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1© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 10, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7276-1_1
Introduction
This book, volume 10, is a continuation of a multi-compendium, Edible Medicinal and Non- Medicinal Plants. It covers plants with edible modifi ed storage subterranean stems (corms, rhi-zomes, stem tubers) and unmodifi ed subterra-nean stem stolons, above-ground swollen stems and hypocotyls, storage roots (tap root, lateral roots, root tubers) and bulbs, which are eaten as conventional or functional food as vegetables and spices, and as herbal teas, and may provide a source of food additives or nutraceuticals. A list of such edible plant species from families Acanthaceae to Zygophyllaceae are presented in a tabular form and 32 such edible species from the families Alismataceae, Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Araceae, Araliaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, Basellaceae, Brassicaceae and Campanulaceae have been covered in detail in the preceding volume. Volume 10 covers in detail 19 edible species in the families Amaranthaceae, Cannaceae, Cibotiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cyperaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Euphorbiaceae and, Fabaceae. Other species in these families with similar edible plant parts are listed in Table 1 . Many plants with edible plant parts, known for their edible fruits or fl owers, have been covered in earlier volumes and for those that are better known for other non-reproductive plant parts will be covered in later volumes.
As in the preceding nine volumes, topics cov-ered include: taxonomy (botanical name and synonyms); common English and vernacular
names; origin and distribution; agro-ecological requirements; edible plant part and uses; plant botany; nutritive and medicinal/pharmacological properties with up-to-date research fi ndings, tra-ditional medicinal uses; other non-edible uses; and selected/cited references for further reading.
A corm or bulbotuber is defi ned as a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive unfavourable adverse periods. It bears membranous or scaly leaves and buds. Some examples of plants with edible corms are found in Amorphophallus spp., Colocasia esculenta (taro), Eleocharis dulcis (Chinese water chest-nut), and Sagittaria spp. (arrowhead or wapato) and Xanthosoma spp. (cocoyam or tannia). Corms often give rise to many small secondary corms or cormlet called cormels at the end of very short stolons.
Rhizome is a modifi ed subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground, produc-ing roots and shoots. It is used by the plant as storage organ and whole rhizome or pieces of the rhizome serve as vegetative propagules to give rise to new plants. Examples of plants with edible rhizomes include gingers ( Zingiber spp.), tur-meric ( Cucurma longa ), greater galangal ( Alpinia galanga ), lesser galangal ( Alpinia offi cinarum ), sand ginger or kencur ( Kaempferia galanga ), lotus root ( Nelumbo nucifera ), Typha spp., fi nger root ( Boesenbergia rotunda ) and arrowroot ( Maranta arundinacea ).
2
A stem tuber is a modifi ed plant storage organ that is formed from thickened rhizome or stolon. The tops or sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves and the undersides produce roots. The stem tuber has all the parts of a normal stem, includ-ing nodes (eyes) and internodes. A stem tuber may start off as an enlargement of the hypocot-yls of the seedling and may include the epicotyl or upper section of the root as in the case of maca ( Lepidium meyenii ). More commonly, as in Plectranthus esculenta in the Lamiaceae family, numerous tubers are formed on short stolons that arise from the base of the stem or, as in potatoes, tubers are formed as enlarged stolons thickened and enlarged into storage organs. In some Cyperus species, e.g. tigernut or chufa ( C. esculentus ), the stolons end with the growth of tubers that can give rise to new plants. Other striking examples of plants with stem tubers include hog potato or groundnut ( Apios americana ), Jerusalem artichoke or sun-choke ( Helianthus tuberosus ), earthnut pea ( Lathyrus tuberosus ), oca or New Zealand yam ( Oxalis tuberosa ), Chinese artichoke or crosne ( Stachys affi nis ), mashua or añu ( Tropaeolum tuberosum ) and ulluco ( Ullucus tuberosus ). In Botany, a stolon is a horizontal modifi ed stem arising from the base of a plant that produces new plants from buds at its tip or nodes and forms adventitious roots at the nodes; it can be creeping above the ground surface or under-ground. An example of a plant with edible sto-lon is Imperata cylindrica . However, some botanists used the term stolons for stem branches that arise from the base of the stem that creeps above the ground and those that creep horizontally underground as rhizomes. An example of a plant with swollen, above-ground storage stem is the kohlrabi.
Tap root is the true main root of the plant and in some species the tap root is modifi ed and fl eshy, rich in stored nutrients; they may or may
not be fused with the hypocotyl or basal stem tissues and maybe napiform, globose, conical, fusiform or cylindrical in shape. Notable exam-ples of plants with edible tap roots are: Abelmoschu s spp., beet ( Beta vulgaris ), ruta-baga, turnip, Bunium persicum , burdock, carrot, radish and daikon, celeriac, jicama and ahipa ( Pachyrhizus spp.), parsnips, parsley, skirret ( Sium sisarum ), bush potato ( Vigna lanceolata ), salsify ( Tragopogon porrifolius ), black salsify ( Scorzonera hispanica ), tongkat Ali ( Eurycoma longifolia ) and many others. Examples of plants with edible root tubers or tuberous roots with enlarged root and lateral roots that function as storage organs, lacking nodes, internodes and adventitious buds include, notably, pignut or earthnut ( Conopodium majus ), sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ), desert yam ( Ipomoea costata ), cassava or yuca or manioc ( Manihot esculenta ), yams ( Dioscorea spp.), mauka or chago ( Mirabilis expansa ), breadroot, tipsin, or prairie turnip ( Psoralea esculenta ), and yacón ( Smallanthus sonchifolius ).
Bulb is a much reduced underground stem bearing at its apex a growing or fl oral primor-dium surrounded by thick, fl eshy modifi ed scale leaves or leaf bases that serve as food storage organs during dormancy and enable the plant to survive through adverse periods. The fl eshy leaves are arranged in a concentric man-ner. Bulbs can be tunicate, i.e. with membra-nous papery covering (scale leaves) or tunic that protects the inner fl eshy scale leaves from drying and mechanical injury. Examples of tunicate bulbs are the Alliums, onions, leeks, hyacinth and tulips. In imbricate or non-tuni-cate bulbs, the fl eshy scale leaves are not in concentric rings but are loosely arranged or spreading, overlapping one another at the mar-gin. Such a bulb is not a compact body and not usually covered by a common tunic. Examples are the garlic ( Allium sativum ) and some Lilium lilies.
Introduction
3
Tab
le 1
Pl
ants
with
edi
ble
mod
ifi ed
sto
rage
sub
terr
anea
n st
ems
(cor
ms,
rhi
zom
es, s
tem
tub
ers)
and
unm
odifi
ed s
ubte
rran
ean
stem
sto
lons
, abo
ve-g
roun
d sw
olle
n st
ems
and
hypo
coty
ls a
nd s
tora
ge r
oots
(ta
p ro
ot,
late
ral
root
s, r
oot
tube
rs)
in t
he f
amili
es:
Am
aran
thac
eae,
Can
nace
ae,
Cib
otia
ceae
, C
onvo
lvul
acea
e, C
yper
acea
e, D
iosc
orea
ceae
, E
upho
rbia
ceae
and
Fab
acea
e
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is C
icla
Gro
up
Swis
s C
hard
, Spi
nach
Bee
t, Fo
liage
Bee
t Sea
kale
Bee
t So
me
culti
vars
of
Swis
s ch
ard
have
edi
ble
root
Fa
ccio
la (
1990
)
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is c
v C
rass
a G
roup
B
eet,
Bee
t Roo
t, Su
gar
Bee
t, M
ange
l Wur
zel
Glo
bose
roo
t boi
led
or
cook
ed a
s ve
geta
bles
. Fe
rmen
ted
beet
root
juic
e is
co
mm
erci
ally
ava
ilabl
e. S
ugar
be
et is
a s
ourc
e of
sug
ar,
syru
p an
d m
olas
ses
Lar
kcom
( 19
84 ),
Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is c
v G
roup
Gar
den
Bee
t B
eet R
oot,
Gar
den
Bee
t, Fi
eld
Bee
t A
s ab
ove
Oye
n ( 1
994 )
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is c
v. G
roup
Spi
nach
B
eet
Folia
ge B
eet,
Lea
f B
eet
As
abov
e O
yen
( 199
4 )
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is L
. B
eet,
Bee
troo
t, G
arde
n B
eet
Glo
bose
roo
t boi
led
or
cook
ed a
s ve
geta
bles
O
yen
( 199
4 )
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is L
. var
. saa
char
ifer
a =
Bet
a vu
lgar
is L
. Su
gar
Bee
t Sw
olle
n, fl
eshy
glo
bose
roo
t pr
oces
sed
for
suga
r C
odex
( 20
14 )
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is L
. var
.con
diti
va =
B
eta
vulg
aris
L.
Bee
troo
t A
s ab
ove
Cod
ex (
2014
)
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is v
ar e
scul
enta
=
Bet
a vu
lgar
is L
. B
eet R
oot,
Gar
den
Bee
, Fie
ld
Bee
t Pe
eled
and
coo
ked
befo
re
eatin
g, c
an b
e ro
aste
d, a
dded
to
sou
ps a
nd p
ickl
ed. P
ickl
ed
beet
roo
ts u
sed
in s
alad
s as
si
de d
ish
or a
s a
cond
imen
t; sl
ices
use
d in
ham
burg
ers
Facc
iola
( 19
90 ),
van
Wyk
( 20
06 ),
Sa
ntic
h et
al.
( 200
8 ), P
hilli
ps a
nd
Rix
( 19
93 )
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is v
ar. r
apa
Dum
ont
Gar
den
Bee
t, B
eet R
oot
As
abov
e H
u ( 2
005 )
Am
aran
thac
eae
Bet
a vu
lgar
is v
ar. v
ulga
ris
=
Bet
a vu
lgar
is L
. B
eet,
Gar
den
Bee
t Sw
olle
n, fl
eshy
glo
bose
roo
t pr
oces
sed
for
suga
r Ph
illip
s an
d R
ix (
1993
)
Can
nace
ae
Can
na a
chir
as G
ill. =
Can
na
indi
ca L
In
dian
Sho
t, C
anna
R
hizo
me
eate
n; s
ourc
e of
In
dian
arr
owro
ot c
alle
d ro
us
le m
ois
in C
hile
and
A
rgen
tina
Hed
rick
( 19
72 ),
Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
Can
nace
ae
Can
na b
iden
tata
Ber
tol.
= C
anna
in
dica
L.
Indi
an S
hot,
Bal
isie
r In
Wes
t Afr
ica,
sta
rchy
rh
izom
e ea
ten
Irvi
ne (
1952
), U
phof
( 19
68 )
(con
tinue
d)
Introduction
4
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Can
nace
ae
Can
na e
duli
s K
er G
awl.
Edi
ble
Can
na, Q
ueen
slan
d A
rrow
root
; Ach
ira;
Gru
ya, P
ar
Bau
l Fau
k, N
ung
Gum
(A
ssam
ese)
Star
ch o
btai
ned
from
rhi
zom
e us
ed to
mak
e tr
ansl
ucen
t no
odle
s in
Vie
tnam
. Rhi
zom
e ea
ten
in A
ssam
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 ),
Flor
es e
t al.
