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FIGURES 93206 93239
Zip Code Location Buttonwillow, CA Kettleman City, CA
Population 2,037 1,768
Population density (residents per sq. mile) 14 28
Males (%) 53.12 56.39
Females (%) 46.88 43.61
White Population (%) 37.21 32.3
African American Population (%) 3.78 0.34
American Indian and Alaska Native Population (%) 1.37 0
Asian Population (%) 0.1 0.79
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander Population (%) 0.2 1.13
Other Race (%) 52.68 64.42
Mixed Population (%) 4.66 1.02
Median Home Value ($) 79300 80500
Median Gross Rent ($) 486 472
Number of families 470 339
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education and real estate for up to four zip codes side-by-side. Fill in the fields below with zip codes of your choice to
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FIGURES 93206 93239
Married Couples (%) 74.04 79.06
Other Couples (%) 25.96 20.94
Speak English (%) 36.69 12.05
Speak Spanish (%) 56.31 86.67
Speak Other European Languages (%) 5.46 0
Speak Asian Languages (%) 0.34 1.28
Speak Other Languages (%) 1.19 0
Drive Car, Track or Van (%) 90.11 90.4
Use Public Transportation (%) 0 1.52
Drive Motorcycle (%) 0 0
Ride Bicycle (%) 0.47 0
Walk to work (%) 4.08 8.08
Work From Home (%) 5.34 0
Attend Preschool programs (%) 4.71 1.92
Attend Public school (%) 16.89 13.18
Attend College (%) 3.24 1.13
College graduates (%) 0.1 0
Not enrolled in school (%) 60.82 70.42
Education attainment - less then 9th grade (%) 36.6 57.4
Education attainment - 9th to 12 grade (no diploma) (%) 24.8 19
Education attainment - high school grad (%) 18.7 10.2
Education attainment - some college (%) 15.6 9.6
Education attainment - associate degree (%) 1.8 2.5
Education attainment - bachelor's degree (%) 2.6 0
Education attainment - professional degree (%) 0 1.3
Households with income $30,000 or less (%) 57.68 55.38
Households with income between $30,000 and $50,000 (%) 23.21 27.44
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FIGURES 93206 93239
Households with income between $50,000 and $100,000 (%) 14.33 14.36
Households with income between $100,000 and $200,000 (%) 3.24 2.82
Households with income more then $200,000 (%) 1.54 0
Families with income $30,000 or less (%) 57.02 56.34
Families with income between $30,000 and $50,000 (%) 23.19 25.66
Families with income between $50,000 and $100,000 (%) 14.26 14.75
Families with income between $100,000 and $200,000 (%) 4.04 3.24
Families with income more then $200,000 (%) 1.49 0
Detached Housing Units (%) 81.68 49.76
Attached Housing Units (%) 3.69 5.74
Housing with 2 Units (%) 0.89 0
Housing with 3 or 4 Units (%) 3.25 1.2
Housing with 5 to 9 Units (%) 0 0
Housing with 10 to 19 Units (%) 0 0
Housing with 20 to 49 Units (%) 0 5.02
Housing with 50 or More Units (%) 0 0
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Proximity to Environmental Hazards: Environmental Justice and Adverse Health Outcomes
By Juliana Maantay, Jayajit Chakraborty, and Jean Brender
Revised Final Draft May 12, 2010
Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Strengthening Environmental Justice Research and Decision Making: A Symposium on the Science of Disproportionate Environmental Health Impacts
Juliana Maantay, Ph.D., M.U.P. [*] Professor of Urban Environmental Geography Acting Chair, Environmental, Geographic, and Geological Sciences Dept. Director of the Geographic Information Science (GISc) Program, and Urban GISc Lab Lehman College, City University of New York 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West Bronx, NY 10468 718 960-8574 (tel); 718 960-8584 (fax) Juliana.maantay@lehman.cuny.edu (e-mail)
Jayajit Chakraborty, Ph.D., M.S. Associate Professor Associate Chair Department of Geography University of South Florida 4202 East Fowler Avenue, NES 107 Tampa, FL 33620 813 974-8188 (tel); 813 974-4808 (fax) jchakrab@cas.usf.edu (email)
Jean D. Brender, Ph.D., R.N. Professor, Dept. of Epidemiology & Biostatistics Associate Dean for Research School of Rural Public Health 219 SRPH Administration Building TAMU 1266 Texas A&M Health Science Center College Station, TX 77843-1266 979 862-1573 (tel); 979 458-1877 (fax) jdbrender@srph.tamhsc.edu (email) [*] = corresponding author
mailto:Juliana.maantay@lehman.cuny.edumailto:jchakrab@cas.usf.edumailto:jdbrender@srph.tamhsc.edu
Proximity to Environmental Hazards: Environmental Justice and Adverse Health Outcomes By Maantay, Chakraborty, and Brender
2
Table of Contents
I. Introductionpg. 4
Proximity to hazards, adverse health outcomes, and disproportionate impacts Environmental Health Justice The Role of Geographic Information Science in Environmental Health Justice
Research Environmental Justice Research Studies Summary of Section I and organization of the rest of the paper
II. Methods and Models for Measuring Disproportionate Proximity and Exposure to Environmental Hazards....pg. 31 Spatial definition of Proximity and Potential Exposure to Hazards Estimating Characteristics of Proximate Populations Geostatistical Techniques for Assessing Disproportionate Proximity and Exposure Limitations and Data Needs
III. Health outcomes and proximity to environmental hazardspg. 55
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Childhood Cancers Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and other Chronic Diseases Limitations of Spatial Epidemiology
IV. Conclusions and recommendations...pg. 74
Conclusions Recommendations
Acknowledgements.....pg. 79
References....pg. 80
Appendices Appendix A Tables.. pg. 100 Table 1 Environmental Justice Research Table 2 Methodology for Spatial Definition of Proximity and Potential Exposure to
Environmental Hazards Table 3 Studies of Residential Proximity to Environmental Hazards and Adverse
Pregnancy Outcomes with Reported Disparities by Race/Ethnicity or Socioeconomic Status
Table 4 Studies of Residential Proximity to Environmental Hazards, Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes, and Childhood Cancer
Table 5 Studies of Residential Proximity to Potential Environmental Hazards and Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and other Chronic Diseases
Proximity to Environmental Hazards: Environmental Justice and Adverse Health Outcomes By Maantay, Chakraborty, and Brender
3
Appendix B Figures...pg. 156 Figure 1 Spatial Coincidence Approach: Selection of Host Census Units Figure 2 Circular Buffers of Uniform Radius around Facilities of Concern Figure 3 Cumulative Distribution Functions for Hazard Proximity: Comparing Racial Characteristics of the Population Figure 4 A Typical Plume Footprint for a Hypothetical Chlorine Release Scenario using the ALOHA Model Figure 5 Selection of Census Units with a Circular Buffer using the Polygon Containment Method Figure 6 Selection of Census Units with a Circular Buffer using the Centroid Containment Method Figure 7 Selection of Census Units with a Circular Buffer using the Buffer Containment or Areal Apportionment Method Figure 8 Cadastral Dasymetric Mapping: Estimating Households within a Circular Buffer using Land Parcels Figure 9 Using Geographically Weighted Regression to Explore Relationships between Cancer Risk from Other (Minor) Point Sources of Air Toxics and Various Explanatory Variables in Florida: Distribution of Local t-statistic by Census Tract
Proximity to Environmental Hazards: Environmental Justice and Adverse Health Outcomes By Maantay, Chakraborty, and Brender
4
I. Introduction
Proximity to hazards, adverse health outcomes, and disproportionate impacts
The goal of this paper is to explore and answer the question: Does proximity to
environmental hazards result in adverse health outcomes and account for health disparities, and if
so, how does proximity contribute to disproportionate environmental health impacts? In order to
answer this question in a meaningful, comprehensive, and reliable manner, we have undertaken a
substantive literature review and critique covering the salient research on these topics over the
past two decades, including some earlier seminal works on the subject. One of the main
objectives of this paper was to assemble the best information possible, to synthesize the body of
knowledge on this topic, and to provide a state-of-the-science paper that would put forward the
most cogent and scientifically defensible evidence that will assist the EPA and other regulatory
agencies in making the best decisions and reforms required in order to minimize environmental
injustices. This meta-analysis of the literature is the resul
