ω
psS I
S-a-b
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v N
n{X
o-I-cn-
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kk
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‚b
pw `£
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n\v X
≠v h
c®
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nco-£
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nØv apf
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nco-£
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p-dn-∏
v˛ h
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p∂
L´-ß
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m-Ip-d
n-∏n¬
\n∂
v Bi
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m´p-a
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fpw a‰v k
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v, A
hsb
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wc-£
n-t°
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Ωps
S I
S-a-b
m-Wv.
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ky-Ø
ns‚
th
cv, X
≠v, C
e, ]
qhv,
Imb
v F
∂n-h
bv°
v Hmtcm-∂
n\pw
{]tX
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nco-£
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82
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v
Bap-J- m-KsØ Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏ns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-°-Ww.
N¿®m-kq-N-I-߃
$ ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\m-tLmjw ˛ {]m[m-\yw.
$ kvIqfnse ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\m-tLm-jw.
$ Ip´n-bpsS ho´p-]-cn-k-csØ kky-߃.
$ kvIqƒ ]cn-k-csØ kky-߃
kvIqƒ ]cn-k-csØ kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Ip´n enÃvsN-ø-s´. Nne t]cp-Iƒ
Is≠-Øm≥ So®¿ Ip´nsb klm-bn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. So®¿ ap≥Iq´n kvIqƒ ]cn-k-
csØ kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°-Ww,
Np‰p-ap≈ kky-߃.
kky-ßsf Ah-bpsS {]Xy-I-X-b-\p-k-cn®v Ip´n-Iƒ Xcw-Xn-cn®v ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-
I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xs´. (ac-߃, sNdn-b-sN-Sn-Iƒ, h≈n-s®-Sn-Iƒ) Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬
IqSp-X¬ kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \¬Imw. Ah GXp hn`m-K-Øn¬s]Sp∂p F∂v
Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xs´.
samUyqƒ 2
]p©n-cn-XqIpw ]q°ƒ
at\m-l-c-amb Hcp ]qt¥m- -Øns‚ Nn{Xw ImWn-®p-sIm≠v ¢m n¬ N¿® \S-
Ømw. Ip´n-bpsS ho´nse ]qt¥m- w, hnZym-e-b-Ønse ]qt¥m´w F∂nh N¿®-
bn¬ hc-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ°v Adn-bm-hp∂ ]q°-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ enÃv sNø-Ww.
¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v IqSp-X¬ t]cp-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
]q°-fpsS \nd-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Xmsg-Im-Wp∂ IhnX ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ \¬Imw.
IqSp-X¬ hcn-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.
sIm∂-∏qth tNmZn-t®mt´ \nt∂m-sSm-cp-Imcyw
\n\-°p-Sp-°m≥ a™-bp-Sp-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xm-cmWv?
ap√-∏qth tNmZn-t®ms´ \nt∂m-sSm-cp-Imcyw
\n\-°p-Sp-°m≥ sh≈-bp-Sp-∏p-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xm-cmWv?
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
]cn-kc]-T\w
83
]mT- m-KsØ ]q°ƒ°v \ndw \¬Im≥ Ip´nIƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. ]cn-k-
c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ ]q°-fpsS Nn{X-߃ hc®v \ndw \¬Im\pw \n¿tZ-in-
°mw. ]q°-fpsS \nd-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]´nI Ip´n-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´. Ah-X-
c-W-Øn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ t]cp-Iƒ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xm\pw Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
Hmtcm Ip´nbpw aWw-sIm≠v Xncn-®-dn-bm-hp∂ ]q°-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.
aW-ap≈ GXm\pw ]q°ƒ tiJ-cn®v IÆvsI-´n-°-fn-bn-eqsS t]cp-Iƒ Is≠-
Øm≥ {ian-°-s´. ]q°ƒ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ImWm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w Ih-dn-tem, ]m{X-
Øntem Hfn-∏n-®p-shbv-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
GXm\pw ]q°-fpsS hntijw ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. CXn\p ]pdta IuXp-
I-I-c-amb a‰v Nne ]q°-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
]q°-fp-≠m-°mw
IS-em-kp-sIm≠v ]qhv \n¿an-°p∂ Hcp amXrI ]mT-`m-KØv \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
AXn\p]pdsa h¿W-°-S-em-kp-IƒsIm≠v Ip´n-Iƒ°-dn-bm-hp∂ ]q°ƒ \n¿an-
°-s´. a‰v amXr-I-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØmw.
samUyqƒ 3
Ce-Iƒ ]e-Xcw
]q°-fpsS aWw Is≠-Øn-b-t]mse Ce-I-fpsS aW-a-dn™pw kkysØ Xncn-®-
dn-bm≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v- A-h-kcw \¬I-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in-®-htbm e`y-am-
Ip∂ a‰v Ce-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. sImSn-Øq-h (sNmdn-XWw) t]mep≈ sNmdn-
®n¬ A\p- -h-s∏Sm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ Ce-Iƒ, hnj-ap≈ Ce-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Hgn-
hm-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. Ce \√-hÆw Rc-Sn-b-tijw ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ aW∏n°p-
∂-XmWv DØ-aw. sNdnb Ce-°-jvW-߃ aW-°p-tºmƒ aq°n¬ Ib-dn-t∏mbn
A]-ISw hcm-\p≈ km[yX Hgn-hm-°-Ww. Hmtcm-Ip- nbpw hyXy-kvXamb sNSn-
I-fpsS GXm\pw Ce-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°-Ww. sNSnbn¬ \n∂v Ce ]dn-s®-Sp-°m≥
]mSn√ F∂v \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww. \ne-Øp-ho-Wp-In-S-°p∂ Ce-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°-s´.
sNSn \in-∏n-°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂ at\m-`mhw Ip´n-bn¬ hf¿Ø-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ
tiJ-cn® Ce-I-fpsS BIrXn \nco-£n-°m\pw t]∏-dn¬ Ah ]Xn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m\pw
Ah-kcw \¬Imw. Ce-bpsS Rc-ºp-Iƒ hcp∂ `mK-Øn\p apI-fn¬ t]∏¿sh®v
s]≥kntem {ItbmWpItfm D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah-bpsS BIr-Xn ]Xn∏n-s®-Sp-°mw.
_m°n `mK-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ hc®ptN¿°-s´. Hmtcm Ip´n-tbmSpw Hcp Ce B¬_w
Xømdm-°m≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw. Ce-bpsS t]cpw. sNSn-sb-°p-dn®v aqt∂m \mtem
hcn-bp≈ eLp-Ip-dn∏pw tN¿Øv thWw B¬_w Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. Ce-I-fpsS
IuXpIw DW¿Øm≥ Xmsg ImWp∂ Ihn-Xbpw \¬Imw.
84
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Cebne hmg-bne
Ce-bne tNºne Xmfne
Xma-c-bm-º-ene
]e ]e Ce-I-fn¬
Ae-]ne Ie-]ne
Ce-bpsS Ie-]ne \mZ-anXm
CSn-bpsS ag-bpsS Xmf-an-Xm.
samUyqƒ 4
Poh-\p-≈h
]mT-`m-K-Ønse Nn{X-ßfn¬ \n∂v Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°sfbpw Poh-\n-√mØ
hkvXp-°-sfbpw Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´. ]cn-kcw \nco-£n®v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-
s´. Poh-\p≈h/C√m-Øh {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ N¿®-\-S-Ø-Ww. kky-߃°v
Poh-\pt≠m F∂ kwibw Ip´n-°p-≠mImw. N¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øn-
eq-sSbpw kky-߃ Poh-\p-≈-h-bmsW∂v hy‡-am-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. kky-
Øns‚ Ce-I-fn-emWv Blmcw \n¿an-°p-∂-sX∂pw sNSn°v Ce-bpsS {]m[m\yw
hfsc hep-Xm-sW∂pw N¿®-bn-eqsS Ip´nsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
C\n Hcp Ifn-bm-hmw
So®-dpsS Iøn¬ Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ, Poh-\n-√mØ hkvXp-°ƒ F∂n-hbpsS
t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb Im¿tUm, Nn{X-ßtfm thWw. So®¿ Hmtcm Im¿Upw ImWm≥
]mI-Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf \n¿Øp-I. So®¿ Hmtcm Im¿Uv ImWn-°-Ww. Poh-\n-√m-Ø-
h-bpsS t]cv hcp-tºmƒ Ip´n-Iƒ \n›-e-ambn \n¬°-Ww. Poh-\p-≈-h-bpsS
t]cv hcp-tºmƒ Iø-Sn-°pI NmSn-°-fn-°p-I, ssIIƒ hoipI Cßs\ GsX-
¶nepw {]hrØn-sN-ø-Ww. icn-bmbn {]Xn-I-cn-®-h¿°v t]mbn‚p-Iƒ \¬In Ifn
XpS-cmw.
samUyqƒ 5
\´m¬ apfbv°pw
sNSn-bpsS GsX√mw `mK-߃ \mw `£-W-Øn\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v
Ip´n-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øs´. apcnßsb t]mse IqSp-X¬ `mK-߃ `£-W-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ kky-߃ {]tXyIw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°-s´.
]e-Xcwhn-Øp-Iƒ apf-®p-h-cp-∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ I≠n- p-≠m-Ipw. I≠-Im-cy-߃ Ip´n-
Iƒ ]d-b-s´. kvIqfn¬ Hcp N´n-bn¬ hnØv apf-∏n-°m≥ \n¿tZiw \¬I-Ww.
]cn-kc]-T\w
85
Ipd-®p-Zn-hkw hnØv apf-bv°p-∂Xv \nco-£n-°m\pw \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw
ho´n¬ Nnc- -bn¬ hnØv apf-∏n-°-s´. F√m-Ip- n-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb hnØv e`y-
am°Ww. hnØpap-f-bv°p∂ hf¿®m-L- -߃ Ah¿ Hcp eLp-Ip-dn-∏mbn Fgp-X-
s´. apf-∏n-s®-SpØ sNSn-Iƒ aÆn¬ \Sm\pw kwc-£n-°m\pw \n¿t±-in-°-Ww.
thcv ImWm≥
BZyw apf-®p-h-cp-∂Xv thcm-sW∂pw thcns‚ hf¿® t\cn- p-Im-Wm\pw ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Ønse ]co-£Ww klm-bn-°pw. hnØv aÆn¬ InS∂v apfbv-°p-tºmƒ
thcns‚ hf¿® ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw- e-`n-°p-I-bn-√. GXm\pw ImbvI-fnse
hnØp-Iƒ \nco-£n-°m≥ Ip´n°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. Hcp- hn-Øp-am-{X-ap-≈Xpw
H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ hnØp-≈-Xp-amb ImbvIƒ Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´. Ip´n-Iƒ I≠n-
´p≈ henb hnØpw sNdn-b-hnØpw ]d-b-s´. Noc, ISpIv Ch-bm-bn-cn°mw Ah¿
I≠n- p≈ sNdnb hnØp-Iƒ
XpS¿{]-h¿Ø\ km[y-X-Iƒ Bkq-{X-Ww-sN-øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hnØp-ti-J-c-
Whpw \S-Ømw. F∂m¬ tiJ-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-w am{Xambn Npcp-ß-cp-Xv. hnØp-I-
fpsS Hcp {]Z¿i\w ¢mkn¬ Hcp-°mw. πmÃnIv Ih-dp-I-fn¬ hnØp-Iƒ kq£n®v
D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-°-cp-Xv. {]Z¿i-\-tijw hnØp-Iƒ apf-bv°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-Ww.
samUyqƒ 6
ajn-Ø≠v ]co-£Ww
thcns‚bpw X≠n-s‚bpw [¿a-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Cu ]co-£Ww {]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Spw. ajn-Ø-≠p-sN-Sn-bmWv CXn\v G‰hpw DNn-Xw. ]ngp-sX-SpØ ajn-Ø≠psNSn
A¬]w hmSnb tijw am{Xta ajn-sh-≈-Øn¬ ap°n hbv°mhq. Bh-iy-amb
kqcy-{]-Imihpw e`n-°-Ww. Cs√-¶n¬ ]co-£Ww ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sm≥ km[y-X-bp-
≠v. thcv \nco-£n-°m≥ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw sNSn ]dn-s®-Sp-°p∂ coXn Hgn-hm-°-
Ww. sNSn-Iƒ \in-∏n-°-cpXv F∂ ktμ-i-amWv Ah-cn¬ FtØ-≠-Xv.
samUyqƒ 7
\m´p-a-mhp-Iƒ ad-bp-∂p
So®-dpsS Ip´n-°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ \m´p-am-hp-Iƒ, Xpº, ap°p‰n XpSßn
[mcmfambn I≠n-cp∂ kky-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ A\p- hw Ip´n-I-fp-ambn ]¶p-sh-
bv°mw. F√m kkyßfpw kwc£n°-Ww F∂ ktμiw Ip´n-I-fn¬ FØ-Ww.
Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ho´p ]d-ºn¬ Hcp kky-Øns‚ ssX \ v kwc-£n-°p∂p F∂v
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-I.
86
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ D¬∏-
∂-߃
$ \ndw \¬Inb ]q°-fpsS Nn{X-߃
$ h¿W-°-S-em-kp-sIm≠v \n¿an® ]q°ƒ
$ t]∏-dn¬ ]Xn-∏n-s®-SpØ Ce-®n-{X-߃
$ Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an® Ce B¬_w
$ hnØv apf-bv°¬ ˛ \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v (Nn{Xhpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw)
$ ajn-Ø≠v ]co-£Ww ˛ ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
]cn-kc]-T\w
87
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn°p
Xmsg
$ ]cn-k-csØ kky-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n- p≠v.
$ ac-߃, sNdnb sNSn-Iƒ, h≈n-s®-Sn-Iƒ
F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-s®-gp-Xm≥
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-™p.
$ ]q°ƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nd-߃
Ip´n-Iƒ \¬In-bn- p≠v.
$ GXm\pw ]q°-fpsS aWw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-™n- p≠v.
$ IS-em-kp-sIm≠v ]q°ƒ \n¿an-°m≥
F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ GXm\pw Ce-I-fpsS aW-a-dn™v GXp
kky-Øns‚ Ce-sb∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-™n´p≠v.
$ Ce-Iƒ \nco-£n®v BIrXn Xncn-®-dn-
bm\pw Ce-®n{Xwhc®v \ndw \¬Im\pw
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p.
$ Poh-\p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ Poh-\n-√mØ
hkvXp-°ƒ F∂n-h ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-™p.
$ Ip´n°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb kky-ß-fpsS GsX
√mw `mK-߃ \mw `£-W-Øn-\mbn D]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ignbp∂p≠v.
$ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw hnØv apf-∏n-°p-Ibpw
hf¿®m-L- -߃ \nco-£n®v tcJs∏-Sp-
Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v.
$ ajn-Ø-≠vsNSn ]co-£Ww hnP-b-I-c-ambn
\S-Øm≥ Ign-™p. thcn-s‚bpw X≠n-s‚
bpw [¿a-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v t_m[y-s∏- p.
$ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw ho´p-h-f-∏n¬ Hcp ssX\ v
kwc-£n-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥
Ign-™p.
88
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn‰v ˛1
]qØpw Xfn¿Øpw
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
hnØpw Imbpw
lcnXw \gvk-dn-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ ImbvI-fpsS Hcp {]Z¿i\w \S-∂p. Xmsg
ImWp∂ Imbv-I-sf√mw {]Z¿i-\-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp hnØv am{X-ap≈ ImbvIƒ
H∂n-e-[nIw hnØp-I-fp≈ ImbvIƒ F∂n-ßs\ c≠v t_m¿Up-Iƒ {]Z¿in-∏n-
®n-cp-∂p. Xmsg ImWp∂ ]´n-I-bnse GsX√mw t]cp-I-fm-bn-cn°pw t_m¿Up-I-
fn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®n´p-≠m-hp-I. Hs∂-gpXn t\m°q.
tXß B∏nƒ Cu¥v amß t]cbv°
apfIv _Zmw aØ≥ PmXn° Hmd©v
]d-¶n-amß Rmh¬ sh≠ ASbv° hmf≥ ]pfn
sh≈cn Aº-gß ]mhbv° CuØ-∏gw ]b¿
Hcp hnØv am{X-ap≈ H∂n-e-[nIw hnØp-I-fp≈
ImbvIƒ ImbvIƒ
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
]cn-kc]-T\w
89
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
]Z-{]iv\w
Xmsg ImWp∂ ]Z-{]iv\w ]qcn-∏n-°mtam?
he-tØm v
1. shfpØ \ndhpw \√ aW-hp-ap≈ sIm®p ]qhmWv Rm≥.
2. sNSn-bpsS Hcp {][m-\- m-K-amWv Rm≥. Ce-I-tf-bpw ImbvI-tfbpw ]q°-
tfbpw Xmßn-\n¿Øp-∂Xv Rm\m-Wv.
3. hr£-ß-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ Fs‚ t]cp-ap-≠v. Icn-\o-e-\n-d-ap≈ Hcp sIm®p
]gw Rm≥ \n߃°v Xcm-dp-≠v.
4. ]p¬h¿K-Øn¬s]´ G‰hpw henb kky-amWp Rm≥.
6. ImbvIƒ°p-≈n¬ Fs∂- Im-Wmw. ]pXnb sNSn-bp-≠m-Im\pw Rm≥ thWw.
7. Ce-I-fpsS Iq -Ønse hº-\mWp Rm≥. hoSns‚ ta¬°qc \n¿am-W-Øn\v
Fs∂ D]-tbm-Kn°pw.
Xmtgm´v
1. \nß-fp-sS-sbms° ho´p-h-f-∏n¬ ImWp∂ kky-amWp Rm≥. Fs‚ Cebpw
]qhpw Imbpw `£-W-ambn \n߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
2. Poh-\p-≈-h-bpsS Iq -Øn¬ Rm\p-ap-≠v. sh≈-Ønepw Ic-bnepw F\n°v
Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
4 Hcp Poh-\n-√mØ hkvXp-hmWp Rm≥. Igp-Øn-e-Wn-bp∂ B -c-W-ap-≠m-
°m≥ Fs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°pw.
5. sNSn-I-fpsS "ASp-°f' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Fs∂-bm-Wv.
1 2
3
4 5
6 7
90
So®¿ sSIvÃv
BapJw
P¥ptemIsØ ckIcamb hntijßfnte°v "Ipgnbm\ apX¬
sImº\m\ hsc' F∂ ]mT`mKØneqsS Ip´nIsf \ap°v
ssI]nSn®v sIm≠p t]mImw. Ip´nIfpsS a\ nse {]nb
IYm]m{Xßsf√mw P¥p temIØn¬ \n∂mbncn°pat√m. Ahsb
ASpØdnbm\p≈ AhkcamWv Cu ]mT`mKw.
\ap°p Np‰pw hnhn[ XcØnep≈ PohnIƒ Ds≠∂v Xncn®dnbm\pw
Ahsb \nc o£n°m\pw khntijXIƒ Is≠Øn
]´nIs∏SpØm\pw Hmtcm Ip´n°pw IgnbWw. PohnIfpsS
sshhn[yam¿∂ BlmccoXnbpw i{Xp°fn¬ \n∂v c£t\Sm≥
Ah kzoIcn°p∂ am¿Kßfpw Ip´nIƒ Xncn®dntb≠Xp≠v.
a\pjys‚ Nne CSs]SepIƒ PohPmeßfpsS \ne\n¬∏ns\
Xs∂ _m[n°p∂ps≠∂v Xnc n®dn™v {]XnIcW
{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm\pw Hmtcm Ip´ ntbbpw
{]m]vX\mt°≠Xp≠v . {]IrXnbnse PohPmeßsf
kwc£nt°≠Xps≠∂pw AXv \ΩpsS HmtcmcpØcptSbpw
ISabmsW∂pap≈ at\m`mhw Ip™p a\ pIfn¬ cq]s∏SWw.
AXphgn P¥ptemIsØ°pdn®v IqSpX¬ Adnbm≥ Ahcn¬
Xmev]cyap≠m°pIbpw thWw. Ip´ nIfn¬ \nco£Ww,
hnhctiJcWw, XcwXncn°¬, A]{KY\w, \nKa\w, \n¿amWw
XpSßnb tijnIƒ hf¿ØnsbSp°m≥ Cu ]mT`mKØnse
{]h¿Ø\߃ {]tbmP\s∏SpØWw.
Ipgn -bm\ apX¬Ipgn -bm\ apX¬Ipgn -bm\ apX¬Ipgn -bm\ apX¬Ipgn -bm\ apX¬
sImº -\m -\ -hscsImº -\m -\ -hscsImº -\m -\ -hscsImº -\m -\ -hscsImº -\m -\ -hsc2
]cn-kc-]-T\w
91
Bi
-b-ß
ƒ/[
mc-W
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/{]
{Inb
mti
jn-I
ƒ]
T-\
-{]h
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ/X
{¥-ß
ƒ]
T-\
-t\
-߃
$\
ap°
v N
p‰pw h
nhn[
X
c-Ø
n¬s∏
´[
mcmf
w P
ohn-I
ƒ Ds≠
∂pw
A
hG
sX
-√m-a
m-sW
∂pw ]
d-b
m≥ I
gn-b
p-∂
p.$
kh
n-ti
-j-X
-Iƒ
]
cn-t
im-[
n®v
hf¿Ø
p P
ohn-I
fpw
A
h-sb
-sI
m-≠
p≈ D]
-Im-c
-ßfpw X
ncn-®
-dn™
v]
´n-I
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
m≥ I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$B
lm-c
-co-X
n-°-\
p-k-cn®
v P
ohn-I
sf
kk
ym-l
m-cn-I
ƒ,
amw
km-l
m-cn-I
ƒ,
an{i
m-l
m-cn-I
ƒ F
∂n-ß
s\
X
cw
Xnc
n-s®
-gp-X
m≥ I
gnb
p-∂p.
$B
lm-c-co-X
n-°-\
p-k-cn-®
p≈ i
mco-
cnI
{]
tX
y-I
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ƒ
Hmtcm
Poh
n°pw Ds≠
∂v X
ncn-®
-dn-™
v]
d-b
m≥ I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$h
nhn-[
-X-c-Ø
n-ep≈
[
mcmfw
Poh
n-Iƒ
\ap°
p N
p‰p-a
p-≠v.
$N
p‰p-a
p≈ P
ohn-I
-fps
S k
hn-t
i-j
-X-I
ƒ\
nco-£
n®v ]
´n-I
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
¬$
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h
o´n¬
h
nhn[
B
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nP
ohn-I
sf h
f¿Ø
p-∂p.
˛\
n¿amW
{]
h¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ G
s‰-Sp-°
p-∂p.
˛\
nco-£
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93
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
Nn{Xhmb\
]mT- m-KsØ BapJ Nn{Xhmb\bneqsS XpSßmw. Nn{Xhpambn _‘s∏ v N¿®
\S°s´. Xmsg ]dbp∂ kqNI߃ D]tbmKs∏SpØpat√m.
$ Nn{XØnep≈ PohnIƒ Bscms°?
$ In´\m\bpsS Ip´n°mew Fßs\bmbncp∂p?
$ \ap°p Np‰pw CXpt]mse [mcmfw PohnIfnt√?
¢mkv N¿®bv°ptijw "\n߃s°{X PohnIfpsS t]cdnbmw'? F∂
tNmZyØneqsS Ip´nIƒ°v PohnIfpsS t]scgpXm≥ Ahkcw \¬IWw. XpS¿∂v
kn.Un {]Z¿i\ØneqsS t]scgpXn hn]peoIcn°s´. ¢mkn¬ AhXcn∏n°s´,
Iq´nt®¿°s´. PohnIfpsS t]scgpXnb ]´nI t]m¿ vt^mfntbmbnte°v am‰s´.
Cu ]´nI ]p\cq]tbmK km[yXbp≈XmWv.
Xbmdm°nb ]´nI D]tbmKs∏SpØns°m≠v Cu PohnIfn¬ GsX√mw
PohnIsf \mw ho´n¬ hf¿Ømdp≠v? \nßfpsS ho´n¬ Chbn¬ GsXms°
PohnIsf hf¿Øp∂p≠v? F¥n\mWv \mw Chsb ho´n¬ hf¿Ømdp≈Xv?
XpSßnb tNmZyßfneqsS N¿® \S°s´.
ISemkpsIm≠v ]£n \n¿amWw ¢mkn¬ \S-Ø-Ww. PohnIfpsS
A£cNn{X߃ hcbv°m≥ ]cnioen∏n°pIbpw sNømw. Cßs\ cq]s∏Sp∂
Dev]∂ßfpsS {]Z¿i\hpw ¢mkn¬ \SØmw.
samUyqƒ 2
Im´n¬ Hcp ktΩ-f\w
Im¿´q¨ Nn{Xw D]tbmKs∏SpØn N¿®bmhmw.