( 200
3 ), S
antic
h et
al.
( 200
8 ), M
edhi
and
Bor
thak
ur
( 201
2 ), C
odex
( 20
14 )
Can
nace
ae
Can
na in
dica
L.
Indi
an S
hot
As
abov
e O
ng a
nd S
iem
onsm
a ( 1
996 )
Can
nace
ae
Can
na lu
tea
Mill
. = C
anna
in
dica
(L
K
‘U
uwaa
p (T
eene
k)
In Y
ucat
an, r
hizo
me
eate
n as
a
fam
ine
food
by
the
Hua
stec
M
aya
Alc
orn
( 198
4 )
Can
nace
ae
Can
na o
rien
tali
s R
osc.
= C
anna
in
dica
L.
Indi
an S
hot
Rhi
zom
e co
oked
and
eat
en a
s fo
od
Bur
kill
( 196
6 )
Cib
otia
ceae
C
ibot
ium
bar
omet
z (L
.) J
.Sm
. W
oolly
Fer
n, G
olde
n C
hick
en
Fern
, Gol
den
Mos
s R
oots
are
eat
en
Cui
( 19
98 ),
Dai
et a
l. ( 2
003 )
, Cao
et
al.
( 200
7 ), Y
un e
t al.
( 200
9a , b
),
Liu
et a
l. ( 2
012 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Cal
yste
gia
japo
nica
(T
hunb
.)
Cho
isy
= C
alys
tegi
a pu
besc
ens
Lin
dl.
Cal
ifor
nia
Ros
e In
Chi
na, l
eafy
sho
ots
and
root
s ea
ten.
Roo
ts r
epor
ted
to
be p
urga
tive
Rea
d ( 1
946 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Cal
yste
gia
sepi
um (
L.)
R. B
r. L
arge
Bin
dwee
d, H
edge
B
indw
eed
In C
hina
, roo
t was
hed
and
stea
med
, or
sun-
drie
d, th
en
brok
en in
to f
ragm
ents
. Eat
en
with
ric
e or
gro
und
into
a
mea
l and
ste
amed
in th
e fo
rm
of c
akes
.
Rea
d ( 1
946 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Con
volv
ulus
chi
nens
is K
er.-
Gaw
l. =
Con
volv
ulus
arv
ensi
s L
. C
hine
se B
indw
eed;
Fu-
Fu-
Mia
o, T
ian
Xua
n H
ua (
Chi
nese
) R
hizo
mes
eat
en in
a g
ruel
H
u ( 2
005 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Con
volv
ulus
eru
besc
ens
Sim
s A
ustr
alia
n B
indw
eed
Fibr
ous
and
not e
spec
ially
ta
sty
root
s L
ow (
1989
, 199
1 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
gram
inea
R.B
r. B
ush
Pota
to
Lar
ge tu
bers
roa
sted
and
ea
ten
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
race
mos
a Po
ir. =
Tu
rbin
a ra
cem
osa
(Poi
r.)
D.F
. Aus
tin
Soh
Lah
T
uber
eat
en in
Meg
hala
ya
Saw
ian
et a
l. ( 2
007 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
aqua
tica
For
sk
Wat
er S
pina
ch, K
angk
ong,
R
iver
Spi
nach
, Wat
er M
orni
ng
Glo
ry
Roo
ts a
re o
ccas
iona
lly
cook
ed a
nd e
aten
Fa
ccio
la (
1990
)
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
5
(con
tinue
d)
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
bata
tas
(Lin
n.)
Lam
Sw
eet P
otat
o, P
han
Kar
o (M
egha
laya
) Rui
dok
(Ass
ames
e)
Tub
er e
aten
in M
egha
laya
; tu
ber
eate
n in
Kar
bi A
ssam
; sw
eet p
otat
oes
alw
ays
eate
n co
oked
– b
oile
d, b
aked
, ro
aste
d or
fri
ed. W
ork
wel
l in
stew
s, s
oups
, and
bra
ised
di
shes
.
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 ),
Phill
ips
and
Rix
( 19
93 ),
Tak
agi
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
, Hu
( 200
5 ), v
an W
yk
( 200
6 ), S
awia
n et
al.
( 200
7 ),
Wal
ter
and
Leb
ot (
2007
), K
ar a
nd
Bor
thak
ur (
2008
), S
antic
h et
al.
( 200
8 ), C
odex
( 20
14 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
cair
ica
(L.)
Sw
eet
Mor
ning
Glo
ry, M
ile-A
-Min
ute
Vin
e, M
essi
na C
reep
er, C
airo
M
orni
ng G
lory
, Coa
st M
orni
ng
Glo
ry; W
u Z
hao
Jin
Lon
g (C
hine
se)
Roo
ts u
sed
to e
xtra
ct s
tarc
h in
Y
unna
n H
u ( 2
005 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
calo
bra
F.M
uell.
B
ush
Pota
to, G
oola
bura
L
arge
tube
rs r
oast
ed a
nd
eate
n C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
), L
ow
( 199
1 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
cost
ata
F.M
uell.
ex
Ben
th.
Bus
h Po
tato
, Des
ert Y
am
As
abov
e L
ow (
1991
)
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
digi
tata
L. =
Ipo
moe
a ch
eiro
phyl
la O
’Don
ell
Span
ish
Woo
dbin
e O
blon
g tu
bers
eat
en li
ke
swee
t pot
atoe
s H
edri
ck (
1972
), T
anak
a ( 1
976 )
, Fa
ccio
la (
1990
)
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
erio
carp
a R
.Br.
B T
iny
Mor
ning
Glo
ry; B
uta
(Hin
di);
Mul
li B
alli
(Kan
nada
) L
arge
tube
rs r
oast
ed a
nd
eate
n C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
grac
ilis
R.B
r. A
lmor
-Ira
L
arge
tube
rs r
oast
ed a
nd
eate
n C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
mau
riti
ana
Jacq
. G
iant
Pot
ato;
Qi Z
hao
Lon
g (C
hine
se)
Roo
ts u
sed
to e
xtra
ct s
tarc
h H
u ( 2
005 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
pand
urat
a (L
.)
G. M
eyer
W
ild P
otat
o V
ine,
M
an-O
f-T
he-E
arth
H
uge,
tube
rous
roo
t wei
ghin
g so
me
times
20
lb
Saun
ders
( 19
20 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
pes-
capr
ae s
ubsp
. br
asil
iens
is
Goa
t’s F
oot C
onvo
lvul
us, B
each
M
orni
ng G
lory
Fl
eshy
tap
root
eat
en a
fter
ba
king
and
pou
ndin
g C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
polp
ha R
.W. J
ohns
on
Bus
h Po
tato
, Wie
r V
ine
Lar
ge tu
bers
roa
sted
and
ea
ten
Low
( 19
91 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
poly
mor
pha
Roe
m. &
Sc
hult.
Si
lky
Cow
Vin
e L
arge
tube
rs r
oast
ed a
nd
eate
n C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
stap
hyli
na R
oem
. &
Schu
lt.
Les
ser
Glo
ry; H
ai N
an S
hu
(Chi
nese
) Fl
eshy
tube
rs e
aten
in H
aina
n is
land
H
u ( 2
005 )
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
velu
tina
R.B
r. V
elve
ty M
orni
ng G
lory
L
arge
tube
rs r
oast
ed a
nd
eate
n C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Introduction
6
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Ipom
oea
viol
acea
L.
Bea
ch M
oonfl
ow
er, S
ea
Moo
nfl o
wer
L
arge
tube
rs r
oast
ed a
nd
eate
n C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Con
volv
ulac
eae
Mer
rem
ia h
unga
iens
is (
Lin
gels
. &
Bor
za)
RC
Fan
g H
uang
Hua
Tu
Gua
, Sha
n T
u G
ua (
Chi
nese
) E
nlar
ged
root
eat
en in
Yun
nan
Hu
( 200
5 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Bol
bosc
hoen
us c
aldw
elli
i (V
.J.)
So
ják
Sea
Clu
b R
ush
Gra
pe-s
ized
, sw
eet,
fi bro
us
tube
rs e
aten
L
ow (
1989
, 199
1 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Bol
bosc
hoen
us fl
uvia
tili
s (T
orr.)
So
ják
Mar
sh C
lub
Rus
h A
s ab
ove
Low
( 19
91 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Bol
bosc
hoen
us m
arit
imus
(L
.)
Palla
Se
a C
lub
Rus
h T
uber
s ea
ten
afte
r tr
eatm
ent
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Car
ex s
pp.
War
e Se
dge
Swee
t, en
larg
ed u
nder
grou
nd
stem
eat
en
Scho
fi eld
( 20
03 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Cyp
erus
bif
ax C
.B.C
lark
e =
C
yper
us r
otun
dus
L.
Dow
ns N
utgr
ass
Tub
ers
prod
uced
on
rhiz
omes
ar
e dr
ied,
coa
t rem
oved
, sh
aken
with
hot
ash
es, e
aten
ra
w o
r ru
bbed
to a
pow
der
and
eate
n as
por
ridg
e
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 ),
Har
den
( 199
3 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Cyp
erus
bul
bosu
s V
ahl.
Nal
goo
(Aus
tral
ia)
Tub
ers
plea
sant
ly s
tarc
hy. I
n In
dia
(Bom
bay
Pres
iden
cy),
bu
lbs
drie
d an
d pu
lver
ized
, th
en m
ixed
with
jow
ar , b
ajra
(m
illet
) or
whe
at fl
our
to
mak
e br
ead
Gam
mie
( 19
02 ),
Pat
on a
nd
Dun
lop
( 190
4 ), I
rvin
e ( 1
957 )
, B
urki
ll ( 1
966 )
, Gup
ta a
nd
Kan
odia
( 19
68 ),
Sax
ena
( 197
9 ),
Low
( 19
91 ),
Jan
sen
and
Agu
ilar
( 199
6 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Cyp
erus
esc
ulen
tus
L.
Chu
fa, T
iger
Nut
, Yel
low
N
utgr
ass
Chu
fa’s
har
d tu
bers
are
sw
eet
and
tast
y. I
n Z
imba
bwe,
tu
bers
eat
en r
aw o
r co
oked
Saun
ders
( 19
20 ),
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ),
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 ),
Zin
yam
a et
al.
( 199
0 ), J
anse
n an
d A
guila
r ( 1
996 )
, Cod
ex (
2014
)
Cyp
erac
eae
Cyp
erus
esc
ulen
tus
L. v
ar.
sati
vus
Boe
ckel
er =
Cyp
erus
es
cule
ntus
L.
Yel
low
Nut
Gra
ss, C
hufa
; You
Sh
a C
ao (
Chi
nese
) T
uber
s ea
ten
in C
hina
H
u ( 2
005 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Cyp
erus
jem
inic
us R
ottb
. N
F In
Ind
ia, t
uber
s gr
ound
into
fl o
ur.
Wat
t ( 19
08 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Cyp
erus
pap
yrus
L.
