Zionism and Israel.docx

8/11/2019 Zionism and Israel.docx

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Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic DictionaryHebrew - Alphabet, grammar, transliteration and pronunciation

onism Maps historybiography definitions about issues timelinebooks documents links contact

ebrew - Alphabet (Aleph-Beth) Transliteration and Pronunciation - Hebrew is a Semitic language, clated to ancient Cana'anite and probably originally identical with it, and close to Arabic and Aramaic. Ancebrew used the Canaanite script that was used by Phoenicians and was the basis of the Greek and later oman alphabets. The name of the English Alpha Bet comes from the first two letters of the Semitichoenician alphabet: Aleph and Bet, or in Greek, Alpha and Beta.

ebrew served as the language of every day life in ancient Judea and Israel, though it was gradually replay Aramaic and Greek. It remained the language of the scriptures and liturgy.Sephardic Jews and Jews inrabic and Asian countries used Hebrew for every day conversation and letter-writing much more frequent

an European Jews. In modern times, Hebrew was revived byEliezer Ben Yehuda.

he Hebrew language is based primarily on three letter roots that can be used in one of seven "constructios verbs, and interconvert to be nouns and adjectives.

he following rough guide is not intended as a thorough grounding in Hebrew grammar and alphabet, butould be sufficient to help understand the principles and to follow the transliterations of different terms and

nderstand how to use them.

phabet

he Hebrew alphabet has 22 consonant letters. Modern Hebrew is written using Aramaic print letters, fromleft. The chart below gives the entire alphabet. Hebrew has no W, J or X. The Hebrew letters can be

pproximated by English sounds, but the pronunciation of vowels, and of "r", and 'h (het) are often problemr English speakers.

everal Hebrew letters are written differently at the end of the word - These are: Chaf, Mem, Nun, Phey anzadi.

ronunciation

s in Arabic, pronunciation of letters is modified by the presence or absence of a dot (dagesh) inside the leHebrew, the dagesh is

ways placed in certain letters at the beginning of words and of syllables. These letters are Bet ,Gimmel,alet, Khaf, Phey and Taf. In modern Hebrew, only three of these letters are pronounced differently with thagesh:
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Bet- is pronounced Vwithout the dagesh, and Bwith the dagesh

Kaf - is pronounced Kh (Ch)without the dagesh, and Kwith the dagesh

Pheyis pronouncedPhwithout the dagesh, and Pwith the dagesh

af, Bet and Phey are always "hard" sounds (K, B, P) having dot in them at the beginning of native Hebrewemitic-root words. They may be soft only in words borrowed from other languages such as Philharmoni ahiberglas. A consequence of this is that Hebrew (and Arabic) words that begin with the sound thatpproximates the "'Ch" sound in English such as 'Hanukkah and 'Hamas and 'Heder should always be writtth as 'H because they start with 'Het, rather than with "Ch," which is used to transliterate the chaf without

agesh (see below).

ome other differences in pronunciation that depend on dots:

he Mapik - The letter shin is pronounced as follows:

The (shin) is an SH sound when a dot is placed over the right side:

The (sin) is an S sound when a dot is placed over the left side:

he letter Vav can also be a vowel when used with these "dots":

The vavis an oosound when a dot is placed inside:

The vavis an ohsound when a dot is placed above:

ebrew vowels are signified by a system of "nikkud" that is usually dropped in printing. Ambiguities are resy context. This is usually not a problem because Hebrew is a fairly regular language based on conjugationw roots.

ebrew/Arabic pronunciation and transliteration conventions: (see also below)

- ('het) a guttural sound made deep in the throat. To Western ears it may sound like the "ch" in loch. Inabic there are several letters that have similar sounds. Examples: 'hanukah, 'hamas, 'haredi. Formerly, thund was often represented by ch, especially in German transliterations of Hebrew. Thus, 'hanukah is oftendered as Chanuka for example. In standard Hebrew it is often hard to hear the difference between 'het af.

yin- The letter ayin inSephardicHebrew is pronounced as a deep guttural sound. In standard Hebrew it ually pronounced the same as an Aleph.

- (chaf) a sound like "ch" in loch or the Russian Kh as in Khruschev or German Ach, made by putting thengue against the roof of the mouth. In Hebrew, a chaf can never occur at the beginning of a word. At theginning of a word, it has a dot in it and is pronounced "Kaf."

- usually between oo as in spoon and u as in put.

sounded like a in arm
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- used to represent an a sound made by the letter hey at the end of a word. It is the same sound as a.aganah and Hagana are alternative acceptable transliterations.

notation sometimes used for Hebrew and Arabic ayin, a guttural ah sound.

- close to the French o as in homme.

close to the French or Eastern European r.

- (taf without a dot) - Th was formerly used to transliterate the Hebrew taf sound for taf without a dot. Howmodern Hebrew there is no detectable difference in standard pronunciation of taf with or without a dot, aerefore Histadruth and Histadrut, Rehovoth and Rehovot are all acceptable.

(quf) - In transliteration of Hebrew and Arabic, it is best to consistently use the letter q for the quf, to avoinfusion with similar sounding words that might be spelled with a kaf, which should be transliterated as K.us, Hatiqva is preferable to Hatikva for example.

onunciation variants:

ephardicJews and Jews from Arab countries tend to sound the "ayin" and 'hetfar back in their throats,aking them very different from the "alef" and "chaf." Some distinction between Alefand ayinand chafaetis maintained in preferred pronunciation in Israel.

ck here forHebrew Learning resources.

Summary of ANSI Z39.25-1975 standard: transliteration of Hebrewdapted fromhttp://theochem.weizmann.ac.il/~comartin/ivrit/ansi.html )

e complete original document can be obtained from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

r the ISO standard for binary representationof Hebrew, see ISO- 8859-8.

ue letters are printed, red letters are for handwritten script. For those letters which have a different form d of a word (i.e. kaf, mem, nun, pe, tzadi) the "sofi" (final) form appears leftmost. Note that a final "kaf" is

ways a "chaf", and a final "pe" always a "fe". Likewise an initial "Phe" and initial "chaf" always are hard soP" ("Pey") and "K" ("Kaf") respectively. If an "imported" word happens to end with a "p" sound (e.g. endo "non-final" letter is deliberately used at the end of the word.

te 29.11.98: draft ISO standard column added (based onarticle)in Ha'aretz weekend supplement, 27.11e ISO standard, being drafted by a team led by Technion Prof.Uzi Ornan,is intended not for ease of reat for complete reversibility, including the storage of Hebrew documents in 7-bit ASCII representation .

ebrew letterName ofHebrew letter

Generalpurpose

Morestrict

in TeXtype:

draftISO/TC46/SC2standard

remarks

aleph (nothing) ' ' ` vowel stop letter

bet b b b b without dagesh: vet

vet v v v b
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gimel g g g g g as in goal, grand

gimel-tchuptchik

j dzh j,dzh g'English J as in John, Russian Dzh as Dzhuk

dalet d d d d

hey h (*) h (*) h (*) h(h) or nothing if silent hey (at end ofword)

vav v, o, u w, o, u v, o, u w, o, u o or u if used as vowel

zayin z z z z

zayin-tchuptchik

zh zh zh z'French j as in jardin or Jabotinsky,Russian zh as in Zhukov or Zhabotin

chet ch h \d{h} xArabic 'het as in 'Hamas - a very soft sound made from the throat.

tet t t t @ obsolete: tt

yud i,y i,y i,y i,ydepending on context either an "ee" sor "y" as in "year" "your"

kaf k c k k without dagesh: chaf

chaf ch kh ch,kh kharsher "kh" sound like in Loch NessTutankhamon; Dutch "ch" (made bypressing back of tongue against palat

lamed l l l l

mem m m m m

nun n n n n

samech s s \d{s} s obsolete: ss

ayin ` ` &vowel stop (Ashkenazi), deep throat s(Oriental) -intermediate in standardHebrew.