$ \Ωƒ CXpt]mse GsX¶nepw PohnIsf t{Zmln°mdpt≠m?
$ a\p-jy-cn¬ \n∂v GsX√mw XcØnep≈ D]{ZhßfmWv Pohn-Iƒ°v
t\cntS≠nhcp∂Xv?
$ ktΩf\Øn¬ ]s¶SpØh¿°v c≠v Iu≠dn¬ `£Wsamcp°m≥
ImcWsa¥mWv?
$ Hmtcm Iu≠dn¬ \n∂pw `£Ww hmßnbh¿ Bscms°?
$ Bsc¶nepw c≠v Iu≠dn¬ \n∂pw `£Ww hmßn-bn- pt≠m?
94
So®¿ sSIvÃv
N¿®bn¬ PohnIfpsS £W coXn°v Du∂¬ sImSp°Ww. PohnIsf AhbpsS
Blmc coXn°\pkcn®v ]cnkc]pkvXIØn¬ Ip´nIƒ Xcw Xncns®gpXs´.
So®¿ t{ImUoIcWØnseØn°pIbpw thWw.
Ipf-ºp≈ arK-ß-sf√mw kkym-lm-cn-I-fm-Wv. {[ph-°-cSn amwkm-lm-cnbpw F∂m¬
DjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-i-ß-fnse IcSn an{im-lm-cn-bp-am-Wv. \ΩpsS hoSp-I-fn¬
hf¿Øp∂ ]´n, ]q® F∂nh amwkm-lm-cn-I-fm-sW-¶nepw \mw thhn®p \¬Ip∂
kkym-lmcw Ign-°p-∂p-≠v AXp-sIm≠v Ah an{im-lm-cn-I-fm-sW∂v ]d-bm≥
Ign-bn-√. Ah thhn-°mØ kkym-lmcw Ign-°p-∂n-√. amwkm-lm-cn-I-fpsS
icoc{]Ir-X-amWv Chbv°p≈-Xv.
IuXpIap≠m°p∂ "hnNn{XPohn' {]h¿Ø\w Ip´nIƒ sNøs´. Cu Pohn°v
ck-I-c-amb Hcp t]cpw Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿tZ-in-°-s´. hnhn[ Pohn-I-fpsS Nn{X-ß-
fnse ico-c- m-K-߃ sh´n-sb-SpØv H´n®v hnNn-{X-Po-hnsb Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an-°-s´.
Cc]nSn°pw X{¥ßƒ
Nne¥nhe ImWn®psImt≠m tNmZyßfneqsStbm Cu {]h¿Ø\Ønte°v
IS°mw. hoUntbm kn Unbn¬ \n∂v GsX¶nepw Hcp Pohn Cc]nSn°p∂
¢n∏nwKv ImWn°pIbpamImw.
$ CXpt]msebmtWm \ap°p Np‰pap≈ a‰p PohnIfpw Cc]nSn°p∂Xv?
$ GsX√mw PohnIƒ Cc]nSn°p∂Xv \n߃ I≠n´p≠v?
N¿® \S°s´. XpS¿∂v ]mT`mKw hmbn°s´.
PohnbpsS t]cv Ign°p∂ Blmcw imcocnI {]tXyIXIƒ
knwlw am≥, t]mØv, ko{_ $ Iq¿Øp hf™ \J߃
apXemb Pohn-Iƒ
$ Iq¿Øp aq¿®-bp≈ tImº√v
$ i‡n-bp≈ Imep-Iƒ
$ thK-Øn-tem-Sm-\p≈ Ignhv
CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ Hcp ]´n-Ibn¬ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°m≥ Bh-
iy-s∏-Smw.
Npa¿ ]{XnIm\n¿amWw
PohnIfpsS Nn{X-߃ tiJ-cn®v Nm¿´n¬ H´n®v Pohn-bpsS t]cv, Ign-°p∂ Blm-
cw, Cc]n-Sn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂o hnh-c-߃ Fgp-Xn-tN¿°-s´. CXv {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-
\-ambn \¬In°q-tS.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
95
\nco-£n°mw Is≠Ømw?
]q®, ]´n, ]√n, Nne-¥n, Ipgn-bm\ F∂n-ßs\ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb Pohn-
Isf \nco-£n®v Ah Hmtcm∂pw Cc-]n-Sn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v ]cn-kc ]pkvX-
I-Øn-se-gp-X-s´.
samUyqƒ 3
c£-t\Smw
N¿®m kqN-I-߃ \¬In-sIm≠v ]mT- mKw hmb\ \SØn ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-
Øp-a-t√m. N¿®-bn-eqsS In´nb Bi-b-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠pw Pohn-I-
fpsS c£-s∏-S¬ coXn ImWn-°p∂ hoUntbm kn.Un I≠pw ]mT- m-K-Ønse
"R߃ c£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb√mw' F∂ `mKw Ip´n-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´.
XpS¿∂v ]cn-kc ]pkvX-I-Øn-se-gp-X-s´. Cc ]nSn-°p-∂s-X-ßs\ F∂v hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p∂ Npa¿]{Xn-I-bn-te°v "c£-s∏-Sm≥ X{¥-߃' F∂Xv IqSn Iq´n-t®¿°m≥
Bh-iy-s∏- p-sIm≠v Hcp Dev]-∂-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-]-tbmK km[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-
Sp-Ømw.
Cg-™pw..... \S-∂pw...... ]d-∂pw......
PohnIfpsS k©m-c-co-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®mWv Cu `mKØv ]d-tb-≠-Xv. hmb-\-bn-eq-
sSbpw Bh-iy-amb kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw N¿® ck-I-c-am-°p-a-t√m...
¢mkn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ Pohn-I-fpsS k©mc coXn A\p-I-cn-°-s´. ap≥]v Xbm-dm-°nb
Pohn-I-fpsS ]´nI D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ IqsS
\¬Inb ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´. \ng¬ Nn{X-ßfpw ChnsS ck-I-c-amb coXn-
bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-at√m.
samUyqƒ 4
Xh-f-bpsS {]kwKw
{]kwKw ¢mkn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. Ip´n-Iƒ°v {]kwK]cn-io-e-\-hp-am-
I-s´. \∂mbn {]kwKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-hsc A`n-\-μn-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v kqN-I-
߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn N¿® \S-Ø-Ww.
$ Xh-f-Iƒ I¿j-Isc klm-bn-®n-cp-∂-sX-ßs\?
$ Xh-f-I-fpsS hmk-ÿ-e-Øn\v F¥p kw -hn®p?
$ Xh-f-Iƒ am{X-amtWm C∂v `ojWn t\cn-Sp-∂Xv?
$ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \ΩpsS CSs]-S¬ GsX√mw Poh-Pm-e-߃°mWv {]bm-k-
߃ D≠m-°p-∂Xv?
96
So®¿ sSIvÃv
N¿®-bn-eqsS e`n® Bi-b-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Hcp eLp Ipdn∏v ]cn-k-c-
]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°-s´.
π°m¿Uv, t]mÿ ... . . .
ktμ-i-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-hmw.... {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ N¿® \S-°-s´. hnc¬ ]Xn-∏n-
®p≈ Nn{X-߃ Xbm-dm°n t]mÃ-dp-I-fnepw π°m¿Up-I-fnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
Ch kvIqfnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw {]Z¿in-∏n-°-s´.
]mT- m-K-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ hne-bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-
\-ßfpw ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-°-Ww.
bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂
D¬∏-∂-߃
$ IS-em-kp-sIm≠v \n¿an® ]£n
$ A£cNn{X-߃
$ Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an® hnNn-{X-Pohn
$ GsX-¶nepw Hcp Pohn-bpsS \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
]cn-kc-]-T\w
97
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
kqN-I-߃ anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn°p
Xmsg
1. N¿®-bn¬ F√m-Ip- n-I-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw
Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-™p.
2. \n¿ZnjvS kn.Un-Iƒ ^e-{]-Z-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-™p.
3. cq]-s∏´ D¬∏-∂-ß-fn¬ NneXv
t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v Ip´n-Iƒ°v
am‰m≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.
4. \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°m≥ F√m
Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Ign-bp∂p≠v.
5. Pohn-I-fpsS BlmccoXn- i{Xp-°-fn¬
\n∂v c£-t\-S¬ F∂n-h-bnse
hyXykvXX Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥
Ign-™n- p-≠v.
6. a\p-jys‚ Nne CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Poh-
Pm-e-ß-fpsS \ne-\n¬∏ns\ _m[n-°p-∂p-
s≠∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
7. Poh-Pm-e-ßsf kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂
at\m- mhw cq]-s∏-Sm≥ Bh-iy-amb
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Im≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.
98
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn‰v ˛2
Ipgn-bm-\-ap-X¬ sImº-\m-\-hsc
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
XØΩ s]Æns‚ IeymWw
Hcp-°-߃ XIr-Xn-bmbn \S-°p-I-bm-Wv. £Wn-°-s∏- -h¿ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cmbn FØn-
Øp-S-ßn. Xmen-sI- n\v ka-b-am-b-t∏mƒ F√m-hcpw FØnt®¿∂p. NSßv Ign™v
F√m-hcpw `£-W-lm-fn-te-°v.
kky- -£Ww am{X-amWv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. `£Ww CjvS-s∏-Sm-Ø-h¿ Ign-
°msX amdn \n¬°p-∂Xv {i≤-bn¬s∏´ XØΩs∏Æv Imcy-at\zjn-®p. DSs\
Ah¿°m-h-iy-amb `£Ww FØn-°m≥ Hcmsf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. Nph-sS-bp≈
enÃv ]cn-tim-[n-°q. Bsc-√m-am-bn-cn°pw `£Ww Ign-®-h¿? `£Ww Ign-°msX
amdn \n∂-h-¿ Bscms°? Is≠Øn Xcw-Xn-cn-°q.
`£Ww Ign-®-h¿ `£Ww Ign-°msX amdn-\n-∂-h¿
$ Ba
$ B\
$ Pndm v
$ apXe
$ ]qºm‰
$ ]q®
$ abn¬
$ am≥
$ BSv
$ knwlw
$ XØ
$ ]ip
$ Im°
$ apb¬
$ ]mºv
$ ]pen
$ Ipd-°≥
$ tX\o®
$ tImgn
$ {]mhv
]cn-kc-]-T\w
99
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
kmay-apt≠m
\ap°p Np‰pw [mcmfw Pohn-I-fp-≠-t√m... GsX-¶nepw Pohn-Isf \n߃ kq£va-
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\nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
Im°bv°pw tImgn°pw GsX√mw Imcy-ß-fn-emWv kmay-ap-≈Xv?
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am¿Kw .........................................................
tImgn
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104
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bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
]mT-`m-K-Ønse BapJ Ihn-Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Ømw.
Xmsg ImWp∂ kqN-\-Iƒ N¿®-bn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
$ Ip´n-I-fpsS ag-°me A\p- -h-߃.
$ ag-°mew CjvSs∏-Sm-\p≈ ImcWw.
$ ag-°m-esØ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.
$ ag-bv°p-tijw {]Ir-Xn-bnse am‰-߃.
ag-bv°p-tijw kvIqƒ ]cn-k-cØv h∂ am‰ßƒ Ip´n-Iƒ \nco-£n®v Is≠-
Øs´.
Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ
Ip´n-bpsS {]tZ-i-Øp≈ Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ Ah≥ Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
Pe-t{km-X- p-I-sf-°p-dn®v eLp-N¿®-bp-am-Imw. Ip´n-bpsS Pn√-bnse {][m-\-s∏´
]pg, Imb¬ F∂n-h Ah\v ]cnNb-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ad-°-cp-Xv.
samUyqƒ ˛2
F\n°pw thWw sh≈w
Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-sØ-°p-dn®v N¿® \S-°-s´. ]mT- m-KsØ Nn{X-߃ AXn\v
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Ahs‚ Hcp Znh-ksØ PeØns‚ -D-]-
tbmKw ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. Xmsg ImWp∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-
bm-°-s´. Af-hn-\mbn •mkv, a§v, _°‰v F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
Fs‚ Hcp Znh-ksØ Pe D]-tbmKw
$ IpSn-°m≥
$ Ipfn°m≥
$ ssII-gp-Im≥
$
$
]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in® Pe-Øns‚ a‰v D]-tbm-K-߃ N¿® sNbvXv Iq´n-
t®¿°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
105
samUyqƒ ˛3
Pe-an-s√-¶n¬
Pe-£m-a-Øns‚ cq£X Ip´n-Iƒ°v t_m[y-am-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Xc-Øn¬ Hcp
hoUntbm {]Z¿i\w \S-Øm≥ {ian-°-Ww. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]{X-hm¿Ø-
Ifpw Ip´n-I-fpsS {i≤-bn¬s]-Sp-Ømw. Pe-£m-a-sØ-°p-dn®v eLp N¿®bpw
¢mkn¬ \S-°-Ww.
kqN-\-Iƒ
1) h‰n-h-c≠ InW-dp-Iƒ, Ipf-߃
2) h‰n-h-c≠ Irjn-bn-S-߃
3) DW-ßn-t∏mb sNSn-Iƒ
4) hml-\-ß-fn¬ sh≈-sa-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
samUyqƒ ˛ 4
Pew Aaqeyw
Pew ]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ \nc-h[n kμ¿ -߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw. ]mT-
`m-KsØ Nn{X \nco-£-W-ØneqsS N¿® XpSßmw. \ΩpsS A{i-≤-aqew \jvS-
s∏- p-t]m-Ip∂ Pe-sØ-°p-dn®v Ip´n°v t_m[yw hc-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬Inb
"Fs‚ sX‰pw icnbpw ' sN°v enÃv Ip´n-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
"Pe-kw-c-£Ww' F∂ Bibw {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ t]mÿ, π°m¿Uv F∂n-ß-s\-
bp≈ Imcy-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ {Kq∏pIfmbn Xncn™v \n¿an-°-s´. Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an®
t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ kvIqfnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬I-
Ww.
samUyqƒ ˛ 5
F{X Xp≈n-Iƒ
Hmtcm Xp≈n Pehpw hne-s∏- -XmWv F∂ ktμiw Ip´n-I-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ ]cym-
]vX-amb Hcp eLp-]-co-£-Ww ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≠v. Ip´n-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-
Ø-tØmsS Cu ]co-£Ww ¢mkn¬ \S-Ø-Ww. Hcp _°‰v Pew ]mgm-°p-
tºmƒ F{X Xp≈n Pe-amWv ]mgm-Ip-∂Xv F∂ hkvXpX Hmtcm Ip´n-tbbpw
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. ]co-£-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]m{X-߃ sXc-
s™-Sp-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
106
So®¿ sSIvÃv
samUyqƒ ˛ 6
cm[-bpsS ]cmXn
Ip´n-I-fn¬ IuXp-I-ap-W¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n \¬Inb Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv.
Cu {]h¿Ø\w Ip´n°v t_m[y-s∏-Sm≥ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-IbpwthWw.
]mb-k-Øn-\p-]-Icw Pew D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ aXn. {Zmh-I-߃°v \n›nX BIrXn
C√ F∂pw AXv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]m{X-Øns‚ BIrXn kzoI-cn-°p∂p F∂pap≈
imkv{X-h-kvXpX Ip´n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Cu {]h¿Ø\w klm-bn°pw.
Duln-°m\pw ]co-£n®v Adn-bm\pw DX-Ip-∂-X-c-Øn¬ Xmsg-Im-Wp∂ tNmZy-
߃ \¬In {]h¿Ø\w IqSp-X¬ hn]p-e-am-°-Ww.
$ \nß-fpsS hm´¿t_m- -nen¬ F{X •mkv sh≈w sIm≈pw?
$ Hcp tkmUm-Ip-∏n-bn¬ F{X •mkv sh≈w sIm≈pw?
samUyqƒ ˛ 7
InW-dn-\-cnsI
]mT-`m -KsØ Nn{X \nco -£-W-Øn-eqsS N¿®-bn --te°v IS-°mw. IpSn -
sh≈t{kmX v hrØn-bmbn kwc-£n-°pI F∂ ktμiw Ip´n-°p-\¬Im-\mWv
Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS {ian-t°-≠-Xv. ss]∏p-Pew am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ip´n-
Iƒ Hcp ]t£ ¢mkn-ep-≠m-Imw. IpSn-sh≈w aen-\-am-Ip∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw
Ah XS-bp-hm-\p≈ am¿K-ßfpw Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww. InW-dp≈
{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]cn-k-csØ InW¿ kμ¿in®v Imcy-߃ t_m[y-s∏-Sm-\p≈
Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ IpSn-sh-≈-sØ-°p-dn®pw ¢mkn¬
N¿® \S-Ø-Ww.
samUyqƒ ˛ 8
Pew ip≤o-I-cn°mw
Pew ip≤o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ km[m-c-W-am¿K-ßfpw B[p-\nI kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Ip´n-
Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. "ap®´n Acn∏' eLp ]co-£Ww Ip´n-I-fpsS kl-I-c-
W-tØmsS \S-Øm≥ {ian-°-Ww. Nc¬, aW¬, Nnc- -°cn F∂nh \∂mbn Igp-
In-sb-SpØ tijta N´n-bn¬ \nd-bv°m-hq. ¢mkn¬ ]co-£Ww \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v
apºv So®¿ Cu ]co-£Ww sNbvXp-t\m-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. ]co-£-W-°p-
dn∏v Ip´n-I-tfmSv ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \n¿tZin-°-Ww.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
107
samUyqƒ ˛ 9
Pem-i-b-߃ aen-\-am-°-cptX!
amen-\y-߃ \nd™ Pem-i-b-ß-fpsS hoUntbm {]Z¿i-\-Øn-eqsS Cu `mKw
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. ]{X-hm¿Ø-Ifpw Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Ip´n-bpsS
{]tZ-isØ tXmSp-Iƒ Ipf-߃ XpSßn \nco-£-W-Øn\v km[y-X-bp≈ ÿe-
ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ Ah {]tbm--P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Pem-i-b-߃ aen-\-am-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-
≠p-≠m-Ip∂ tZmj-߃ ¢mkn¬ N¿®-\-S-°-Ww. ]{X-ß-fn¬ hcp∂ CØcw
hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Nm¿ vt]∏-dn¬ Ipdn®v {]Z¿i\w \S-Ømw. Pem-i-b-߃
aen-\-am-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ßtfm, KoX-ßtfm Hmtcm Nm¿´ns‚bpw
NphsS tN¿°m\pw \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.
bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂
D¬∏-∂-߃
$ Ip´n-bpsS Hcp Znh-ksØ Pe D]-tbm-K-∏´nI
$ "Fs‚ sX‰pw icnbpw' sN°v enÃv
$ "InW¿' kμ¿i\ dnt∏m¿ v
$ ap®´n Acn∏ ˛ eLp-]-co-£W°pdn∏v
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
108
So®¿ sSIvÃv
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn°p
Xmsg
$ N¿®-bn¬ F√m Ip´n-I-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign™p
$ ag-bv°p-ti-j-ap≈ am‰-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ Pe-t{km-X-kp-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ
enÃvsNbvXn-´p-≠v.
$ Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ enÃv
sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
$ Pe-£m-a-Øns‚ cq£X Ip´n-Isf
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
$ Pew ]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ kμ¿ -߃ Ip´n-Iƒ
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ t]mÿ \n¿am-W-Øn¬ F√m--Ip- n-I-fp-tSbpw
]¶v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
$ eLp-]-co-£Ww hnP-b-I-c-am-bn -sN-øp-Ibpw
]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v Ip´n-Iƒ
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
$ ]cn-k-csØ InW-dp-Iƒ kμ¿in®v InW¿
aen-\-am-Ip∂ kml-N-cy-߃ Is≠-Øm\pw
]cn-lmcw \n¿tZ-in-°m\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v
Ign-™p.
$ "ap®´n Acn∏' ˛ eLp-]-co-£Ww hnP-b-I-c
-ambn sNbvXp. ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v Ip´n-Iƒ
]cn-kc ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
109
bqWn‰v ˛3
Pew Pohm-arXw
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1F{X Pew
Hcp Znhkw \nß-fpsS ho´n¬ F{X _°‰v Pew D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠mIpw?
Xmsg ImWp∂ ]´nI ]qcn-∏n®v Is≠-Øm≥ {ian°q. (Hcp _°‰v Af-hn-\mbn
D]-tbm-Kn-°mw).
ho´p-t]cv :
ho´nse AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw :
Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-߃ Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Ipd-bv°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Pe
Pe-Øns‚ Afhv D]-tbmKw (GsX-¶nepw
(_°-‰v, Af-hv) Imcy-Øn¬ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬)
$ IpSn-°p-∂-Xn\v
$ Ipfn-°p-∂-Xn\v
$ ]√v tXbv°p-∂-Xn\v
$ I°qkv D]-tbm-K-Øn\v
$ ]mN-I-Øn\v
$ ]m{Xw Igp-Ip-∂-Xn\v
$ hkv{Xw Ae-°p-∂-Xn\v
$ sNSn-Iƒ \\-bv°p-∂-Xn\v
$
$
$ Hcp Znhkw Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
Pe-Øns‚ Afhv : ............. _°‰v
$ \nb-{¥n®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Ipd-bv°m≥
Ign-bp∂ Pe-Øns‚ Afhv : ............. _°‰v
Ipdn∏v
$ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw h¿°vjo‰v ]qcn-∏n-°-Ww.
$ Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw ho´nse AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw IW-°m°n tcJ-s∏-Sp
Øm≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
110
So®¿ sSIvÃv
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2Fs¥√mw \n¿tZ-i-߃
cmPp-hn-s‚bpw cm[-bp-tSbpw ho´nse InW-dn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Imcy-ß-fmWv Xmsg
ImWp∂ ]´n-I-bn-ep-≈-Xv. c≠v ]´n-Ibpw ]cn-tim-[n®v InW¿Pew aen-\-am-
°p∂ kml-N-cy-߃ Hgn-hm-°m≥ c≠p-t]-tcmSpw \n¿tZ-in-°m-\p≈ Imcy-߃
NphsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
cmPp-hns‚ ho´nse InW¿
$ InW-dn\p kao-]Øv sh®v Ae-°m-
dp≠v.
$ InW-dn\v he-bn- n- p≠v.
$ InWdpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bp-≈-
X√.
$ I°qkv Sm¶v InW-dn\v kao-]-ØmWv
$ InW-dn\p kao]w aen-\-Pew sI´n-
°n-S-°p-∂p.
$ InW-dn\p kao-]-Øp-\n∂v Ipfn-
°mdn√.
$ InW-dn\v Bƒa-d-bp≠v.
cm[-bpsS ho´nse InW¿
$ InWdpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bp-≈-
XmWv.
$ InW-dn\v he-bn-´n-´n√.
$ InW-dn¬ \n∂v hfsc AI-se-bmWv
I°qkv Sm¶v.
$ InW-dn\p kao-]Øv Ae-°m-dn√.
$ InW-dn\v Bƒad C√.
$ InW-dn\p kao-]-Øp-\n∂v Ipfn-°m-
dp≠v.
$ InW-dn\p kao-]Øv aen-\-Pew sI´n-
°n-S-°p-∂n√.
cmPp-hn-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-߃
$
$
$
$
cm[-bv°p≈ \n¿tZi-߃
$
$
$
$
]cn-kc-]-T\w
111
BapJw
ipNn-X-zhpw B-tcm-K-yhpw F∂ hnj-b-amWv Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ N¿®
sNøp-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ tcmKw ]c-Øp∂ [mcmfw Pohn-I-
fp-s≠∂pw ]cn-kc ipNn-X-z-an-√mbvabmWv CØcw Pohn-Iƒ s]cp-
Im≥ Imc-W-sa∂pw Ip´n Xncn-®-dn-bWw.
sImXpIv, Cu®, Fen F∂nh s]cp-Ip∂ kml-N-cyw Ip´n \nco-
£-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn£-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. CØcw
Pohn-Iƒ ]c--Øp∂ tcmK-ßfpw B tcmK-߃ hcm-Xn-cn-°m≥ FSp-
t°≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ses¥m-s°-bm-sW∂pw Ip´nsb t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-tØ-
≠-Xp≠v. tcmK-߃ h∂m¬ sNtø≠ {]mY-anI NnIn-’bpw Ip´n
Adn-b-Ww.
hy-‡n-ip-Nn-Xzw t]mse Xs∂ kmaq-lnI ipNn-X-zhpw {][m-\-s∏-
-XmWv. Ch c≠pw ]men°m≥ Ip´nsb {]m]vX-\m-°p-Ibpw thWw.