Egy
ptia
n R
eed,
Pap
er R
eed
Star
chy
rhiz
omes
and
cul
ms
are
edib
le
Mah
r ( 2
011 )
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
7 F
amily
Sc
ient
ifi c
Nam
e C
omm
on/V
erna
cula
r N
ames
E
dibl
e P
art
Use
R
efer
ence
Cyp
erac
eae
Cyp
erus
rot
undu
s L
. N
utgr
ass,
Pur
ple
Nut
gras
s;
Mot
hee,
Mot
ha (
Raj
asth
an)
In F
ranc
e, r
oot r
ecom
men
ded
as f
amin
e fo
od. C
an b
e ea
ten
raw
or
cook
ed. C
an b
e dr
ied
and
redu
ced
to a
fl ou
r. In
In
dia
(Jai
salm
er d
istr
ict,
Raj
asth
an),
fi br
e an
d cu
ticle
of
roo
t rem
oved
, roo
t dri
ed,
grou
nd a
nd m
ade
into
bre
ad
and
som
etim
es m
ixed
with
ot
her
fl our
. In
Wes
tern
R
ajas
than
, tub
ers
roas
ted;
al
so b
oile
d, o
uter
ski
n pe
eled
of
f, a
nd th
e st
arch
y rh
izom
e ea
ten
with
spi
ces
Parm
entie
r 17
81 (
cite
d by
Fr
eedm
an (
2009
)), S
aund
ers
( 192
0 ), B
urki
ll ( 1
966 )
, Sax
ena
( 197
9 ), C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
),
Har
den
( 199
3 ), J
anse
n an
d A
guila
r ( 1
996 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Ele
ocha
ris
dulc
is (
Bur
m.f
.)
Tri
nius
ex
Hen
sche
l W
ater
Che
stnu
t, G
roun
d C
hest
nut
Cor
ms
eate
n ra
w o
r fr
esh
or
from
can
ned
mat
eria
l. U
sed
in s
alad
or
as s
nack
, pic
kled
an
d as
a c
ondi
men
t; al
so
bake
d. G
oes
wel
l in
soup
s,
stir
fri
es, d
umpl
ings
or
as
garn
ish
for
vege
tabl
e di
shes
. St
arch
obt
aine
d fr
om tu
bers
fo
r do
mes
tic u
se, m
ixed
with
su
gar
to p
repa
re a
ref
resh
ing
mor
ning
dri
nk a
s w
ell a
s fo
r pa
stry
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 ),
Low
( 1
989 )
, Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
, Phi
llips
an
d R
ix (
1993
),
Pais
ooks
antiv
atan
a ( 1
966 )
, Hu
( 200
5 ), v
an W
yk (
2006
), S
antic
h et
al.
( 200
8 ), C
odex
( 20
14 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Ele
ocha
ris
kuro
guw
ai O
hwi
Kur
o G
awai
(Ja
pane
se)
Cor
m e
dibl
e C
odex
( 20
14 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Eri
opho
rum
gra
cile
Koc
h M
ouse
nuts
, Ala
ska
Cot
ton,
Sw
amp
Cot
ton
Roo
tsto
ck u
sed
raw
or
cook
ed
Scho
fi eld
( 20
03 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Fim
bris
tyli
s ky
soor
(R
oxb.
) D
alz.
&
Gib
s.
NF
Roo
t eat
en in
Ind
ia
Wat
t ( 19
08 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Fim
bris
tyli
s su
bbis
pica
ta N
ees
=
Fim
bris
tyli
s tr
ista
chya
var
. su
bbis
pica
ta (
Nee
s) T
. Koy
ama
Sedg
e, P
ond
Oni
on
Shoo
ts a
nd r
oots
eat
en in
C
hina
R
ead
( 194
6 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Lepi
roni
a ar
ticu
lata
(R
etz.
) D
omin
G
rey
Sedg
e U
nder
grou
nd s
tem
eat
en
Rhi
zom
e ed
ible
C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
), L
ow
( 198
9 )
(con
tinue
d)
Introduction
8
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Cyp
erac
eae
Mar
iscu
s si
eber
ianu
s N
ees
ex
C.B
.Cla
rke
= C
yper
us c
yper
oide
s (L
.) K
untz
e
Tall
Sedg
e In
Chi
na, r
oots
and
see
ds
mad
e in
to fl
our
Rea
d ( 1
946 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Scho
enop
lect
us li
tora
lis
(Sch
rad.
) Pa
lla
Dal
y R
iver
Clu
b R
ush
Edi
ble
root
s C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Cyp
erac
eae
Scir
pus
amer
ican
us P
ers.
=
Scho
enop
lect
us a
mer
ican
us
(Per
s.)
Vol
kart
.
Bul
rush
R
oots
tock
eat
en r
aw, b
oile
d,
bake
d or
roa
sted
, als
o po
unde
d in
to fl
our
Scho
fi eld
( 20
03 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Scir
pus
cali
forn
icus
(C
.A.M
ey.)
St
eud.
= S
choe
nopl
ectu
s ca
lifo
rnic
us (
C.A
.Mey
.) S
oják
.
Cal
ifor
nia
Bul
rush
, Tot
ora
Rhi
zom
es p
eele
d, b
aked
and
ea
ten
Facc
iola
( 19
90 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Scir
pus
gros
sus
L. f
. =
Act
inos
cirp
us g
ross
us (
L.f
.)
Goe
tgh.
& D
.A.S
imps
on.
Gia
nt B
ulru
sh, G
reat
er C
lub
Rus
h In
dia
and
Kum
aon
regi
on,
Wes
tern
Him
alay
as r
oots
bu
rnt,
then
gro
und
into
fl ou
r fr
om w
hich
bre
ad is
pre
pare
d
Pato
n an
d D
unlo
p ( 1
904 )
, B
harg
ava
( 196
0 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Scir
pus
lacu
stri
s L
. =
Scho
enop
lect
us la
cust
ris
(L.)
Pa
lla.
Tul
e, G
reat
Bul
rush
In
Chi
na: s
hoot
s an
d ro
ots
eate
n.
Saun
ders
( 19
20 ),
Rea
d ( 1
946 )
, U
phof
( 19
68 ),
Har
ring
ton
( 197
4 ),
Gib
bons
and
Tuc
ker
( 197
9 ),
Facc
iola
( 19
90 )
Roo
tsto
ck c
an b
e pr
oces
sed
into
syr
up o
r fl o
ur
Cyp
erac
eae
Scir
pus
mic
roca
rpus
J.P
resl
&
C.P
resl
B
ulru
sh
Roo
tsto
ck e
aten
raw
, boi
led,
ba
ked
or r
oast
ed
Scho
fi eld
( 20
03 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Scir
pus
palu
dosu
s A
.Nel
son
=
Bol
bosc
hoen
us m
arit
imus
sub
sp.
palu
dosu
s (A
.Nel
son)
T.
Koy
ama.
Alk
ali B
ulru
sh, N
utgr
ass
Rhi
zom
e ea
ten
raw
or
mad
e in
to fl
our
for
brea
d U
phof
( 19
68 ),
Fer
nald
et a
l. ( 1
985 )
, Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
Cyp
erac
eae
Scir
pus
subt
erm
inal
is T
orr.
=
Scho
enop
lect
us s
ubte
rmin
alis
(T
orr.)
Soj
ák.
Bul
rush
R
oots
tock
eat
en r
aw, b
oile
d,
bake
d or
roa
sted
Sc
hofi e
ld (
2003
)
Cyp
erac
eae
Scir
pus
tube
rosu
s R
oxb.
(ill
eg.)
=
Ele
ocha
ris
dulc
is (
Bur
m.f
.) T
rin.
ex
Hen
sch.
Che
chur
(A
ssam
ese)
; Khi
tro
(Bod
o)
Roo
t tub
ers
are
swee
t and
ea
ten
fres
h es
peci
ally
in
Upp
er A
ssam
, als
o ca
n be
co
oked
as
vege
tabl
e w
ith
pota
to a
nd c
hick
en
Patir
i and
Bor
ah (
2007
)
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
9 F
amily
Sc
ient
ifi c
Nam
e C
omm
on/V
erna
cula
r N
ames
E
dibl
e P
art
Use
R
efer
ence
Cyp
erac
eae
Scir
pus
vali
dus
Vah
l =
Scho
enop
lect
us ta
bern
aem
onta
ni
(C.C
. Gm
el.)
Pal
la
Bul
rush
, Tul
e, R
iver
Clu
b R
ush
Whi
te u
nder
grou
nd s
hoot
s af
ter
boili
ng a
re o
f ex
celle
nt
fl avo
ur; r
oots
eat
en c
ooke
d or
pr
eser
ved
in r
ice
bran
Tana
ka (
1976
), C
ribb
and
Cri
bb
( 198
7 ), F
erna
ld e
t al.
( 198
5 ),
Facc
iola
( 19
90 ),
Sch
ofi e
ld (
2003
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea d
aune
a Pr
ain
&
Bur
kill
Suna
(T
hai S
akai
) T
uber
use
d as
sub
stitu
te
Dio
scor
ea f
ood
spec
ies
duri
ng f
amin
e
Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea m
embr
anac
ea P
ierr
e C
hato
ng (
Tha
i Sak
ai)
Tub
er u
sed
as s
ubst
itute
D
iosc
orea
foo
d sp
ecie
s du
ring
fam
ine
Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea s
tem
onoi
des
Prai
n &
B
urki
ll K
ungk
wad
(T
hai S
akai
) T
uber
mai
n so
urce
of
carb
ohyd
rate
for
the
Saka
i tr
ibe
in P
enin
sula
r T
haila
nd
Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea tr
ansv
ersa
R.B
r. L
ong
Yam
T
uber
eat
en r
aw o
r ro
aste
d,
also
aer
ial b
ulbi
ls
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 ),
W
ight
man
and
And
rew
s ( 1
989 )
, L
ow (
1989
), H
arde
n ( 1
993 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea a
cule
ata
Bal
b. e
x K
unth
= D
iosc
orea
cay
enne
nsis
L
am.
Fanc
y Y
am, P
otat
o Y
am, L
esse
r Y
am, L
esse
r A
siat
ic Y
am,
Igna
me;
Man
-Alu
(K
umao
n R
egio
n, W
este
rn H
imal
ayas
)
Roo
ts c
ut, b
oile
d pr
ior
to
eatin
g B
harg
ava
( 196
0 ), O
chse
and
van
de
n B
rink
( 19
80 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea a
lata
L.
Purp
le Y
am, G
reat
er Y
am,
Win
ged
Yam
, Wat
er Y
am,
Whi
te Y
am; K
ath
Alu
(A
ssam
ese)
; Yam
s K
alun
g.
