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07


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27


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47


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57

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67


2 ìā-g8™zZßV~ZsxÆÜsƒÅa,¹÷~÷XóóZzgZse4jè

EE (E.M. Forster) ZDwÆZzA-g82¤~Z~Z*7Æ**xúc*V÷XŠzâVäZLg--Ô6,zW$¹Òjè

ELEÆ (L.Dickinson)Zôm,~F,9*î E0ZuZ§pŠ~Ã7,|™‘XLLZuZ§pŠ~óó»F,À÷áùƒZÂ-g\~ZÐzWŠZ],}~7,JŠHX–wZöZ}zZuZÒ‡gM»gáLO¿tåāZDwZZxætÃ-g8ZEgÆÜs(MgZ™**eT÷XOçZOÆàt

šâÐ¬ 3 šâä-g8ZZxÃÔzZãîg6,ÔZDwÅ’k,zVÐŠZgHXe4jè

EEäÔøDfsZÖp~ÔZKgZñªCÙÅ:War is war, whatever its avowed object...and if the

East once gets going to recover by arms a free and

united Islam, it will not stop till it has either

conquered the world or failed in that attempt. In

either case there will not be much left of Mr.

Iqbal's philosophy among his coreligionists.

If this book be phrophetic, the last hope seems

taken away. The East, if it arms, may indeed end

by conquering the West. But if so, it will conquer

no salvation for mankind. The old bloody duel

will swing backwards and forwards across the

distracted and tortured world, and that is all. Is

this really Mr. Iqbal's last word.4

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yzqxÃÀŠc*åTÅªCÙ~y~qx¶XZsò„ÐzZÕÆZDwä›•c*Zsò${ð

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09


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19

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QÌgìÔZsxÆaL{gzlóÆZÖoZEwK÷ZzgÂ©zg‚ª6,ZZyÃ**ŠZã¹ìXZq-ZzgÄ~ZsxÃLLDóóŒÛZgŠc*ìZzgZDwÃzZ3ÅŠú]Š~ì:

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4eZË¦†Zvä�ngIÔuú@·Šg4zZzg6,zW~**BMiZŠ

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29


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�!*]KÅ¶Zk6,0äZ‹ZnaŠc*XZsx›yZzg)›~×™@*ìXtzZu�ÛtzZqÐiì�ZsxgzZg‚rìXZsxäZ#Zq-×aZÅÂZÐz{»YV™@*?Oç›âV»yzîVÐZ¸xƒ**Zsx»:āZDw»

êìX\CåFZ#0Æ4,Šq-yzaèzm¸rÆŠ−ZŠ{÷Zzg‘Õä O)ZDwZkÆ#³÷Zkaz{yzîVÆ4,Šq-**=wID÷X0˜÷:

What ever the reason Hindus are literally imbued

with the ideals and aspirations of nationalism,

therefore, who, whether openly or by implication,

will preach against nationalism (as does Iqbal)

must run the risk of being unpopular with

Hindus.13

Oç0Å#¿»ZÝøutìāZDw›âVÅZµrÅ!*]™D÷XÆZ+]å NZzgZDwIÉ¼Šyz*ãZIäÔ0Åcz~™DƒñÔZDwÆ${ð

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39

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t÷:1XLL_Åœî0ZDw~�ÄZDwóó˜!Úø22XLLZDwZzg‡Šc*+Móó˜!LL÷á²óóZDw�

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g2Ï˜÷āZDw»',a±Ðm7åX¶{0+ZyÐåXîZ—VÆ;V{]YäÐÒFg~~2ƒñXZHzy!*zy‚wÅ/~¹„ÁÍ±ÅÐ÷áŠ~™àX«ç~ZzgdWÐ**gzZ|uHZzgdWÃ%Ë]gÆyÐïwŠc*X¾ÐçA~**»òƒðXâ-kZKyZzgZˆµøzò~MyJ-2gìX‡Šc*EVÆaŠw~3,xÍgnp¸XZ%ZZzg!*Š÷áƒVÅæbuZðÅXãCŠ6,„¸X)Bzí¸X${ð

GO§pŠ~ag~

49


Zzgpì6,FFìX(Ïù]Ðøzx¸XYgq:èQ~2¸XkBZzgp3,m,~ÐŠ*6,YYäÅpZé¶X7491YÆO¬xÆÌz„f)ŠZg

61 Zzg¬@ZŠ[~Zy»Ãð£x7ìX‘Õä O)ZDw6,tƒZ‹ZŸ]ZkaƒñāZ,Vä0*Îy»${ð

GOg

Šc*åXZ¤/z{Z(:™DÂ–wg2ÏZyÅZsò÷á²~Ì',ŠZ“™àYCX@*gZPg2Ïä–ì:

If Iqbal's association with the All India Muslim

league and the address he delivered at Allahabad,

advocating creation of an autonomous region

comprising the areas with the Muslims in

majority, be shunted off from appraising his urdu

poetry, which is of course hardly possible, his

Urdu Poetry does emerge as a great poetry; even

the poems and couplets touching upon Islamic

objectives do not provoke reactive response.71

Zq-Zzg£x6,˜÷:As a matter of fact the KHUDI (The self) Iqbal

enjoined upon is against the perspective of

legendary Islamic history; it is more or less

abrasive and aggressive posturing which cannot

but remind his role as a Muslim Leaguer. 81

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6ZDwÅZsxÐzZÕyzîVÃ**I¶XZsòrZzgZsòZ�Š

Æ${ðG

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yz

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ìXóóŠb**B'×h+qì:z{÷á²ìÔ:#^ìÔ:BzíìXz{Zq-ßìwÔßÃÔZ•ŠgZ»ï›yìXz{ZKßÃ~Ðâ�Zy

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02 »H—hYìXqÑèZDwÂLLyzîVÜŠZÔZzg¤!gxóóÆºÐ›âVÃX**

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ÄZyÐÔÂ!ßg]~÷áùƒZXÂ[Æa¸!*[~z{Zq-ZjŠ;Å§bî?gD÷ZzgZˆkŠÑD÷ā',RÆ›âVÆazZugZ3t

69


åāz{yzîVÆ‚BgTXZk»zZãÈtìā›yyz‚%ZÛAÃJw™feXaèZ,VäZ(7HZkaZ[ZyÐŠz4e7ZzgZ¹MäzZáÓxiââV~øg~Š#»‚o™**ƒÇX›âVÃZkÂ~ZDwäeZÑX�ÛZt˜÷:

Iqbal's poetry can produce only one impact. With

high sounding and seemingly dignified arguments

he has exerted himself to tell the muslims to keep

themselves aloof from non-muslims and make

them enemies for all the time to come. Is it not

misguiding the Muslims? 42

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79

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52 āw~¸ZkÅñ]»:L0YñXóóOç!*b§ŠÐ"*iƒ™yzf‚Šz”V~ËƒŠHìX

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\.-ôGäyz*ãF,¹IzVÐÔZDw(ËÆK~ÔZ.Š{Hìp�¼ 8XZkäÉŠc*ZkÆúc*VZW,Z]ÔF,¹IzVÆ;VŠ3ðŠï÷X7VÍgÄ7g~ZDwÅF,¹I~Zzgg‡6,4ÆK~TZW»DgƒñÔz{\.-ôGÆZW,Z]»³ìXF,¹IzVÆ´z{Šzu}ZIÌ\.-ôGÐOW,ƒñ÷XMwZ£uzgäZL�g*y>ZyLLZDwZzgZkÆNuóó~\.-ôGÆ‰Z‹ZŸ]Ãz¯ŒÛZgŠc*ìX"!!*ÑÔ™452XZÝQøDfsì: 9X

"It should not be too absurd, perhaps, to phrase this point

by saying that Pakistan will flourish as a secular state only

if its Muslims are able to persuade themselves that the

truely Islamic state is a secular one.

ßyZi+cÔ,])!*nKM(711Ô621Ô101@*251X Modern Islam in India 01@*21XZsÔ™001X\.-ôG»ZÝÒyøDfsì: 31X

"The new religion was radically new, basically different.

Iqbal enunciated it, boldly; but he himself never really

believed it without reservation. He was a poet, not a

systematic thinker, and he did not hasitate to contradict

himself"

ZsÔ™621X\.-ôGqìāŠ*Zâ$+wˆìāZk~Çc*ªCÙ~è<ØÅ 41XRö7X›âVc*|ÇVzZá**xg"p!*]ìc*|Zzg**x~§ŠìXZsÔ™501XZÝZÖo÷: 51X

"For he (Iqbal) made God immanent, not Transcendent."

ZsÔ™901ÔZÝQøDfsì:X 61X"It is a transcendent immutable God in whom people who

do not believe in God do not believe. It is dualist,

supernaturalist religion to which anti relegious people are

opposed. Iqbal, John Macmurray, the Communist party and

all social progressives, attack traditional religion for the

same reason."

ZsÔ,]011Ô321Ô331Ô141Ô441Ô541 71X~Ô7491YÅOz¸g]¤/~»Z²ZxÌÔ\.-ôG

"Islam in Modern History"

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dead with life." 3

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on this earth. Neitzsche had a glimpse of this ideal

race, but his atheism and his aristocratic prejudices

marred his whole conception." 4

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E˜÷:"Iqbal, I am told, does not admit that he has been

influenced by Nietzsche, and it is easy to see why.