Aßs\ Xs‚ \mSns\ ipNn-X-z-ap-s≈mcp \mSm°n am‰m≥ Hmtcm
Ip´nbpw {ian-°p∂ Xe-Øn-te°v FØn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ Cu ]mT- mK-Øn-eqsS \¬Im≥ {ian-°mw.
hrØn \ΩpsS i‡nhrØn \ΩpsS i‡nhrØn \ΩpsS i‡nhrØn \ΩpsS i‡nhrØn \ΩpsS i‡n4
112
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Bi
-b-ß
ƒ/[
mc-W
-Iƒ
/{]
{Inb
mti
jn-I
ƒ]
T-\
-{]h
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ/X
{¥-ß
ƒ]
T-\
-t\
-߃
$sI
mXpI
v, C
u®
, F
en F
∂nh
s]
cp-I
p∂
kml
-N-cy-ß
fpw
A
Xp-a
q-e-ap-≠
m-I
p∂
BtcmK
y {]
iv\
-ßfpw tcJ
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
m≥
Ign-b
p-∂p.
$h
oSpw ]
cn-k
-ch
pw h
rØn-b
mbn k
q£n-°
p-
∂-X
n\v F
s¥
ms°
sN
ø-W
-sa∂
v Xnc
n-®-
dn™
v {]
h¿Ø
n-°m≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$sI
mX
pIp
\i
o-I-cW
{]
h¿Ø
-\-Ø
n-
te
¿s∏
-Sm≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$B
lm-c-Ø
n-eq-s
Sb
pw I
pSn-s
h-≈
-Øn-e
q-
sSb
pw ]
I-cm≥
km[
y-X-b
p≈ t
cmK
-߃
Xnc
n-®-dn-b
m≥ I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$sI
mXp-I
v, C
u®
, F
en F
∂o Poh
n-Iƒ
s]
cp-
Ip∂
\
nc-h
[n k
ml-N
-cy-ß
ƒ \
Ωps
S N
p‰n-
ep-a
p-≠v.
$h
rØn-b
n-√mØ
CS-ß
-fn-e
mWv C
h I
qSp-X
¬
ImW
p-∂-X
v.
$N
p‰p-]
m-Sp-I
sf X
mc-X
-ay-s
∏-SpØ
n C
Øcw
Poh
n-Iƒ
s]
cp-I
p∂ k
ml-N
cyw
X
ncn-®
-dn-
bmw
.
˛\
nco-£
Ww, B
i-b
-hn-\
n-ab
w
$h
oSpw
]
cn-k
-ch
pw h
rØn-b
mbn
kq£
n-°m-
Xn-c
p-∂m¬
]
e tcmK
-ßfpw ]
c-Ø
p∂ P
ohn-
Iƒ
s]
cp-I
m≥ k
m[y-X
-bp≠
v.
$sI
mXpI
p s]
cp-I
m-\p≈
\nc
-h[
n k
ml-N
-cy-
߃
\
ap°
v N
p‰p-a
p-≠v.
$sI
mX
pIp
s]
cp-I
p-hm-\
p≈ k
ml
-Ncyw
XStb
-≠-X
p≠v.
˛\
nco-£
Ww
˛ZØ
-߃
ti
J-cn-°
epw tcJ
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
epw
˛{]
iv\
-]-cn-l
mcw
Is≠
-ج
$i
p≤-a-√
mØ P
e-Ø
n-eq-s
Sb
pw `£
-W-Ø
n-eq-
sSb
pw tcmK
-߃
D≠
m-Im≥
C
S-b
p≠v.
$\
nco-£
-W-Ø
n-eqs
S tcmK
w ]
c-Ø
p∂ P
ohn-
Iƒ
G
sX
-√m-a
m-sW
∂v X
ncn-®
-dn-b
p-∂p.
$k
vIn‰
v ˛ F
en,
sI
mXpI
v F∂
n-h-
cps
S k
w`m-j
Ww
$N
¿®
Xmc
-X-ay-s
∏-Sp-Ø
¬ ˛
c≠
v \
mSp-
Ifpw
$e
nÃnwKv ˛
tcmK
-߃
$\
nco-£
Ww
˛ k
vIqƒ
, h
oSv
$ss{U
tU
B
N-cW
w
$th
Ãv _
n≥ \
n¿amW
w
$\
nco-£
Ww
˛ ]
cn-k
csØ
Poh
n-
I-fps
S t]
cv ]
´n-I
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
¬
]T\
kma
-{Kn-I
ƒ:
apJ
waqS
n, IC
T, \
yqk
vt]
-∏¿, I
™n-s
h-≈
w, _
°‰v
bqW
n‰v s{^
bnw
Bh
-iya
mb ]
nco-U
p-Iƒ
: 10
]cn-kc-]-T\w
113
Cu ]
mT`m-K
-Øn¬
Du∂
¬ \
¬tI
≠ aqey-ß
ƒ / at\
m-mh
߃
$h
y‡n-i
p-NnX
zhpw k
maq-l
nI-i
p-Nn-X
zhpw ]
men-t°
-≠-X
p≠v
$tcmK
w h
cm≥
k
m[y-X
-bp≈
k
ml-N
-cy-ß
ƒ Hgn-h
m-t°
-≠-X
p≠v
$sI
mXp-I
v, C
u®
, F
en
F∂
o P
nhn-I
fn-
eq-s
Sb
pw sh
≈-Ø
n-eq-s
Sb
pw ]
I-cp∂
tcmK
-߃
]
nSn-s
]-Sm-X
n-cn-°
m≥
\
mw
Fs¥
√mw
sN
ø-W
-sa∂
v X
ncn-®
-dn™
v
{]h
¿Ø
n-°m≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$h
y‡n i
pNnX
zw ]
men-°
p-Ib
pw i
pNnX
z
ioe
-߃
\
n¿t±-i
n-°p-h
m\pw I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$h
rØn F
∂ B
ib
w {]
N-cn-∏
n-°m-\
p≈
{]h
¿Ø
-\-Ø
n-te
¿s∏
-Sm≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$h
y‡n
ipN
n-Xzh
pw k
maq-l
nI i
pNn-
Xzh
pw Dd-∏
p-h-cp-Ø
p-∂-X
n¬ X
s‚
]
¶v
Xnc
n-®-dn™
v {]
h¿Ø
n-°m≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$tcmK
-߃
X
S-b
m≥ am¿
K-ß
ƒ D≠
v.
˛\
nco-£
Ww
˛B
i-b
-hn-\
n-ab
w
˛i
mk
v{Xm-i
-b-ß
-fps
S DZm-l
-c-W
-߃
ssZ\
w-Zn\
P
ohn-X
-Øn¬
\
nco-£
n-°p-I
.
˛B
lm-c
w, B
tcm-K
yw, P
ohn-X
-ssi
en X
pS-
ßn-b
-h-b
n¬ h
y‡n-]
-c-amb
n i
mkv{X
ob
Xoc
p-am-\
-sa-Sp-°
¬.
$h
y‡n i
pNnX
zw ]
men-°
m-Xn-c
p-∂m¬
]e
BtcmK
y {]
iv\
-ß-fp-a
p-≠m-I
m≥ k
m[y-
X-b
p-≠v.
˛\
nco-£
Ww
˛{]
iv\
-]-cn-l
mc I
s≠
-ج
$h
y‡n
ipN
nXzw ]
men-°
p-∂-tX
m-sSm∏
w
kmaq-l
nI i
pNn-X
zhpw
]
me
n-t°
-≠-
Xp≠
v.
$C
h ]
men-°
m-Xn-c
p-∂m¬
]e
tcmK
-ßfpw
D≠
m-Im≥
k
m[y-X
-bp≠
v.
˛\
nco-£
Ww
˛{]
iv\
-]-cn-l
mcw
Is≠
-ج
˛B
lm-c
w, B
tcm-K
yw, P
ohn-X
-ssi
en X
pS-
ßn-b
-h-b
n¬ h
y‡n-]
-c-amb
n i
mkv{X
ob
Xoc
p-am-\
-sa-Sp-°
¬.
$tcmK
-߃
]
´n-I
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
¬
$H.B
¿.-F
kv e
mb\
n X
øm-d
m-°¬
$t]
mÿ \
n¿amW
w
$sN
°v e
nÃv ]
qcn-∏
n-°¬
$sN
°v e
nÃp-I
ƒ, ]
c-k
v]cw
Xmc
-Xayw
$¢
mkn-s
emc
p sN
°v e
nÃv X
øm-d
m-°¬
$t]
mÿ \
n¿amW
w
$¢
∫v {]
h¿Ø
\w
˛ i
pNn-X
z-tk
\
114
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
kvIn‰v
]mT- m-K-Ønse c≠v \mSp-I-fp-sSbpw Nn{X-ßfpw kw`m-j-Whpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
sImXpIv, Cu®, Fen F∂n-h-bpsS apJw-aqSn \n¿an®v, ¢mkn¬ kvIn‰v Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°-s´.
hrØn-bp≈ \mSpw hr-Øn-bn-√mØ \mSpw ˛ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ tÃPn¬ Bh-i-y-amb
{Iao-I-cWw hcp-Ø-Ww.
kvIn‰v Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v tijw c≠v CS-ß-fn-sebpw hrØn-sb°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬
N¿® \S-°-s´.
{][m\ Bi-b-ß-fn-te-s°-Øn-°m≥ Bh-i-y-amb N¿®m kqN-I-߃ \¬I-Ww.
$ Fenbpw Iq´p-Imcpw \mSphn-Sp-hm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
$ CØcw Pohn-Isf \n߃ Fhn-sS-sbm-s°-bmWv I≠n- p-≈Xv?
$ Ch¿ FØn-s∏´ \mSv Ch¿t°sd CjvS-s∏-Sm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
N¿®-bv°p-tijw c≠v \mSpw Xmc-X-a-y-s∏-SpØn \nK-a\w ]cn-k-c-]pkvX-I-
Øn-se-gp-Xs´. CXn¬ GXv \m´n¬ Xma-kn-°m\mWv \n߃ Gsd CjvS-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v? F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-ج ChnsS \S-
Ømw.
samU-yqƒ ˛ 2
\nco-£Ww
kvIqfns‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ \nco-£n-°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°-Ww. \nco£n-°m≥
t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]v Fs¥ms° Imc-y-ß-fmWv \nco-£n-t°-≠-sX∂v ¢mkn¬
N¿® sNøm≥ ad-°-cp-Xv. \nco-£n®v Is≠-Ønb Imc-y-߃ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-
Øn¬ Ipdn-°-s´.
" "ss{UtU''
kvIqfn¬ "ss{UtU' BN-cn-°-s´. Ip´nIƒ°v Bh-i-y-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃ bYm-
k-abw So®¿ \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw In´nb Adnhv
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v Ip´n-Iƒ ho´nepw "ss{UtU' BN-cn®v AXns‚
dnt∏m¿s´-gpXn hc-s´.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
115
sImXp-Ins‚ ap -Iƒ hncn™v IqØm-Sn-I-fm-Ip∂sXßs\-sb∂v \nco-
£n-°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°mw ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ Hcp ]m{X-Øn¬ sh≈-sa-
Sp-Øp-h-bv°-Ww. (sNfn-sh-≈tam NmW-I-sh-≈tam Bhmw.) FSpØp
shbv°p∂ Znhkw IrX-y-ambn Hm¿°Ww. Znh-khpw Ip´n-Iƒ ]m{X-
Øn-ep≈ sh≈w \nco-£s´ Ggm-asØ Znhkw sh≈-Øn¬ IqØm-Sn-
Isf ImWmw. A∂v Xs∂ sh≈w Hgn®p If™v IqØm-Sn-Isf \in-∏n-
°-Ww. Cs√-¶n¬ IqØm-Sn -Iƒ ]q¿W-h-f¿®-sbØn
sImXpIpIfmbnamdpw.
thÃv_n≥ \n¿amWw
Hcp _°‰v (πmÃnIv _°t‰m, Aeq-an-\nbw _°t‰m D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.) IagvØn
h®v AXns‚ ]pdw `mKØv ]q¿W-ambn Hcp \yq-kvt]-∏¿ sh≈-Øn¬ ap°n H´n-
°p-I. AXn-\p-ap-I-fn¬ H≥]tXm ]tØm \yqkv t]∏¿ CtX cq]-Øn¬ I™n-
sh-≈-Øn¬ ap°n H´n-°p-I. Ah-km\w I´n Ipd™ Hcp Nm¿ v t]∏dpw H´n-
°pI. shbn-eØv h®v \∂mbn DW-ßn-b-tijw _°‰v Ducn-sb-Sp-°p-I. t]∏¿
_°-‰n\p apI-fn¬ Bh-i-y-amb \ndw \¬In `wKn-bm-°mw. ¢mkn¬ CXv thÃv
_°-‰mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s´.
"hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønepw ho´nepw sImXpIv, Cu®, Fen F∂nh s]cp-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥
Rm≥ sNbvvXXv' F∂ Xe-s°- n¬ Ip´n Fgp-Xp∂ Imc-y-߃ hne-bn-cp-ج
\S-Ø-Ww. sSIvÃv _p°n¬ \¬Inb ""ipNn-Xzw ]men-°m≥ Rm≥ sNøp-∂Xv''
F∂ h¿°v jo‰v t]mse Chn-sSbpw B cq]-Øn-sem∂v Xøm-dm-°pa-t√m.
samU-yqƒ ˛ 3
\nco-£Ww ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ج
Xnf-∏n-®m-dnb sh≈w IpSn-°m≥ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-h¿ Bscms°? F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-
eqsS Cu `mKw N¿® sNømw sh≈-Øn-eqsS tcmKw ]I-cm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
tcmK-߃ GsXms° XpS-ßnb IrX-y-amb tNmZ-y-߃ \¬In-sIm≠v N¿®
apt∂m´p \bn-°-Ww.
_mIvSo-cnb apX-emb kq£va Pohn-I-fmWv Pe-Øn-eqsS tcmKw ]c-Øp-
∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v IpSn-°m-\p≈ sh≈w A©v an\n‰v \∂mbn Xnf-∏n-
°Ww. Xnf-∏n® sh≈w XWp-°m≥ th≠n ]®-sh≈w Hgn-°p-∂Xv
KpW-I-c-a-√. sh≈w X\nsb XWp-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-Ww.
Cu®, Fen F∂o Pohn-Iƒ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßfpw ChnsS N¿®bv°v
hnt[-b-am-°Ww. IqSmsX Cu Pohn-Iƒ ]c-Øp∂ tcmK-ßfpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØWw.
116
So®¿ sSIvÃv
ICT km[yX
sImXp-Iv, Cu® XpS-ßnb Pohn-Iƒ tcmKw ]I¿Øp∂ kml-N-cy-߃ a\- n-
em-°p-∂-Xn\v application-school resource std 5 F∂ en¶v ¢n°v sNøp-tºmƒ
e`n-°p∂ Pme-I-Ønse "ipNnXzw ho´nepw \m´nepw' F∂-Xn¬ ¢n°v sNbvXv
tcmKw ]c-Øp∂ Pohn-Iƒ F∂ hoUntbm \nco-£n-°p-I.
ORS emb\n Xøm-dm-°¬
]m\ob NnIn-’-bpsS {]m[m-\yw N¿®-sN-bvXp-sIm≠v ¢mkn¬ ORS ]m\obw
Xøm-dm°p∂p.
Xnf-∏n-®m-dnb Hcp •mkv sh≈-Øn¬ Hcp kv]q¨ ]©-km-c, D∏v F∂nh
tN¿Øv \∂mbn Cf°n ebn-∏n®v emb\n Xøm-dm°mw. Hmd¬ dosslt{U-
j≥ tkmƒ v F∂-XmWv ORS F∂Xns‚ ]q¿W-cq]w
t]mÿ \n¿amWw
t]mÿ \n¿amWw {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ \¬Imw. kvIqfn¬ A\p-tbm-P-y-amb kY-e-ß-
fn¬ Ch ]Xn-∏n°-ep-am-hmw.
samU-yqƒ ˛ 4
sN°venÃv ]qcn-∏n-°¬
sSIvÃv _p°n¬ \¬Inb sN°venÃv hy-‡n-K-X-ambn SnIv sNø-s´. sXm -Sp-Øn-
cn-°p∂bmfpsS sN°p-en-Ãp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNø-s´. XpS¿∂v ipNn-Xzw ]men°m≥
"R߃ sNøp-∂Xv' F∂ cq]-Ønsemcp sN°v enÃv ¢mknepw Bbn-°qtS.
amXrI
ipNnXzw ]men-°m≥ R߃
sNøp-∂Xv dk
nb
ch
n
kvt\
l
A_
p
$ F√m Znh-khpw Ipfn-°p∂p
$ \Jw sh´n hrØn-bm-°p∂p
$
$
$
$
$
amX
yp
Aº
nfn
]cn-kc-]-T\w
117
samU-yqƒ ˛ 5
¢_v {]h¿Ø-\-߃
t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ, eLp-teJ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøWw amXrIm t]mÃ-dp-
Iƒ (BtcmKyhIp-∏nt‚bpw a‰pw) ¢mkn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. AXp-t]mse
as‰m∂v \n¿an-°m-\m-hiys∏Smw. k¿th \SØmw, hm¿Øm sImfmjv \n¿an-
°mw.
¢mkn-semcp "ipNn-X-z-tk\' cq]o-I-cn®v hy-‡n-ip-Nn-X-zhpw kmaq-lnI ipNn-Xzhpw
]men-°p-∂pt≠m F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
Ip´n ]men-°p-∂ ipNn-X-z-in-e-ßfpw Btcm-Ky ioe-ßfpw \nco-£n®v hne-bn-
cpج \SØWw.
hne-bn-cp-ج {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
Ch Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-amtbm thdnt´m \S-Ømw. A\p-tbm-P-y-amb
IqSp-X¬ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Is≠-Øn \¬Ip-Ibpw, Ip´n-Iƒ sNbvXp-h-cp-∂h hne-
bn-cp-ج \S-Øp-Ibpw thWw.
bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂
D¬∏-∂-߃
$ kvIn‰n-\mbn \n¿an® apJw-aq-Sn-Iƒ
$ hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xz-Nm¿´v
$ ss{UtU BN-cW dnt∏m¿ v
$ kvIqƒ ipNnXz {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS dnt∏m¿ v
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
118
So®¿ sSIvÃv
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icmicn icm-i-cn°p
Xmsg
$ HB, TB F∂n-h-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p
]pdsa sa®-s∏´ Nne {]h¿Ø-\-߃
IqSn \¬Im≥ Ign-™p.
$ Fen, sImXpIv, F∂n-h-cpsS kw`m-jWw
anI® coXn-bn¬ kvIn‰mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw Hcp-°n.
$ N¿®-I-fn¬ F√m Ip´n -I -fp -sSbpw
]¶mfnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.
$ "ss{UtU' F√m Ip´n -I -fp -tSbpw
]¶mfnØtØmsS \S-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
$ thÃv_n≥ \n¿an-°m-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w
\¬In.
$ ORS emb\n ¢mkn¬ Xøm-dm°n
$ F√m Ip´n-I-tfbpw sN°v enÃv ]qcn-∏n-
°p∂ Xe-Øn-te°v FØn-°pI hgn
ipNnXz ioe-߃ ]men-°p-∂p-s≠∂v
Dd∏p hcp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™p.
$ ipNn-X-z-tk-\-bn¬ kPo-h-ambn F√m Ip´n-
I-sfbpw ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ hy‡n ipNn-X-zhpw kmaq-lnI ipNn-X-zhpw
Hcp t]mse {]m[m-\-y -ap≈XmsW∂
t_m[-Øn-te°v F√mIp´n -I-tfbpw
FØn-°m≥ Ign-™p.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
119
bqWn‰v ˛4
hrØn \ΩpsS i‡n
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
hrØn-bn¬ Fs‚ am¿°v
hy‡n-Po-hn-X-Ønepw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ]men-t°≠ \√ ioe-߃ \mw
Xncn-®-dn-™p-I-gn™p. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ioe-߃ hmbn®v \n߃ sNøp∂
Imcy-߃ "'AS-bm-fhpw A√m-Ø-hbv°v "' AS-bm-fhpw \¬Iq.
$ F√m-Zn-h-khpw Ipfn®v hrØn-bm-bmWv kvIqfn¬ FØp-∂-Xv.
$ s]mXp-ÿ-eØv ae-aq-{X-hn-k¿P\w \S-Øm-dn-√.
$ hoSv hrØn-bm-°m≥ AΩsb klm-bn-°m-dp-≠v.
$ I°q-kn¬ t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw ssIIm-ep-Iƒ tkm∏v D]-tbm-Kn®v Igp-Imdp≠v.
$ cmhn-sebpw sshIp-t∂-chpw ]√p tX°m-dp-≠v.
$ \Jw sh´n hrØn-bm-°m-dp-≠v.
$ `£-Wm-h-in-jvS-߃ hens-®-dn-bm-dn-√.
$ thÃv _°‰v IrXy-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.
$ hoSn-\p-Np‰pw sh≈w sI´n-In-S-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°m-dn-√.
$ Xpd∂ph-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw ]g-In-b-Xp-amb Blm-c-km-[-\-߃ Ign-°m-dn-√.
Hmtcm icn ()AS-bmfØn\pw 5 am¿°v hoXw \¬Iq. \n߃°v F{X-am¿°v
In´n F∂v Is≠-Øq.
hrØn-bn¬ F{X-am¿°v
apgp-h≥am¿°pw t\Sm≥ C\n Rm≥ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃.
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
120
So®¿ sSIvÃv
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
c≠v {Kma-߃
ipNn-Xz-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GXm\pw Imcy-ß-fmWv Xmsg ImWp∂ tImf-Øn-ep-
≈-Xv. c≠v {Kma-ß-fpsS ]´n-Ibpw NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm {Kma-Øn\pw
A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ tImf-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠Øn ]´n-I-bn¬ FgpXq.
]hn-g-°-c-{Km-aw- -hr-Øn-bp-≈-{Kmaw
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ Ip∂p-IqSn InS-°p∂p
aen-\-Pew sI´n-°n-S-°p∂pZnh-khpw -hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw
hrØn-bm-°p∂ P\-߃
amwkm-h-in-jvS-߃ kwkv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]tXyI kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ae-aq-{X-hn-k¿P-\-Øn-\mbv {]tXyI kuIcyw C√.
N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ \nt£-]n-°m≥Nh‰p- Ip- -Iƒ ÿm]n-®n- p-≠v.
hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bm-°m≥P\-߃ {i≤n-°m-dn-√.
aen-\-Pew Hgp-In-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn\vHmS-Iƒ ÿm]n-®n- p-≠v.
amwkm-h-in-jvS-߃ s]mXp-h-gn-bn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-∂p.
s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ae-aq-{X-hnk¿P\Øn\mbn {]tXyI
kuIcyw Hcp-°n-bn- p-≠v.
apØp-°-c-{Km-aw- -hr-Øn-bn-√m-Ø-{Kmaw
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
]cn-kc-]-T\w
121
cpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsScpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsScpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsScpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsScpNn - tbmsS Icp - tØmsS5
BapJw
\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ `£-W-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw Xncn-®-dn-™-h-cmWv
\Ωƒ. hni∏S-°m≥ am{X-a√ icoc hf¿®-bpsS {]m[m-\yw IqSn
IW-°n-se-SpØpsIm≠v \mw `£W km[-\-߃ sXc-s™-Sp-
°p-∂p. cpNnbpw KpW-ta-∑bpap≈ Blmcw \ap-°m-h-i-y-am-Wv. Icp-
tØmsS hf-cm≥ \√ Blmcioe-߃ Ip´n-I-fn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-
°-Ww. sshhn-[-y-ap≈ Blm-c-km-[-\-߃, t]mj-I-ß-f-Sßnb
Blm-c-km-[-\-߃, `£-W-Øn¬ Ah Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xns‚
{]m[m-\yw, kky-߃ P¥p-°ƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂
`£-W-km-[-\-߃, `£-y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS D]-tbmKw XpS-ßn-bh
Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS Ip´n-I-ƒ°vv e -y-am-IWw. £-Whp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ Nne aqe-y-߃IqSn Ip´n-I-fn¬ hf¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Blmcw
]mgm-°n°-f-b-cp-Xv F∂Xv Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-tSbpw a\- nepw ]Xn-tb-
≠-Xp≠v. kvIqƒ D-®- -£-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Ip´n-
Iƒ°v \√ ktμ-i-߃ ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-hm\pw Cu ]mT- mKw
klm-bn-°pw. `£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ°mbn \mw A\-y-tZi-ßsf B{i-
bn-°p-∂p F∂ t_m[hpw kz-¥-ambn ]®-°-dn-tØm´w \n¿an-°m\pw
Irjn-bn-S-߃ kwc-£n-°p-hm-\p-ap≈ at\m- m-hw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m\pw
Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS {ian-°-Ww. Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw CjvS- -£-
W-Øn¬ XpSßn Blmc temI-Øns‚ \∑-\n-d™ hgn-I-fn-eqsS
Ahs\ apt∂m´p \bn-°mw.
