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ZMD31050 Temperature Sensing with Platinum-Resistors (RTD´s) Application Note Rev. 0.47 / February 2009

ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

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Page 1: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

ZMD31050 Temperature Sensing with Platinum-Resistors (RTD´s)

Application Note Rev. 0.47 / February 2009

Page 2: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

2 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

Benefits

• Precise and cost effective temperature measurement using Pt100, Pt1000 and other resistive PTC temperature sensors

• High accuracy

• Interchangeable sensor element

• Calibration via characteristic curve of resistance (not over temperature)

• Only digital communication during calibration – fast, precise, robust

• Low system cost and high measurement performance

• Fits perfect to cost-sensitive industrial high-volume-applications

Brief Description

Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature sensors (RTDs) are typically used to measure temperatures.

The ZMD31050 can be used in order to condition the temperature signal of both types of sensors. The ZMD31050 is a programmable „system-on-chip“ (PGA; ADC; DSP; DAC) and optimized for industrial sensing applications, thus industrial temperature transmitters can be designed with a very low number of electronic parts at low system cost and with high performance. The ZMD31050 can be programmed to output analog signals (e.g. (0 to 10) VDC; (4 to 20) mA; PWM) as well as digital values via a serial interface (I

2C or SPI or

ZACwire). Because of the fully digitized calibration procedure the cost for calibration are minimized, compared to manual adjustment. This digital calibration procedure can be automated, thus an integration of the calibration line in a high-volume-production line is possible.

This application note describes the use of ZMD31050 for signal conditioning of Platinum-based resistive temperature sensors (RTDs). Three standard applications are described in detail – with digital I2C-interface, with analog voltage output and with analog current loop output. The range of temperature to be measured amouts to (-200 to +800) °C, the achievable resolution of the temperature signal amounts to 14 bit in maximum (via digital interface).

Basically the principle of signal conditioning implemented in the ZMD31050 can be used for other types of resistive temperature sensors with positive temperature coefficients (PTCs) as well (e.g. Nickel- or semiconductor-based PTCs). Even a simple copper wire could be used as temperature sensor.

Some tables with material constants of Platinum an Nickel are attached.

Features

• Digital correction of offset, span and (non)-linearity

• Compatible to usual PTC temperature sensors like Pt100, Pt1000, Ni, Cu or auch semiconductor-based sensors (KTY)

• Wide range of temperature measurement (-200 to +850) °C using Pt-based sensors

• Analog output options: ratiometric voltage (2.5 to 97.5) %Vsupply absolute voltage (0 to 1/5/10 V) 2-wire-current loop (4 to 20) mA

• Digital interfaces: I2C, SPI or ZACwire

TM

(proprietary digital one-wire-interface)

• Programmable switch outputs

• Operational temp. range (-40 to +150) °C

• two user-programmable EEPROM cells, e.g. for part-ID-number

Page 3: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

3 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

Content

Content ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 List of figures ................................................................................................................................................... 4 List of tables..................................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Temperature Measurement with ZMD31050 .......................................................................................... 5 2 Input circuitry with PTC........................................................................................................................... 6

2.1. Resistive Voltage Divider (half bridge) ............................................................................................. 6 2.2. Resistive voltage divider (full bridge) ............................................................................................... 7 2.3. Input circuitry with external current source....................................................................................... 9

3 Application circuit with I2C-interface & voltage output ...................................................................... 11

4 Application Circuit with voltage output (0 to 10) VDC........................................................................ 12 5 Application Circuit with current loop output (4 to 20) mA................................................................. 13 6 Adjustments at the ZMD31050-Evaluation-Software .......................................................................... 14 General remarks ............................................................................................................................................ 16

6.1. Calibration via characteristic curve of resistance........................................................................... 16 6.2. Calibration in a bath ....................................................................................................................... 16

7 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 17 7.1. Theoretical basics of Platinum sensors.......................................................................................... 17

7.1.1. Packages ................................................................................................................................... 17 7.1.2. Sensor signal processing........................................................................................................... 18 7.1.3. Accuracy classes ....................................................................................................................... 18 7.1.4. Characteristic curves of Pt-based sensors according to DIN/EN 60751 ................................... 19 7.1.5. Characteristic curves of Ni-based sensors according to DIN/EN 43760 ................................... 20

7.2. Pt100 resistance table according to DIN/EN 60751....................................................................... 21 7.3. Links ............................................................................................................................................... 24 7.4. Manufacturer of Pt – and Ni – based resistive temperature sensors............................................. 24

8 Further documents................................................................................................................................. 25 9 Glossary .................................................................................................................................................. 26 10 Document Revision History .................................................................................................................. 27

Page 4: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

4 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

List of figures

figure 1 input circuitry „half bridge“ ................................................................................................................ 6 figure 2 input circuitry „full bridge“ ................................................................................................................. 7 figure 3 Input circuitry with external current source....................................................................................... 9 figure 4 Application circuit with I

2C-interface and voltage output ................................................................ 11

figure 5 application circuit (0 to 10) VDC ................................................................................................ 12 figure 6 application circuit with 2-wire-current-loop-output signal (4 to 20) mA .......................................... 13 figure 7 Adjustments in the main window of the ZMD31050-Eval.-Software .............................................. 14 figure 8 Sub-window „current-loop-calibration-adjust“................................................................................. 15 figure 9 Sub-window „Sensor-Calibration“ .................................................................................................. 15 figure 10 Pt1000 of thin-film-technology ................................................................................................... 17

List of tables

table 1 temperature-related output voltage of the half bridge ...................................................................... 7 table 2 temperature-related output voltage of the full bridge ....................................................................... 8 table 3 temperature-related output voltage of the constant current circuitry ............................................. 10 table 4 value ranges, calibration points and output signal of the temperature transmitter ........................ 14 table 5 Pt100 resistance values at the temperature range (-200 to +850) °C ......................................... 21 table 6 Further documents ........................................................................................................................ 25 table 7 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 26 table 8 Revision......................................................................................................................................... 27

Page 5: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

5 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

1 Temperature Measurement with ZMD31050

Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature sensors (RTDs) are typically used to measure temperatures.

The ZMD31050 can be used in order to condition the temperature signal of both types of sensors. The ZMD31050 is a programmable „system-on-chip“ (PGA; ADC; DSP; DAC) and optimized for industrial sensing applications, thus industrial temperature transmitters can be designed with a very low number of electronic parts at low system cost and with high performance. The ZMD31050 can be programmed to output analog signals (e.g. (0 to 10) VDC; (4 to 20) mA; PWM) as well as digital values via a serial interface (I2C or SPI or ZACwire). Because of the fully digitized calibration procedure the cost for calibration are minimized, compared to manual adjustment. This digital calibration procedure can be automated, thus an integration of the calibration line in a high-volume-production line is possible.

This application note describes the use of ZMD31050 for signal conditioning of Platinum-based resistive temperature sensors (RTDs). Three standard applications are described in detail – with digital I2C-interface, with analog voltage output and with analog current loop output. The range of temperature to be measured amounts to (-200 to +800) °C, the achievable resolution of the temperature signal amounts to 14 bit in maximum (via digital interface).

Basically the principle of signal conditioning implemented in the ZMD31050 can be used for other types of resistive temperature sensors with positive temperature coefficients (PTCs) as well (e.g. Nickel- or semiconductor-based PTCs). Even a simple copper wire could be used as temperature sensor.

Some tables with material constants of Platinum an Nickel are attached.

Page 6: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

6 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

2 Input circuitry with PTC

2.1. Resistive Voltage Divider (half bridge)

PTC sensors are resistive elements, their electrical resistance increases with increasing temperature. In General all metallic materials have such a positive temperature coefficient of their electrical resistance. Platinum and Nickel are most commonly used for temperature sensors in practice.

Because of the very flexible, programmable analog front end of the ZMD31050 there are various options in order to measure the resistance of the temperature sensor.

The simplest configuration (refer figure 1) consists of two resistors and the sensor element. The resistors are referred to the supply voltage and the PTC is connected between these two resistors in series. Because of its inherent symmetry of this voltage divider the voltage drop of the PTC amounts to values within the common mode voltage range of the ZMD31050’ s differential input amplifier. The voltage drop of the sensor element is ratiometric to the supply voltage and proportional to its resistance.

figure 1 input circuitry „half bridge“

This circuitry can be used for a wide range of temperature measurement at low and medium signal resolution. The relative high offset resistance causes a high offset voltage, thus the conversion range of the ADC inside the ZMD31050 needs to be adapted to this by adjusting the ADC range shift e.g. to 15/16 instead of the default value of 1/2 (differential input voltage range symmetrical to 0 mV). A disadvantage of this circuitry is, that the sensor element and its connection wires need to be isolated properly, because it is not reffered to GND.

In order to avoid additional, temperature-related errors it is recommended to use low-TC-resistors (e.g. with 50 ppm/K or 25 ppm/K) fot the voltage divider. These resistors should be of the same batch in order to get the best common mode performance.

The current flowing through the resistive divider must be limited to approx. 0.25 mA at a Pt1000 sensor element in order to avoid an additional error caused by self heating.

Page 7: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

7 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

table 1 temperature-related output voltage of the half bridge

Temperature [°C]

Sensor resistance [Ω]

Output voltage [mV @ VDD=5V]

Output voltage [mV / V]

-100 602,6 146,2 29,2

-20 921,6 220,3 44,1

0 1000 238,1 47,6

20 1077,9 255,7 51,1

50 1194,0 281,7 56,3

100 1385,1 323,8 64,8

200 1758,6 404,1 80,8

400 2470,9 549,8 110,0

800 3757,0 790,7 158,1

2.2. Resistive voltage divider (full bridge)

At this input circuitry the PTC sensor element is connected to full-bridge-voltage-divider (WHEATSTONE bridge – refer figure 2). The advantage compared to the half bridge configuration is, that the sensor element is connected to GND. The offset voltage can be subtracted, but the output voltage to be processed by the ZMD31050 is ratiometric to the supply voltage and proportional to the PTC’ s resistance as before.

figure 2 input circuitry „full bridge“

Page 8: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

8 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

The full bridge consists of four metal-film-resistors of 10 kOhm (TC = 50 ppm/K) each of the same batch. The low end resistance of one half bridge is adapted to the PTC by another resistor connected in parallel (refer figure 2 / resistor R5). When using a Pt1000 sensor element a value of R5 = 91 kOhm is recommended in order to achieve a resulting low end resistance of this half bridge of approx. 10 kOhm and, thus, a balanced full bridge. By this the offset voltage amouts to near zero and the achievable ADC resolution of the ZMD31050 becomes maximal. When using a digital output mode a resolution of the temperature signal of 14 bit can be achieved.

Hint:

The advantage of the connection of R5 = 91 kOhm in parallel to R4 (refer figure 2) is, that the higher TC of this resistor is weighted by only 10% when calculation the total error caused by the TCs of the bridge resistors. The value of R5 = 91 kOhm is valid for temperatures to be measured > 0°C, at very low or high temperatures to be measured the value of R5 need to be adapted probably. The ADC range shift should be adjusted to 15/16 at temperatures to be measured > 0°C in order to achieve the maximal sensor signal resolution.

table 2 temperature-related output voltage of the full bridge

Temperature [°C]

Sensor resistance [Ω]

Output voltage [mV @ VDD=5V]

Output voltage [mV / V]

-100 602,6 -49,4 -9,9

-20 921,6 -8,6 -1,7

0 1000 1,2 0,2

20 1077,9 10,9 2,2

50 1194,0 25,2 5,0

100 1385,1 48,4 9,7

200 1758,6 92,5 18,5

400 2470,9 172,3 34,5

800 3757,0 303,8 60,8

Page 9: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

9 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

2.3. Input circuitry with external current source

The disadvantage of the half/full bridge voltage divider circuitries described before is, that the resistance of the connecting wires influences the temperature signal to be processed by ZMD31050. This effect could be compensated by calibration, but afterwards the length of the connecting wires cannot be changed without loss of accuracy.

To avoid this the so-called „4-wire-force-sense“-principle is used. Via two wires the sensor element is supplied by a constant current, via the other two wires the resulting voltage drop at the sensor element ist measured. By using a constant current variations of the resistance of the connecting wires cannot influence the voltage drop at the sensor element anymore.

When using this circuitry the connecting wires to the sensor element need to be isolated properly, because there is no connection between the sensor element and e.g. GND. The low end resistance of the constant current source (refer figure 3 – R3) causes an offset voltage, which shifts the voltage drop of the sensor element to the input common mode range of the ZMD31050. This voltage drop is proportional to the resistance of the sensor element.

The conversion range of the ADC inside the ZMD31050 needs to be adapted to the sensor signal offset by adjusting the ADC range shift e.g. to 15/16 instead of the default value of 1/2 (differential input voltage range symmetrical to 0 mV) in order to enable the maximal ADC resolution of the sensor signal.

figure 3 Input circuitry with external current source

Hint:

There is a programmable constant current source inside the ZMD31050, which could be used as well fort his application. For highly accurate applications it is recommended to use a very stable external constant current source. When using long connection wires it is recommended to use RF filters in order to improve the susceptibility of the input circuitry vs. RF signals.

This circuitry can be used for Pt100 sensor elements as well. The low end resistance needs to be adapted for that in order to adjust a constant current of approx. 1 mA.

Page 10: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

10 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

table 3 temperature-related output voltage of the constant current circuitry

Temperature [°C]

Sensor resistance [Ω]

Output voltage [mV @ VDD=5V]

Output voltage [mV / V]

-100 602,6 150,7 30,1

-20 921,6 230,4 46,1

0 1000 250,0 50,0

20 1077,9 269,5 53,9

50 1194,0 298,5 59,7

100 1385,1 346,3 69,3

200 1758,6 439,7 87,9

400 2470,9 617,7 123,6

800 3757,0 939,3 187,9

Page 11: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

11 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

3 Application circuit with I2C-interface & voltage output

figure 4 Application circuit with I2C-interface and voltage output

By this circuitry the conditioned temperature signal can be output via a digital serial interface (I2C or ZACwire protocol) at a very high resolution. The measurement range amounts to (-200 to +850)°C at approx. 14 bit resolution, which is equal to a temperature resolution of better than 0.1 Kelvin.

Additionally an analog voltage output signal of 11 bit in resolution is available.

To get a ratiometric analog voltage output signal the depletion-NMOS-transistor TR2 needs to be replaced by a short. By this tolerances or a drift of the supply voltage cannot influence the conditioned output signal because of the full ratiomentric mode of signal processing.

Page 12: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

12 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

4 Application Circuit with voltage output (0 to 10) VDC

figure 5 application circuit (0 to 10) VDC

By the external circuitry drawn at figure 5 above an additional discrete output buffer is build, which converts the analog output voltage range to e.g. (0 to 10) VDC. The protection parts enable the use of this application circuit inside temperature transmitters used e.g. for building automation applications.

Page 13: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

13 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

5 Application Circuit with current loop output (4 to 20) mA

figure 6 application circuit with 2-wire-current-loop-output signal (4 to 20) mA

By the external circuitry drawn at figure 6 above an additional discrete output buffer is build, which converts the analog output voltage range to a current signal (4 to 20) mA. The protection parts enable the use of this application circuit inside temperature transmitters used for industrial applications.

Page 14: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

14 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

6 Adjustments at the ZMD31050-Evaluation-Software

The following example describes the adjustment and the calibration of a temperature transmitter with Pt1000 sensor element and analog (4 to 20) mA current loop output mode. The input circuitry drawn in chapter 5 is used, the temperature range to be measured amounts to (-20 to 80) °C.

table 4 value ranges, calibration points and output signal of the temperature transmitter

Temperature [°C] R_Sensor [Ω] V_Bridge [mV] Output [%] I_loop [mA]

Lmin -20 921,6 -8,6 20,00 4,00

P1 0 1000,0 1,2 36,00 7,20

P3 30 1116,7 15,7 60,00 12,00

P2 60 1232,4 29,9 84,00 16,80

Lmax 80 1309,0 39,2 100,00 20,00

figure 7 Adjustments in the main window of the ZMD31050-Eval.-Software

Page 15: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

15 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

figure 8 Sub-window „current-loop-calibration-adjust“

figure 9 Sub-window „Sensor-Calibration“

Page 16: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

16 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

General remarks

Sensor supply current: Bei When using Pt1000 sensors their supply current must be adjusted to < 0.3 mA in order to avoid additional errors caused by self heating effects.

Connection wires: When using a 2-wire-connection the resistance of the connecting wires becomes part of the processed sensor resistance. At wire length < 0.2 m this effect can be disregarded (e.g. at head transmitters). At longer connection wires their resistance should be measured and embedded to the calibration by adding this resistance value to the resistance values of the sensorelement acquired during calibration.

If the calibration is performed over temperature using a calibration bath, then the resistance of the connection wires is embedded in the calibration. After calibration the length of this connection wire must not be changed anymore.

Temperature compensation of conditioning electronic circuitry:

Because of the distance between the temperature sensor element and the conditioning electronics an additional, but relatively small error could be caused by e.g. self heating of the electronics or variant ambient temperatures at the electronics. In order to avoid errors cause by the TC of the resistors of the input circuitry metal-film-types of the same batch with TC = 50 ppm/K or TC = 25 ppm/K must be used. The TC of a Pt1000 sensor element amounts to 3850 ppm/K, thus there is still a small temperature-related error caused by the input circuitry. Furthermore the small, temperature-related error of the analog front end of ZMD31050 needs to be added as well. Theoretically it would be possible to measure the ambient temperature of the conditioning electronics itself and to calibrate the electronics at several operating temperatures using a climate chamber. But this would cause very high calibration cost. In practice this is not necessary at common accuracy requirements.

6.1. Calibration via characteristic curve of resistance

The characteristic curve of resistance of a Pt1000 sensor element is standardized according to DIN/IEC 60751. The maximal allowed tolerance between temperature and resistance is classified and amounts at class “A” sensors to 0.15 Kelvin and at class “B” sensors to 0.3 Kelvin (related to 0 °C). This enables a calibration of temperature transmitters using this standardized characteristic curves of Pt1000-resistance, which makes the calibration under the conditions of high-volume production very cost effective. To calibrate the 2nd-order-polynomial-math of ZMD31050 three calibration points are needed. These three points of resistance values can be stimulated at the input of the DUT (Device Under Test) by a resistive decade. The calibration points should be defined in a way, that one point is located at the lower end of the measurement range (below 30% full scale), the second point within the upper end of the measurement range (> 30% full scale) and the third point at around 50% full scale. Later on at these calibration points the maximal accuracy will be achieved.

6.2. Calibration in a bath

At very high requirements regarding accuracy it is recommended to calibrate the temperature sensor element together with the connecting wires and the conditioning electronics in a calibration bath. By this all temperature-related errors of the sensor element, of the connecting wires and of the conditioning electronics can be compensated, if the thermal coupling between the sensor element and the conditioning electronics is very good.

Page 17: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

17 / 27

ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

7777 AppendixAppendixAppendixAppendix

7.1. Theoretical basics of Platinum sensors

The use of resistive Platinum-based temperature sensors for industrial temperature sensing applications ist he most common principle for the accurate measurement of temperatures of (-200 to +800)°C. In former times there were wounded types of sensors available, which were of high cost. Today most of these sensors are by thin film technology, which enables smaller dimensions, shorter response time, lower cost and higher precision.

The resistance of such a sensor element depends on temperature, the characteristic curve is standardized according to DIN/EN 60751. This enables the interchange of sensorelements of the same type and class without a new calibration.

At raw approximation the resistance of Platinum-based temperature sensors depends in a linear mannor on temperature. More accurate approximations use a 2

nd-order-polynom to model this characteristic at

temperatures > 0 °C. For temperatures < 0 °C another polynom of 4th order can be used in order to achiev high precision.

7.1.1. Packages

Sensors with THT-compatible, wired packages can be used to build transducers, pocket thermometers or other specific systems with glued or potted sensors. The wires can be soldered, but should be welded when measuring temperatures > 150 °C.

Sensors with SMT-compatible packages can be mounted directly on a PCB or other substrates using common pick-and-place-machines and soldering processes. At high volume such parts are of very low cost. Typical applications are room probes or temperature compensation at electronic circuits.

figure 10 Pt1000 of thin-film-technology

Page 18: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

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ZMD31050

Application Note Rev. 0.47 February 2009

Thin-film-RTDs are manufactured in high volume. On a ceramic substrate a thin Platinum layer is applied using vapor phase deposition technology. Afterwards this Pt layer is structured like a meander using lithographic techniques. By laser trimming the required target value of the resistance is adjusted.

Pt100: Because of ist low resistance of typ. 100 Ohms this sensor type should be interfaced using the 3- or 4-wire-„force-sense“-configuration with a supply current < 1 mA in order to decrease self-heating related errors.

Pt1000: The processing of Pt100-signals is more simple because of the higher resistance of typ. 1000 Ohms, only a 2-wire-connection is needed normally. When using long connection wires it is recommended to compensate their resistance.

Beside these two types of Pt-based sensors there are further Pt-based types available with various resitances, e.g. very low-ohmic types of 25 Ohms or high-ohmic types of 10 kOhms.

Connecting wires: When measuring high temperatures it is recommended to use Nickel-Platinum-connecting wires.

7.1.2. Sensor signal processing

The processing of the sensor resistance is done usually by measuring the voltage drop at the sensor element while it is supplied by a constant current. By this the measured change of this voltage drop is at a first approximation proportional to the change of the sensor element’ s resistance to be detected. The value of the constant sensor supply current needs to be adjusted carefully in order to achieve the optimal measurement performance (sensor signal span vs. self heating).

The other practicable option is to use the full-bridge-input-circuitry. This enables to connect the sensor element to GND at one end.

7.1.3. Accuracy classes

Because of techology-related tolerances Pt-based temperature sensors are classified to class „A“ and class „B“. These classes decribe the dependence of the allowed temperature error ∆T on the real temperature T to be measured.

error specification of the classes „A“ and „B“ [°C]:

class A: ∆T = ± (0,15 °C + 0,002 · T)

class B: ∆T = ± (0,30 °C + 0,005 · T)

1/3 class B: ∆T = ± (1/3 · (0,30 °C + 0,005 · T))

1/10 class B: ∆T = ± (1/10 · (0,30 °C + 0,005 · T))

The higher accuracy of sensor elements of 1/3 class „B“ and 1/10 class „B“ is typically specified for a smaller temperature range compared to the allowed total range of temperature, which could be measured.

Page 19: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

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7.1.4. Characteristic curves of Pt-based sensors according to DIN/EN 60751

The resistance of a Platinum-based temperature sensor at a certain temperature can be calculated based on its standardized resistance R0 according to the following formulas:

For the temperature range (0 to +100) °C a linearly approximated formula (1st-order-polynom) can be used:

R = R0 · (1 + a · T) with T in °C

a = 3,85 · 10-3

/ K

For the temperature range (+100 to +850) °C or at very high accuracy for T = (0 to +100) °C a quadratically approximated formula (2nd-order-polynom) can be used:

R = R0 · (1 + a · T + b · T2) with T in °C

a = 3,9083 · 10-3

/ K

b = -5,775 · 10-7

/ K2

For the temperature range < 0 °C a 4th-order-polynom is used:

R = R0 (1 + a T + b T2 + c (T − 100 °C)·T

3) with T in °C

a = 3,9083 · 10-3

/ K

b = -5,775 · 10-7

/ K2

c = -4,183 · 10-12

/ K4

Page 20: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

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ZMD31050

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7.1.5. Characteristic curves of Ni-based sensors according to DIN/EN 43760

The resistance of a Nickel-based temperature sensor at a certain temperature can be calculated based on its standardized resistance R0 according to a 6

th-order-polynom:

R = R0 (1 + a T + b T2 + c T

3 +d T

4 + e T

5 + f T

6)

coefficients of Nickel NL (5000 ppm/K):

a = 4,427 10-3

/ K b = 5,172 10

-6 / K

2

c = 5,585 10-9

/ K3

d = 0 e = 0 f = 0

coefficients of Nickel ND (6180 ppm/K):

a = 5,485 10-3

/ K b = 6,65 10

-6 / K

2

c = 0 d = 2,805 10

-11 / K

4

e = 0 f = -2,0 10

-17 / K

6

coefficients of Nickel NJ (6370 ppm/K)

a = 5,64742 * 10-3

/ K b = 6,69504 * 10

-6 / K

2

c = 5,68816 * 10-9

/ K3

d = 0 e = 0 f = 0

coefficients of Nickel NA (6720 ppm/K)

a = 5,88025 * 10-3

/ K

b = 8,28385 * 10-6

/ K2

c = 0 d = 7,67175 * 10

-12 / K

4

e = 0 f = -1,5 * 10

-16 / K

6

Page 21: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

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7.2. Pt100 resistance table according to DIN/EN 60751

At Pt1000 temperature sensors the values of this table need to be multiplied by factor 10.

table 5 Pt100 resistance values at the temperature range (-200 to +850) °C

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-200,00 18,52 18,95 19,38 19,82 20,25 20,68 21,11 21,54 21,97 22,40 22,83

-190,00 22,83 23,25 23,68 24,11 24,54 24,97 25,39 25,82 26,24 26,67 27,10

-180,00 27,10 27,52 27,95 28,37 28,80 29,22 29,64 30,07 30,49 30,91 31,34

-170,00 31,34 31,76 32,18 32,60 33,02 33,44 33,86 34,28 34,70 35,12 35,54

-160,00 35,54 35,96 36,38 36,80 37,22 37,64 38,05 38,47 38,89 39,31 39,72

-150,00 39,72 40,14 40,56 40,97 41,39 41,80 42,22 42,63 43,05 43,46 43,88

-140,00 43,88 44,29 44,70 45,12 45,53 45,94 46,36 46,77 47,18 47,59 48,00

-130,00 48,00 48,42 48,83 49,24 49,65 50,06 50,47 50,88 51,29 51,70 52,11

-120,00 52,11 52,52 52,93 53,34 53,75 54,15 54,56 54,97 55,38 55,79 56,19

-110,00 56,19 56,60 57,01 57,41 57,82 58,23 58,63 59,04 59,44 59,85 60,26

-100,00 60,26 60,66 61,07 61,47 61,88 62,28 62,68 63,09 63,49 63,90 64,30

-90,00 64,30 64,70 65,11 65,51 65,91 66,31 66,72 67,12 67,52 67,92 68,33

-80,00 68,33 68,73 69,13 69,53 69,93 70,33 70,73 71,13 71,53 71,93 72,33

-70,00 72,33 72,73 73,13 73,53 73,93 74,33 74,73 75,13 75,53 75,93 76,33

-60,00 76,33 76,73 77,12 77,52 77,92 78,32 78,72 79,11 79,51 79,91 80,31

-50,00 80,31 80,70 81,10 81,50 81,89 82,29 82,69 83,08 83,48 83,87 84,27

-40,00 84,27 84,67 85,06 85,46 85,85 86,25 86,64 87,04 87,43 87,83 88,22

-30,00 88,22 88,62 89,01 89,40 89,80 90,19 90,59 90,98 91,37 91,77 92,16

-20,00 92,16 92,55 92,95 93,34 93,73 94,12 94,52 94,91 95,30 95,69 96,09

-10,00 96,09 96,48 96,87 97,26 97,65 98,04 98,44 98,83 99,22 99,61 100,00

0,00 100,00 100,39 100,78 101,17 101,56 101,95 102,34 102,73 103,12 103,51 103,90

10,00 103,90 104,29 104,68 105,07 105,46 105,85 106,24 106,63 107,02 107,40 107,79

20,00 107,79 108,18 108,57 108,96 109,35 109,73 110,12 110,51 110,90 111,29 111,67

30,00 111,67 112,06 112,45 112,83 113,22 113,61 114,00 114,38 114,77 115,15 115,54

40,00 115,54 115,93 116,31 116,70 117,08 117,47 117,86 118,24 118,63 119,01 119,40

50,00 119,40 119,78 120,17 120,55 120,94 121,32 121,71 122,09 122,47 122,86 123,24

60,00 123,24 123,63 124,01 124,39 124,78 125,16 125,54 125,93 126,31 126,69 127,08

70,00 127,08 127,46 127,84 128,22 128,61 128,99 129,37 129,75 130,13 130,52 130,90

80,00 130,90 131,28 131,66 132,04 132,42 132,80 133,18 133,57 133,95 134,33 134,71

90,00 134,71 135,09 135,47 135,85 136,23 136,61 136,99 137,37 137,75 138,13 138,51

100,00 138,51 138,88 139,26 139,64 140,02 140,40 140,78 141,16 141,54 141,91 142,29

110,00 142,29 142,67 143,05 143,43 143,80 144,18 144,56 144,94 145,31 145,69 146,07

120,00 146,07 146,44 146,82 147,20 147,57 147,95 148,33 148,70 149,08 149,46 149,83

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130,00 149,83 150,21 150,58 150,96 151,33 151,71 152,08 152,46 152,83 153,21 153,58

140,00 153,58 153,96 154,33 154,71 155,08 155,46 155,83 156,20 156,58 156,95 157,33

150,00 157,33 157,70 158,07 158,45 158,82 159,19 159,56 159,94 160,31 160,68 161,05

160,00 161,05 161,43 161,80 162,17 162,54 162,91 163,29 163,66 164,03 164,40 164,77

