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e International Zinc Association Update: Status of Environmental Regulations,
Research, and Emerging Issues
Eric Van GenderenInternational Zinc Association
AGA Tech Forum3 October 2012
Salt Lake City, UT
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e Outline
• IZA Overview• Zinc Nutrient Initiative• Regulatory Affairs• Environmental Research• Recycling• Sustainable Development• Communications
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e IZA Overview
IZA’s mission is to support and advance zinc products and markets through research, development, technology transfer and communication of the unique attributes
that make zinc sustainable and “essential for life”
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Global program seeking to:
•Improve crop yield
•Improve nutritional value of crops
•Improve human nutrition
•Increase economic returns
Zinc Nutrient Initiative
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e Zinc & Health…a Global Issue
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e Copenhagen Consensus 2008Eight leading economists, 5 of Eight leading economists, 5 of whom are Nobel Laureates, agree whom are Nobel Laureates, agree that child malnutrition can best be that child malnutrition can best be solved economically with vitamin A solved economically with vitamin A and Zincand Zinc
Rank Solution Challenge
1 Micronutrient supplements for children (vitamin A and zinc)
Malnutrition
2 The Doha development agenda Trade
3 Micronutrient fortification (iron and salt iodization)
Malnutrition
4 Expanded immunization coverage for children
Diseases
5 Biofortification Malnutrition
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e Copenhagen Consensus 2012Eight leading economists agree that the number one solution to the world’s leading challenge is to bundle micronutrients—including zinc
Top 5 Investment Strategies:
1. Bundled micronutrient interventions to fight hunger and improve education
2. Expanding the Subsidy for Malaria Combination Treatment
3. Expanded Childhood Immunization Coverage4. Deworming of Schoolchildren, to improve
educational and health outcomes5. Expanding Tuberculosis Treatment
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Moderate Zn deficiency
Widespread Zn deficiency
Zn Deficiency in SoilsIs the most commonmicronutrient deficiency
Is the most commonmicronutrient deficiency
Occurs in 50% of the world’s agricultural soils
Occurs in 50% of the world’s agricultural soils
Directly correlates to zinc deficiency in humans –especially in developing nations that rely on cereal crops
Directly correlates to zinc deficiency in humans –especially in developing nations that rely on cereal crops
Will prevent plants from reaching their full potential even if their macronutrient needs are met
Will prevent plants from reaching their full potential even if their macronutrient needs are met
Can be corrected with a simple, sustainable solution
Can be corrected with a simple, sustainable solution 10
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e Zn Deficient Soils Zn Deficient Humans
11Courtesy of Roots For Growth. www.rootsforgrowth.com
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e Activities of the ZNI
Research– In-country crop trials with rice, wheat,
corn, etc.
Policy Initiatives– Centralized (subsidies and
recommendations)– Market-based (farmer Co-Ops, industry
Associations)
Education and Outreach12
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The declaration unites the public and private sector as well as NGOs and governments, including IZA.
Partnership for Child Survival
A declaration at the Child Survival Call to Action event June 14-16, 2012 announced a new global partnership to end child pneumonia and diarrheal deaths in high burden countries.
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e Mining Compact for Child HealthCompanies commit to one or more of the following multi-stakeholder activities:
•Support efforts to scale up zinc and ORS treatment.•Increase demand in target countries with advertising and awareness campaigns. •Leverage existing distribution channels to increase access to zinc and ORS, particularly in remote areas.•Support a long-term affordable supply of zinc in the countries with the highest numbers of under 5 child deaths.•Advocate with governments and other stakeholders in the target countries.
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e An Industry Message
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e Regulatory Affairs
US EPA Criteria Update•Currently hardness-based, BLM update submitted in 2006•Peer-reviewed assessment published in 2012 (IZA participation)
• Expanded toxicity database• Unified zinc BLM for acute and chronic toxicity• Acute criterion increases 4-300%• Chronic criterion consistent with EU (no AF!!)
•Package of BLM-based updates forecasted (Ag, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn)?? 17
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e Regulatory Affairs
Stormwater Runoff•West coast USA (CA, OR, WA) pressures
• Covenants on exposed metallic surfaces• Dept. of Transportation regulations• Conservative discharge benchmarks• Source reduction guidelines
•IZA working with AGA on communication/messaging
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e Regulatory Affairs
REACH•IZA manages several consortia for registration of substances
– Zn, Cd, In, Ge?, Ga?
REACH-like•China, Canada, Australia, South Korea, Russia, Turkey, USA, California
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e Transportation
• IMO convention on marine pollution revised:– Stricter regulations on dumping of residues at port– Stricter regulations for marine transport of hazardous
solid materials in bulk• Industry concern on metal concentrates:
– Do they meet the criteria for being “hazardous”– Stricter regulation, higher costs for transport and
handling
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e Transportation
• Majority of ports have NO treatment facilities– Will ports refuse cargo?
