1600s scientists observed cells• Most did not understand what they saw
1838 – cell theory• All things are made up of tiny units of matter
called cells• These cells divide and multiply• They cause organisms to grow
and mature• Developed by Mathias Schleiden
and Theodor Schwann
Cell theory failed to explain plants and animal varieties
1800s theory of evolution was proposed
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck found similarities in fossils and living organisms
Charles Darwin built on Lamarck’s idea•Evolution based on natural selection
Gregor Mendel•Experimented with pea plants
•Trying to understand how characteristics passed between generations
•He discovered a gene Founded the study of Genetics
Fighting Diseases• 1796 Edward Jenner developed smallpox
vaccine• Louis Pasteur recognized the impact of
bacteria causing disease Showed bacteria could be killed
New Approaches to Surgery• Sir James Simpson discovered chloroform• Joseph Lister introduced methods to sterilize
instruments
Atomic theory – all matter is made up of atoms• John Dalton provided proof
Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X rays
Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radium
Max Planck theorized that energy is released in units called quanta
People started using scientific method to study human behavior• Auguste Comte believed there was a set of laws
to human behavior• Father of sociology
Sociology – study of human behavior in groups
Psychology – study of human behavior in individuals
Ivan Pavlov – noted that human actions are unconscious
Sigmund Freud – father of psychoanalysis