170,00 164,77 165,14 165,51 165,89 166,26 166,63 167,00 167,37 167,74 168,11 168,48

180,00 168,48 168,85 169,22 169,59 169,96 170,33 170,70 171,07 171,43 171,80 172,17

190,00 172,17 172,54 172,91 173,28 173,65 174,02 174,38 174,75 175,12 175,49 175,86

200,00 175,86 176,22 176,59 176,96 177,33 177,69 178,06 178,43 178,79 179,16 179,53

210,00 179,53 179,89 180,26 180,63 180,99 181,36 181,72 182,09 182,46 182,82 183,19

220,00 183,19 183,55 183,92 184,28 184,65 185,01 185,38 185,74 186,11 186,47 186,84

230,00 186,84 187,20 187,56 187,93 188,29 188,66 189,02 189,38 189,75 190,11 190,47

240,00 190,47 190,84 191,20 191,56 191,92 192,29 192,65 193,01 193,37 193,74 194,10

250,00 194,10 194,46 194,82 195,18 195,55 195,91 196,27 196,63 196,99 197,35 197,71

260,00 197,71 198,07 198,43 198,79 199,15 199,51 199,87 200,23 200,59 200,95 201,31

270,00 201,31 201,67 202,03 202,39 202,75 203,11 203,47 203,83 204,19 204,55 204,90

280,00 204,90 205,26 205,62 205,98 206,34 206,70 207,05 207,41 207,77 208,13 208,48

290,00 208,48 208,84 209,20 209,56 209,91 210,27 210,63 210,98 211,34 211,70 212,05

300,00 212,05 212,41 212,76 213,12 213,48 213,83 214,19 214,54 214,90 215,25 215,61

310,00 215,61 215,96 216,32 216,67 217,03 217,38 217,74 218,09 218,44 218,80 219,15

320,00 219,15 219,51 219,86 220,21 220,57 220,92 221,27 221,63 221,98 222,33 222,68

330,00 222,68 223,04 223,39 223,74 224,09 224,45 224,80 225,15 225,50 225,85 226,21

340,00 226,21 226,56 226,91 227,26 227,61 227,96 228,31 228,66 229,02 229,37 229,72

350,00 229,72 230,07 230,42 230,77 231,12 231,47 231,82 232,17 232,52 232,87 233,21

360,00 233,21 233,56 233,91 234,26 234,61 234,96 235,31 235,66 236,00 236,35 236,70

370,00 236,70 237,05 237,40 237,74 238,09 238,44 238,79 239,13 239,48 239,83 240,18

380,00 240,18 240,52 240,87 241,22 241,56 241,91 242,26 242,60 242,95 243,29 243,64

390,00 243,64 243,99 244,33 244,68 245,02 245,37 245,71 246,06 246,40 246,75 247,09

400,00 247,09 247,44 247,78 248,13 248,47 248,81 249,16 249,50 249,85 250,19 250,53

410,00 250,53 250,88 251,22 251,56 251,91 252,25 252,59 252,93 253,28 253,62 253,96

420,00 253,96 254,30 254,65 254,99 255,33 255,67 256,01 256,35 256,70 257,04 257,38

430,00 257,38 257,72 258,06 258,40 258,74 259,08 259,42 259,76 260,10 260,44 260,78

440,00 260,78 261,12 261,46 261,80 262,14 262,48 262,82 263,16 263,50 263,84 264,18

450,00 264,18 264,52 264,86 265,20 265,53 265,87 266,21 266,55 266,89 267,22 267,56

460,00 267,56 267,90 268,24 268,57 268,91 269,25 269,59 269,92 270,26 270,60 270,93

470,00 270,93 271,27 271,61 271,94 272,28 272,61 272,95 273,29 273,62 273,96 274,29

480,00 274,29 274,63 274,96 275,30 275,63 275,97 276,30 276,64 276,97 277,31 277,64

490,00 277,64 277,98 278,31 278,64 278,98 279,31 279,64 279,98 280,31 280,64 280,98

500,00 280,98 281,31 281,64 281,98 282,31 282,64 282,97 283,31 283,64 283,97 284,30

510,00 284,30 284,63 284,97 285,30 285,63 285,96 286,29 286,62 286,95 287,29 287,62

Page 23: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

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520,00 287,62 287,95 288,28 288,61 288,94 289,27 289,60 289,93 290,26 290,59 290,92

530,00 290,92 291,25 291,58 291,91 292,24 292,56 292,89 293,22 293,55 293,88 294,21

540,00 294,21 294,54 294,86 295,19 295,52 295,85 296,18 296,50 296,83 297,16 297,49

550,00 297,49 297,81 298,14 298,47 298,80 299,12 299,45 299,78 300,10 300,43 300,75

560,00 300,75 301,08 301,41 301,73 302,06 302,38 302,71 303,03 303,36 303,69 304,01

570,00 304,01 304,34 304,66 304,98 305,31 305,63 305,96 306,28 306,61 306,93 307,25

580,00 307,25 307,58 307,90 308,23 308,55 308,87 309,20 309,52 309,84 310,16 310,49