(Tam
il); N
iluva
Pen
dalu
m
(Tel
ugu)
Tub
ers
are
eate
n co
oked
as
vege
tabl
e. I
n C
hina
, tub
ers
are
used
in s
oups
. In
Oce
ania
, tu
ber
cut i
nto
piec
es a
nd
bake
d or
roa
sted
who
le o
r bo
iled
in m
arm
ite o
r gr
ated
an
d us
ed f
or la
p-la
p
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), O
chse
and
van
den
B
rink
( 19
80 ),
Low
( 19
91 ),
O
nwue
me
and
Gan
ga (
1996
),
Onw
uem
e ( 1
996a
), H
u ( 2
005 )
, Pa
tiri a
nd B
orah
( 20
07 ),
Wal
ter
and
Leb
ot (
2007
), C
odex
( 20
14 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea a
ngui
na R
oxb.
=
Dio
scor
ea p
uber
a B
lum
e K
akal
u (B
enga
li); S
avid
a D
umpa
(Te
lugu
) T
uber
eat
en in
Ind
ia
Wat
t ( 19
08 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea b
elop
hyll
a (P
rain
) V
oigt
ex
Hai
nes
Spea
r-L
eave
d Y
am
In I
ndia
(G
arhw
al
Him
alay
as),
tube
r ea
ten
afte
r re
peat
ed b
oilin
g, w
ashi
ng a
nd
baki
ng
Gup
ta (
1962
)
(con
tinue
d)
Introduction
10
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea b
ulbi
fera
L.
Aer
ial Y
am, A
ir P
otat
o, A
ir
Yam
, Bitt
er Y
am, C
heek
y Y
am,
Pota
to Y
am, W
ild Y
am; G
osh
Alu
(A
ssam
ese)
; Ho
(Haw
aiia
n); G
enth
i (K
umao
n R
egio
n, W
este
rn H
imal
ayas
);
Kap
uang
(T
hai S
akai
)
Roo
t tub
ers
are
eate
n co
oked
as
veg
etab
le d
urin
g w
inte
r In
dia
(Kum
aon
regi
on,
Wes
tern
Him
alay
as):
axi
llary
tu
bers
cut
into
pie
ces,
ste
eped
in
wat
er, a
nd b
oile
d pr
ior
to
eatin
g. H
awai
i: ae
rial
bul
bils
ea
ten.
Yam
s ba
ked,
boi
led
or
frie
d sl
ices
of
tube
r or
pur
eed
tube
r m
ay b
e ad
ded
to s
oups
, st
ew, s
ouffl
és,
fri
tter
and
vari
ous
swee
t dis
hes
Patir
i and
Bor
ah (
2007
), C
ribb
an
d C
ribb
( 19
87 ),
Wig
htm
an a
nd
And
rew
s ( 1
989 )
, Low
( 19
89 ),
Fa
ccio
la (
1990
), B
harg
ava
( 196
0 ),
Hu
( 200
5 ), O
nwue
me
( 199
6a ),
W
alte
r an
d L
ebot
( 20
07 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea c
alci
cola
Pra
in &
B
urki
ll B
ayae
(T
hai S
akai
) T
uber
mai
n so
urce
of
carb
ohyd
rate
for
the
Saka
i tr
ibe
in P
enin
sula
r T
haila
nd
Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea c
ayen
ensi
s L
am.
Yel
low
Gui
nea
Yam
, Yel
low
Y
am, W
hite
Yan
Y
ams
used
to m
ake
fufu
, may
al
so b
e us
ed in
sam
e w
ay a
s po
tato
es o
r sw
eet p
otat
oes
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 ),
van
Wyk
( 20
06 ),
Cod
ex (
2014
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea c
umin
gii P
rain
&
Bur
kill
Lim
a-L
ima
(Tag
alog
, Kas
i (I
goro
t), P
ari (
Bag
obo)
T
uber
use
d as
foo
d in
Luz
on
(Phi
lippi
nes)
G
roen
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea d
elto
idea
Wal
l. ex
G
rise
b.
Nep
al Y
am; G
un (
Kum
aon
Reg
ion,
Wes
tern
Him
alay
as)
Tub
ers
cut i
nto
piec
es,
stee
ped
in w
ater
, and
boi
led
and/
or b
aked
pri
or to
eat
ing
Bha
rgav
a ( 1
960 )
, Gup
ta (
1962
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea d
ivar
icat
a B
lanc
o Pa
kit,
Kir
oi (
Tag
alog
), S
ulia
n (I
loko
), B
akla
iaka
ng (
Bis
aya)
T
uber
use
d as
foo
d in
the
Phili
ppin
es, b
aked
, boi
led
or
frie
d
Gro
en e
t al.
( 199
6 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea d
umet
orum
Kun
th
(Pax
) C
lust
er Y
am; M
a-N
yeny
, E
-Dye
ny (
Bed
ik, G
old
Coa
st);
R
ogon
Bir
i (H
ausa
, Nig
eria
)
In G
old
Coa
st, t
uber
use
d as
a
fam
ine
food
. The
tube
r is
bo
iled,
pee
led,
slic
ed,
poun
ded
and
stee
ped
in
runn
ing
(pre
fera
bly
salt)
w
ater
Irvi
ne (
1952
), B
urki
ll ( 1
966 )
, Fe
rry
et a
l. ( 1
974 )
, Mor
timor
e ( 1
989 )
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
11
(con
tinue
d)
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea e
scul
enta
(L
our.)
B
urki
ll L
esse
r A
siat
ic Y
am, S
wee
t Yam
, Po
tato
Yam
; Rui
phen
g Se
lu
(Ass
ames
e)
Tub
er e
aten
in K
arbi
Ass
am.
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), O
chse
and
van
den
B
rink
( 19
80 ),
Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
, O
nwue
me
( 199
6a , b
), H
u ( 2
005 )
, va
n W
yk (
2006
), W
alte
r an
d L
ebot
( 2
007 )
, Kar
and
Bor
thak
ur (
2008
),
Cod
ex (
2014
)
Yam
s ba
ked,
boi
led
or f
ried
sl
ices
of
tube
r or
pur
eed
tube
r m
ay b
e ad
ded
to s
oups
, ste
w,
souf
fl és,
fri
tters
and
var
ious
sw
eet d
ishe
s
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea e
scul
enta
(L
our.)
B
urki
ll va
r. fa
scic
ulat
a (R
oxb.
) Pr
ain
& B
urki
ll =
Dio
scor
ea
escu
lent
a (L
our.)
Bur
kill
Moa
Alu
(A
ssam
ese)
T
uber
s ar
e us
ed a
s ve
geta
ble
Patir
i and
Bor
ah (
2007
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea fi
lifo
rmis
Blu
me
Wau
h (M
alay
sia)
; Aro
i Huw
i C
uruk
(Su
mat
ra);
Dud
ung
(Jav
a); B
alun
(T
hai S
akai
)
Tub
ers
boile
d an
d ea
ten
in
Mal
aysi
a. T
uber
mai
n so
urce
of
car
bohy
drat
e fo
r th
e Sa
kai
trib
e in
Pen
insu
lar
Tha
iland
Gro
en e
t al.
( 199
6 ), M
anee
noon
et
al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea g
ibbi
fl ora
Hoo
k.f.
=
Dio
scor
ea fi
lifo
rmis
Blu
me
Wild
Yam
T
uber
eat
en
Bur
kill
( 196
6 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea g
labr
a R
oxb.
M
ando
ng (
Tha
i); L
unta
k (T
hai
Saka
i)
Tub
ers
(glu
tinou
s an
d st
arch
y) u
sed
as f
ood
in
Peni
nsul
ar M
alay
sia
and
And
aman
Isl
ands
. Tub
er m
ain
sour
ce o
f ca
rhoh
ydra
te f
or th
e Sa
kai t
ribe
in P
enin
sula
r T
haila
nd
Gro
en e
t al.
( 199
6 ), M
anee
noon
et
al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea h
asti
foli
a N
ees
War
rine
T
uber
eat
en
Low
( 19
89 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea h
emsl
eyi P
rain
&
Bur
kill
Glu
tinou
s; N
ian-
Shan
-Yao
(C
hine
se)
Tub
er e
aten
H
u ( 2
005 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea h
irti
fl ora
Ben
th.
Mng
’oko
(Ta
nzan
ia)
Sier
ra L
eone
; Nig
eria
(n
orth
ern)
: eat
en a
s a
fam
ine
food
Irvi
ne (
1952
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea h
ispi
da D
enns
t. In
toxi
catin
g Y
am, A
siat
ic B
itter
Y
am; G
adog
, Gad
ong,
Gad
ong
Lili
n, G
adon
g M
abuk
, Gad
ung
(Mal
ay)
Tub
er e
aten
B
urki
ll ( 1
966 )
, Onw
uem
e ( 1
996c
), O
chse
and
van
den
Bri
nk
( 198
0 ), C
odex
( 20
14 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea ja
poni
ca T
hunb
. G
lutin
ous
Yam
, Chi
nese
Yam
, Ja
pane
se Y
am, T
aiw
anes
e Y
am,
Yam
a-N
o-Im
o
Tub
er e
aten
in C
hina
R
ead
( 194
6 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 ),
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), H
u ( 2
005 )
, Cod
ex
( 201
4 )
Introduction
12
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea la
urif
olia
Wal
l. ex
H
ook.
f.
Cla
ngpo
rn (
Tha
i Sak
ai)
Tub
ers
eate
n in
Pen
insu
lar
Mal
aysi
a B
urki
ll ( 1
966 )
, Gro
en e
t al.
( 199
6 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea lu
zone
nsis
Sch
auer
Pa
kit,
May
aban
g (T
agal
og)
Kam
enge
g (I
loko
) T
uber
s us
ed f
or f
ood
Gro
en e
t al.
( 199
6 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea m
acro
stac
hya
Ben
th.
= D
iosc
orea
mex
ican
a Sc
heid
w.
Pani
l Boo
k T
uber
coo
ked
and
eate
n in
M
exic
o A
lcor
n ( 1
984 )
, Kun
kel (
1984
),
Facc
iola
( 19
90 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea m
acro
ura
Har
ms
=
Dio
scor
ea s
ansi
bare
nsis
Pax
Z
anzi
bar
Yam
T
ropi
cal A
fric
a: e
aten
as
a fa
min
e fo
od
Irvi
ne (
1952
), U
phof
( 19
68 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea m
inut
ifl or
a E
ngl.
Aha
Bay
ere
(Tw
i, G
old
Coa
st);
M
agor
aza,
Haz
ara
(Hau
sa,
Nig
eria
)
Gol
d C
oast
: eat
en a
s a
fam
ine
food
. Nig
eria
(K
ano
Stat
e,
nort
hern
): tu
ber
eate
n
Irvi
ne (
1952
), M
ortim
ore
( 198
9 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea n
umm
ular
ia L
am.
Pric
kly
Yam
T
uber
s ea
ten
Low
( 19
91 ),
Onw
uem
e ( 1
996a
),
Wal
ter
and
Leb
ot (
2007
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea o
ppos
ita
Thu
nb =
D
iosc
orea
opp
osit
ifol
ia L
. C
hine
se Y
am, K
orea
n Y
am,
Japa
nese
Mou
ntai
n Y
am,
Nag
aim
o, Y
amai
mo
Tub
er e
aten
B
urki
ll ( 1
966 )
, Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
, H
u ( 2
005 )
, van
Wyk
( 20
06 ),
C
odex
( 20
14 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea o
ppos
itif
olia
L.
As
Abo
ve
Indi
a (D
ecca
n): t
uber
eat
en
Wat
t ( 19
08 ),
Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea o
rbic
ulat
a H
ook.
f.
Ubi
Gar
am (
Indo
nesi
a), T
akob
, U
bi G
aram
(M
alay
sia)
Man
Ta
yong
(T
hai)
, Tak
ob (
Tha
i Sa
kai)
Tub
ers
eate
n in
Pen
insu
lar
Mal
aysi
a. T
uber
mai
n so
urce
of
car
bohy
drat
e fo
r th
e Sa
kai
trib
e in
Pen
insu
lar
Tha
iland
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), G
roen
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
, Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea o
wen
ii P
rain
& B
urki
ll N
F T
uber
s ea
ten
Bur
kill
( 196
6 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
enta
phyl
la L
. Fi
ve-L
eaf
Yam
; Pi‘A
(H
awai
ian)
; Ser
(T
hai S
akai
);
Pach
potia
Alu
, Rui
phen
g (A
ssam
ese)
; Cha
i, C
havi
, Als
hi,
Shah
ada,
Kal
a K
and,
Jag
lia C
he
Kan
d, K
adu
Kan
d (B
omba
y Pr
esid
ency
); T
aigu
n, T
akul
i (K
umao
n R
egio
n, W
este
rn
Him
alay
as);
Kan
ta-A
lu
(Wes
tern
Raj
asth
an
In I
ndia
, tub
ers
cut i
nto
piec
es, s
teep
ed in
wat
er, a
nd
boile
d or
bak
ed p
rior
to
eatin
g, I
n H
awai
i, tu
ber
stea
med
and
eat
en w
arm
. In
Oce
ania
, tub
ers
boile
d ba
ked
or u
sed
in la
p-la
p . I
n Pe
nins
ular
Tha
iland
, tub
ers
mai
n so
urce
of
carb
ohyd
rate
fo
r th
e Sa
kai
Gam
mie
( 19
02 ),
Wat
t ( 19
08 ),
H
andy
( 19
40 ),
Bha
rgav
a ( 1
960 )
, G
upta
( 19
62 ),
Gup
ta a
nd N
eal
(196
5), B
urki
ll ( 1
966 )
, Gup
ta a
nd
Kan
odia
( 19
68 ),
Low
( 19
89 ),
O
nwue
me
( 199
6a ),
Pat
iri a
nd
Bor
ah (
2007
), W
alte
r an
d L
ebot
( 2
007 )
, Och
se a
nd v
an d
en B
rink
( 1
980 )
, Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 ),
Kar
and
Bor
thak
ur (
2008
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
ersi
mil
is P
rain
&
Bur
kill
= D
iosc
orea
ham
ilto
nii
Hoo
k f.
Kho
ai M
ai, C
iu M
ai
(Vie
tnam
ese)
T
uber
eat
en, b
oile
d in
sou
ps
Tana
ka a
nd N
guye
n ( 2
007 )
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
13 F
amily
Sc
ient
ifi c
Nam
e C
omm
on/V
erna
cula
r N
ames
E
dibl
e P
art
Use
R
efer
ence
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
isca
toru
m P
rain
&
Bur
kill
Fish
Poi
son
Yam
, Tub
a G
unjo
(I
ndon
esia
), T
uba
Ubi
(M
alay
sia)
; Kiy
ak (
Tha
i Sak
ai)
Tub
ers
eate
n bo
iled,
bak
ed o
r ro
aste
d. T
uber
use
d as
su
bstit
ute
Dio
scor
ea f
ood
spec
ies
duri
ng f
amin
e in
Pe
nins
ular
Tha
iland
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), G
roen
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
, Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
olyc
lado
s H
ook.
f.
Ked
ut (
Sum
atra
), K
edut
(M
alay
sia)
T
uber
s ea
ten
afte
r se
vera
l bo
iling
s or
bak
ed in
Pe
nins
ular
Mal
aysi
a
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), G
roen
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
olys
tach
ya T
urz.
C
hine
se Y
am
Tub
ers
eate
n C
odex
( 20
14 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
rain
iana
R. K
unth
U
bi K
elon
ak, K
elun
oh, K
elan
a (M
alay
sia)
T
uber
s ea
ten
in P
enin
sula
r M
alay
sia
Bur
kill
( 196
6 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
raze
ri P
rain
&
Bur
kill
Seho
d (T
hai S
akai
) T
uber
s us
ed a
s su
bstit
ute
Dio
scor
ea f
ood
spec
ies
duri
ng f
amin
e in
Pen
insu
lar
Tha
iland
Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
reus
sii P
ax.
Preu
ss’
Dio
scor
ea
In tr
opic
al, C
entr
al A
fric
a,
tube
r ea
ten
in ti
mes
of
fam
ine
Irvi
ne (
1952
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
uber
a B
lum
e R
ui-C
hilo
ng
Bub
ils a
nd tu
bers
eat
en in
K
arbi
, Ass
am
Gro
en e
t al.
( 199
6 ), K
ar a
nd
Bor
thak
ur (
2008
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea p
yrif
olia
Kun
th
Ubi
Bab
i, B
adak
, Aka
r K
emny
an P
aya,
Huw
i Upa
s (S
unda
nese
), I
lus
(Jav
anes
e);
Hng
o (T
ahi S
akai
)
Tub
ers
eate
n af
ter
seve
ral
boili
ngs
or b
aked
in
Peni
nsul
ar M
alay
sia.
Tub
er
mai
n so
urce
of
carb
ohyd
rate
fo
r th
e Sa
kai t
ribe
in
Peni
nsul
ar T
haila
nd
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), G
roen
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
, Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea q
uina
ta W
alte
r =
D
iosc
orea
vil
losa
L.
Mag
iya,
Mun
ia (
Kum
aon
Reg
ion,
Wes
tern
Him
alay
as
Indi
a)
Tub
ers
cut i
nto
piec
es,
stee
ped
in w
ater
and
boi
led,
pr
ior
to e
atin
g
Bha
rgav
a ( 1
960 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea r
otun
data
Poi
r =
D
iosc
orea
cay
enne
nsis
sub
sp.
rotu
ndat
a (P
oir.)
J. M
iege
Eig
ht M
onth
Yam
, Rou
nd W
hite
Y
am, W
hite
Yam
, Whi
te G
uine
a Y
am
Yam
s us
ed to
mak
e fu
fu, m
ay
also
be
used
in s
ame
way
as
pota
toes
or
swee
t pot
atoe
s
Aki
nwan
de e
t al.
( 200
7 ), C
odex
( 2
014 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea s
agit
ata
Poir.
Fi
ve-L
eave
d Y
am; T
arur
(K
umao
n R
egio
n, W
este
rn
Him
alay
as, I
ndia
)
Axi
llary
tube
rs c
ut in
to
piec
es, s
teep
ed in
wat
er, a
nd
boile
d pr
ior
to e
atin
g
Bha
rgav
a ( 1
960 )
(con
tinue
d)
Introduction
14
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea s
ativ
a L
. = D
iosc
orea
vi
llos
a L
. K
ath
Alu
(A
ssam
ese)
; Kad
ia
Kan
d, M
ano
Kan
d, V
aj K
and,
K
adaw
a K
and,
Ked
vo K
and
(Bom
bay
Pres
iden
cy)
Tub
ers
are
eate
n co
oked
as
vege
tabl
e by
boi
ling
or
toas
ting.
Aft
er n
eutr
aliz
ing
toxi
c su
bsta
nces
, the
tube
r m
ay b
e m
ixed
with
kon
da, o
r so
me
othe
r fl o
ur, a
nd th
en
eate
n
Gam
mie
( 19
02 ),
Pat
iri a
nd B
orah
( 2
007 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea s
chim
peri
ana
Hoc
hst.
ex K
unth
. Y
agni
at (
Kip
sigi
s, K
enya
) R
oot t
uber
s ea
ten
Kab
uye
( 198
6 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea tr
ifi da
L.f
. In
dian
Yam
, Cus
h-C
ush,
And
Y
ampe
e T
uber
s ea
ten
boile
d, b
aked
Fa
ccio
la (
1990
), W
alte
r an
d L
ebot
( 2
007 )
, Cod
ex (
2014
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea tr
iphy
lla
L. =
D
iosc
orea
pen
taph
ylla
L.
See
D. P
enta
phyl
la
Tub
ers
eate
n in
Ind
ia
(Dec
can)
W
att (
1908
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea tu
bero
sa V
ell.
=
Dio
scor
ea c
inna
mom
ifol
ia H
ook.
N
F In
dia
(Gar
hwal
Him
alay
as):
tu
ber
eate
n af
ter
repe
ated
bo
iling
, was
hing
and
bak
ing
Gup
ta (
1962
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Dio
scor
ea w
alli
chii
Hoo
k.f.
R
ui N
ihan
g (A
ssam
ese)
; Yar
ex
(Tha
i Sak
ai)
Tub
er m
ain
sour
ce o
f ca
rboh
ydra
te f
or th
e Sa
kai
trib
e in
Pen
insu
lar
Tha
iland
Man
eeno
on e
t al.
( 200
8 )
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Tacc
a in
volu
crat
a Sc
hum
ach.
&
Tho
nn. =
Tac
ca le
onto
peta
loid
es
(L.)
O K
untz
e
As
Bel
ow
In N
iger
ia, t
he M
unsh
i fi r
st
boil
the
tube
r to
rem
ove
the
toxi
c el
emen
t. A
coa
rse
fl our
, ca
lled
amar
a , is
pre
pare
d fr
om it
.
Irvi
ne (
1952
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Tacc
a le
onto
peta
loid
es (
L.)
O
Kun
tze
Poly
nesi
an A
rrow
root
, Eas
t In
dian
Arr
owro
ot, S
alep
R
oot t
uber
gra
ted,
pou
nded
, so
aked
and
bak
ed
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 ),
W
ight
man
and
And
rew
s ( 1
989 )
, L
ow (
1989
, 199
1 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 ), J
ukem
a an
d Pa
isoo
ksan
tivat
ana
( 199
6 ), H
u ( 2
005 )
, Cod
ex (
2014
)
Dio
scor
eace
ae
Tacc
a pi
nnat
ifi da
J.R
. For
st &
G
. For
st. =
Tac
ca
leon
tope
talo
ides
(L
.) O
Kun
tze
As
Abo
ve
Tub
ers
usua
lly e
aten
aft
er
prep
arat
ion
; bitt
er w
hen
raw
B
urki
ll ( 1
966 )
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
15 F
amily
Sc
ient
ifi c
Nam
e C
omm
on/V
erna
cula
r N
ames
E
dibl
e P
art
Use
R
efer
ence
Eup
horb
iace
ae
Man
ihot
esc
ulen
ta C
rant
z C
assa
va, M
anio
c, T
apio
ca, Y
uca
Tub
erou
s ro
ots
eate
n bo
iled,
fr
ied,
bak
ed, r
oast
ed a
nd a
lso
proc
esse
d in
to fl
our,
fari
na,
swee
tmea
ts, b
read
, syr
up,
past
ies,
fuf
u, c
hips
pas
trie
s an
d ca
kes.