pe p p p p without dagesh: fe

fe f ph f,ph p

tzadik tz,ts z \d{z} cGerman z (ts) as in Weizmann, ZimmPolish c

tzadik-tchuptchik

tch,tsh ch tch,ch c' Russian Tch as in Tchaikovski

kuf k q k,q q guttural, deeper than k (Oriental pron


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resh r r r r rolling r

shin sh sh sh $ without mappik: (dot) sn

sin s s s $' s as in Israel

tav th t t t in Yiddish: and without dagesh (dot) Ashkenazic Hebrew, pronounced as

e apostrophe ( ' )when added to the letters gimel, zayin, and tzadik, produces three new letters which aed in modern Hebrew to represent foreign sounds (in words borrowed from French, English, Russian, ...)not exist in Biblical Hebrew.

he standard pronunciation of modern Hebrew is a simplified version of the Sephardi pronunciation: inrticular, the kaf-kuf, chet-chaf, and tet-tav pairs are pronounced identically and the alef and ayin are both wel stops.

the speech of Israelis originating from Arabic-speaking countries, one does hear distinctions between kaf and chet vs. chaf, and the ayin is pronounced as a deep sound in the throat. These are residues oftinctions which are fully functional in Arabic. Many philologists regard the Teimani (Yemenite) pronunciatbrew, which has even finer distinctions, as being closest to how Biblical Hebrew probably sounded.

ules of thumb for English to Hebrew transliterations (and for spelling words borrowed from Greek or Latinbrew:

transliterated as tet (e.g. universita),

s tav (theorema),

s vav vav

rman "au" (a sounds that does not exist in Hebrew) is aleph-vav,

rman "ue" (likewise nonexistent in Hebrew) as "i" (as in Yiddish)

pecial letters, suffixes and prefixes:

wo letters serve special functions:

eh" (usually "ha") at the beginning of a word is often the definite article "the," Tiqva means hope, Hatiqve hope

av" (often "ve") at the beginning of a word means "and." Avoda means work. Torah v'avoda means "Tord Work"

eminine and masculine.

ebrew words have feminine and masculine gender. Feminine gender is often (not always) signified by a "sually "ah") at the end of the word, and sometimes by a "t" - usually "et"

atul means "cat"


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atulahis a female cat.

nok means baby. Tinoket means girl baby.

ometimes the application of gender is arbitrary.

bbutz is a collective settlement. Kvutzah (from the same root) is a group or a special sort of collectivettlement.

ossessives:

ebrew and Arabic have a similar system of conjugating words so that "my house" for example can be saide word. This is done by adding suffixes:

Xi - Mine - 'Hatuli means "my cat"

Xcha- Yours (masculine) - 'Hatulcha means "your cat"

Xech - Yours (feminine) - 'Hatulech means "your cat"

Xeinu- Ours - Eloheinu - our god (Elohim)

Xchem- Yours, plural - Aleichem means "unto you."

Xeihem- Theirs for plural.

Xam- Theirs for singular nouns.

ural

e Hebrew plural endings are "im" (masculine) and "ot" (feminine)

bbutzim(and not kibbutzes) is the plural of kibbutz.

vutzot is the plural of kvutzah.

odifiers ("Smi'hut")

ords change when they are modifiers of other words, "belonging" to them:

ayitmeans house.Beit Sefermeans " house of book" - meaning a school. Beit Lehem- house of breadace name.

e definite article is added to the second word - the school is "Beit Hasefer."ords of feminine gender characteristically assume an "et" ending when in a "smi'hut" relation" Thus Milchwar") becomes Milchemet Hashichrur - War of Liberation

ynonyms and alternate spellings: Mizrahi Jews Sephardic Jews

rther Information: Sephardic Jews Mizrahi JewsAshkenazicJewsLearning Hebrew

finitions of Zionism General History of Zionism and the Creation of Israel History of Israel and Zionism Historical Sourcecuments of Israel and Zionism

ck to main page:http://www.zionism-israel.comZionism and Israel Information Center
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Copyright

This work and individual entries are copyright 2005 by Ami Isseroff and Zionism and Israel Information Centerand may nreproduced in any form without permission unless explicitly noted otherwise. Individual entries may be cited with credit toT

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Zionism and Israel.docx