590,00 310,49 310,81 311,13 311,45 311,78 312,10 312,42 312,74 313,06 313,39 313,71

600,00 313,71 314,03 314,35 314,67 314,99 315,31 315,64 315,96 316,28 316,60 316,92

610,00 316,92 317,24 317,56 317,88 318,20 318,52 318,84 319,16 319,48 319,80 320,12

620,00 320,12 320,43 320,75 321,07 321,39 321,71 322,03 322,35 322,67 322,98 323,30

630,00 323,30 323,62 323,94 324,26 324,57 324,89 325,21 325,53 325,84 326,16 326,48

640,00 326,48 326,79 327,11 327,43 327,74 328,06 328,38 328,69 329,01 329,32 329,64

650,00 329,64 329,96 330,27 330,59 330,90 331,22 331,53 331,85 332,16 332,48 332,79

660,00 332,79 333,11 333,42 333,74 334,05 334,36 334,68 334,99 335,31 335,62 335,93

670,00 335,93 336,25 336,56 336,87 337,18 337,50 337,81 338,12 338,44 338,75 339,06

680,00 339,06 339,37 339,69 340,00 340,31 340,62 340,93 341,24 341,56 341,87 342,18

690,00 342,18 342,49 342,80 343,11 343,42 343,73 344,04 344,35 344,66 344,97 345,28

700,00 345,28 345,59 345,90 346,21 346,52 346,83 347,14 347,45 347,76 348,07 348,38

710,00 348,38 348,69 348,99 349,30 349,61 349,92 350,23 350,54 350,84 351,15 351,46

720,00 351,46 351,77 352,08 352,38 352,69 353,00 353,30 353,61 353,92 354,22 354,53

730,00 354,53 354,84 355,14 355,45 355,76 356,06 356,37 356,67 356,98 357,28 357,59

740,00 357,59 357,90 358,20 358,51 358,81 359,12 359,42 359,72 360,03 360,33 360,64

750,00 360,64 360,94 361,25 361,55 361,85 362,16 362,46 362,76 363,07 363,37 363,67

760,00 363,67 363,98 364,28 364,58 364,89 365,19 365,49 365,79 366,10 366,40 366,70

770,00 366,70 367,00 367,30 367,60 367,91 368,21 368,51 368,81 369,11 369,41 369,71

780,00 369,71 370,01 370,31 370,61 370,91 371,21 371,51 371,81 372,11 372,41 372,71

790,00 372,71 373,01 373,31 373,61 373,91 374,21 374,51 374,81 375,11 375,41 375,70

800,00 375,70 376,00 376,30 376,60 376,90 377,19 377,49 377,79 378,09 378,39 378,68

810,00 378,68 378,98 379,28 379,57 379,87 380,17 380,46 380,76 381,06 381,35 381,65

820,00 381,65 381,95 382,24 382,54 382,83 383,13 383,42 383,72 384,01 384,31 384,60

830,00 384,60 384,90 385,19 385,49 385,78 386,08 386,37 386,67 386,96 387,25 387,55

840,00 387,55 387,84 388,14 388,43 388,72 389,02 389,31 389,60 389,90 390,19 390,48

850,00 390,48

Page 24: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

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7.3. Links

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt100

www.pt100.de

7.4. Manufacturer of Pt – and Ni – based resistive temperature sensors

Heraeus Sensor Nite www.heraeus-sensor-technology.de

HYGROSENS Instruments GmbH www.hygrosens.com

IST www.ist-ag.com

Jumo www.jumo.net/pt100

Rössel www.roesselgruppe.de

Page 25: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

© 2009 ZMD AG Rev. 0.47 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The Information furnished in this publication is preliminary and subject to changes without notice.

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8 Further documents

table 6 Further documents

Document File Name

ZMD31050 Functional Description ZMD31050_FunctionalDescription_Rev_x_yz.pdf

ZMD31050 Datasheet ZMD31050 Datasheet_Rev_a_bc.pdf

Visit ZMD’s website www.zmd.biz or contact your nearest sales office for the latest version of these documents.

Page 26: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

Advanced Sensor Signal Conditioner

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9 Glossary

table 7 Glossary

Term Description

RTD Resistance Temperature Detection

PTC Positive Temperature Coefficient

PGA Programmable Gain Amplifier

ADC Analog-to-Digital-Converter

DSP Digital Signal Processor

DAC Digital-to-Analog-Converter

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

I2C Serial Inter-IC-bus (PHILIPS)

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface (MOTOROLA)

ZACwire Bi-directional, proprietary serial one-wire-interface of ZMD

THT Through-Hole-Technology

SMT Surface-Mounting-Technology

Page 27: ZMD application note RTD rev2 THerz eng · Temperature is one of the most common physical measurands. For industrial applications thermocouples and Platinum-based resistive temperature

Application Note

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10 Document Revision History

table 8 Revision

Revision Date Description

0.90 February 15th

, 2009 Update after review

0.46 February 01st, 2009 First release after format update

Sales Offices and Further Information www.zmdi.com

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