Flo
ur a
lso
used
for
th
icke
ning
sou
ps a
nd s
auce
s.
Roo
t sap
boi
led
to m
ake
the
cond
imen
t cas
sare
ep o
r fe
rmen
ted
into
chi
cha
and
othe
r al
coho
lic b
ever
ages
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), U
phof
( 19
68 ),
H
edri
ck (
1972
), T
anak
a ( 1
976 )
, O
chse
and
van
den
Bri
nk (
1980
),
Facc
iola
( 19
90 ),
Vel
tkam
p an
d D
e B
ruijn
( 19
96 ),
Hu
( 200
5 )
Eup
horb
iace
ae
Man
ihot
gla
ziov
ii M
üll.A
rg =
M
anih
ot c
arth
agin
ensi
s su
bsp .
gl
azio
vii (
Mül
l.Arg
.) A
llem
Man
icob
a, M
andi
oca
Bra
va,
Cer
ea R
ubbe
r T
uber
s ea
ten
som
etim
es, a
lso
a so
urce
of
star
ch
Tana
ka (
1976
), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 )
Eup
horb
iace
ae
Man
ihot
uti
liss
ima
Pohl
.=
Man
ihot
esc
ulen
ta C
rant
z C
assa
va, B
itter
Cas
sava
; In
gwes
e, A
loti
(Gab
on);
Baf
ra
(Ara
bic,
Sud
an)
As
for
M. e
scul
enta
O
chse
and
van
den
Bri
nk (
1980
),
Abd
elm
uti (
1991
), B
urki
ll ( 1
966 )
, C
odex
( 20
14 )
Faba
ceae
A
caci
a bi
dwil
lii B
enth
. C
orkw
ood
Wat
tle
You
ng r
oots
coo
ked
as f
ood
by th
e ab
orig
ines
C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1982
, 198
7 )
Faba
ceae
A
caci
a cr
assi
carp
a B
enth
. N
orth
ern
Wat
tle, T
hick
-Pod
ded
Salw
ood,
Bro
wn
Salw
ood,
Pa
pua
New
Gui
nea
Red
Wat
tle,
Red
Wat
tle
As
abov
e C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1982
, 198
7 )
Faba
ceae
A
caci
a ho
lose
rice
a G
. Don
Si
lver
Lea
f W
attle
A
s ab
ove
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 )
Faba
ceae
A
pios
fort
unei
Max
im.
Pota
to B
ean,
Gro
undn
ut
Thi
ck tu
bers
eat
en a
s em
erge
ncy
food
in C
hina
R
ead
( 194
6 ), H
u ( 2
005 )
Faba
ceae
A
pios
tube
rosa
Moe
nch.
= A
pios
am
eric
ana
Med
ik.
Gro
undn
ut, W
ild B
ean,
Pot
ato
Bea
n, A
mer
ican
Pot
ato
Bea
n,
Indi
an P
otat
o
Star
chy
tube
r ea
ten
Saun
ders
( 19
20 )
Faba
ceae
A
rgyr
olob
ium
mar
gina
tum
Bol
us
Izi N
tond
o (Z
ulu)
In
Zul
ulan
d (U
bom
bo
dist
rict
), r
oots
eat
en c
ooke
d or
unc
ooke
d
Hel
y-H
utch
inso
n ( 1
898 )
(con
tinue
d)
Introduction
16
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Faba
ceae
A
stra
galu
s fr
axin
ifol
ius
DC
A
stra
gal Y
asen
elis
tnyi
(R
ussi
an)
Star
ch o
f ro
ot r
ecom
men
ded
as a
fam
ine
food
for
ex
tend
ing
brea
d fl o
ur, a
fter
re
mov
al o
f bi
tter
elem
ent
Parm
entie
r ( 1
781 )
(ci
ted
by
Free
dman
( 20
09 ))
Faba
ceae
A
stra
galu
s m
embr
anac
eus
(Fis
ch.)
Bun
ge =
Ast
raga
lus
prop
inqu
us S
chis
chki
n
Ast
raga
lus;
Hua
ngch
oy
(Chi
nese
) D
ried
roo
t slic
es u
sed
in
com
bina
tion
with
Cod
onop
sis
(Dan
she
n) g
oji b
erri
es f
or a
to
nic
soup
with
spa
re r
ibs
Hu
( 200
5 )
Faba
ceae
A
tylo
sia
reti
cula
ta (
Dry
and.
) Ta
uber
t ex
Ew
art &
Dav
ies
=
Can
thar
ospe
rmum
ret
icul
atum
(D
ryan
d.)
Taub
ert e
x E
war
t &
Dav
ies.
NF
Roo
ts r
oast
ed
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 )
Faba
ceae
B
auhi
nia
hupe
hana
Cra
ib =
B
auhi
nia
glau
ca s
ubsp
. hu
peha
na (
Cra
ib)
T.C
hen
Shen
Zi Y
e, H
ubei
Yan
g T
i Jia
(C
hine
se)
Roo
t and
ste
m s
tew
ed w
ith
pig
kidn
eys,
inte
stin
es o
r co
oked
with
por
k as
spe
cial
he
alth
foo
d in
Hub
er a
nd
Sich
uan
Hu
( 200
5 )
Faba
ceae
B
utea
fron
dosa
Rox
b. =
But
ea
mon
ospe
rma
(Lam
.) T
aub.
D
angs
(B
omba
y)
In I
ndia
, roo
ts to
aste
d an
d ea
ten
Gam
mie
( 19
02 ),
Wat
t ( 19
08 )
Faba
ceae
B
utea
mon
ospe
rma
(Lam
.) T
aub.
D
hak,
Pal
a (R
ajas
than
, Wes
tern
In
dia)
Su
ccul
ent y
oung
roo
ts r
oast
ed
or b
oile
d an
d ea
ten
with
sal
t G
upta
and
Kan
odia
( 19
68 ),
Sh
anka
rnar
ayan
and
Sax
ena
( 198
7 )
Faba
ceae
D
alea
can
dida
(M
ichx
.) W
illd.
W
hite
Pra
irie
Clo
ver
Roo
t eat
en r
aw o
r ch
ewed
, ea
ten
as d
elic
acy
by c
hild
ren
Yan
ovsk
y ( 1
936 )
, Tan
aka
( 197
6 ),
Facc
iola
( 19
90 )
Faba
ceae
D
alea
gat
ting
eri (
A. H
elle
r)
Bar
neby
Pu
rple
tass
els
Roo
t eat
en r
aw o
r ch
ewed
Y
anov
sky
( 193
6 ), U
phof
( 19
68 ),
Ta
naka
( 19
76 )
Faba
ceae
D
alea
pur
pure
a V
ent
Purp
le P
rair
ie C
love
r R
oot e
aten
raw
or
chew
ed
Facc
iola
( 19
90 )
Faba
ceae
D
olic
hos
bifl o
rus
L.=
Vig
na
ungu
icul
ata
(L.)
Wal
p.
Hor
se G
ram
In
Aus
tral
ia (
Nor
th
Que
ensl
and)
, roo
tsto
ck
roas
ted
and
eate
n
Wat
t ( 19
08 ),
Irv
ine
( 195
7 )
Faba
ceae
E
rios
ema
chin
ense
Vog
el
Chi
nese
Eri
osom
a; K
atil
(Ind
ones
ia)
Tub
ers
eate
n co
oked
, enl
arge
d fl e
shy
tube
rous
roo
ts u
sed
in
toni
fyin
g br
oth
with
por
k
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 ),
Gro
en
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
, Hu
( 200
5 )
Faba
ceae
E
ryth
rina
ves
pert
ilio
Ben
th.
Bat
’s W
ing
Cor
al T
ree
Roo
ts e
aten
raw
by
abor
igin
es
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 )
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
17 F
amily
Sc
ient
ifi c
Nam
e C
omm
on/V
erna
cula
r N
ames
E
dibl
e P
art
Use
R
efer
ence
Faba
ceae
F
lem
ingi
a pr
ocum
bens
Rox
b.
Sohp
long
(In
dia)
St
arch
rib
tube
rs e
aten
raw
G
roen
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
Faba
ceae
F
lem
ingi
a ve
stit
a B
aker
=
Fle
min
gia
proc
umbe
ns R
oxb.
So
h Ph
lang
T
uber
eat
en in
Meg
hala
ya
Saw
ian
et a
l. ( 2
007 )
Faba
ceae
G
alac
tia
tenu
ifl or
a (W
illd.
) W
ight
& A
rn.
Flor
ida
Ham
moc
k M
ilkpe
a R
oot e
aten
aft
er tr
eatm
ent
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 )
Faba
ceae
G
lycy
rrhi
za g
labr
a L
. L
icor
ice,
Liq
uori
ce
Piec
es o
f rh
izom
es u
sed
as
fl avo
uran
t or
swee
tene
r, ca
n be
che
wed
as
swee
t sna
ck
used
in c
onfe
ctio
nery
, sw
eets
, dr
inks
, dar
k be
ers
(sto
uts)
and
liq
ueur
s
van
Wyk
( 20
06 )
Faba
ceae
G
lycy
rrhi
za le
pido
ta P
ursh
A
mer
ican
Lic
oric
e R
oots
che
wed
, add
ed to
foo
ds
for
fl avo
urin
g, o
r dr
ied
and
brew
ed in
tea
Uph
of (
1968
), F
erna
ld e
t al.
( 198
5 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 )
Faba
ceae
H
arde
nber
gia
retu
sa B
enth
. =
Vand
asin
a re
tusa
(B
enth
.)
Rau
sche
rt
Sars
apar
illa
Vin
e R
oots
roa
sted
C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Faba
ceae
H
edys
arum
bor
eale
Nut
t. L
icor
ice-
Roo
t, Sw
eet-
Roo
t Y
oung
sw
eet r
oot h
ave
a lic
oric
e fl a
vour
and
are
eat
en
raw
, boi
led,
bak
ed o
r ad
ded
in
soup
s
Uph
of (
1968
), G
ibbo
ns a
nd
Tuc
ker
( 197
9 ), F
erna
ld e
t al.
( 198
5 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 )
Faba
ceae
H
edys
arum
mac
kenz
ii
Ric
hard
son
= H
edys
arum
bor
eale
su
bsp.
mac
kenz
ii (
Ric
hard
son)
S.
L. W
elsh
Lic
oric
e-R
oot,
Swee
t Bro
om
You
ng s
wee
t roo
t hav
e a
licor
ice
fl avo
ur a
nd a
re e
aten
U
phof
( 19
68 ),
Hed
rick
( 19
72 ),
Fe
rnal
d et
al.
( 198
5 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 )
Faba
ceae
H
edys
arum
occ
iden
tale
Gre
ene
Lic
oric
e R
oot,
Swee
t Vet
ch
As
abov
e Fa
ccio
la (
1990
)
Faba
ceae
La
bich
ea b
uett
neri
ana
F. M
uell.