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e A Global Harmonized System?Zn compound
Hazard class Japan(NITE -2006)
EU-REACH (Annex VIEC 1272/2008)
Zinc chloride Acute-oral Category 4 Category 4
Acute-dermal Category 2 /
Acute-inhalation
Category 1-5 /
Irritation Category 1A-1C
Category 1B
Eye damage Category 1 /
Mutagenicity Category 2 /
Repro. toxic Category 2 /
STOT-single Category 1 /
STOT-repeated Category 1 /
Not Yet! 22
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e Environmental Research
Media Bioavailability Mixtures Stormwater/Effluents Models
Freshwater ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Marine ✔ ✔ ✗ ✔
Estuarine ✔ ✔ ✗ ✗
Soils ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Sediments ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔24
Generating sound science in support of regulatory, sustainability, and communication activities through research in aquatic, terrestrial and benthic environments
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e Zinc Runoff Model
• Integration of existing models for zinc corrosion (Zinc Coating Life Predictor) and bioavailability/toxicity (BLM) to predict potential changes in freshwater receiving stream environments related to zinc runoff
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eRunoff Conceptual Model
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Rainfall
SO2
Temperature
Roof Area
Corrosion Properties
Inclination
Catchment Area
Soil Properties
Receiving Water Characteristics
Atmosphere
Architecture
Environment
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eResponse to SC Opinion
on Mixtures• Draft opinion on Toxicity and Assessment of Chemical Mixtures (July 2011)
– Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER)– Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks
(SCENIHR)– Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS)
• Industry response, through Eurometaux, on metal-specific considerations– Metals have wealth of scientific data– Complex and extraordinary aspects (essentiality, bioavailability, etc.)– Deviation from Concentration Addition
• Final Opinion (February 2012)
“[this opinion] does not address metals for environmental combination assessment because these assessments require the use of specific
approaches, e.g. essentiality, background concentrations, bioavailability.”
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e Key MessagesMetal mixture risk assessments must include:
•Variability•Bioavailability•Simplifying complex principles
Synergism is not evident!
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eComprehensiveTool
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e Marine Bioavailability
DOC and Salinity Interactions•Range of DOC (0-10 mg/L) and salinity (5-30 ppt)•Salinity protection ≥ isosmotic point•DOC protection is not evident in full strength sea water (no normalization)
DOC important for riskcharacterization in transitional waters
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e IZA Recycling Program
Ensure the zinc industry has reliable recycling data and statistics to communicate positive attributes of zinc in a sustainable society
Follow and address relevant policies, initiatives and directives
Establish productive communication among resource management stakeholders
Collect consumption and use data
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world zinc resources1.9 billion tonnes
zinc extracted throughout history (from ~12th century to present)
~500 million tonnes1
world zinc reserves250 million tonnes1
zinc currently in use281 million tonnes2
world zinc consumption in one year16 million tonnes1,3
mined zinc in worldwide production in one year 12 million tonnes3
(graph drawn to scale)
Zinc production, consumption, and resources
zinc recovered/recycled at end of life in one year 4 million tonnes1
1. International Lead Zinc Study Group (ILZSG)2. In-Use Stocks of Metals. M.D. Gerst and T.E. Graedel. American Chemical Society. 2008.3. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodities Summary, 2012
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e Policies Including Recycling
• Life Cycle Assessments• Raw Materials Initiative• Waste from Electronics• Construction Works• Eco-labeling• Green Public Procurement• Eco-design• Waste Directives
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Recycled Metal InputTotal Metal Input
Recycled Content =
Old Scrap RecycledMetal Available for Recycling
End of Life–Recycling Rate =
Old Scrap RecycledTotal Scrap Recycled
Old Scrap Ratio =
How Does IZA Make An Impact?
Communicating Recycling Efficiency
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e UnderstandingRecycling Indicators
70%
35%
1980 2010
End of Life-Recycling Rate
RecycledContent
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50%Recovery
85%Recovery
10%Recovery
10yrs
20yrs
30yrs
40yrs
50yrs
Product Lifetime and Collection
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e Zinc Stocks and Flows
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eEnd of Life-Recycling Rate50%
75% 70%
30%
15%
35%
35%
Global
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e Recycled Content25%
Global
45% 40%
20%
30%
10%
20%
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e Recycling Rate ChangesOver Time
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• The Steel Framing Alliance (SFA), with support from IZA, released a critical review of an LCA comparing wood and galvanized steel building materials.
• The LCA conducted by wood industry was found to be incorrect in several areas:
o Over-estimating the amount of steel in the building by 32%, an error that increased the claims of CO2 emissions.
o Using 10-year old data that has since been revised which exaggerated both CO2 emissions and energy consumption.
• SFA is considering next steps with report
Support of Steel LCA Report
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• Technical brochures
• Publication of articles/book
• Fact sheets
• Newsletters
• website: zinc.org
• Videos
• Seminars/workshops
• Training programs
Communication
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e Thank you!
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Rust Resistant Paint Research:
