Zarah RahmanZarah Rahman11, Jonny Crocker, Jonny Crocker22, Kang Chang, Kang Chang22, , Ranjiv KhushRanjiv Khush11 and Jamie Bartram and Jamie Bartram22

Coordination for Clean Water: A Coordination for Clean Water: A Comparison of Institutional Comparison of Institutional

Frameworks for Managing Clean Frameworks for Managing Clean Drinking WaterDrinking Water

Water Safety Conference 2010

1.1. The Aquaya Institute The Aquaya Institute 2.2. The Water Institute, Gillings School of Public Health, The Water Institute, Gillings School of Public Health,

UNC UNC

Background: Aquatest Research Program

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

• Aims to develop water quality testing tools

• Tools for contexts where resources are limited and infrastructure poor

• Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

• Led by the University of Bristol, UK

• Aquaya: Field pilots of Aquatest system

Research Objectives

• Characterize institutional frameworks for water quality monitoring

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

• Compare actual practice with WHO recommendations

• Identify patterns, limitations and effective strategies

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

Methods

Institutional Framework Maps1. Roles:

• Policies and Standards

• Regulation and Surveillance

• Service Provision

2. Activities: Operational & Surveillance Testing

3. Scope: Rural & Urban

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

Methods

• 9 countries

Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, EcuadorCambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Sri LankaMalawi

• Site visits, personal communication, standards and policy documents

Operational Monitoring

Water Quality Monitoring: Best Practices

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

Surveillance Monitoring

Results Summary

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

• Operational monitoring limited to formal suppliers, primarily urban

• Responsibility for surveillance with MOH, but absent in some countries

• Regulators oversee formal service providers

• Standards vary in clarity regarding institutional responsibilities

ECUADORUrban Rural

Regulation/Surveillance

Service Provision

Policies/Standards

Water Service Providers: Municipalities, private or

state owned utilities

Ministry of Health

Local Water Boards

Ministry of Urban Development and HousingSecretariat of Potable Water, Sanitation and

Solid Waste

direct surveillanc

e

Ecuadorian Institute

of Standardization

Ministry of HealthProvincial Health

Departments

Input/approvalDrinking Water Quality

Standards

Drinking Water Quality

Standards

audit and direct surveillance

Mandated but not practiced

Operational monitoringOperational monitoring

Regulation/Surveillance

Service Provision

Policies/Standards Ministry of Mines, Industry and Energy

Department of Potable Water Supply

Ministry of Rural Development Department of Rural Water

Supply

Drinking Water Quality Standards

Drinking Water Quality Standards

Public Suppliers

Operational monitoringOperational monitoring

Private Suppliers

Community and Household Supplies

Oversight monitoring

Operational monitoringOperational monitoring

Mandated but not practiced

CAMBODIAUrban Rural

?

Regulation/Surveillance

Service Provision

Policies/Standards

Regulation (audit

monitoring)Water Service Providers:

municipalities, public and private utilities

SUNASS: National Superintendant of Sanitation Services

Ministry of HealthDirectorate of

Environmental Health (DIGESA)

Local Water Boards

technical support

Drinking Water Quality

Standards

Drinking Water Quality

Standards

Operational

monitoring

Operational

monitoring

Ministry of Housing,

Construction and Sanitation

Regional Environmental Health Departments (DIRESA)

reports

direct surveillance

Office of the Prime Minister

Mandated but not practiced

PERUUrban Rural

Regulation/Surveillance

Service Provision

Policies/Standards

Water Suppliers: state suppliers, municipalities,

managed alternative

supplies

State Health SecretariatsCenters for Health

Surveillance& Municipal Health

Departments

Small Municipal Supplies

Ministry of Health

Ministry of HealthNational Health

Foundation (FUNASA)

Community Supplies

Operational

Monitoring

Operational

Monitoring

direct surveillance

Operational

Monitoring

Operational

Monitoring

municipalities

Drinking Water Quality

Standards

Drinking Water Quality

Standards

Ministry of Cities

Mandated but not practiced

BRAZIL Urban Rural

Operational

Monitoring

Operational

Monitoring

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

Summary

1. Surveillance Monitoring• Roles well established in most

countries• Two strategies: audit & direct• Constrained by limited resources

2. Operational Monitoring• Limited to formal piped supplies• Not carried out for informal &

community supplies

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

Institutional Strategies for Monitoring

1. Surveillance Monitoring • Audit of formal suppliers & focus direct

surveillance community supplies quality control

2. Operational Monitoring• Improve capacity of formal service

providers• Focus on risk assessment for community

supplies3. Clear assignment of roles in standards

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

Thanks to my collaborators and supporters