N
F R
oots
roa
sted
C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Faba
ceae
La
blab
pur
pure
us (
L.)
Sw
eet
Bon
avis
ta B
ean,
Hya
cint
h B
ean,
D
olic
hos
Bea
n, S
eim
Bea
n,
Lab
lab
Bea
n
Lar
ge, s
tarc
hy r
oot e
dibl
e H
edri
ck (
1972
), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 )
Faba
ceae
La
thyr
us tu
bero
sus
L.
Ear
thnu
t Pea
, Tub
erou
s Pe
a Fr
ance
: roo
t tub
er
reco
mm
ende
d as
a f
amin
e fo
od c
ooke
d, o
r dr
ied
and
redu
ced
to fl
our
for
use
in
baki
ng b
read
Parm
entie
r ( 1
781 )
(ci
ted
by
Free
dman
( 20
09 ))
, Hed
rick
( 1
972 )
, Fer
nald
et a
l. ( 1
985 )
, Fa
ccio
la (
1990
), C
odex
( 20
14 )
(con
tinue
d)
Introduction
18
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Faba
ceae
Lo
tus
silo
quos
us L
. N
F Fr
ance
: far
inac
eous
roo
t re
com
men
ded
as a
fam
ine
food
Parm
entie
r ( 1
781 )
(ci
ted
by
Free
dman
( 20
09 ))
Faba
ceae
Lu
pinu
s ar
ctic
us S
. Wat
son
Arc
tic L
upin
e R
oots
use
d as
sur
viva
l foo
d af
ter
roas
ting
Scho
fi eld
( 20
03 )
Faba
ceae
Lu
pinu
s no
otka
tens
is S
ims
Noo
tka
Lup
ine
As
abov
e Sc
hofi e
ld (
2003
)
Faba
ceae
M
acro
tylo
ma
unifl
orum
(L
am.)
V
erd.
M
adra
s G
ram
, Hor
se G
ram
Fl
eshy
roo
t roa
sted
and
eat
en
by A
bori
gine
s in
Aus
tral
ia
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 ),
Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
Faba
ceae
M
elil
otus
alb
us M
edik
. Sw
eet C
love
r R
oots
pri
zed
as f
ood
by s
ome
nativ
e gr
oups
in N
orth
A
mer
ica
Scho
fi eld
( 20
03 )
Faba
ceae
M
elil
otus
offi
cina
lis
(L.)
Pal
l. Y
ello
w S
wee
t Clo
ver
As
abov
e Fa
ccio
la (
1990
), S
chofi
eld
( 20
03 )
Faba
ceae
M
ille
ttia
spe
cios
a C
ham
p.ex
B
enth
. Sh
owy
Mill
ettia
; Sha
n L
ian
Ou
(Chi
nese
) R
oot f
resh
or
drie
d bo
iled
with
por
k fo
r so
up th
at
stre
ngth
ens
bone
s; u
sed
in
sout
hern
Chi
na a
nd H
ong
Kon
g
Hu
( 200
5 )
Faba
ceae
M
ogha
nia
phil
ippi
nens
is (
Mer
r. &
Rol
fe)
Li =
Fle
min
gia
pros
trat
a R
oxb.
Sout
hern
Ast
raga
lus;
Qia
n Ji
n B
a (C
hine
se)
Slic
ed r
oots
coo
ked
with
pi
gfee
t in
wat
er a
nd c
ooki
ng
win
e, a
spe
cial
sou
ther
n C
hine
se c
uisi
ne
Hu
( 200
5 )
Faba
ceae
M
ucun
a gl
abra
(R
eine
cke)
W
ilmot
-Dea
r T
upe
Bra
zil (
nort
heas
t): fl
our
is
mad
e fr
om b
oth
the
seed
s an
d ro
ots.
The
fl ou
r or
sta
rch
thus
ob
tain
ed is
mad
e in
to a
va
riet
y of
Bra
zilia
n fo
ods
incl
udin
g fa
rofa
, in
whi
ch th
e m
eal i
s sa
utée
d an
d m
ixed
w
ith b
its o
f m
eat,
cris
p fa
t, ch
oppe
d eg
g, e
tc.;
boij
us ,
whi
ch a
re s
mal
l, sw
eet c
akes
; an
d an
gus ,
whi
ch a
re
dum
plin
gs, t
he fl
our
bein
g m
erel
y bo
iled
in w
ater
De
Cas
tro
( 195
2 )
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
19 F
amily
Sc
ient
ifi c
Nam
e C
omm
on/V
erna
cula
r N
ames
E
dibl
e P
art
Use
R
efer
ence
Faba
ceae
O
robu
s tu
bero
sus
L. =
Lat
hyru
s li
nifo
lius
(R
eich
ard)
Bas
sler
. T
uber
ous
Bitt
er V
etch
In
Fra
nce,
boi
led
root
eat
en a
s a
fam
ine
food
Pa
rmen
tier
( 178
1 ) (
cite
d by
Fr
eedm
an (
2009
))
Faba
ceae
Pa
chyr
hizu
s ah
ipa
(Wed
d.)
Paro
di
Ahi
pa, Y
am b
ean
The
roo
ts a
re s
wee
t and
cr
ispy
; whe
n ea
ten
raw
it c
an
be p
eele
d lik
e ba
nana
or
eate
n as
sna
cks
or in
gre
en a
nd f
ruit
sala
ds o
r pr
epar
ed a
s ju
ice
Pope
noe
et a
l. ( 1
989 )
, Sør
ense
n et
al.
( 199
7 ), H
erm
ann
and
Hel
ler
( 199
7 ), C
odex
( 20
14 )
Faba
ceae
Pa
chyr
hizu
s an
gula
tus
Ric
h. e
x D
C. =
Pac
hyrh
izus
ero
sus
(L.)
U
rb.
As
Bel
ow
In I
ndia
, roo
t eat
en
Wat
t ( 19
08 )
Faba
ceae
Pa
chyr
hizu
s er
osus
(L
.) U
rban
Y
am b
ean,
Jic
ama,
Sen
gkua
ng,
Ban
gkw
aun
Swee
tish,
sub
glob
ose
tube
rous
roo
t eat
en f
resh
raw
as
a s
nack
, or
cook
ed, s
tir
frie
d, s
tew
ed a
nd in
oth
er
dish
es
Bur
kill
( 196
6 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 ),
Søre
nsen
( 19
96 ),
Sør
ense
n an
d va
n H
oof
( 196
6 ), S
antic
h et
al.
( 200
8 ), v
an W
yk (
2006
), C
odex
( 2
014 )
Faba
ceae
Pa
chyr
hizu
s tu
bero
sus
(Lam
.)
Spre
ng.
Am
azon
ian
Yam
Bea
n, J
icam
a,
Jact
upe
As
abov
e H
edri
ck (
1972
), S
øren
sen
( 199
6 )
Faba
ceae
Pe
diom
elum
cus
pida
tum
(Pu
rsh)
R
ydb.
= P
sora
lea
cusp
idat
a Pu
rsh
Indi
an T
urni
p, L
arge
brac
t In
dian
Bre
adro
ot
As
for
P. e
scul
enta
Y
anov
sky
( 193
6 ), H
arri
ngto
n ( 1
974 )
Faba
ceae
Pe
diom
elum
esc
ulen
tum
(Pu
rsh)
R
ydb.
= P
sora
lea
escu
lent
a Pu
rsh
Prai
rie
Tur
nip,
Ind
ian
Bre
adro
ot, T
ipsi
n, S
curf
pea;
T
imps
ula
Tub
er e
dibl
e, e
aten
raw
or
in
stew
s, g
rind
to fl
our
for
soup
s an
d br
ead
Yan
ovsk
y ( 1
936 )
, Kal
dy e
t al.
( 198
0 )
Faba
ceae
Pe
diom
elum
hyp
ogae
um v
ar.
hypo
gaeu
m (
Nut
t.) R
ydb.
=
Pso
rale
a hy
poga
ea T
orr.
&
A. G
ray
Litt
le I
ndia
n B
read
root
, Su
bter
rane
an I
ndia
n B
read
root
A
s ab
ove
Yan
ovsk
y ( 1
936 )
, Har
ring
ton
( 197
4 )
Faba
ceae
Pe
diom
elum
tenu
ifl or
um (
purs
h)
A.N
. Ega
n Sl
imfl o
wer
Scu
rfpe
a A
s ab
ove
Yan
ovsk
y ( 1
936 )
Faba
ceae
Pe
diom
elum
sub
acau
le (
Torr
. &
A. G
ray)
Ryd
b.
Whi
teri
m S
curf
pea
As
abov
e Y
anov
sky
( 193
6 )
Faba
ceae
Pe
talo
stem
on c
andi
dum
(W
illd.
) M
ichx
. = D
alea
can
dida
Will
d.
Whi
te P
rair
ie C
love
r R
oots
eat
en o
r ch
ewed
for
the
swee
t fl a
vour
Y
anov
sky
( 193
6 ), U
phof
( 19
68 ),
Fa
ccio
la (
1990
)
Faba
ceae
P
hase
olus
ade
nant
hus
G. M
ey. =
Vi
gna
aden
anth
a (G
. Mey
.)
Mar
echa
l & a
l.
Adz
uki B
ean,
Mot
h B
ean,
Wild
Pe
a A
dzuk
i Bea
n, M
oth
Bea
n,
Wild
Pea
In I
ndia
, roo
t eat
en c
ooke
d W
att (
1908
), H
edri
ck (
1972
),
Facc
iola
( 19
90 )
(con
tinue
d)
Introduction
20
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Faba
ceae
P
hase
olus
coc
cine
us L
. R
unne
r B
ean,
Sca
rlet
Run
ner
Bea
n, D
utch
Run
ner
Bea
n St
arch
y tu
bero
us r
oot e
aten
Po
peno
e et
al.
( 198
9 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 )
Pha
seol
us c
occi
neus
L
. Fab
acea
e P
hase
olus
ros
trat
us W
all.
=
Vign
a ad
enan
tha
(G. M
ey.)
M
arec
hal &
al.
Kar
also
na (
Tam
il); K
aral
asan
a,
Kar
u A
lach
andr
a (T
elug
u)
In I
ndia
(M
adra
s Pr
esid
ency
),
tube
rous
roo
ts e
aten
coo
ked
Shor
tt (1
887–
88)
(cite
d by
Fr
eedm
an (
2009
))
Faba
ceae
P
soph
ocar
pus
palu
stri
s D
esv.
A
fric
an W
inge
d B
ean
Tub
erou
s ro
ot e
aten
in s
ome
part
s of
Afr
ica
Dal
ziel
( 19
55 ),
Uph
of (
1968
),
Facc
iola
( 19
90 )
Faba
ceae
P
soph
ocar
pus
tetr
agon
olob
us
(L.)
DC
. W
inge
d B
ean
Roo
t, A
spar
agus
B
ean
Roo
t, G
oa B
ean
Roo
t T
uber
ous
root
eat
en
Hu
( 200
5 ) F
acci
ola
( 199
0 ), K
han
( 199
4 ), L
im (
2012
),
Cod
ex (
2014
)
Faba
ceae
P
sora
lea
bado
cana
(B
lanc
o)
Ben
th. =
Cul
len
bado
canu
m
(Bla
nco)
Ver
dc.
NF
Roo
ts e
aten
roa
sted
C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Faba
ceae
P
sora
lea
argo
phyl
la P
ursh
Si
lver
Lea
f Sc
urf
Pea,
Silv
er
Lea
f In
dian
Bre
adro
ot
Roo
t edi
ble
raw
or
cook
ed in
st
ews,
gro
und
into
fl ou
r fo
r th
ick
soup
s an
d br
ead
Yan
ovsk
y ( 1
936 )
, Tan
aka
( 197
6 )
Faba
ceae
P
sora
lea
cane
scen
s M
ichx
. B
uckr
oot
As
abov
e Y
anov
sky
( 193
6 ), H
edri
ck (
1972
),
Tana
ka (
1976
);
Faba
ceae
P
sora
lea
cusp
idat
a Pu
rsh
Indi
an B
read
root
, Lar
gebr
act
Indi
an B
read
root
A
s ab
ove
Tana
ka (
1976
), F
erna
ld e
t al.
( 198
5 )
Faba
ceae
P
sora
lea
escu
lent
a Pu
rsh.
B
read
-Roo
t, Pr
airi
e T
urni
p,
Prai
rie
Pota
to
Fres
h tu
bers
may
be
eate
n ra
w w
ith a
dre
ssin
g of
oil,
vi
nega
r an
d sa
lt, o
r th
ey m
ay
be b
oile
d or
roa
sted
Saun
ders
( 19
20 ),
Yan
ovsk
y ( 1
936 )
, U
phof
( 19
68 ),
Hed
rick
( 19
72 ),
K
aldy
et a
l. ( 1
980 )
, Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
, Gro
en e
t al.
( 199
6 )
Faba
ceae
P
sora
lea
hypo
gaea
Tor
r. &
A
. Gra
y Sm
all I
ndia
n B
read
root
A
s ab
ove
Saun
ders
( 19
20 )
Faba
ceae
P
sora
lea
tenu
ifl or
a Pu
rsh.
Sl
ende
r Sc
urfy
Pea
, Slim
fl ow
er
Scur
fpea
R
oot e
dibl
e ra
w o
r co
oked
in
stew
s, g
roun
d in
to fl
our
for
thic
k so
ups
and
brea
d
Yan
ovsk
y ( 1
936 )
, Tan
aka
( 197
6 )
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
21
(con
tinue
d)
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
loba
ta (
Will
d.)
Ohw
i =
Pue
rari
a m
onta
na v
ar. l
obat
a (W
illd.
) Sa
njap
pa &
Pra
deep
.
Chi
k, K
udzu
, Pue
rari
a T
uber
s ed
ible
, sta
rch
from
tu
bers
use
d fo
r sa
uces
, po
rrid
ges,
jelly
pud
ding
s,
conf
ectio
nary
and
bev
erag
es
in C
hina
, Jap
an a
nd P
apua
N
ew G
uine
a. E
lsew
here
use
d as
fam
ine
food
. Roo
ts c
ooke
d w
ith C
hine
se d
ates
, slic
ed
yam
s fo
r a
soup
Facc
iola
( 19
90 ),
Phi
llips
and
Rix
( 1
993 )
, Gro
en e
t al.
( 199
6 ), H
u ( 2
005 )
, Wal
ter
and
Leb
ot (
2007
),
Cod
ex (
2014
)
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
loba
ta (
Will
d.)
Ohw
i va
r. lo
bata
= P
uera
ria
phas
eolo
ides
var
. pha
seol
oide
s (R
oxb.
) B
enth
.
Kud
zu, J
apan
ese
Arr
owro
ot
As
abov
e G
roen
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
loba
ta (
Will
d.)
Ohw
i va
r. th
omso
nii (
Ben
th.)
van
der
M
aese
n =
Pue
rari
a m
onta
na v
ar.
chin
ensi
s (O
hwi)
San
japp
a &
Pr
adee
p.
Kud
zu, T
hom
son
Kud
zu
Tub
ers
edib
le
Gro
en e
t al.
( 199
6 )
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
loba
ta (
Will
d.)
Ohw
i va
r. m
onta
na (
Lou
r.) v
an d
er
Mae
sen
= P
uera
ria
mon
tana
var
. m
onta
na (
Lou
r.) M
err.
Kud
zu, T
aiw
an K
udzu
T
uber
s ed
ible
G
roen
et a
l. ( 1
996 )
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
edul
is P
amp.
E
dibl
e K
udzu
; Ge
Gen
Fen
(C
hine
se)
Star
ch f
rom
enl
arge
d ro
ot
extr
acte
d fo
r no
odle
s H
u ( 2
005 )
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
hirs
uta
Kur
z. =
P
uera
ria
stri
cta
Kur
z.
Cud
zú-T
ropi
cal (
Port
ugue
se,
Bra
zil)
C
hina
: roo
t is
stea
med
and
ea
ten.
Jap
an: p
roce
ssed
into
fl o
ur d
urin
g th
e pe
riod
of
scar
city
imm
edia
tely
fo
llow
ing
Wor
ld W
ar I
I
Rea
d ( 1
946 )
, Uph
of (
1968
)
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
mon
tana
(L
our.)
Mer
r. G
e M
a M
u (C
hine
se)
Star
ch o
btai
ned
from
roo
ts
Hu
( 200
5 )
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
phas
eolo
ides
(R
oxb.
) B
enth
. Pa
ni A
lu (
Ass
ames
e)
Tub
er is
fl es
hy a
nd ta
sty,
it is
of
ten
eate
n ra
w
Facc
iola
( 19
90 ),
Pat
iri a
nd B
orah
( 2
007 )
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
thom
soni
i Ben
th. =
P
uera
ria
mon
tana
var
. chi
nens
is
(Ohw
i) S
anja
ppa
& P
rade
ep
Swee
t Kud
zu; P
ani A
lu
(Ass
ames
e); G
ang
E T
eng
(Chi
nese
)
Roo
ts s
liced
use
d in
sou
p w
ith p
ork
chop
s in
Chi
na. I
n A
ssam
, tub
erou
s ro
ots
are
eate
n co
oked
Hu
( 200
5 ), P
atir
i and
Bor
ah
( 200
7 )
Introduction
22
Fam
ily
Scie
ntifi
c N
ame
Com
mon
/Ver
nacu
lar
Nam
es
Edi
ble
Par
t U
se
Ref
eren
ce
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
thun
berg
iana
(Si
ebol
d &
Zuc
c.)
Ben
th. =
Pue
rari
a m
onta
na v
ar. l
obat
a (W
illd.
) Sa
njap
pa &
Pra
deep
Kud
zu
Fles
hy tu
ber
eate
n R
ead
( 194
6 )
Faba
ceae
P
uera
ria
tube
rosa
(W
illd.
) D
C.
Indi
an K
udzu
, Nep
ales
e K
udzu
; U
rahi
Alu
, Pan
i Alu
(A
ssam
ese)
; Bila
i-K
and,
Bir
alu,
B
iral
i Pan
wa,
Sur
al (
Kum
aon
Reg
ion,
Wes
tern
Him
alay
as)
Tub
erou
s ro
ots
eate
n B
harg
ava
( 196
0 ), G
upta
( 19
62 ),
Pa
tiri a
nd B
orah
( 20
07 )
Faba
ceae
R
hync
hosi
a co
mos
a B
aker
=
Pse
udem
inia
com
osa
(Bak
er)
Ver
dc.
L ’
Indo
(Sa
ndaw
e)
In C
entr
al T
anza
nia,
roo
ts
chew
ed f
or ju
ices
N
ewm
an (
1975
)
Faba
ceae
Sp
heno
styl
is s
teno
carp
a (A
. Ric
h.)
Har
ms
Afr
ica
Yam
Bea
n T
uber
eat
en r
aw o
r co
oked
lik
e po
tato
K
ay (
1973
), P
open
oe e
t al.
( 198
9 ),
Facc
iola
( 19
90 )
Faba
ceae
Tr
ifol
ium
rep
ens
L.
Whi
te C
love
r R
oots
pri
zed
by s
ome
nativ
e gr
oups
in N
orth
Am
eric
a Sc
hofi e
ld (
2003
)
Faba
ceae
Ty
lose
ma
escu
lent
um (
Bur
ch.)
A
. Sch
reib
. M
aram
a B
ean,
Gem
sbok
Bea
n Sw
eet t
uber
bak
ed, b
oile
d or
ro
aste
d Fo
x et
al.
( 198
2 ), P
open
oe e
t al.
( 198
9 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 )
Faba
ceae
Vi
gna
lanc
eola
ta B
enth
. Pe
ncil
Yam
Mal
oga
Bea
n T
he tu
bero
us r
oots
wer
e us
ed
afte
r ro
astin
g, a
nd is
re
port
edly
one
of
the
best
ve
geta
bles
ava
ilabl
e to
the
nativ
es
Cri
bb a
nd C
ribb
( 19
87 ),
Har
den
( 199
1 )
Faba
ceae
Vi
gna
lute
ola
(Jac
q.)
Ben
th.
Dal
rym
ple
Vig
na, H
airy
pod
Cow
pea,
Dee
r Pe
a; K
uang
a R
oots
edi
ble
Fox
et a
l. ( 1
982 )
, Fac
ciol
a ( 1
990 )
Faba
ceae
Vi
gna
mar
ina
(Bur
m.)
Mer
r. Se
a B
ean,
Not
ched
Cow
pea
Roo
ts e
dibl
e C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Faba
ceae
Vi
gna
radi
ata
(L.)
R. W
ilcze
k B
each
Pea
; Not
ched
Cow
pea
As
abov
e C
ribb
and
Cri
bb (
1987
)
Faba
ceae
Vi
gna
vexi
llat
a (L
.) A
. Ric
h.
Wild
Cow
pea;
Cha
oli,
Hal
gia
(Bom
bay)
In
Ind
ia (
Bom
bay
Pres
iden
cy),
tube
rs e
aten
. In
Wes
t Afr
ica,
the
root
stoc
k is
ea
ten.
In
Aus
tral
ia (
Nor
th
Que
ensl
and)
, roo
ts r
oast
ed
and
eate
n
Gam
mie
( 19
02 ),
Irv
ine
( 195
2 ),
Irvi
ne (
1957
), C
ribb
and
Cri
bb
( 198
7 ), F
acci
ola
( 199
0 )
Faba
ceae
A
pios
am
eric
ana
Med
ik
Am
eric
an P
otat
o B
ean
Tub
erou
s ro
ots
eate
n ra
w o
r co
oked
Fa
ccio
la (
1990
), P
hilli
ps a
nd R
ix
( 199
3 ), C
odex
( 20
14 )
NF
Not
fou
nd
Tab
le 1
(c
ontin
ued)
Introduction
23
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Introduction