122
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Bi
-b-ß
ƒ/[
mc-W
-Iƒ
/{]
{Inb
mti
jn-I
ƒ]
T-\
-{]h
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ/X
{¥-ß
ƒ]
T-\
-t\
´-ß
ƒ
$i
cn-b
mb
h
f¿®
bv°
pw B
tcm-K
-y-
Øn\
pw `£
Ww
Bh
-i-y-am-sW
∂v
Xnc
n-®-dn™
v ]
d-b
m≥ I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$B
-h-i
-y-amb
t]
mj-I
-߃
e
`n-°
p-∂-
Xn\
v B
lm-c-Ø
n¬ ssh
hn-[
-y-ap≈
`£
-W-k
m-[
-\-ß
ƒ
Dƒ
s∏
-Sp-
ØW
sa∂
v \
n¿tZ-i
n°m≥
Ign-b
p-∂p.
$ssh
hn-[
-y-ap≈
B
lm-c
-km-[
-\-ß
-fp-≠
v.
$i
co-c
-h-f¿®
bv°
pw B
tcm-K
-y-Ø
n\pw
Bl
mcw
Bh
-i-y-a
m-Wv.
˛\
nco-£
Ww
˛B
i-b
-hn-\
n-ab
w
$i
coc
hf¿®
bv°
v Bh
-i-y-a
mb t
]mj
I-
߃
hnh
n[ A
f-h
n¬ B
lmc
km[
-\-
ß-fn¬
A
S-ß
n-bn-c
n-°p-∂
p.
$B
lm-c
-Øn¬
ssh
hn-[
-y-am¿
∂ B
lmc
km[
-\-ß
ƒ Dƒ
s∏
-Sp-t
Ø-≠
-Xp≠
v.
$k
k-y-ß
-fn¬
\
n∂pw
P
¥p-°
-fn¬
\n∂
pw e
`n-°
p∂ [
mcmfw B
lmc
km[
-\-ß
ƒ \
mw D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p-∂p.
$]
mIw
sN
bvX
pw ]
mIw
sN
øm-sX
bpw
Ign-°
m≥
]
‰nb
B
lm-c-k
m-[
-\-ß
-
fp≠
v.
˛\
nco-£
Ww
˛h
¿K
o-I-cW
w
˛\
nK-a-\
-Øn-s
e-Ø
¬
$\
mw
Ign-°
p∂ B
lmc h
kvX
p-°ƒ
enÃ
nwKv
$A
cn,
tKmX
ºv, F
∂o
[m\
-y-߃
D]
-
tb
m-K
n®v \
n¿an-°
p∂ B
lm-c-k
m-[
-\-
߃
e
nÃnwKv
$B
lmc
w B
tcm-K
-y-Øn\
pw
hf¿®
bv°
pw˛
N¿®
$h
mb
-\m-I
p-dn-∏
n¬ \
n∂v B
i-b
-߃
Is≠
-ج
$B
lm-c
-Øn-\
m-bn
D]
-tb
m-Kn-°
p∂ ]
g-
߃
, ]
®-°
-dn-I
ƒ,
]b
-dp-h
¿K
-߃
,
Ing
-ßp-h
¿K
-߃
, C
e-°
-dn-I
ƒ C
h
Xcw
Xnc
n®v ]
´n-I
-s∏
-Sp-Ø
¬
$k
k-y-ß
-fn¬
\
n∂pw e
`n-°
p∂ B
lm-
c-k
m-[-\
-߃
, P
¥p-°
-fn¬
\
n∂v e
`n-
°p∂
B
lm-c-k
m-[
-\-ß
ƒ N
¿®
˛
enÃ
nwKv
$]
mIw
sN
bvX
pw ]
mIw
sN
øm-sX
bpw
Ign-°
m-hp∂
B
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123
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p∂v B
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124
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Cu ]
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Du∂
¬ \
¬tI
≠ aqey-ß
ƒ / at\
m-mh
߃
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p≠v.
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n®pw k
l-I
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pw {]
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p≠v.
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rjn-b
n¬ G
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pw I
rjn-b
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ƒ k
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n-°m\
pw I
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Ww.
$\
mw D
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m-Kn-°
p∂ `
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p-°-fn¬
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]cn-kc-]-T\w
125
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
]mT- m-KØp≈ BapJ Nn{X-w ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ N¿® \S-°-Ww.
Ip´n-I-fpsS CjvS-hn- -h-߃, £-W-km-[-\-߃, £Ww Ign-t°≠ BhiyIX,
`£Ww Ign-°msX hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn¬ h∂m¬ ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Ahÿ,
{]mtZ-inIambn D≠m-°p∂ `£-W-hn- -h-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw N¿®-bn¬ hcWw.
Fs¥√mw hn -h-߃
\mw Blm-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ [m\-y-߃ Ip´n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
Acn, tKmXºv XpS-ßnb [m\-y-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-Nn-X-amWv. Ah sIm≠p-
≠m-°p∂ Blm-c-hn- -h-߃ Ah¿ Is≠-Øs´. ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. a‰v
[m\-y-߃ Ahsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Ah sIm≠p-≠m-°p∂ Nne hn- -h-ß-
sf-¶nepw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°Ww.
DZm : tNmfw ˛ tNmf-s∏mcn, D∏p-amhv, ]p v
dmKn ˛ dmKn-]p v, dmKn-Ip-dp°v (sNdnb Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ Blm-cw)
Nma ˛ NmaI™n, D∏p-amhv
Xn\ ˛ D∏p-amhv, ]p v, ]mbkw
ta\n ]dbmw
\mw `£-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]g-߃, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, ]b-dp-h¿K-߃,
Ing-ßp-h¿K-߃, Ce-°-dn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]´n-
I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ Hcp `£-y-h-kvXp-hns‚
t]cvv Fgp-Xnb \dp°v \¬Ip-I. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah¿°p In´nb \dp-°nse
hkvXp-hns‚ ta∑ ]d-b-s´.
P¥p-°-fn¬ \n∂pw Blmcw
kk-y-ß-f¬ \n∂p am{X-a√ P¥p-°-fn¬ \n∂pw [mcmfw Blmckm[-\-߃
e`n-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Ip´n-Iƒ Adn-b-Ww. Hcp eLp N¿®-bn-eqsS Cu `£-W-km-[-
\-߃ Is≠Øn enÃv sNø-Ww. (]m¬, ap´, a’yw, amwkw XpS-ßn-b-h) Ch-
bn-tem-tcm∂pw D]-tbm-Kn®v D≠m-°p∂ hn -h-ßfpw Ip´nsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
DZm : ]m¬ ˛ ssXcv, tamcv, ]mbkw, ]m¬t]S, ]\o¿, Nmb, Im∏n
IS-¶YmtIfn
`£-y-h-kvXp-°-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GXm\pw IS-¶-Y-Iƒ Ip´n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Ø-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ Nne hkvXp-°-fpsS IS-¶-Y-Iƒ Is≠Øn hc-s´. ¢mkn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
126
So®¿ sSIvÃv
FXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-߃
apfIv ˛ kn¬°v k©n-bn¬ Nn√d ss]k
D≈n ˛ ]®bvs°cnbpw sh¥m¬ a[pcw
Ipcp-ap-fIv ˛ AIØv Xncn sXdpØv ]pdØv ap -bn- p.
aØ≥ ˛ Imf-In-S°pw Ib-tdm-Spw.
ap´ ˛ Hcp Ip∏n-bn¬ cs≠Æ
s\√n° ˛ BZyw Ibv°pw ]ns∂ a[p-cn°pw
tN\ ˛ ASn-]md, \Sp-hSn, tase-IpS
tXß ˛ ap°-Æ≥ N¥bv-°p-t]m-bn.
N°-hn-tijw
N°-hn-ti-j-Øn¬ N°-sIm-≠p-≠m-°p∂ [mcmfw hn -h-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kqNn-∏n-
®n- p-≠v. "N° hntijw' t]mse GsX-¶nepw Hcp `£y-h-kvXp-hns‚ hntijw
Xbm-dm-°m≥ \n¿tZin-°mw DZm : amß. GXm\pw `£-y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS t]cv
\¬Ip-I. Ah sIm≠v Fs¥√mw hn`h-߃ D≠m-°m-sa∂v Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-
s´.
amß ˛ Pyqkv, amßm-°dn, A®m¿, NΩ¥n
]gw ˛ Nn]vkv, ]gw s]mcn, ]mbkw
ap´ ˛ tI°v, Hmwe‰v, _pƒssk, ] vkv
samUyqƒ ˛ 2
t]mj-Im-lmcw
]mT-`m-KsØ Ip´n-I-fpsS tUmIvS¿ ]d-bp∂ Imc-y-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ hmbn-°s´
XpS¿∂v ¢mkn¬ CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ N¿® \S-°-Ww. t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-d-hp-
aqew tcmK-߃, t]mjIKpW-ap≈ Blmc hkvXp-°ƒ, t]mj-Im-lm-chpw
Btcm-K-yhpw XpS-ßnb Imc-y-߃ N¿®-bn¬ hc-Ww. t]mj-Im-lm-c°p-d-hp-aqew
IjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS Nne Nn{X-߃, hoUntbm ¢n∏nw-Kp-Iƒ F∂nh Cu Ahkc-
Øn¬ e`y-sa-¶n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°mw; t]mj-I-߃ e`n-°m≥ acp-∂p-I-fnepw
]m°‰pIfnepw t_m´n-ep-I-fnepw e`n-°p∂ Btcm-K-y-]m-\ob s]mSn-I-sfbpw B{i-
bn-°msX ]g߃, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, Ce-°-dn-Iƒ ]b-dp-h¿K-߃, Ing-ßp-h¿K-߃,
ap´, ]m¬, a’yw, amwkw F∂nh `£-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw F∂v Ip´nIsf
t_m[ys∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
`£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ
KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ `£-y-h-kvXp-°ƒ sXc-s™-Sp°Ww F∂ Nn¥ Ip´n-bn¬ D≠m-
]cn-kc-]-T\w
127
IWw. kvIqƒ ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ IS-Ifn¬ hn¬°p∂ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-√mØ
A®mdpIƒ, anTm-bn-Iƒ, ]e-lmc-߃, sFkv{Io-ap-Iƒ, ]m\o-b-߃ F∂nh
sb°p-dn®v N¿® \S-°-Ww; ^mÃv ^pUv IS-I-fn¬ \n∂v \nc-¥cw `£Ww Ign-
®m-ep≈ {]iv\-ßsfbpw Ip´n-bpsS {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-c-Ww. ]g-߃, ]®-°-
dn-Iƒ F∂nh IgpIn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m-\yw N¿® sNø-Ww.
kmeUv \n¿am-Ww
]mIw sNbvXp Ign-°m-hp∂ `£-y-h-kvXp-°fpw ]mIw sNømsX Ign-°m-hp∂
`£-y-h-kvXp-°fpw Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. Ip´n-Iƒ
tiJ-cn-®p-sIm≠phcp∂ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ¢mkn¬ kmeUv D≠m-°m≥
{i-an-°-Ww. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn kmeUv \n¿am-W-Øn¬ hy-X-ym-k-ap-≠m-Imw. kmeUv
D≠m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fn¬ am‰-ap-≠m-Imw. ssXcv Hgn® kmeUv,
hn\m-Kncn (kp¿°) tN¿Ø kmeUv, D∏p am{Xw tN¿Ø kmeUv, sNdp-\m-cß
tN¿Ø kmeUv F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hy-X-y-kvX-X-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Ip´n-
Iƒ°v Adn-bm-hp∂ eLp ]mN-I-°p-dn∏v Fgp-Xp-hm-\p≈ Ah-k-chpw \¬I-
Ww.
samUyqƒ ˛ 3
A©v Iq´p-Im¿
\ΩpsS ico-c-Ønse ]t©-{μn-b-ßfpw Ah-bpsS [¿ahpw Ip´n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw So®¿ Hmtcm C{μn-b-ß-fpsS t]cv ]d-bp-tºmƒ sXm´p
ImWn-°-s´. ]t©-{μn-b-ß-fpsS [¿a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Hcp eLp Ifn-bm-hmw.
¢mkn¬ A©v `mK-Ømbn Hmtcm Ip´n-Isf \n¿ØpI. IÆv, aq°v, \m°v, Xz°v,
sNhn F∂n-ßs\ Fgp-Xnb Im¿Up-Iƒ ¢mknse a‰p Ip´n-Iƒ°v hoXn-®p-\¬IpI.
t\ctØ 5 `mK-Ømbn \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ ImgvN-Iƒ ImWm≥ Rm≥
thWw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ IÆv F∂v Im¿Uv In´nb Ip´nIƒ B Ip´n°p Np‰pw
IqSn Xncn™v Im¿Uv Db¿Øn- ImWn-°-Ww. CXp-t]mse a‰p-≈-h¿ i_vZw
tIƒ°m≥ Rm≥ thWw, aWw Adn-bm-\mbv Rm≥ thWw, cpNn-b-dn-bm-\mbv
Rm≥ thWw, sXm´-dn-bm-\mbv Rm≥ thWw F∂n-ßs\ ]d-bp-Ibpw AXp-
ambn _‘-s∏- -h¿ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Np‰pw Iq-S-Ww. C\n BZyw ]d™ Ip´n (I≠-dn-
-bm≥ Rm≥ thWw) at‰-sX-¶nepw Ah-bh [¿aw ]d-bWw tbmPn® Im¿Up≈
Ip´n-Iƒ AhnsS IqS-Ww. _m-°n-bp≈hcpw Hmtcm-∂ns‚ [¿a-߃ ]d-b-s´.
Ifn-bn¬ Iq´w sX‰n-®p-\n¬°p-∂-hsc F√m-h-tcbpw Hcp {Kq∏mbn am‰n \n¿ØpI.
ASpØ {]mh-iyw ]d-bp-tºmƒ HmSn-sb-Øm≥ Ah¿°v ho≠pw Ah-kcw \¬I-
Ww. Im¿Up-ambn Np‰pw IqSp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ ˛ IÆ-p-sIm≠v Rm≥ B\sb I≠p.
sNhn-sIm≠v Rm≥ ]m v tI´p. F∂n-ßs\ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Hmtcm Imc-y-߃
]d-bm≥ \n¿tZ-in®v Ifn hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
128
So®¿ sSIvÃv
samUyqƒ ˛4
hrØn-bn-te°v
`£-W-Øn\p ap≥]pw tijhpw ssIbpw hmbpw IgptIWw F∂Xv Hmtcm Ip´nbpw
ioe-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ip´n-I-fpsS ssII-fn¬ Agp°v t_m[-y-s∏-Sm≥ ]mT- m-K-Ønse
eLp ]co-£Ww {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Ifn Ign-™-tijw ¢mkn-se-Øp∂
Ip´n-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ Cu ]co-£Ww IqSp-X¬ \∂m-hpw. [mcmfw Agp-°p-Iƒ Ah-
cpsS ssII-fn¬ ]‰n-bn- p-≠m-Ipw.
samUyqƒ ˛5
D®-`-£Ww
kvIqƒ D®- -£W hn`h ]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂v Hcm-gvN-bn¬ Hmtcm Znh-k-tØbpw
hn -h-߃ Is≠Øn Ip´n-Iƒ ]cn-kc ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xs´. ]mT- m-K-Ønse
hni-∂n-cn-°p∂ Ip´n-bpsS t]mkv‰¿ ImWn®v `£-W-an-√m-Ø-h-cpsS Zpcn-X-߃
N¿® sNømw. kvIqƒ `£-W-im-e-bnepw ¢mknepw ]Xn-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ t]mÿ
\n¿an-°-s´. Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn-s\-]-‰nbpw N¿®-bm-Imw.
samUyqƒ ˛6
AIs-e-\n-s∂-Øp∂ Iq´p-Im¿
Ip´n-Iƒ ho´n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ enÃv sNø-s´. ho´n¬ Irjn sNøp-
∂h, IS-bn¬ \n∂v hmßp∂h F∂n-ßs\ B ]®-°-dn-Isf Xcw Xncn°s´.
IqSp-Xepw IS-bn¬\n∂v hmßp-∂-Xm-sW∂v t_m[-y-s∏-Sm≥ CXv klm-b-I-amIpw.
ASpØp≈ ]®-°-dn-°S kμ¿i\w \SØn hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ømw. At\zjn-
®-dn-bp-∂ Imc-y-߃ ¢mkn¬ ]¶p-h-bv°-Ww. Ip´n-I-fpsS {]tZ-isØ Irjn C\-
ß-sf-°p-dn®pw N¿®-bm-Imw.
ho´nepw hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønepw ]®-°-dn-tØm´w
¢mkn¬ F{X Ip´n-I-fpsS ho´n¬ ]®-°-dn-tØm- ap-s≠∂v ]d-b-s´. Fs¥-√mw;
Irjn-sN-øp∂p F∂p IqSn ]d-b-Ww. ¢mknse F√m Ip´n-I-fp-tSbpw klI-c-W-
tØmsS hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn¬ amXr-I-bmbn Hcp ]®-°-dn-tØm´w \n¿an-°m≥ {ian-
°pI. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Cu amXrI Xs‚ ho´nepw XpS-cp∂p F∂v Dd∏p hcpØpI.
Irjn- sN-øm-Xn-cp-∂m¬
Irjn C√m-Xm-bm¬ D≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-߃ ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. Ip´n-bpsS
{]tZ-isØ Irjn-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ Irjn \S-Øp-∂pt≠m? AtXm Ah a‰m-h-i-y-ß-
ƒ°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂pt≠m? F∂v At\-z-jn-°s´. Irjn-bn-S-߃ kwc-£n-
°pI F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw Db¿Øn Ip´n-Iƒ t]mÿ \n¿an-°-s´.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
129
bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ D¬∏-
∂-߃
$ `£y-h--kvXp-°-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v tiJ-cn® IS-¶-Y-Iƒ
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb "amß-bpsS hntijw'
$ ]®-°-dn-°S˛ kμ¿i\ dnt∏m¿ v
$ Ip´n-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb ]mN-I-°p-dn∏v
$ ]mT-- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \n¬°p∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
130
So®¿ sSIvÃv
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
$ N¿®-I-fn¬ F√mIp´n-I-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.
$ Blmc hkvXp-°ƒ Xcw-Xn-cn®v (]g-߃,
]®-°-dn-Iƒ...) ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ F√m Ip´n-
Iƒ°pw Ign-™n- p-≠v.
$ ]mIw sNbvXpw ]mIw sNømsXbpw Ign-
°m-hp∂ Blm-c- km[-\-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ ]´n-
I-s∏Sp-Øn-bn´p-≠v.
$ ]®-°-dn- km-eUv \n¿am-W-Øn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS
]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-hcp-Øm\pw Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v
Ign-°m\p≈ kμ¿ -sam-cp-°p-hm\pw
Ign™p.
$ hrØn-bp≈ ssIIƒ ˛ eLp- ]co-£Ww
hnP-b-I-c-ambn \SØm≥ Ign-™p.
$ kvIqƒ D®- -£W hn -h-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ `£Ww ]mgm-°-cp-Xv F∂ ktμ-i-hp-ambn
_‘-s∏ v t]mÿ \n¿amWw \S-Øphm≥
Ign-™p.
$ ]®°dn°Sbnte-°p≈ ^o¬Uv{Sn -
∏n\mbp≈ Hcp°-߃ \∂mbn \SØm≥
Ign-™p.
$ ]®-°-dn-tØm´ \n¿am-W-Øn¬ F√m-h-cp-
tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw Dd∏m-°m≥ Ign™p.
$ ]t©-{μn-b-߃ ˛ sN°v-enÃv
F√mIp´n-Ifpw ]qcn-∏n-®n- p-≠v.
$ ]T-\-t\- -߃ Dd-∏n-°m-\mbn \¬Inb Ifn-
I-fn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏n-°m\pw
Ifn hnP-bn-∏n-°m\pw Ign-™p.
anI-®Xv icmicn icm-i-cn°p
Xmsg
]cn-kc-]-T\w
131
bqWn‰v ˛5
cpNn-tbmsS Icp-tØmsS
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
Blm-chpw Btcm-Kyhpw
Blm-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne Imcy-ß-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. Ah-
bn¬ icn-bmb Imcy-߃°v AS-bm-f-hpw, sX‰mb Imcy߃°v AS-bm-
fhpw \¬Iq.
$ `£-W-Øn¬ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw
$ [mcmfw t]mj-I-Kp-W-߃ D≈-XmWv Ce-°-dn-Iƒ
$ A®m¿ IqSp-X-embn `£-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw
$ ]g-߃ t]mj-I-ß-fpsS Ie-h-d-bmWv
$ F√m `£y-h-kvXp-°fpw ]mIw sNbvXv Ign-°Ww
$ icn-bmb `£-W-{Iaw tcmK-ßsf AI-‰p-∂p.
$ Ir{Xna \nd-hpw, aW-hpw, cpNn-bp-ap≈
Blm-c-km-[-\-߃ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v \√-XmWv
$ ]g-ßfpw, ]®-°-dn-Ifpw IgpIn D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww
$ ]g-Inb km[-\-߃ NqSm°n D]-tbm-Kn°mw
$ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Blm-c-km-[-\-߃
`£-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw
132
So®¿ sSIvÃv
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
Blm-c-km-[-\-߃
aq∂p IpSpw-_-Ønse Bfp-Iƒ Ign® Blm-c-km-[-\-ß-fpsS hnh-c-ß-fmWv Xmsg-
Im-Wp∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn- p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm IpSpw-_hpw Ign® Blm-c-km-[-
\-߃ C\w Xncn®v Fgp-Xmtam?
IpSpw_w ˛ 1 IpSpw_w ˛ 2 IpSpw_w ˛ 3
B∏nƒ ]m¬ ac-®o\n
tImgnap´ apcnß Xmdmhvap´
Acn Hmd©v sh≠
tN\ sNΩo≥ tNmfw
Noc ImS-ap´ Imt_Pv
Imc‰v Xmdmhv Cd®n aØn
B´n-d®n ]b¿ tImgnbnd®n
]m¬ tN\ ]m¬
Dgp∂v ]mhbv° ISe
Abe tKmXºv ssIX-®°
IpSpw_w ˛ 1 IpSpw_w ˛ 2 IpSpw_w ˛ 3
kky-Øn¬ \n∂pw
e`n-°p∂ Blm-c-
km-[-\-߃
P¥p-°-fn¬ \n∂pw
e`n-°p∂ Blm-c-
km-[-\-߃
\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ\∑ hnf -bn°pw ssIIƒ6
BapJw
D]-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn \mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Hmtcm sXmgn-en¬ G¿s∏-
Sp-∂p. sXmgn-se-Sp-°p∂ Hmtcm ssIIfpw \mSns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-
bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip-∂p. Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw AXnt‚Xmb al-Xzhpw
{]m[m-\-y-hp-ap-≠v. CØcw henb Bi-b-߃ hfsc efn-X-ambn
N¿®-sN-øp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. \nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \nc-h[n Bh-i-y-ß-fp-
s≠∂pw Ah \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\mbn hnhn[ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
klmbw Bh-i-y-am-sW∂pw ]c-kv]cw B{i-bn-®p-am-{Xta \ap°p
Pohn-°m≥ Ignbq F∂pw Ip´n-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. \mw D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ D¬∏-∂-߃ hnhn[ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-h-∂-mWv
\ΩpsS ssII-fn-se-Øp-∂sX∂v Ip´nsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
]c-º-cm-KX sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-߃ B[p-\nI D]-I-c-W-߃°pw
b{¥-߃°pw hgn-am-dn-sb∂pw Ah tPmen- mcw eLq-I-cn-®n- p-s≠-
∂p-ap≈ Adnhv Ip´n-I-fn¬ Pn⁄mk DW¿Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. ho´p-
tPmen apX¬ ]e-Xcw tPmen-Iƒ \ΩpsS Np‰n-ep-aps≠∂pw Ahbv°p
Iq´mb {]bXv\w Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ip´n°v Ign-bWw.
Hmtcm sXmgn-ens‚bpw amlm-flyw Ip´n Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS `mhn-
bn¬ GXv sXmgn-enepw X\n°v G¿s∏-Sm-sa-∂p-≈ at\m- mhw Ip´n-
bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Cu ]mT- mKØnse {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS
Ign-b-Ww.
134
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$\
ap°
p N
p‰pw h
nhn[
X
cw
sX
mgn-e
p-I-
fp-s
≠-∂
p X
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h ]
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gn-b
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kma
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hoU
ntb
m k
n.Un
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r-jn,
s\
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rjn
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ƒ˛N
n-{X-ß
ƒ
bqW
n‰v s{^
bnw
Bh
-iya
mb ]
ocnU
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ne s
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n G
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n-{X-
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m s\
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n∏v
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a-s∏
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.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
135
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mT`m-K
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¬tI
≠ aqey-ß
ƒ / at\
m-mh
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sX
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Xn-t‚
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al
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p≠v.
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c-k
v]cw
B{i
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ta \
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n-°m≥
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n-I-fm-t
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sX
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p-∂-h
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p≈ _
lp-a
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h-b
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136
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
]nd-∂m-fm-tLmjw : (kvIn‰v)
knwl-cm-Ps‚ ]nd-∂m-fm-tLmjw arKß-fpsS apJwaqSn Xøm-dm°n Ip´n-Iƒ
¢mkn¬ kvIn‰mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
XpS¿∂v N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. Pohn-X-Øn¬ \ap°v ]e-hn[ Bh-i-y-ß-fp-s≠∂pw
Ah \ndth‰m≥ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS klmbw IqSntb Xocq F∂ Bi-b-Øn-se-Øn-
°m-\m-h-i-y-amb kqN-I-߃ \¬In-s°m-≠mhWw N¿® \S-tØ-≠-Xv.
]´n-I-]q¿Øn-bm-°¬
Ip´n-Iƒ ap≥ A\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´v \¬Inb ]´nI
]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´.
sXmgn-ens\°pdn®v
sXmgn-ep-I-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xnb \dp-°p-Ifp≠m°Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ \dp-s°-Sp-°-s´. \dp-
°n-se-gp-Xnb sXmgn¬ GXm-sW∂v ]d-b-s´. So®¿ _n._n.-bn¬ Ipdn-°-Ww. B
sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏ v Adn-bm-hp∂ Imc-y-߃ ]d-b-s´. Bh-i-y-am-b- k-μ¿`ß-
fn¬ So®¿ CS-s] v Iq´n-t®¿°-Ww. Hmtcm Ip´nbpw CXp-t]mse Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-
s´. Ip´n-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-an-Ihv hne-bn-cp-Øp-a-t√m. sXmgn-ens‚ t]cv, sXmgn-
se-Sp-°p∂ Bsf hnfn-°p∂ t]sc¥v? Abmƒ sNøp∂ tkh-\-sa¥v? F∂o
Bi-b-߃ e`n-°m≥ th≠n-bp-≈-XmWv Cu {]h¿Ø\w. sXmgn-ep-Iƒ Ip´n-
Iƒ ]cn-kc ]pkvX-I-Øn-se-gp-Xs´. Cu enÃn¬ \n∂v kz¥w {]tZ-i-Øp≈
sXmgn-ep-Iƒ GsX∂v Is≠-Ø-s´.- enÃn¬ C√m-Ø-hbpw kz¥w {]tZ-iØv
D≈-Xp-amb sXmgn-ep-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿°p-Ibpw sNø-s´.
sXmgn¬ k¿th
]mT-`m-K-Øp -\¬Inb "sXmgn¬ k¿th' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w XpS¿∂v sNøs´.
k¿th-bn-eqsS e`n® hnh-c-߃ A]-{K-Yn®v \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Ø-s´. hnhn[ ÿe-
ß-fn¬ \n∂v hcp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-cpsS ]cn-k-csØ A©v hoSp-
I-fn¬ \n∂v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°-Ww. AXns‚ t{ImUo-I-cWw ¢mkn¬ \S-
°pI hgn B {]tZ-iØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Iƒ GXv sXmgn-en-emWv G¿s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-a-t√m.
samU-yqƒ 2
]e-ssI-I-fn-eqsS
s\¬°r-jn-bpsS hnhn[ L -߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈XmWv "]e ssII-fn-
eqsS' F∂ {]h¿Ø\w. s\¬°r-jn-I≠ A\p- hw F√m {]Z-isØ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw
I
]cn-kc-]-T\w
137
D≠m-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. A\p-`-h-ap≈ Ip´n-I-sf-s°m≠v ]d-bn-∏n-°p-Itbm
Nn{X-߃, hoUntbm F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm Bhmw. Hcp ^o¬Uv
{Sn∏v \S-Øm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ \√-Xv. XpS¿∂v "s\¬°rjn' F∂ Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-
°s´. s\√v- A-cn-bmbn \ΩpsS ssII-fn-se-Øp-∂Xv ImWn-°p∂ L -ß-fpsS
Nn{X-߃°p Xmsg AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ FgpXn tN¿°s´.
hkv{X-\n¿amWw
hnhn[ L -ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Hmtcmtcm Dev]-∂-ßfpw \ΩpsS ssII-fn-se-Øp-
∂-Xv. Cu L´-߃°v {Iahpw D≠v F∂ Bi-b-am-Wv ChnsS \¬tI-≠-Xv.
GsX-¶nepw Hcp D¬∏∂w cq]-s∏-Sp∂Xns‚ hnhn[ L´-߃ {Iaw sX‰n®v
t_m¿Un¬ Fgp-Xp-I. eLp N¿®bv°ptijw Ip´n-Iƒ Cu L -߃ {Ia-s∏-
SpØn ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn-se-gp-X-s´.
hkv{X \n¿am-W-Øns‚ hnhn-[-L-´-߃ Edubuntu school Resource se ICTkm[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
Fßs\ Xpd°mw
Edubuntu - School Resource - Std 5 - am‰-߃ ]e-Xcw ˛ hkv{X ]cn-Wmaw
samU-yqƒ 3
]gb Iq´p-Im-cs\ ]cn-N-b-s∏Smw
]g-b-Ime D]-I-c-W-ßfpw ]pXnb Nne D]-I-c-W-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
Hmtcm tPmen°pw Hmtcm D]-I-cWw Bhiy-am-sW∂pw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpam-
Wn-hn-sS.
Ie∏ Bfl-KXw ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mseXs∂ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°-
Ww. CXp-t]mse ]g-b-Ime D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Bfl-KXw Ip´n-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°-s´. Hcp sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-Øns‚ Bfl-IY Fgp-Xp-hm\pw Ah-kcw
\¬Imw
sXmgnepw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw
Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb coXn-bn-emWv Hmtcm sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-Whpw
cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v DZm-l-cWw klnXw Ip´n-Iƒ°v hy-‡-am-°n-
sIm-Sp-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]´nI D]-tbm-K-s∏-
SpØn hy-‡X hcp-Ø-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ ]´nI ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn-se-gp-Xs´. IqSp-
X¬ Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ ¢m v N¿®-bpsS `mK-ambn D≠m-I-Ww.
\ndw \¬I¬
sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-߃°v \ndw \¬In, Ah-bpsS t]sc-gpXn, BcmWv Ch D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv, F¥n-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv F∂o Imc-y-ßfpw Fgp-X-s´.
sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Nn{X-߃ tiJ-cn®v "B¬_w \n¿an-°p-I-bp-am-hmw.
138
So®¿ sSIvÃv
samU-yqƒ 4
sXmgn-ens‚ amlm-flyw
IpSpw-_-mwK߃ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ho´p-tPm-en-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-IWw F∂ Bi-
b-amWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v \¬tI-≠-Xv.
¢mkvapdn hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xv, kvIqfpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xv F∂o DZm-
l-W-c-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ N¿® \S-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v ]mT- m-KØv \¬In-bn- p≈ Nn{X-
ßfpw kqN-I-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
R߃ ]d-bs´
sXmgn-ens‚ alm-flyw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw AXnt‚Xmb {]m[m-
\-yhpw am\-y-X-bp-ap-s≠∂v t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw th≠n-bm-hWw Cu kw`mjW
`mKw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. ¢mkv N¿®-bpsS `mK-ambn Hmtcm Ip´n°pw
"F∂m¬ Rmt\m' F∂ `mKw ]d-bm\pw Fgp-Xm\pw kml-N-c-y-sam-cp°-Ww.
bqWn-‰n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂
D¬∏-∂-߃
$ sXmgn¬ k¿sh-˛-dn-t∏m¿´v$ s\¬Irjn ˛ Ipdn∏v$ sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ Bfl-IY$ sXmgn¬ D]Ic-W-߃-˛-Nn-{X-B¬_w$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icm-icnicm-i-cn-
bn¬Xmsg$ TT, TB F∂n-h-bn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-\߃°p
]pdta anI® {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Is≠Øn
\¬Im≥ Ign-™p.
$ \ap°p Np‰pw \nc-h[n sXmgn-ep-I-fp-s≠∂v
Ip´n-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
$ Hcp Dev∏∂w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ sXmgn-
em-fn-I-fpsS klmbw Bh-i-y-am-sW∂v Ip´n-
Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-™n- p-≠v.
$ sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-ßfpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw
Ip´n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≠v.
$ Hmtcm sXmgn-en\pw AXnt‚Xmb am\-y-Xbpw
{]m[m-\-y-hp-ap-s≠∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn-te°v Ip´n-
Isf FØn-°m≥ Ign-™p.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
139
bqWn‰v ˛6
\∑-hn-f-bn°pw ssIIƒ
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
sXmgnse-Sp-°p-∂-hcpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw
Xmsg ImWp∂ NXp-c-ß-fn¬ Hcp-`m-KØv sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsSbpw adp-`m-
KØv ÿm]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. amXr-I-t\m°n A\p-tbm-
Py-am-bh hc®v tN¿°q.
A[ym-]-I≥ tImSXn
tUmIvS¿ h¿°v tjm∏v
h°o¬ ÃpUntbm
t]meokv Irjn- -h≥
t^mt´m-{Km-^¿ tlm´¬
sa°m-\n°v Bip-]{Xn
]mN-I-°m-c≥ t]mtÃm^okv
Irjn Hm^o-k¿ kvIqƒ
t]mÃvam≥ t]meokv tÃj≥
140
So®¿ sSIvÃv
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2Xmsg sImSp-Øn- p≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb sXmgn-ep-]-I-c-W-߃
Is≠Øn _eq-Wp-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xq.
tUmIvS¿ ao≥]n-Sp-Ø°m-c≥
t^mt´m{Km-^¿
ac-∏-Wn°m-c≥ Irjn-°m-c≥ s]bn‚¿
$ Iymad
$ {_jv
$ he
$ sÃX-kvtIm∏v
$ a¨sh´n
(ssItIm-´v)
$ Dfn
BapJw
]qºm-‰-Isf CjvS-s∏-SmØ Ip´n-I-fp-≠m-In-√. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ h¿W-®n-
d-Ip-Iƒ hncn-bn®v ]qhn¬ \n∂v ]qhn-te°v ]mdn-∏-d-°p∂ ImgvN
GsXmcp Ip´n-tbbpw kt¥m-jn-∏n°pw. {]Ir-Xn-bnse CØ-c-Øn-
ep≈ kpμ-c-Im-gvN-Iƒ I≠n-cn-°m-\p≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS {]Ir-XsØ
^e{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS h¿W-tem-
I-tØ°v \ap°v Ahsc FØn-°mw. ]pXnb ]pXnb At\-z-j-W-
ß-fn-eqsS ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS PohnXw Ip´n ASp-Ø-dn-b-s´. ]qºm-‰-I-
fnse sshhn-[yw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sp≈ GXm\pw Nn{X-
i-e- -ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bm\pw Ip´n°v Ign-b-Ww. Nn{X-i-e- -ß-
fpsS Pohn-X-N-{I-Ønse hnhn[ L´-߃ \nco-£-W-Øn-eqsS
Is≠Øn ]d-bm≥ Ip´n°v Ign-b-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒt°sd CjvS-ap≈
Nn{X-i-e- -ß-sf-t∏mse a‰p Pohn-I-fp-tSbpw {]m[m-\yw Xncn-®-dn™v
Ahsb kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ at\m- mhw Ip´n-bn¬ cq]s∏-SWw. h¿W-
®n-d-Ip-Iƒ hoin-hnio F∂ ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS Ip´n-Ifpw ]qºm-‰-I-
fpsS h¿W-hn-kva-b-tem-IØv ]d∂v D√-kn-°-s´.
h¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hninh¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hninh¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hninh¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hninh¿W-®n -d -Ip -Iƒ hoin -hnin7
142
So®¿ sSIvÃv
]T\
kma
-{Kn-I
ƒ : ]
qºm-‰
-Iƒ
h
nUntb
m k
nUn,
]qº
m-‰-I
-fps
S Poh
n-X-N
-{Iw
hnU
ntb
m k
nUn,
SIET
bps
S tI
c-f-Ø
nse
Nn{X
-i-e
-`-ß
ƒ k
n.Un
$\
ap-°
vNp‰
pw h
nhn-[
-Xcw
Nn{X
-i-
e-`-ß
ƒ Ds≠
∂v X
ncn-®
-dn-b
m≥
Ign-b
p-∂p.
$F
s‚
{]
tZ-i
sØ
G
Xm\
pw
Nn{X
-i-e
--ß
-fps
S t]
cp-I
ƒ ]
d-
bm≥
I
gn-b
p∂p.
$N
n{X
-i-e
-`-ß
-fps
S P
ohnX
N
{I-
Øns
e h
nhn[
L-ß
ƒ ]
d-b
m≥
Ign-b
p-∂p.
$N
n{X-i
-e--ß
sf \
nco-£
n®v h
nh-
c-ß
ƒ X
øm-d
m-°m≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$N
n{X
-i-e
-`-ß
sf k
wc-£
n-°p∂
{]h
¿Ø
-\-ß
-fn¬
G
¿s∏
-Sm≥
Ign-b
p-∂p.
${]
Ir-X
n-bn¬
h
¿W
m--amb
\
nc-h
[n
Nn{X
-i-e
--
߃
D≠
v.
$h
yXyk
vX t]
cp-I
-fn¬
A
dn-b
-s∏
-Sp∂
N
n{X
-i-
e--ß
ƒ D≠
v.
˛\
nco-£
-Ww, X
mc-X
-ayw
, h
¿Ko-I
cW
w, \
nK-a\
w.
$N
n{X
-i-e
-`-ß
-fps
S P
ohnX
N
{I-Ø
nse
h
nhn[
L-ß
-fmW
v ap´
˛ ]
pgp ˛
]yq∏
˛ N
n{X-i
-e`w.
$i
e--ß
ƒ°
v t]
cpw A
hb
v°v {]
tX
-yI h
mk-
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-ßfpw I
rX-y-a
mb P
ohnX
Ime
-b-f-h
p-ap-≠
v.
˛B
i-b
-hn-\
n-a-b
w, U
nssk
-\nw-K
v, \
nco-£
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w
$]
qºm-‰
-I-fps
S F
Æw
Ipd
-™p-s
Im-≠
n-cn-°
p-∂p.
$]
qºm-‰
-Iƒ
k
wc-£
n-°--s∏
-tS-≠
-h-b
m-Wv.
˛th
dn´
N
n¥-I
ƒ,
Uns
sk
-\nw
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kz]
v\w
ImW
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w B
apJ
w
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fps
S B
¬_
w \
n¿an-°
¬
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n{X-i
-e--ß
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S P
ohn-X
N{I
w \
nco-£
n-
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h
oUntb
m ¢
n∏nw-Kv
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ohn-X
-N{I
w h
c-b
v°¬
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e-`-°
m¿U
v \
n¿amW
w
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n\v \
ndw
\¬
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S-e
m-kp-s
Im≠
v ]
qºm‰
\
n¿am-W
w.
$]
qºm-‰
-Iƒ
k
wc-£
n-°-s∏
-tS-≠
-h-b
mWv˛
N¿®
$N
¿®
m-Ip-d
n∏v X
øm-d
-°¬
$N
n{X-i
-e` ]
m¿°
v \
n¿amW
w
Cu ]
mT-m-K
-Øn¬
Du∂
¬ \
¬tI
≠ aqe-y-ß
ƒ/a
t\
m-mh
߃
$N
n{X-i
-e--ß
-tfb
pw A
Xp-t
]m-e
p≈ sN
dp-P
o-hn-I
-sfb
pw k
vt\
ln-°
p-Ib
pw,
kwc
-£n-°
p-Ib
pw sN
tø
-≠-X
p-≠v.
bqW
n‰v s{^
bnw
Bh
-iya
mb ]
ocnU
p-Iƒ
: 7
Bi
-b-ß
ƒ/[
mc-W
-Iƒ
/{]
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mti
jn-I
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T-\
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143
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ H∂v
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse BapJ hnh-cWw hmbn-®p-sImt≠m, ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS hoUntbm
ImWn-®p-sImt≠m XpS-ßmw. ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS h¿W-tem-I-tØ°v Ip´n-Isf FØn-
°m-\m-h-i-y-amb N¿®- \S-Ø-Ww. CjvS-ap≈ ]qºm-‰? ]qºm-‰-Iƒ Fhn-sS-sb√mw
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p? \nß-sf-t∏mse ]qºm-‰-Iƒ°pw t]cp-I-fpt≠m? XpS-ßnb N¿®m
kqN-I-߃ D]-tbmKs∏Sp-Ømw. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse 98˛mw t]Pv ChnsS D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Nn{X-ßfn¬ \n∂v CjvS-s∏´ ]qºm-‰sb Is≠-Øn AXns‚
t]cv ]d-b-s´. XpS¿∂v Nn{X-Ønse ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ enÃv sNø-s´. IrXyX
hcp-Øm≥ ho≠pw ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS hoUntbm kn.Un. {]Z¿in-∏n°mw. Ip´n-Iƒ
]qºm-‰-Isf Xncn-®-dn-b-s´.
B¬_w Xbm-dm°mw
]qºm-‰-I-fpsS Nn{X-߃ tiJ-cn®v t]sc-gpXn B¬_w Xbm-dm-°m≥ Bh-i-y-
s∏-Smw. Xbm-dm-°nb B¬_w ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°-s´.
samU-yqƒ c≠v
Nn{X-i-e- -߃ P∑-sa-Sp-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂mWv Cu `mKØv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Nn{X-
Øn¬ ImWp∂ ]pgp-hns\ \n߃ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw I≠n- pt≠m? sNSn-I-fpsS
Ce-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ sNdnb ap -Iƒ I≠n- pt≠m? XpS-ßnb tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS Nn{X-
i-e- -ß-fpsS PohnX N{IsØ°p-dn®v N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. Nn{X-i-e- -ß-fpsS Pohn-
X-N{Iw ImWn-°p∂ hnUntbm kn.Un {]Z¿in-∏n-°mw. Nn{X-i-e- -Øns‚ PohnX
N{Iw \nco-£n-t°-≠-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Ip´n-Isf t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hoSns‚
]cn-k-cØp≈ sNSn-I-fn¬ Nn{X-i-e- -Øns‚ ap´ Is≠Øn \nco-£n-°s´.
]yq∏ hfsc kq£n®v Ce-tbm-sSm∏w apdn-s®-Sp-°p-I. AXv Hcp
•mkn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-I. •mkv sImXp-Ip-h-e-sIm≠v aqSn sI´pI.
XpS¿∂v Ip´n-Iƒ°v \nco-£n-°m-\mbn ¢mkv apdn-bn¬ sh°pI.
Nn{X-i-e- -am-bm¬ Xpd∂v hnSm≥ ad-°-cpXv.
Nn{Xie- -Øns‚ PohnX N{Iw ImWn-°p∂ kn.Un- \nco-£n®pw t\cn v \nco-
£n-®-Xp-amb Imc-y-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v \nco-£-W-Ip-dn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-
I-Øn¬ Fgp-X-s´. ie- -ß-fpsS Pohn-X-N{Iw ^vtfmNm¿´mbn hcbv-°p-Itbm,
Fgp-Xp-Itbm sNø-s´.
Rm≥ I≠ Nn{X-i-e- -߃ ˛ ie- -°m¿Uv \n¿amWw
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn- p≈ Rm≥ I≠ Nn{X-i-e- -߃ F∂ {]h¿Ø-\-
Øn-te°v Nne tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS Ip´n-Isf FØn-°mw.
144
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$ F√m sNSn-I-fnepw Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf ImWm-dpt≠m?
$ ie- -ßsf Iq -tØm-sS-bmtWm ImWm-dp-≈Xv?
$ F√m Ime-ß-fnepw ie- -ßsf ImWm-dpt≠m?
{Itbm¨ D]-tbm-Kn®v Nn{X-i-e- -Øn\v \ndw \¬In at\m-l-c-am-°m≥ Ip´n°v
Ah-kcw \¬IWw. IS-em-kp-sIm-≠v ]qºm-‰-Isf \n¿an-°p-tºmƒ h¿W-
t]-∏tdm aƒ´n-I-f¿ t\m´o-kp-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-°mw.
\n¿an® ]qºm-‰-Isf Hcp Nm¿´n¬ H´n®v ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww. anTmbn IS-
em-kp-IƒsIm≠pw ]qºm-‰-Isf \n¿an-°mw.
samU-yqƒ aq∂v
]d-∂-I-ep-∂-h¿
$ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ h¿W-hn-kvabw Xo¿°p∂ ]qºm-‰-Isf kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xt√?
$ ]qºm-‰-Iƒ C√m-Xm-hm≥ Imc-W-sa-¥mWv?
$ ]qºm-‰-Iƒ C√m-Xm-bm¬ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ F¥v am‰am-Wp-≠m-IpI?
$ Ahsb kwc-£n-°m≥ \ap°v Fs¥ms° sNøm-\mIpw?
F∂o tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS ]d-∂-I-ep-∂-h¿ F∂ `mKw hmbn-°m≥ ]d-bmw. hmb-\-
bv°p-tijw N¿® \S-°-Ww. SIET bpsS tIc-f-Ønse Nn{X-i-e-`-߃ F∂
kn.Un. D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
]qºm-‰-Isf am{X-a√ {]Ir-Xn-bnse a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ßtfbpw kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xp≠v
F∂ at\m- mhw Ip´n-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-i-y-amb N¿®-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ \S-
°-Ww.
XpS¿∂v kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-i-y-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v eLp Ipdn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-
kvX-I-Øn-se-gp-X-s´. Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf \n¿an®v H´n® Nm¿´n¬ Ahsb kwc£n-
t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m-\yw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ktμ-i-߃ Fgp-X-s´.
Nn{X-i-e` ]m¿°v- \n¿am-Ww ˛ ]qºm-‰-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn kvIqfn¬
]qt¥m´w Hcp-°Ww. ho´nepw CXp-t]mse ]qt¥m´w Hcp-°m≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-SWw.
bqWn-‰neqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂
D¬∏-∂-߃
$ Nn{X-i-e-`-߃˛B¬_w$ Nn{X-i-e- -Øns‚ Pohn-X-N-{Iw- -\n-co-£-W-°p-dn∏v, vtfmNm¿ v$ ie-`-°m¿Uv$ IS-emkv ]qºm-‰-Iƒ$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
]cn-kc]-T\w
145
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icm-icnicm-i-cn-
bn¬Xmsg
$ Np‰pw ImWp∂ Nn{X-i-e- -ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ
F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-bn-
´p≠v
$ At\-z-j-W-Øn-eqsS GXm\pw Nn{X-i-e- -ß-
fpsS t]cpIƒ F\n°pw Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Is≠-
Øm≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.
$ ie- -ß-fpsS hoUntbm ImWn-®n- p-≠v.
$ Nn{X ie- -ß-fpsS PohnX N{Iw ImWn-°p∂
hoUntbm {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-´p≠v.
$ ]yq∏ tiJ-cn®v Nn{X-i-e- -Øns‚ Pohn-X-N{Iw
\nco-£n-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°n-bn- p-≠v.
$ Nn{X-i-e-`-Øns‚ PohnX N{Iw hc®v \nco-
£-W-°p-dn∏v F√m Ip´n-Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v.
$ Nn{X-i-e- -ßsf \nco-£n®v ie- -Im¿Uv F√m
Ip´n-Ifpw Xbm-dm-°n-bn- p-≠v.
$ F√m Ip´n-Ifpw IS-em-kp-sIm≠v ]qºm-‰-Isf
\n¿an®v ¢mkvapdn Ae-¶-cn-®n- p-≠v.
$ ]qºm-‰-Iƒ C√m-Xm-hp-∂Xpw, Ah-bpsS
A`mhw {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-°p∂ am‰ßfpw
F√m-h-scbpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n- p-
≠v.
$ ]qºm-‰-I-sf-t∏mseXs∂ a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpw
kwc-£n-°--s∏-tS-≠-Xp-s≠∂ at\m-`mhw
F√m Ip´n-I-fnepw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-X-c-
Øn¬ DZm-l-cW klnXw N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øp-
∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-®n- p-≠v.
146
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn‰v ˛ 7
h¿W-®n-d-Ip-Iƒ hoin-hoin
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
kt¥m-jhpw k¶-Shpw
Xmsg-Im-Wp∂ Imc-y-߃ hmbn®p t\m°q. CXn¬ Nne-Im-c-y-߃ ]qºm-‰bv°v
kt¥m-j-ap-≠m-°p∂ Imc-y-ß-fm-Wv. Nne Imc-y-߃ k¶-S-ap-≠m-°p∂
Imcyßfpw. Cu c≠p Imc-y-ßfpw ]´n-I- Xn-cn®v Fgp-Xmtam?
$ ]qt¥m- -Øn¬ \ndsb ]q°ƒ hncn™p \n¬°p∂p
$ Ip´n-I-ƒ ]q°ƒ ]dn®v \in-∏n-°p-∂p.
$ Iq´p-Im-sc√mw ]qsºmSn \pI-cm≥ ]qt¥m- -Øn-se-Øn-bn- p-≠v.
$ sNSn-I-fnepw ]p°-fnepw Io-S-\m-in\nIƒ Xfn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
$ sNSn-I-sf√mw sh´n-\-in-∏n-®ncn°p-∂p.
$ ]q°mew hs∂-Øn.
$ ]d-∂p√kn-°m≥ ]‰nb [mcmfw sNSn-I-fp≈ {]tZiw
$ ]q°-fn√mØ \mSv
$ ]q°-fn¬ \ndsb tX\p-≠v.
$ ho´p-ap-‰-sØm∂pw ]qt¥m- -ß-fn√.
]qºm-‰-bpsS kt¥mjw ]qºm-‰-bpsS k¶Sw
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
]cn-kc]-T\w
147
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
]qhpw ]qºm-‰bpw
an∂p-∏q-ºm‰ tX≥ tXSn \S-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp ]qhpt]mepw ImWp-∂n-√. CsXs¥mcp
\mSv ! an∂p-hn\v k¶-S-am-bn. Aß-Ise DÆqen apØ-»n-bpsS tXm -Øn¬ [mcmfw
]q°-fp-s≠∂v Ip™n-°nfn ]d-™p. ]t£ AhnsS FØm-\p≈ hgn an∂p-hn\v
Adn-bn-√. an∂p-hns\ klm-bn-°mtam?
148
So®¿ sSIvÃv
aÆn -eqsS \S°mwaÆn -eqsS \S°mwaÆn -eqsS \S°mwaÆn -eqsS \S°mwaÆn -eqsS \S°mw8
BapJw
Cu aÆn-emWv \msa√mw hkn-°p-∂-Xv. aÆns‚ {]m[m\yw Xncn-
®-dn-™-h-cmWv \Ωƒ. \ΩpsS Ip´n-Ifpw aÆn¬I-fn-®v aÆns\
ASp-Ø-dn™v hf-c-Ww. AXn\p-X-Ip∂ Ht´sd {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv
Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv. aÆn¬ hf-cp∂ kky-ßsf
am{X-a√ Pohn-I-tfbpw Ip´n-Iƒ Adn-b-Ww. \nco-£W km[y-X-Iƒ
Ah\v Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.
aÆns‚ ]nd-hn-sb-]‰n ASn-ÿm-\-Im-cy-߃ Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Adn-
tb-≠-Xp≠v. hyXykvX C\w aÆp-Ifpw AhbpsS {]tXy-I-Xbpw
Ah\v Adn-bm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-I-Ww. aÆne-S-ßnb hkvXp-°ƒ,
sh≈w ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ aÆns‚ Ignhv XpS-ßn-bh eLp ]co-£-
W-Øn-eqsS Ip´n°v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bWw. aÆnepw hmbp AS-
ßn-bn- p≠v F∂Xv ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øp-tºmƒ AXv Ip n°v
IuXp-I-am-Ipw.
asÆm-en∏v F∂ henb hn]-Øn-s\-°p-dn®v IqSp-X-e-dn-bm≥ \ap°v
]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°mw. asÆm-en-∏p-X-S-bm-\p≈ am¿K-
ßfpw N¿®-sN-ømw. aÆv aen-\-am-°-cpXv F∂ henb ktμiw
Hmtcm Ip´n°pw \¬Imw. πmÃnIv D]-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃
Ah\v t\cn´v t_m[y-s∏-S-Ww. πmÃnIv amen-\y-Øn-s\-Xnsc
{]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ at\m- m-hhpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. aÆp-
sIm-≠p≠m°p∂ D¬∏-∂-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw Nne \n¿amW
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm\pw Ahs\ {]m]vX-\m-°-mw.
aÆns‚ alXzw Ip´n-I-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn--eqsS \ap°v
{ian-°mw.
]cn-kc]-T\w
149
bqW
n‰v s{^
bnw
Bh
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mb ]
nco-U
p-Iƒ
: 16
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m‚vse
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mc-W
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n¬ [
mcmf
w sN
dp-P
o-hn-I
fpw
k
ky-ß
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fp-a
p-≠v.
$aÆ
n¬ I
gn-b
p∂ Hcp
Poh
n-bmW
v aÆ
n-c.
-\
nco-£
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150
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n¬ h
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p≈ I
mc-W
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v ]cn-l
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p-°ƒ
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m≥ I
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pw-
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v hnh
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n¿an-
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pw I
gn-b
p-∂p.
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]cn-kc]-T\w
151
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
Bap-J-Nn{Xw
Bap-JNn{XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkn¬ eLp N¿® \S-Ømw.
-kq-N-I-߃
$ \mw Pohn-°p-∂ -aÆv.
$ aÆn¬ hf-cp∂ ac-߃, sNSn-Iƒ, Pohn-Iƒ
$ aÆpw Irjnbpw
aÆn-c-bpsS IØv
aÆn¬ [mcmfw Pohn-Iƒ hkn-°p-∂p≠v. Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp Pohnsb
ASp-Ø-dn-bm-\mWv aÆn-c-bpsS IØv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´n-Iƒ shdp-t∏m-sSbpw
t]Sn-tbm-sSbpw ImWp∂ Cu Pohn-tbmSv IqSp-X¬ kvt\lw tXm∂m≥ Cu
IØv klm-bn-°pw.
{]Ir-Xn-bn-eqsS
]cn-k-csØ aÆv kq£vaambn \nco-£n-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
Ip´n-Isf {Kq∏p-I-fm-°n- Xn-cn®v Hmtcm {]tZ-ihpw \nco-£n-°m≥ \n¿tZin-°mw.
Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw Hcp lm≥Uvse≥sk-¶nepw \¬I-Ww. Hmtcm {Kq∏pw Is≠-
Ønb Pohn-I-fpsS enÃv ¢mkn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. kq£va Pohn-I-sf-°p-dn-
®p≈ N¿®-bp-am-Imw.
samUyqƒ 2
aÆns‚ ]ndhn
I√p-Iƒ Iq´n-bp-c®v a¨X-cn-I-fmbn amdp∂ {]h¿Ø-\w. Ip´n-Iƒ sNbvXp-t\m-
°-s´. hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ I√p-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v {]h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ {i≤n-°Ww.
hnhn-[-Xcw aÆp-Iƒ
hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ I≠n- p≈ aÆp-Isf°pdn®v N¿®-sN-ømw. hnhn[
{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn® aÆp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v sNdnb B¬_w \n¿an-
°mw. sNdnb Ih-dp-Ifnem°n I´n-bp≈ Im¿Un¬ ]n≥sN-bvtXm, I´n-bp≈
Nm¿´n¬ hf-sh®v AIØv ]i-tX®v aÆv H´nt®m Cu {]h¿Ø\w \S-Ømw.
Hmtcm aÆn-\-Sn-bnepw aÆns‚ \ndw, tiJ-cn-®-ÿ-ew, GXp-Xcw aÆv, aÆns‚
{]tXy-IX F∂nh AS-ßnb Hcp eLp Ipdn-∏p-IqSn tN¿°mw.
152
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samUyqƒ 3
aÆn¬ Fs¥√mw?
]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZin® ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aÆv tiJ-cn®v {]h¿Ø\w
\S-Ømw. aÆn¬ AS-ßnb hkvXp-°ƒ IrXy-ambn Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ ]mI-Øn¬
aÆv tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Bb-Xn\m¬ aÆv tiJ-cW ka-bØv So®-dpsS CS-s]-
S¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]co-£Ww sNbvXv Is≠-Ønb Imcy-߃ Fgp-X-s´. Ip´n-I-
tfm-sSm∏w Hcp henb ac-®p-hSv kμ¿in®v Ce-Ifpw a‰pw aÆn¬ s]mSn™p
tN¿∂Xv \nco-£n-°m\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°mw.
samUyqƒ 4
aÆpw sh≈hpw
Pew ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm-\p≈ hnhn-[-a-Æp-I-fpsS Ignhv ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\mWv ChnsS
{ian-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp eLp ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsSbmWv \mw AXv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.
Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ Hcp-°-Ww. aq∂p-Nn-c- -bnepw Xpey Af-hn¬ Pew Hgn-
°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. ^n√tdm kv]qtWm D]-tbm-Kn®v sh≈w Hgn-°p-∂-XmWv
DNn-Xw. •mkn¬ tiJ-cn® sh≈-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ DØcw Is≠-
Ø-s´.
samUyqƒ 5
aÆn¬ Hfn-®n-cn-°p∂ hmbp
Hcp eLp ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsSbmWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\hpw \S-tØ-≠-Xv. •mkn-\p-]-
Icw A¬∏w henb Hcp Nn√p-]m{Xw e`n-°p-sa-¶n¬ AXv D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.
•mkn¬ sNdnb a¨I-´-Itf CSm≥ Ignbq F∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv. a¨I-´-Iƒ
\∂mbn DW-ßn-b-h-bm-sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-
kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.
samUyqƒ 6
asÆm-en∏v XS-bmw
asÆm-en-∏p-sIm-≠p≈ tZmj-߃ ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-°-Ww. ]mT-`m-KØv
\n¿tZin® ]co-£Ww Ip´n-Iƒ sNø-s´. a¨Iq\ Hcp-°¬, a¨I-´-Iƒ
tiJcn°¬, a¨I- -Iƒ Dd-∏n°¬ XpS-ßnb Imc-y-߃°v So®-dpsS klmbhpw
th≠n hcpw. kvIqƒ ]cn-k-cØv asÆm-en∏n\v km[-y-X-bp≈ ÿe-߃ Ip´nIƒ
Is≠-Ø-s´. ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿-tZ-in-°Ww.
]cn-kc]-T\w
153
samUyqƒ 7
aÆv aen-\-am-°-cptX!
]mT`mK-Øn¬ \n¿tZ-in® {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS aÆn¬ ebn-°mØ amen-\y-ßsf
Ip´n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. c≠v Ipgn-I-fn-embn amen-\y-߃ aqSp∂ {]h¿Ø\w
GXm\pw Znhkw apºv \S-Ø-Ww. "t]\ ]d-bp∂p' F∂ hmb-\m-Ip-dn-∏n-eqsS
πmÃnIv amen\yw ASn-™p-Iq-Sn-bm-ep≈ `hn-jyØv Ip´n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-
Ww. πmÃnIv D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ at\m- mhw Ip´n-I-fn¬ D≠m-
h-Ww. eLp t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ ÿm]n®v hnZym-e-b-Øn-s‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ {]Z¿in-
∏n-°mw.
hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS \S-Øm-hp∂ Nne- Im-cy-߃
$ hnZym-e-b-Øn-te°v πmÃnIv Ih-dp-Iƒ sIm≠p-h-cm-Xn-cn-°p-I.
$ hnZym-e-b-]-cn-k-csØ πmÃnIv amen-\y-߃ ]q¿W-ambpw \o°w-sN-øp-I.
$ πmÃnIv amen-\y-߃ \nt£-]n-°m≥ {]tXyIw Nh-‰p-Ip -Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-I.
$ Akw-ªn-bn¬ πmÃnIv D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ ktμ-i-߃ \¬Ip-I.
$ t]mÿ \n¿an®v {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I.
$ t]∏¿_mKv \n¿an®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
samUyqƒ 8
cq]w amdpw aÆv
]mT- m-K-Ønse Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw aÆp sIm≠v \n¿an® hkvXp-°fpw a‰p hkvXp-
°fpw Ip´n-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øs´. Ip´n-I-fpsS ho´n¬ aÆv -sIm-≠p≈ ]m{X-߃,
a‰v hkvXp-°ƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v tNmZn-°p-Ibpw enÃv sNøm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNømw. Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-ØmØ aÆp-sIm-≠p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ So®¿°v ]cn-N-b-
s∏-Sp-Ømw.
DZm: a¨Nn-cm-Xv, a¨{]-Xn-a-Iƒ
Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂Imcyw Bh-iy-am-sW-¶n¬ N¿®- sNømw
Xr°m-°-c-b-∏≥
HmW-°m-eØv ho´p-ap-‰Øv ]q°-f-sam-cp-°p∂Xnt\m-sSm∏w Xr°m-°-c-b-∏s‚
cq]hpw aÆp-sIm≠v \n¿an®v ]q°ƒ sIm≠v Ae-¶-cn-°pw. ]g-b-Im-e-ß-fn¬
154
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Cu cq]w \n¿an-°m≥ aÆv am{X-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. C∂v acw, πmÃnIv
XpS-ßn-b-h-sIm≠v \n¿an® cq]-ß-fmWv Gsd t]cpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv.
a¨]m{X \n¿amWw t\cn v I≠pa\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ kml-N-cy-ap-s≠-¶n¬
AXv Xo¿®-bmbpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. F√m {]tZ-iØpw Cu kml-Ncyw
D≠m-h-W-sa-∂n-√. C√mØ CS-ß-fn¬ N¿®-I-fn-eq-sStbm hoUntbm {]Z¿i-\-
Øn-eq-sStbm Imcy-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw.
aÆpsIm≠v cq]-߃ \n¿an°mw
F√m Ip´n-I-sfbpw ]¶m-fn-I-fm°n \S-Øm-hp∂ Hcp \n¿amW {]h¿Ø-\-amWv
]mT-`m-K-Øn-ep-≈Xv. Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ t\ctØ
kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. aÆv D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v CjvS-ap≈ a‰v cq]-߃ \n¿an-
°m\pw Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an® cq]-ß-fpsS Hcp {]Z¿i-\hpw
kwL-Sn∏n-°-Ww.
bqWn-‰neqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ D¬∏-
∂-߃
$ aÆn-¬ Fs¥-√mw- -\n-co-£-W-°p-dn∏v
$ asÆm-en∏v ]-co-£-W-°p-dn∏v
$ a¨]m-{X-\n¿amWime˛ k-μ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´v
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
]cn-kc]-T\w
155
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn-°p
Xmsg
$ N¿®-I-fn¬ F√m-Ip- n-I-fp-tSbpw
]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
$ aÆn-ep≈ Pohn-I-tfbpw kky-ß-tfbpw
enÃv sNøm≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-™n- p≠v
$ ]co-£-W-߃ IrXy-X-tbmsSbpw
kq£v-a-X-tbm-sSbpw sNbvXv Ip´n-Iƒ
]co-£--W-°p-dn∏v ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v t]mÃ-dp-Iƒ
\n¿an-°m≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v.
$ a¨]m-{X-\n¿am-W-tI{μw kμ¿in-®v
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Imc-y-߃ a\- n-em-°m≥
kμ¿`w Hcp-°m≥ Ign-™p.
$ Ifn-a-Æp-sIm≠v Ip´n-Iƒ cq]-߃
D≠m-°p-Ibpw Ah {]Z¿in-∏n-°m\p≈
Ah-kcw Hcp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
$ ]mT-`m-KsØ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS
kvIqfn¬ πmÃn-°ns‚ D]-tbmKw
\nb-{¥n-°m-\p≈ {iaw Ip´n-Iƒ
\S-Øp-∂p-≠v.
156
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn‰v ˛8
aÆn-eqsS \S°mw
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
amen-\-y-߃
I\-I-]pcw ]©m-b-Øn¬ aÆn¬ Aen™p tNcp∂ hkvXp-°fpw, aÆn¬
Aen™p tNcmØ hkvXp-°fpw kwkvIcn-°m≥ {]tX-yIw kwhn-[m\w Hcp-
°nbn´p≠v. ]©m-b-Ønse {][m\ ÿe-ßfn¬ CXn-\mbn {]tXyIw Nh-‰p-Ip-
-Ifpw ÿm]n-®n- p-≠v.
aÆn¬Aen™ptNcp∂
amen-\-y-߃
aÆn¬Aen-™p-tN-cmØ
amen-\-y-߃
Xmsg ImSp-Øn-´p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ CXn¬ GXv Nh-‰p-Ip-´-bn-emWv \nt£-]n-
t°≠Xv? Xcw Xncn®p t\m°q.
hmg-bne t]∏¿ •mkv πmÃnIv Ih¿
]g-sØmen SqØv{_jv ac-°-jWw
sNcp∏v πmÃn-Ivt]\ anTmbn Ih¿
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aÆn¬ Aen-™p-tN-cp∂h
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h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
aÆp-sIm-≠p≈ cq]-߃
tZhp-hns‚ ho´n¬ aÆp-sIm≠v \n¿an® [mcmfw hkvXp°fp-≠v.- Xmsg ImWp∂
I≈n-I-fn¬ Ah-sb√mw Hfn-®n-cn-∏p-≠v. aÆp-sIm≠v \n¿an® B hkvXp-°-fpsS
t]cp-Iƒ Xmsg-bp≈ I≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠Øn Fgp-Xmtam?
d I ew C e hv ]q
A Øn cw a C H ®
Iq Hm Sv g jv X ´n
P e h sN Sn h \w
` c Wn º I b ¿
] ¥v C c Y ¬ D
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158
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kpc -£n -X -bm{Xkpc -£n -X -bm{Xkpc -£n -X -bm{Xkpc -£n -X -bm{Xkpc -£n -X -bm{X9
BapJw
tdmU-]-I-S-߃ A\p-Zn\w h¿[n®p hcp∂ Hcp Ime-L- -Øn-emWv
\mw Pohn°p-∂-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw tdmUv \nb-a-ß-ƒ ]men-°m-ØXmWv
CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww. {]mY-anI hnZym- ymk Ime-L- -Øn¬ Xs∂ tdmUv
\nb-a-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW Ip´n-Ifn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-b-
Ww. "kpc-£n-X-bm{X' F∂ ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS \mw AXn-\p≈
{ia-amWv \S-Øp-∂Xv.
hml-\m-]-I-S-߃ D≠m-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-ßsf°pdn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v
]d-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. Im¬\-S-bmbpw hml-\-ß-fnepw hnZym-ebØnse-
Øp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw Im¬\-S-bm-{X-°mcpw hml-\-bm-{X-
°mcpw {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßfpw Adn-™n--cn-°-Ww. ko{_m-sse≥,
AS-bm-f-hn-f-°p-Iƒ, {Sm^nIv Nn”-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Fs¥∂v Ip´n°v
hy‡-ambpw t_m[y-s∏-S-Ww. sNdnb IfnbneqsSbpw N¿®-I-fn-eq-
sSbpw \nco-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Cu Imcy-߃ Ip´n-bn-se-Øn-°m≥
{ian-°-Ww. kpc-£n-X-bm-{X-bv°mbn Ht´sd Imcy-߃ Xm≥ {i≤n-
t°-≠-Xps≠∂v Hmtcm Ip´nbpw Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. tdmUv apdn®p IS-
°m≥ {]bm-k-s∏-Sp∂h¿ {]tXy-In®v ImgvNbv°v sh√p-hnfn t\cn-
Sp-∂-h¿, {]mbw-sN-∂-h¿ F∂n-hsc klm-bn-t°-≠Xv Xt‚bpwIqSn
IS-a-bm-sW∂pw. Cu ISa Ip´n Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AXv A\p-k-cn®v
{]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I F∂Xv Cu ]mT- m-K-Øns‚ e£y-ß-
fn¬ H∂m-bn-cn-°-Ww. \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Gsd {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂
tdmUv \nb-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃ efn-X-ambn Cu ]mT- m-K-
Øn-eqsS Ip´n°v \¬Im≥ {ian-°mw.
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161
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
]mT- m-KsØ BapJ Nn{X-Ønse hm¿Øm-sIm-fmjpw Nn{X-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v
N¿®-bn-te°v IS°mw. tdmU-]-IS hm¿Ø-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. ¢mkn¬
s]mXp-N¿® \S-°-s´. Ip´n-Iƒ N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠Ønb tdmUv A]-ISImc-W-
߃ enÃv sNø-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬Inb Imc-W-ß-fp-ambn HØp-t\m°n
Bh-iy-amb Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
Im¬\-S--bm-{X-°m¿ tdmUn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ hni-
Z-ambn N¿® \S-Ø-Ww. tdmUns‚ he-Xp-hiw tN¿∂v \S-t°--≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-
IX Ip´n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ko{_m-sse≥, \S-∏mX F∂n-hbpw Ip´n-
Iƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww. ho´n¬ \n∂v hnZym-e-b-Øn-te°pw Xncn®pw
D≈ Ip´n-I-fpsS bm{X N¿®m hnj-b-am-I-Ww. ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-iØv "ko{_m-sse≥'
t\cn v ImWm≥ kuI-cy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. A√mØ ]£w
hoUntbm ¢n∏nwKvkv/Nn{X-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
samUyqƒ ˛2
AS-bm-f-hn-f-°p-Iƒ
{Sm^nIv AS-bmf hnf-°p-I-fpsS Nn{X-߃, hoUntbm ¢n∏nw-Kp-Iƒ F∂nh D]-
tbm-Kn®v Cu `mKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. AS-bmf hnf-°p-I-fnse \nd-ß-sf-°p-dn®v
N¿® \S-°-Ww. kn·¬ sse‰v hy‡-ambn hc®v ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ {i≤n-
°p-I. Hmtcm Ip´n°pw ]cn-kc]pkvX-I-Øn¬ AS-bmf hnf-°p-Iƒ hc®v \ndw
\¬Ip-hm-\pw Hmtcm \nd-ßfpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F¥m-sW∂v Fgp-Xp-hm\pw Ah-
kcw \¬I-Ww.
hml-\-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ bm{X-°m¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßsf°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬
N¿® \S-°-Ww. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Im≥ DX-Ip∂ ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ Ds≠-
¶n¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°pw. N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠-Ønb Imcy-߃ t{ImUo-I-cn®v
]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°pIbpw thWw.
samUyqƒ ˛ 3
Ip™p-ssI-Ifpw henb klm-bhpw
Ip´nI-fn¬ at\m- m-hw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb coXn-bn¬ thWw
Cu hmb\m-°p-dn∏v Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-≠Xv. CØcw Nne kμ¿ -߃ Ip´n-Iƒ°v
]¶p-sh-°m-\p-≠m-Ipw. AXn\v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. A\p-tbm-Py-amb A\p- -h-
߃ So®¿°pIqSn ]¶p-sh-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ IqSp-X¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-Ipw.
162
So®¿ sSIvÃv
sdbn¬]mfw apdn®pIS-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßsf∏-‰nbpw ¢m n¬ N¿®
\S-°-Ww. A]-IS km[yX Ip´n-Isf icn-bmbn t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ]{X-hm¿Ø-
Iƒ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
samUyqƒ ˛ 4
hml\w HmSn°mw
]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZin® Ifn kvIqƒ {Ku≠n¬ icn-bmb Bkq-{X-W-tØmsS
\S-Ø-Ww. ]T\ t\ -ß-fpsS hne-bn-cp-ج \S-Øm≥ IqSn Cu Ifn {]tbm-P-
\--s∏-Spw. F√m Ip´n-I-fptSbpw ]¶m-fnØw Ifn-bn¬ Dd∏p hcp-Øm≥ {i≤n-°-
Ww.
"hml\w HmSn°mw' F∂ Ifn°p tijw ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \n¿tZin® tNmZy-ß-fn-
eqsS ^e-{]-Z-amb N¿® \S-°-Ww. Ip´n-Isf {Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn®v, Im¬ \S-bm-
{X-°m¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃, hml-\-bm-{X-°m¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃, hml-
\-tam-Sn-°p--∂-h¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ F∂nh Nm¿´p-I-fn¬ FgpXn ¢m n¬
{]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ \n¿tZin-°mw. ]mT`m-K-Øn\v Ah-km\w \¬In-b -sN°venÃv
Ip´n°v kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn \¬Imw. kvIqfn-te-°p≈ bm{X (\S-∂v,
hml-\-Øn¬, ssk°n-fn¬) kpc-£n-X-am-°m≥ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Fs¥√mw Imcy-
߃ {i≤n-t°-≠-Xp-s≠∂ tNmZy-Øn-eqsS Ip´n tdmUv \nb-a-߃ Xncn-®-dn-
™n- pt≠m F∂ hne-bn-cp-Øepw ChnsS \SØmw.
Ipdn∏v
Cu ]mT`mK-Øn¬ "N¿®'bv°v Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. ^e-{]-Z-amb N¿®bv°v DX-
Ip∂ kqN-I-߃ \¬Im≥ So®¿ {i≤n-°-Ww. F√m Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw ]¶m-fnØw
Dd∏p hcp-ØWw. Hmtcm N¿®-bptSbpw Ah-km-\w Is≠-Ønb Imcy-߃
t{ImUo-I-cn-°m\pw {i≤n-°-Ww.-B-h-iy-amb Imcy-߃ Ip´n-bpsS ]cn-k-c-]p-
kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm\pw \n¿tZ-in-°-Ww.
bqWn-‰neqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ D¬∏-
∂-߃
$ {Sm^nIv AS-bm-f-hn-f-°p-Iƒ hc®v \ndw \¬In-bXv
$ tdmUv\nb-a-߃ ˛ sN°venÃv
$ kvIqfn-te-°p≈ bm{X kpc-£n-X-am-°m≥- -Rm≥ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃- -
enÃv sNbvX-Xv.
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
]cn-kc-]-T\w
163
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn°p
Xmsg
$ tdmU-]-I-S-߃ D≠m-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-߃
Xncn-®-dn™v Ip´n-Iƒ°v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ign-™n- p-≠v.
$ Im¬\-S-bm-{X-°m-cpw, hml\w HmSn-°p-∂-
hcpw
]men-t°≠ \nb-a-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v ]d-
bm≥
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ {Sm^n°v AS-bmf hnf-°nse \nd-ßfpw Ah
kqNn-∏n-°p∂ \n¿tZi-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™v
]d-bm\pw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m\pw Ip´nIƒ°v
Ign-bp-∂p≠v.
$ hml-\-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]men-
t°≠
\nb-a-߃ Fs¥-√m-amsW∂v F√m
Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ tdmUv apdn®p IS-°m≥ {]bm-k-s∏-Sp-∂-hsc
klm-bn-°m-\p≈ at\m- mhw hf¿Øm≥ DX-
Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ Ah-X-cWw \S-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
$ N¿®-I-fn¬ F√m-Ip´nI-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-fnØw
Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
164
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn‰v ˛9
kpc-£n-X-bm{X
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
GXm\pw Iq´p-Im-cpsS Bh-iy-ßfpw B Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-tºmƒ kpc-£n-
X-Xz-Øn\p th≠n Ah¿ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ß-fp-amWv Xmsg-bp≈ c≠v tImf-
ß-fn-embn {Iaw sX‰n®p sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kpc-£n-X-bm-{X-°mbn Ahsc
klm-bn-°mtam?
Bh-iy-߃
$ cmlp-en\v A—s‚ IS-bn-se-Øm≥
tdmUpap-dn-®p-I-S-°-Ww.
$ ^nZ°v tdmU-cn-In-ep≈ kvIqfn-se-
Øm≥ \S-∂p-t]m-I-Ww.
$ dm^n°v am¿°-‰n-se-Øm≥ hml-\-
Øn¬ bm{X sNø-Ww.
$ BZn-Xy Im¿ HmSn-®mWv ]m¿°n-
te°v t]mIp-∂-Xv.
$ amXyp ss_°n-emWv Znh-khpw
Hm^o-kn-se-Øp-∂-Xv.
{i≤n-t°-≠-Im-cy-߃
$ tdmUns‚ he-Xp-hiw tN¿∂v \S-
°-Ww.
$ hml-\-Øn¬ bm{X-sN-øp-tºmƒ
ssIbpw Xebpw ]d-Øn-S-cpXv
$ {Sm^n°v AS-bmf hnf-°p-I-fnse
\n¿tZi-߃ A\p-k-cn-°-Ww. ko‰v
s_¬‰v [cn-°Ww
$ sl¬sa‰v [cn-°Ww
$ ko{_m-sse≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww
]cn-kc-]-T\w
165
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
"tdmUv \nb-a-߃ ]men-°q... Poh≥ c£n°q...' F∂ ktμiw Db¿Øn-s°m≠v
{Sm^nIv t]meokv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ a’cw kwL-Sn-∏n-®p.
a’-c-Øn-\mbn \¬Inb Nn{X-amWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{X-Øn-ep≈
AS-bmf hnf-°n¬ tbmPn® \ndw \¬In Ah-bv°p-t\sc \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw FgpXq.
\ndp-ØpI Xbm-dm-IpI apt∂m- p-t]m-Ip-I.
166
So®¿ sSIvÃv
tIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsStIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsStIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsStIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsStIc -f -° -c -bn -eqsS10
BapJw
tIcfw F∂ t]cv Ip´n tI´n- p-≠m-Ipw. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS kwÿm-
\-Øns‚ t]cmWv tIc-f-sa-∂p≈ Adnhv F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw D≠m-
I-W-sa-∂n-√. tIc-f-Øn-s\-°p-dn®v Hcp {]mY-anI AdnhmWv ChnsS
\¬Ip-hm≥ Dt±-in-®n-´p-≈-Xv. CXn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ at\m-lm-cn-
Xsb°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p≠v. `q]Sw F∂ kt¶Xw Ip´n BZy-am-bm-
Wv ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-
eqsS ]Xn-\mev Pn√-I-fmWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-sX∂v Ip´n Xncn-®-dn-b-
Ww. AXn¬\n∂v kz¥w Pn√-bpsS `q]Sw IqSn Ip´n Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-
Xp-≠v. AXp-t]mse Pn√-sb-°p-dn®v Nne ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃IqSn
Ip´n-Iƒ Adn-b-Ww. Pn√-I-fpsS BIrXn Xncn-®-dn-bWw PnKvtkm
\n¿am-W-Øn-eqsS \n¿amW{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sm\pw Ifn-I-fn-
eqsS ]Xn-\mev Pn√-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬
Ah-k-c-sam-cp°n sImSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. HutZym-KnI Nn”-߃ ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sm\pw Ah-bpsS Nn{X-߃ tiJ-cn-°m\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-b-
Ww. kz¥w ]nd-∂mfpw kvIqfns‚ ]nd-∂mfpw Xncn-®-dn™vv tIc-
f-cq-]o-I-cW Xob-Xnbpw Ip´n a\ n-em-°-s´. ]nd-∂mƒ kΩm\w
F∂ mKw N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xn-eqsS kl-Po-hn-I-tfm-Sp≈ kvt\lhpw
klm-bn-°m\p≈ a\ pw Ip´n-I-fn-ep-≠m-hs´
]cn-kc]-T\w
167
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168
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
Ah-[n-°mew
Ah-[n-°m-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp N¿®-bn-eqsS ]mT- m-K-tØ°v {]th-in-°m-a-t√m.
tIc-f-Øns‚ at\m-lc Zriy-ß-fpsS Nn{X-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Cu Nn{X-
߃ Ip´n-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-b-s´. Cu Zriy-߃ t\cn v I≠ Ip´n-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ ]d-
bp-hm≥ Ah-kcw sImSp-°mw. ]n∂oSv ]mT- m-KØv \¬Inb Nn{X-ß-fpsS Hcp
eLp hnh-cWw So®¿ \¬I-Ww. Pn√-Iƒ, ÿe-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw F∂nh hnh-
c-W-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.
samUyqƒ ˛2
`q]-S-hm-b\
`q]Sw F∂ kt¶Xw Ip´n°v ]cn-Nn-X-a-√. AXn-\m¬ Nne cq]-tc-J-Iƒ
t_m¿Un¬ hc-®p-sIm≠v kqNn-∏n-°mw. DZm: ¢mkvapdn (an° ¢mkv apdn-Ifpw
NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-at√m) kvIqƒ {Ku≠v. Ch GsX-¶nepw H∂v ]cn-kc-
]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hc-∏n°mw. XpS¿∂v `q]Sw {]Z¿in-∏n®p-sIm≠v \ΩpsS kwÿm-
\-Øns‚ hfsctbsd sNdnb Hcp cq]-Øns‚ Nn{X-amWv `q]-S-ambn ImWn-®n-cn-
°p-∂-sX∂v hni-Zo-I-cn°m-a-t√m.
Ip´n-Iƒ `q]-Sw-t\m°n ]Xn-\mev Pn√-I-fpsS t]sc-gp-X-s´. kvIqfn¬ a‰p Pn√-
fn¬ \n∂p≈ Iq´p-Imtcm A[ym-]-Itcm Dt≠m Fs∂mcp At\zjW-am-hm-a-
t√m. \n߃ GsXms° Pn√-I-fn¬ t]mbn- p≠v? F{X Pn√-I-fpsS t]cdnbmw?
GsXms° Pn√-I-fn-emWv \n߃°v _‘p-°fpw kplr-Øp-°-fp-ap-≈Xv? CØ-
c-Øn-ep≈ tNmZy-ß-fn-eqsS ]Xn-\mev Pn√-I-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ Ip´n°v [mc-W-
bm-hpw.
samUyqƒ ˛ 3
Fs‚ Pn√
`q]-S-Øn¬ \n∂v kz¥w Pn√ Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øs´. Pn√-bnse Adn-bm-hp∂
ÿe-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n Fgp-X-s´. Ab¬ Pn√-Iƒ Is≠-Øm\pw Bh-
iy-s∏-Sm-a-t√m. hb-\mSv Pn√-sb-°p-dn®v a\p Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-t]mse kz¥w Pn√-sb-
°p-dn®pw Ip´n-Iƒ Fgp-X-s´. Pn√-bnse {][m\ ÿe-ß-fpsS Nn{X-߃ ¢mkn¬
{]Z¿in-∏n-°-ep-am-Imw. hb-\mSv Pn√-bnse Ip´n-Iƒ Ab¬ Pn√sb°pdn-®p≈
hnh-c-߃ Fgp-X-s´.
]cn-kc]-T\w
169
PnKvtkm \n¿amWw
arK-ß-fpsSbpw ]£n-I-fp-tSbpw PnKvtkm ¢mkn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw Ifn-∏n-
°mw. XpS¿∂v tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw PnKvtkm cq]-Øn¬ ¢mkn¬ \n¿an-°mw.
CXn-\mbn a‰p A[ym-]-I-cpsStbm apXn¿∂ Ip´n-I-fptStbm klmbw tXSmw.
samUyqƒ ˛ 4
Nn{X-hn-tijw
¢mkn¬ Nn{X-®m¿´v {]Z¿in-∏n-®p-sIm-s≠mcp N¿® \SØmw. XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Ønse Nn{X-߃ Xncn-®-dn™v Ah-bpsS Xmsg t]sc-gp-X-s´. tIcf
k¿°m¿ ap{Z-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-sb-°p-dn®pw ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-°-Ww. ]mT-]p-kvX-
I-Øns‚ ]pdw-N- -bn-ep≈ k¿°m¿ap{Z Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.
]nd-∂mƒ a[pcw
Ip´n-I-fn¬ \∑bpw kvt\lhpw \nd-bm\pw a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°m-\p≈ a\kpw
cq]-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬ Cu `mKw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-at√m. ]{X-Øn¬ hcp∂
CØ-c-Ønep≈ hm¿Ø-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-t√m. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ sNbvX A\p- hw Ds≠-¶n¬ ]d-bs´. CØcw at\m- m-h-ß-fp-ap≈ Hcp
]pXp-X-e-apd D≠m-h-s´.
tIc-f-∏n-dhn
kz¥w ]nd-∂mfpw kvIqfns‚ ]nd-∂mfpw Is≠Øn Fgp-X-s´. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]nd-
∂mfpw kvIqfn¬ tIc-f-]n-d-hn-tbm-S-\p-_--‘n®v \S-°mdp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kqNn-
∏n-°mw.
]mT- m-K-Øns‚ Ah-km\w \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v Dt±-
in-®p-≈-Xm-Wv. sdbn¬th sse≥ ImWn-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw Cu Ah-k-
-c-Øn¬ D]-tbm--Kn-°-Ww.
bqWn-‰neqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ D¬∏-
∂-߃
$ Pn√-Iƒ-˛-]-´nI
$ Fs‚ Pn√- -hn-h-cWw
$ HutZym-KnI Nn”-߃-˛-Nn-{X-߃, hni-Zo-I-cWw
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
170
So®¿ sSIvÃv
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn°p
Xmsg
$ ]mT-]p -kvXIw lm≥Uv_p°v F∂n-
hbnse {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p-]p-dsa anI®
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ I≠Øn \¬Im≥
Ign™p
$ tIcfw kpμ-c-am-sW∂v Ip´n-Isf t_m[y-
s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]mT-]p-kvX-IØnse Nn{X-
߃°p ]p-dsa IqSp -X¬ Nn{X-߃
\¬Im≥ Ign-™p.
$ `q]S hmb-\bv°v kvIqfnse `q]Sw
D]tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
$ ]Xn-\mev Pn√-I-sf Xncn-®-dn™v t]sc-gp-
Xm≥ F√m Ip´n-I-ƒ°pw Ign-bp-∂p-≠v.
$ tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]-S-Øn¬ \n∂v kz¥w
Pn√ Is≠-Øm≥ F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw Ign-
™n- p-≠v.
$ Pn√-sb-°p-dn®v Ah-iy-w th≠ hnh-c-߃
Fgp-Xm≥ F√m-h¿°pw Ign-™n- p-≠v.
$ F√m {Kq∏nepw Bh-iy-amb klm-b-߃
\¬In-sIm≠v PnKvtkm \n¿amWw \S-
Øm≥ Ign-™p.
$ HutZym-KnI Nn”-߃ F√m-hcpw Xncn-
®-dn-™n- p≠v.
$ kl-Po-hn-Isf kvt\ln-°m\pw klm-bn-
°m\pap≈ at\m- mhw Ip´n-I-fnepw cq]-
s∏Sm\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \¬Im≥
Ign™p.
]cn-kc]-T\w
171
bqWn‰v ˛10
tIc-f-°-c-bn-eqsS
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
`q]Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q. (A-d-_n-°-Sepw Ab¬
kwÿm-\-ßfpw ImWn-°p∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ `q]Sw ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®psIm≠p
thWw Cu h¿°vjo‰v \¬tI-≠-Xv.)
IS¬Xo-c-ap≈ aq∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ Ab¬ kwÿm-\-amb \nß-fpsS
Pn√-Iƒ Pn√-Iƒ AXn¿Øn Xan-gv\m-Sp-ambn AXn¿Øn Pn√-bpsS
Ifmbn hcp∂ ]¶n-Sp∂ Pn√-Iƒ Ab¬ Pn√-Iƒ
Pn√Iƒ
172
So®¿ sSIvÃv
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
\ΩpsS kwÿm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GXm\pw hnh-c-߃ Xmsg H∂m-asØ
tImfØn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah-bv°p-t\sc \¬Inb tImf-Øn¬ \n∂v icn-
bmb DØcw Is≠Øn \ndw \¬Iq.
\ΩpsS kwÿm\w I¿Æm-SI tIcfw Xan-gv\mSv
\ΩpsS amXr- mj ae-bmfw lnμn Cw•ojv
tIc-f-∏n-d-hn-Zn\w P\p-hcn 1 \hw-_¿ 1 Unkw-_¿ 1
\ΩpsS kwÿm\ arKw knwlw Pndm v B\
\ΩpsS kwÿm-\ -]£n ae-ap-g°n abn¬ XØ
thgm-º¬
\ΩpsS kwÿm\ a’yw Abe {kmhv Icn-ao≥
\ΩpsS kwÿm\ ]pjv]w Xmac IWn-s°m∂ Xpº
\ΩpsS kwÿm\ hr£w sXßv B¬ amhv
BapJw
Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn--eqsS `qan-imkv{Xw F∂ hnjbw BZy-ambn ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. qan-sb-°p-dn®v aq¿Ø-amb [mcW Ip´n-Iƒ°n-
√. `qan-bpsS BIr-Xn, {`a-Ww, cmhpw ]I-epw, IS¬`m-Kw, Ic- mKw
F∂o Bi-b-ß-fmWv XpS-°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
`qan°v tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wp-≈-sX∂v Nn{X-Øn-eq-sSbpw Zriy-ß-fn-eq-
sSbpw t_m[y-s∏-SpØm-sa-¶nepw Cu hkvXpX A\p- -h-Øn-eqsS
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Nne {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-
´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-߃ hfsc IrXy-X-tbm-sSbpw
Bh-iy-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-tØm-sSbpw \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. F¶n¬ am{Xta
Aaq¿Ø-amb Bi-ßsf aq¿Ø-am-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. sF.
kn. ‰n. km[yX Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ \n¿_-‘ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-
°-Ww. IqSmsX a‰p tbmPy-amb ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-SpØn ]co-£-W-Øn\pw \nco-£-W-Øn\pw Ip´n°v Ah-k-c-ap-
≠m-°n-sIm-Sp-°-Ww. cmhpw ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv, Ic- m-K-Øn-
s‚bpw IS¬`m-K-Øns‚bpw hep∏w F∂nh t_m[y-s∏-Sm≥ IrXy-
amb ]co-£-W-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \¬In-bn- p-≠v. Ah ¢mkvapdn-
bn¬ sNøp-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn `qan-sb-°p-dn®v \¬Im≥ Dt±-in® Bi-b-
߃ IrXy-ambn Ip´n-I-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ A[ym-]n-Ibv°v Ign-bpw.
\mw hkn-°pw `qan\mw hkn-°pw `qan\mw hkn-°pw `qan\mw hkn-°pw `qan\mw hkn-°pw `qan11
174
So®¿ sSIvÃv
Bi
-b-ß
ƒ/[
mc-W
-Iƒ
/{]
{Inb
mti
jn-I
ƒ]
T-\
-{]h
¿Ø
-\-ß
ƒ/X
{¥-ß
ƒ]
T-\
-t\
´-ß
ƒ
$`qa
n-bps
S B
IrX
n X
ncn-®
-dn-™
v ]d-b
m≥
Ign-b
p-∂p.
$k
qcy≥
, N
{μ≥
F
∂n-h
bv°
pw tKmf
m-Ir-
Xn-b
m-Wp-≈
-sX
∂v X
ncn-®
-dn™
v ]
d-b
m≥
Ign-b
p-∂p.
$]
¥v, tSm¿
®v a
pX-e
m-bh
D]
-tb
m-Kn®
v ]co-
£-W
-߃
sN
øm≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$`qa
n°v tKmf
m-Ir-X
n-bm-W
p-≈X
v
$t•m_
v `qa
n-bps
S {]
Xn-c
q-]-am-W
v.
$`qa
n-bps
S B
Ir-X
n°v k
may-ap≈
]
e
hk
vXp-°
fpw D≠
v.
$k
qcy≥
, N
{μ≥
F
∂o
BI
mi
tK
mf-
߃
°pw tKmf
m-Ir-X
n-bm-W
p-≈-X
v.
˛\
nco-£
-Ww, A
\p-a
m-\w, {]
iv\
-]-cn-l
-c-W
w.
$`qa
n-bps
S H
cp- ]
-Ip-X
n-bn¬
Ft∏
mgpw k
qcy-
{]-I
miw
]X
n-®p-s
Im-≠
n-cn°
pw.
$k
qcy-{]
-Imi
w ]
Xn-°
p∂ mK
Øv ]
Iepw ]
Xn-
°mØ
`mK
Øv c
m{X
nbpw A
\p--hs∏
Sp∂
p.
$t•m_
pw t
Sm¿
®pw (]
¥pw, t
Sm¿
®pw) D]
-tb
m-
Kn®
v `qa
n-bn¬
cm{X
nbpw ]
Ie
pw A
\p-
-h-
s∏
-Sp-∂
sX
-ßs\
-sb
∂v I
mWn-°
¬.
˛]
co-£
-W-ß
-fn-t
e¿s∏
-S¬
, D]
-I-c-W
-߃
ssI
Imc
yw sN
ø¬
, A
\p-a
m-\
w, \
nco-£
-
Ww, \
nK-a-\
w.
$I
∏n-Ø
ms‚
b
m{X
-˛-hn-h
-cW
w
$sI
´n-S-Ø
ns‚
B
IrX
n h
c-b
v°¬
.
$tKmf
m-Ir-X
n-bp≈
hk
vXp-°
sf X
ncn-®
-
dn-b
¬.
$`qa
n-bps
S N
n{X
w h
c-b
v°¬
.
$B
Imi
\
nco-£
-Ww.
$]
co-£
Ww
˛ C
cp´
pw, sh
fn-®
hpw
$]
co-£
-W-°
p-dn∏
v X
bm-d
m-°¬
.
]T\
kma
-{Kn-I
ƒ : {`aW
w ˛
kn.-U
n, t•m_
v, tSm¿
®v, t_
mƒ, {I
tb
m¨, N
m¿v t
]∏
¿
bqW
n‰v s{^
bnw
Bh
-iya
mb ]
ocn-U
p-Iƒ
: 10
]cn-kc]-T\w
175
$`qa
n-bn¬
cm{X
nbpw,
]I
epw D≠
m-Ip-
∂-sX
-ß-s\
-bm-s
W∂
v hni
-Zo-I
-cn-°
m≥
Ign-b
p-∂p.
$`qa
n-bn¬
I
c-`m-K
-tØ
-°mƒ
I
qSp-X
¬
IS¬
`mK
-am-sW
∂v X
ncn-®
-dn™
v ]
d-
bm≥
I
gn-b
p-∂p.
$\
ap°
v cm{X
nbpw, ]
Ie
pw A
\p-
-h-s∏
-Sp-
∂p.
$`qa
n k
zbw
{`aW
w sN
øp-∂
p.
$k
qcys
‚ sh
fn®
w `qa
n-bn¬
]
Xn-°
p-∂p-.
${`
aW
w I
mcW
w k
qcy-{]
-Imi
w `qa
n-bn¬
amd
n-amd
n ]
Xn-°
p∂p
˛\
nco-£
Ww
$`qa
n-bn¬
Ic-m-K
hpw I
S¬
`mK
hpw D
≠v.
$`qa
n-bps
S a
q∂n¬
Hcp `mK
w I
cb
pw c
≠v
`mK
w I
S-e
p-am-W
v.
$I
S-e
ns\
\
oe \
nd-Ø
n-emW
v t•m_
n¬
kqN
n-∏n-®
n-p-≈
-Xv.
˛\
nco-£
Ww
$t•m_
v \nc
o-£W
w ˛
C¥
y-bps
S ÿ
m\w
Is≠
-ج
.
$h
¿W
w h
nXdn
hnX
dn
˛ I
S-e
mkv aS-
°n-b
p≈ {]
h¿Ø
-\w.
$t•m_
v \
nco-£
-Ww.
Cu ]
mT`m-K
-Øn¬
Du∂
¬ \
¬tI
≠ aqey-ß
ƒ / at\
m-mh
߃
$\
Ωp-s
S- h
oSmb
C
u `qa
n k
wc-£
n-°-s∏
-tS-≠
-Xp-≠
v.
176
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn-‰n-te-°v...
samUyqƒ 1
I∏nØms‚ bm{X
hnh-cWw hmbn®p-sIm≠v XpS-ßmw. XpS¿∂v Nne tNmZy-ßfneqsS N¿®bv°v
XpS-°-an-Smw.
$ `qan Dcp-≠-Xm-b-Xp-sIm≠v apt∂m- p-Xs∂ t]mbm¬ bm{X Bcw- n®ÿe-
Øp-Xs∂ FØm≥ Ign-bptam?
$
t•m_n-eqsS hnc¬ Nen-∏n-°¬
t•m_n¬ Hcp ÿeØv hnc¬h®v AhnsS Hcp AS-bmfw h®-Xn-\p-tijw B
hnc¬ t•m_n-eqsS apt∂m´p am{Xw Nen-∏n®v AS-bmfw h® ÿØp-Xs∂ FØn®v
Ip´n-Iƒ°v GI-tZi [mcW \¬Imw. t_mfntem Dcp≠ as‰-s¥-¶nepw hkvXp-
°-fntem CXp-t]mse sNbvXp-t\m-°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw \¬Imw.
¢mkvap-dn-bpƒs∏-Sp∂ sI´nSw hc-bv°¬
sI´n-S-Øn-s‚ hep∏w ]q¿W-ambn ImWp∂ AI-e-Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf \n¿Øm≥
{i≤n-°-Ww. hc-bpsS ]q¿WX t\mt°-≠-Xn-√. `qan-bpsS Nn{Xw sF.-kn.‰n D]-
tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ImWn-°p-a-t√m. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ `qan-bpsS BIrXn PntbmbvUv
(Geoid) BWv. XpS-°-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ChnsS tKmfm-IrXn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmepw
aXn-bm-hpw.
BIm-i-\n-co-£Ww
BImi\n-co-£Ww kqcy-s‚bpw, N{μ-s‚bpw BIrXn a\- n-em-°m≥ Dt±-in-®p-
≈-Xm-Wv. BIm-i-\n-co-£-W-Øn-\p≈ \n¿tZiw sImSp-°p-tºmƒ hfsc kq£n-
°-Ww. Hcn-°epw kqcys\ t\cn´v t\m°m-\p≈ \n¿tZiw sImSp-°-cp-Xv.
FIvksd ^nenw t]mep-≈h D]-tbm-Kn®v t\m°m-sa-¶nepw Ah-sbm∂pw ]q¿W-
ambpw kpc-£n-X-a-√. {]tXy-In®v ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fnse Ip´nIƒ Kuchw a\ n-
em-°msX kqcys\ t\cn v t\m°p-hm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. henb ]m{X-Øn¬ sh≈-
sa-SpØv {]mtZ-inI D® ka-bØv (shbn-eØv \n∂m¬ kz¥w \ng¬Im-Wm≥
Ign-bmØ kabw) shbneØv h®m¬ ]m{X-Ønse sh≈-Øn¬ kqcys‚ {]Xn-
_nw_w ImWmw. Cu coXn-bn¬ kqcys‚ BIrXn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw. AkvX-
ab kqcy≥ ad-bp-∂-Xn\v sXm´p-apºv (kap-{Z-Øn-te°v Xmgp-∂-Xmbn A\p- -h-s∏-
Sp∂Xn\v sXm´p-apºv) kqcys\ t\m°m-hp-∂XmWv. cm{Xn BImiw \nco-£n-°p-
]cn-kc]-T\w
177
∂-Xn¬ {]iv\-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√. sF. kn. ‰n km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v BIm-i-tKm-
f-ß-fpsS Nn{X-߃ ImWn-°p-a-t√m.
`qan-bp-tS-Xp-t]mse (tKmfmIr-Xn-bn-ep≈) BIr-Xn-bp≈ hkvXp-°sf
Xncn®dnb¬
Nn{XØn¬ \¬In-bn- p-≈-h-bpsS bYm¿Y cq]-߃ ImWn-°mw. IqSp-X¬ DZm-
l-c-W-߃ \¬Ip-a-t√m.
`qan-bpsS BIrXn hc-bv°¬
`qan-bpsS BIrXn hc®v t•m_n¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse hnhn[ \nd-߃ \¬In
`wKn-bm-°-s´.
samUyqƒ ˛2
Ccp´pw shfn-®hpw˛]co-£-Ww
]co-£Ww sNøm≥ Bh-iy-amb km[\߃ ap≥Iq´n Hcp°Ww. IrXy-
ambnsNbvXv ImWn-°-Ww. hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-ap≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ \¬I-Ww.
]cn-{I-aWw, km¶¬]nI A®p-X≠v F∂n-h-sbm∂pw Cu L -Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-
°-W-sa-∂n-√. sNdn-b-¢mkv Bb-Xn-\m¬ Cu Bi-b-߃ k¶o¿W-am-tb-°m≥
km[y-X-bp-≠v. t•m_v Id°n {`aWw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw shfn®w amdn amdn
]Xn-°p∂XpsIm-≠mWv cm{Xnbpw, ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂pw t_m[y-s∏-
Sp-Ø-Ww.
]¥pw tSm¿®pw D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]co-£Ww sNbvXp-t\m-°m-\p≈ Ah-
kcw D≠m-°-Ww. Is≠-Ønb Imcy-߃ ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xs´. IqSp-
X¬ hy‡X hcp-Øm-\mbn sF. kn. ‰n. km[yX ChnsS D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
t•m_v \nco-£n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw D≠m-°-Ww. t•m_n¬ t\m°n \ΩpsS cmPyw
Is≠-Ø-s´. cmPyw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Cu {]h¿Ø\w IuXp-I-Øn-\p-th≠n \¬In-
b-Xm-Wv.
Ip´n-bpsS ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v Ip´nbpw, So®dpw kzbw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-
°-Ww.
A[nIhnh-c-Ø-n\mbn sF.-kn.‰n km[yX D]-tbm-Kn-°pI
Edubuntu - application - science - Kstar F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ Kstar tkm v‰vsh-b¿
Xpd-°p-I. Xpd-∂p-h-cp∂ Pme-I-Ønse Tools sa\p-hn-ep≈ solar system F∂
k_v sa\p-hn¬ ¢n°v sNøp-I. Xpd-∂p-h-cp-∂ solar system PmeIw So®¿°v ^e-
{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
178
So®¿ sSIvÃv
]co-£Ww sNøp-tºmƒ {]Imiw t•m_n-te°v ]Xn-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ tSm¿®v t•m_n-t\-°mƒ sNdp-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. bYm¿YØn¬ `qan-bpsS
F{Xtbm aSßv hen-∏amWv kqcy-\p-≈-sX∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. t•m_n-t\-
°mƒ henb {]Imi t{kmX v D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu ]co-£Ww ¢mkn¬
sNøm≥ km[n-®m¬ IqSp-X¬ e-{]-Z-am-Ipw. As√-¶n¬ sF.-kn.Sn km[yX
D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn cmhpw ]Iepw ImWn-°p-tºmƒ Cu hkvXpX Ip´n-
Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°-Ww. IqSp-X¬ hy‡-Xbv°p A©mw
¢mknse ASn-ÿm\ imkv{Xw So®¿sSIvÃv bqWn‰v aq∂v "am\sØ
\ng¬Im-gvN-Iƒ' d^¿ sNøp-I.
samUyqƒ ˛ 3
h¿Ww hnXdn
t•m_v ImWn-®p-sIm≠v Cu {]h¿Ø\w sNø-Ww. IS-emkv aS-°n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-
\w sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb hni-Zo-I-c-Ww \¬I-Ww.
bqWn-‰neqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿´vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂
D¬∏-∂-߃
$ `qan-bpsS Nn{Xw
$ ]¥v, tSm¿®v D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ ]co-£-W-°p-dn∏v
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip-∂- h¿°v jo‰p-Iƒ
$
]cn-kc]-T\w
179
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn°p
Xmsg
$ "I∏n-Øms‚ bm{X' `qan Dcp-≠-Xm-sW∂v
GI-tZi [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p-∂-co-Xn-bn¬
Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
$ t•m_n-eqsS hnc¬ Nen-∏n®v
I∏n-Øms‚ bm{X
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
$ kvIqƒ sI´n-S-Øns‚ BIrXn hc-bv°m≥
F√m-h¿°pw Ign-™n- p-≠v.
$ `qan-bpsS BIrXn°v kam-\-amb hkvXp-
°ƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw
Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
$ `qan-bpsS BIrXn hc®v \ndw \¬Im≥
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
$ sF.-kn.Sn km[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
$ IrXy-amb Bkq-{X-W-Øn-eqsS
]co-£Ww ¢mkn¬ sNøm≥
Ign-™n-´p≠v
$ \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw
Xøm-dm-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
$ cmhpw ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂v ]¥pw, tSm¿®pw D]-tbm-Kn®v
]co-£WØneqsS Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥
{ian-®n-´p-≠v.
$ IS-emkv aS-°n-bp≈ ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS
Ic- mKw, IS¬`mKw F{X F∂v
F√m-h¿°pw t_m[y-s∏- n- p≠v
180
So®¿ sSIvÃv
bqWn‰v ˛11
\mw hkn°pw `qan
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1Nn{Xw 1
Nn{Xw 2
`qankqcy≥
apI-fn¬ X∂n- p≈ Nn{Xw 1 ¬ `qan-bn¬ cm{Xnbpw, ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ `mK-
߃°v hyXykvX \ndw \¬Iq. Nn{Xw 2 ¬ `qan-bpsS Nn{Xw hc®v cm{Xnbpw
]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ `mK-߃°v hyXykvX \ndw \¬Iq.
kqcy≥
]cn-kc]-T\w
181
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
`qansb°p-dn-®p≈ ]mT- mKw ]Tn-®p-Ig-n-™-t∏mƒ DØ-a\v A—≥ ]mT- m-K-hp-
ambn _‘-s∏´ Iptd {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ \¬In. Ah-bn¬ \n∂v icn-bm-bhbpw
sX‰m-b-hbpw Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏- p. {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Xmsg
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw Ah ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠m-hpI? \n߃
H∂v ]´n-I--s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian®p t\m°q.
$ `qan-bpsS BIrXn tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bmWv
$ `qan-bn¬ Ic `mK-amWv IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv
$ N{μ-s\-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m≥ t•m_v klm-b-IamWv
$ kqcy≥ Id-ßp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv `qan-bn¬ cmhpw ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
$ IS¬- m-K-amWv `qan-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ D≈Xv
$ `qan-sb-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m≥ t•m_v klm-b-I-amWv
$ `qan Id-ßp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv cmhpw, ]Iepw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
$ t•m_n¬ \oe \nd-Øn¬ ImWp∂ `mKw IS-ens\bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv
$ `qan°v ]c∂ BIr-Xn-bm-Wp-≈Xv
$ t•m_n¬ \oe-\n-d-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Ic- m-K-am-Wv.
icn-bmb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ sX‰mb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
182
So®¿ sSIvÃv
BapJw
Blmcw t]mse-Øs∂ a\p-j-ys‚ {]mY-anI Bh-i-y-ß-fn¬s∏ -
XmWv ]m¿∏n-Shpw hkv{X-hpw. Ip´n°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb c≠p taJ-e-I-
fn-tebpw IqSp-X¬ hnti-j-ß-ƒ Adnbm≥ "Dd-ßm\pw DSp-°m\pw'
F∂ ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS {ian-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnhn-[-Xcw ]m¿∏n-S-߃,
]m¿∏n-S-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw, ]m¿∏nS \n¿amW hkvXp-°ƒ, ]m¿∏nS
kuI-c-y-߃, ]m¿∏nS \n¿amWw XpSßn ]m¿∏n-S-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏ v Ip´n Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ Nne Imc-y-߃ ]mT- m-KØv hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p-∂p. hkv{X-Øns‚ {]m[m-\-yw, hnhn-[-Xcw hkv{X-߃, hkv{X-
ßfpw \n¿amW hkvXp-°fpw XpSßn hkv{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´
eLp hnh-c-ßfpw Cu ]mT- m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. \nco-
£n-®pw, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ønbpw Xcw-Xn-cn®pw, Bibw cq]o-I-
cn®pw apt∂dm≥ ]mT- m-KsØ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Ip´nsb klm-bn-
°pw. hoSn-√m-Øh¿, hkv{Xw-hm-ßm≥ hI-bn-√m-Øh¿ XpSßn \ΩpsS
kaq-l-Ønse {]bm-k-a-\p- -hn-°p-∂-h-cpsS thZ-\-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ
Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. Ahsc klm-bn-°m-\p≈ at\m- mhw hf¿ØnsbSp-
°m\pw ]mT- m-KsØ {]h¿Ø--\-ß-fn-eqsS Ign-b-Ww. Cu ]mT- m-
K-Øn-eqsS "]m¿∏n-Shpw hkv{Xhpw' F∂ taJ-e-bnse GXm\pw
Imc-y-߃ Ip´n-bpsS ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Im≥ {ian°mw.
Dd-ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pwDd -ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pwDd -ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pwDd -ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pwDd -ßm-\pw -D -Sp -°m\pw12
]cn-kc-]-T\w
183
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185
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samUyqƒ 1
hoSv ˛ {]tbm-P-\-߃
]mT- m-K-Ønse BapJ Nn{XsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkn¬ N¿®-\-S-Ømw. Pohn-
I-fp-sSbpw a\p-jy-s‚bpw hmk-ÿ-eamWv N¿®m-hn-j-bw. hoSp-sIm-≠p≈ {]tbm-
P-\-߃ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v ]d-bm≥ Ip´n°v Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-
Ønb Imcy-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS enÃv sNbvXv ]cn-k-
c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ipdn-°-s´.
samU-yqƒ 2
]e-Xcw hoSp-Iƒ
GXp-Xcw hoSp-I-fmWv Ip´n-bpsS {]tZ-iØv D≈-sX∂v Ip´n-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.
{][m-\-ambpw ta¬°q-csb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv hoSp-I-fpsS Xcw \mw Xocp-am-
\n-°p-∂-Xv. Ip´n-Ifpw AtX coXn-bn¬ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°-s´. ]p√p-ta-™-h,
Hme-ta-™h F∂o Xc-߃ Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ I≠n-s√∂p hcpw. Aß-s\-
sb-¶n¬ AXv Ip´nsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øv hym-]-I-ambn D]-
tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂ Aep-an-\nbw jo‰v, ss^_¿ jo‰v XpS-ßnbh-sb-°p-dn®pw N¿®
\S-°-Ww.
Ip´n-I-fpsS {]tZ-iØv GXp-Xcw hoSp-I-fmWv IqSp-X¬? F∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn-®p-
sIm≠v Hcp eLp t{]mP-IvSn-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬Imw. ]cn-k-c-Øp≈ GXm\pw
hoSp-Iƒ kμ¿in-t®m, ¢mknse Hmtcm Ip´n-tbmSpw Ahs‚ hoSn-s\-°p-dn®v
tNmZn-®-dnt™m hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØn \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Ømw.
]mT-`m-KØp \¬Inb "A\q-hpw Iq´p-Imcpw" Xøm-dm-°nb ]´nI hni-I-e\w
sNbvXv Ip´n-Iƒ ta¬°q-c, Xd, `nØn F∂nh \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ hkvXp-
°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Øs´. Ip´n-bpsS kvIqƒ, hoSv F∂n-hn-S-ß-
fn¬ Xd, `nØn, ta¬°qc Ch \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn® hkvXp-°ƒ ]´n-I-
s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. CXp-t]mse Hcp s_©nse Iq´p-Im-cpsS
hoSp-Ifnse hnh-chpw Is≠-Øm≥ \n¿tZ-in-°mw.
hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn-tebpw, ho´n-tebpw apdn-Iƒ Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-K-߃ F∂nh eLp
N¿®°-pw hnt[-b-am-°-Ww. B¿`mSw Hgn-hm°n \ap°v AX-ym-h-iyw th≠ kuI-
c-y-ß-fmWv Hcpt°≠-sX∂v Ip´n-Isf Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Ømw. ho´nse apdn-Ifpw Ah-
bpsS D]-tbm-K-ß-fpw _‘-s∏´ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]´nI Ip´n-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-
bm-°-s´. a‰v kuI-c-y-ßfpw Bh-i-y-sa-¶n¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn ]´nI hn]p-e-am-°mw.
186
So®¿ sSIvÃv
samU-yqƒ ˛ 3
hoSp-\n¿amWw
hoSp \n¿amWw an° Ip´n-Ifpw I≠n- p-≠m-Ipw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hoSv \n¿amW
N¿® Ffp-∏-am-Ipw. hoSp \n¿amWw \S-°p-∂- Ip- n-Iƒ ¢mkn-ep-s≠-¶n¬ N¿®-
bn¬ AXp-IqSn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hoSv \n¿am-W-Øns‚ {][m\ L´-߃
Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww. kvIqƒ ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-iØv \n¿am-
W-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ hoSp-I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ AhnSw kμ¿in®v hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \SØmw.-
hoSp \n¿am-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Fs¥√mw tPmen-Iƒ Ds≠∂v Ip´n-Iƒ
Is≠Øn enÃv sNbvXv ]cn-k-c-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ipdn-°-s´.
samU-yqƒ ˛ 4
hoSp-Iƒ ˛ hnhn-[-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
kuI-cyw, kpc£, Imem-hÿ F∂n-h-sb√mw ]cn-K-Wn®v hoSp-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-
∂p-sh∂pw hnhn[ {]tZi-ß-fnse hoSp-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏ v AXv Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw
Ip´n°v Ign-b-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Ønse Gdp-amSw, vfm‰v, C•p, Xq¨hoSv XpS-ßnb
hmb-\m-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ AXn\v klm-b-I-c-am-Ipw.
Ip´n-bpsS hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw \∂mbn kwc-£n-°-W-sa∂v Hm¿a-s∏-SpØm-\pw,
]cn-ÿn-Xn°v CWßpw hn[w hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw Hcp-°-W-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw
]mT- m-K-Ønse Im¿´q¨ Ah-X-c-Whpw N¿®bpw klm-b-I-amIpw. ho´p-h-f-∏nse
ac-߃, sNSn-Iƒ, N¿®-bn¬ hc-Ww. ]qt¥m-´-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw {]tXyIw
Hm¿an-∏n-°mw.
samU-yqƒ ˛ 5
hoSp-≠m°mw
Ip´n-I-fpsS `mh-\-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Hcp hoSns‚ amXrI \n¿an-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-
Ww; Im¿Uvt_m¿Uv, Nm¿ v, I{XnI, ]i XpS-ßnb kma-{Kn-Iƒ Dd∏p-h-cp-Ø-
Ww. Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an® hoSp-I-fpsS {]Z¿i-\hpw Hcp-°-Ww.
hoSn-√m-Ø-h-cpsS Zpcn-X-߃ ˛ ¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Ømw. ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, Nn{X-
߃ F∂nh CXn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. hoSn-√m-Ø-hsc klm-bn°m\p≈
at\m-`mhw hf¿Øm≥ DX-Ip∂-co-Xn-bn¬ DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw N¿® \S-Øm≥
{i≤n-°p-I.
]cn-kc-]-T\w
187
samU-yqƒ ˛ 6
h¿W-°p-∏mbw
hkv{X-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yhpw {]tbm-P-\hpw Ip´n-Iƒ°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-b-Ww.
Ip´n°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb ]£n-Iƒ, arK-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ XpSßn ]mT- m-K-Øn-eqsS
¢mkn¬ N¿® \S-Øm≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-amb \mcp-Iƒ, Ir{Xn-a-\m-cp-
Iƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v hkv{X-߃ \n¿an-°p∂p F∂v Ip´n°v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥
Ign-b-Ww. ]mT- m-K-Ønse eLp-Ip-dn-∏n-eqsS N¿® \S-Ømw. hnhn[ hkv{X-ß-
fpsS XpWn-Iƒ Ip´nsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hnhn[ XpWn-°-jvW-߃ tiJ-
cn®v Ip´n-Iƒ sImfmjv \n¿an-°-s´. B¿`m-S-ambn ]ecpw hkv{X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-tºmƒ Iodn-bXpw apjn-™-Xp-amb hkv{Xw [cn®p Ign-bp∂ Zcn-{Zcpw \ap-°n-
S-bn-eps≠∂v Ip´n-Isf Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
bqWn-‰neqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ t]m¿ vt^m-fn-tbm-bn-te°v am‰m-hp∂ D¬∏-
∂-߃
$ "hoSp-\n¿amWw'˛k-μ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´v
$ Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an® hoSns‚ amXrI
$ hnhn-[-Xcw hoSp-I-fpsS Nn{X-߃ Ip´n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®Xv/hc-®Xv
$ hnhn-[-Xcw XpWn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿an® cq]߃
$ ]mT- m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v \¬Ip∂ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ
$
188
So®¿ sSIvÃv
$ N¿®-I-fn¬ F√m Ip´n-I-fp-tSbpw ]¶m-
fnØw Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign™p
$ hoSp -sIm-≠p≈ {]tbm-P-\-߃
Ip´n-Iƒ°v enÃv sNøm≥ Ign-™p.
$ Xs‚ {]tZ-iØv GsX√mw Xcw hoSp-
Iƒ Ds≠∂v Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øm≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign-™n- p≠v
$ Xd, `nØn, ta¬°qc F∂nh \n¿an-
°m\p]tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ Xncn-
®-dnbm\pw GXm\pw hoSp-Ifpw hnZym-
e-bhpw \nco-£n®v Ah tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øm\pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ign™p
$ Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Xs‚ ho´n-sebpw
hnZym-e-b-Øn-sebpw apdn-I-fpsS D]-
tbmKw ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p≠v.
$ hoSp\n¿amW ÿew kμ¿in-°m\pw
hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øm\pap≈ Ah-
kcw Hcp-°m≥ Ign-™p.
$ hnhn-[-{]t-Z-i-ß-fnse hoSp-Iƒ Ip´n°v
t_m[y-s∏-Sp∂ coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°m≥ Ign-™p.
$ F√m Ip´n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS `mh-\-bv°-
\p-k-cn®v hoSns‚ amXr-I-Iƒ \n¿an®p.
$ hnhn-[-Xcw hkv{X-߃ Ip´n-Isf ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
$ hoSn-√m-Ø-h-cpsS Zpcn-X-߃, hkv{Xw
hmßm≥ t]mepw Ign-hn√mØ Zcn-{Z-
cpsS {]bmkw F∂nh Ip´nsb
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™p.
A[ym-]n-I-bv°p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-¬ kqN-I-߃
anI-®Xv icm-icn icm-i-cn°p
Xmsg
]cn-kc-]-T\w
189
bqWn‰v ˛12
Dd-ßm\pw DSp-°m-\pw
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1
Ip´∏≥tN- s‚ ho´n¬ [mcmfw apdn-I-fp-≠v. apdn-I-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Xmsg sImSp-
Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm apdn-bp-sSbpw D]-tbmKw F¥m-sW∂v Ip -∏≥ tN´≥ ]d™p
Xcpw. apdn GXm-sW∂v Is≠Øn Fgp-Xq.
$ InS-∏p-apdn $ ASp-°f $ Ipfn-apdn
$ kzoI-c-W-apdn $ I°qkv $ `£-W-apdn
$ Ie-hd
Blmcw Hcp-an-®n-cp∂v Ign-°m≥ Nne hoSp-I-fn¬
Cu apdn-bp-≠m-Ipw. Bh-iy-amb taibpw Itk-
cbpw Cu apdn-bn¬ Hcp-°n-bn- p-≠m-hpw.
`£-W-km-[-\-߃, ]m{X߃ XpSßn ho´m-h-
iy-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b- h-kvXp-°ƒ kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ apdn-bm-Wn-Xv. an°-hmdpw hoSp-I-fn¬ ASp-
°-f-tbmSv tN¿∂v Cu apdn ImWmw.
\mw kpJ-ambn InS-∂p-d-ßp-∂Xv Cu apdn-bn-em-
Wv. hn{i-a-Øn-\mbpw Cu apdn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
icocw hrØn-bm°n kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n-
bmWv \mw Ipfn-°p-∂-Xv. Ipfn-°m-\p≈ kuIcyw
Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu apdn-bn-em-Wv.
190
So®¿ sSIvÃv
IpSpw-_-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb `£-W-km-[-\-߃
]mNIw sNøp-∂Xv Cu apdn-bn-em-Wv. ASp-∏v, Ãu
XpS-ßnb GsX-¶nepw kwhn-[m\w ]mN-I-Øn-
\mbn ChnsS D≠m-Ipw.
ae-aq-{X-hn-k¿P-\-Øn-\mbn \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂Xv Cu apdn-bm-Wv. F√m apdn-I-sfbpw t]mse
Xs∂ Cu apdnbpw \√-hÆw \mw hrØn-bmbn
kq£n-°p∂p.
AXn-Yn-Isf kzoI-cn-®n-cp-Øp-∂Xv Cu apdn-bn-em-
Wv. hn{i-a-Øn\pw hnt\m-Z-Øn-\pam-bp≈ Sn.hn
{Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv an°-hmdpw Cu apdn-bn-em-
bn-cn°pw
]cn-kc-]-T\w
191
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2
]m¿∏n-Sw, hkv{Xw Ch-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GXm\pw Imcy-߃ Xmsg sImSp°p-
∂p. icn-bmb Imcy-߃°p-t\sc AS-bm-fhpw sX‰mb Imcy -
߃°pt\sc AS-bm-fhpw \¬Iq.
$ sNΩn-cn-bm-Sns‚ tcmaw D]-tbm-Kn®v Iºnfn
hkv{X-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂p.
$ hoSp \n¿am-W-Øns‚ BZy-L´w ta¬°qc \n¿am-W-amWv
$ a™p-aq-Snb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬, a™p-I- -Iƒ sIm≠v
\n¿an-°p∂ hoSns\ "C•p' F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv
$ ]£n-Iƒ°v ]d-°m≥ Ah-bpsS Xqh-ep-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip∂p
$ ]´q-\q¬ ]qgp-hns‚ sIm°q¨ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv ]cpØn
hkv{X-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂Xv
$ hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bmbn kq£n-°Ww
$ Ir{Xna \mcp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®pw hkv{X-߃ \n¿an-°p∂p
$ Htc Xc-Øn-ep≈ hoSp-I-fm-Wv F√m {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw
\n¿an-°p-∂-Xv.