Although sometimes,... his perfect man appears to be

closely akin to the uebermensch of the German

philosopher, the points of resemblance only are

superficial. Iqbal says: "Be tyrant" but he adds: "Ignore

all except God." The exception is all important.

Nietzche would not have made it: he would have said"

"Ignore all except thy will to power." The Muslim poet

acknowledges the authority of law, morality and

religion as revealed in the koran; he feels that his inner

strength is derived from love of God and developed by

love of man."5

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EEÆ�Z[~–ā)Zd£œÆa(Mzm,lÉCÙ§bÅ].z4Ð,¢oƒCìZzgZKy’ñŠzZxqÝ™©8ì²"54fõ E

GHI—

’6,¢7g‚rXMzm,lÐ÷~Špgzqãì:ā(Ï²"54fõ EGHIÅÜs

(ÏìX~äZLâ^~�Z[LLZuZ§pŠ~óóÆZôm,~Šâd»zìZC!í�Zôm,~‡gMÅœªÆaf!!¨¾æ EO+ÆjZáÐ7HX

ZCæ¬~l!ŒÛMyÅgzÝ~2›ß5Zzg!¨¾æ EO+ÆjZáÐÒy™Y

522

H¡¾æ ELZDw»gì?

åX${ðG

O§iâyÌZsò„~Zb7ìXLLZuZ§pŠ~óó~ŒÛMyÆZuZgÒyƒñ÷X5ÑZ[%æFNZã1ŒV~77ƒðÉ~ä%æFNZãÑZ[51ŒV

71 ~7ÅìX‘Õä O)ZDwä7391Y~�â^±2+k,*i~Ð−™Zc*ÔZk~

ÆjZá iø³íø³×$Ïöçû]eôøìû¡øÑô]Ö×#ä ${ðG

OgèpŠ~ÅzŸs#ŒÛMÈœÅgzÝ~ZzgÐÅX"54fõ E

GHI\ZÜª]Ã”h+W»@s¯@*ìZzgZkZ±gÐZk»¯tZ²

ZsxÐ×ŒÛd$ìp"54fõ EGHIÅ§bZk»¯tZ²ÌZ0+S¾~]»6,*g

ìX"54fõ EGHIÅâŠ"ìGOGÃ@sW¯DƒñZDw˜÷:

"Further Nietzsche's Superman is a biological product.

The Islamic Perfect man is the product of moral and

spiritual forces. Neitzsche recognises no spiritual

purpose in the universe. To him, there is no, ethical

principle resident in the forces of history. Virtue,

Justice, Duty, Love all are meaningless terms to him.

The process of history is determined purely by

economical forces and the only principle that governs

is 'Might is Right'."18

LLTÅÑ_ZkÅåóóZ(,ì&ZDwJw7™DXZyÆ4,Šq-$pî EI0¢ð

GO]ç**uìXz{!¸ç NL÷āZKyÃZKyÅÈÏÐMiZŠ™Zc*YñXZkÅzZußg]tìāZKâV6,�ÛâVgzZðZvÅƒXZDw»%›}.ZgzqãZzgZÜ¹¸ÂV»1ìX"54fõ E

GHIËgzqãzZÜ¹ÑÃ7â}XZkÆ

4,Šq-ZKã@*gõ~ÃðZÜ¹Zßw»g�Ûâ7ZzgnÔZ»sÔ�ÛnÔ›"pZÖp÷XZDwÆ4,Šq-tZŠZg.e$Zë÷XzztìāŒÛMÈœZyÅ!*g!*g

S™@*ìXZDw'×h+˜÷ā"54fõ E

GHIZzg»gwâg¾ŠzâVä@*gõÅâŠ~»

622


${ðG

Og¬ÆZyczîVÐ1�(„~!*N§s»gDygnp¸ZzgZÐ6,Ç%Jw™1XŠzâVäZkÐ„Š}òZ~.KX»gwâg¾Hìā@*g]Zò[Æik,ZW,ZMZgMy»gÍ6Æ;B~MYñÇXz{

Z%ZÐZMZgááÇXZkÆ',@"54fõ EGHI»ìwìāZMZg',F,ZKy»h

ì�ZkÐfŠHìXZÐecāZMZg6,‡*ƒ™ZŠÌ6ÃZkÆ£x6,zZ:ŸŠ}XZDwÆ4,Šq-@*g]¿ÅZkâŠ~äÔ»gwâg¾Zzg"54fõ E

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ic*Š{vyàX»gwâg¾Å½Æ‰UZsxÐx/÷ÔOçZDwä

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JGEL9åóóÅ×e$™D÷XZÏ§b

"54fõE

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ELZzñðŠâè»�ÛZ„XZkÅzzÒy™DƒñÔqd/õ IG~ÔZDw˜÷āLL"54hé EGHIä\¡Òiªî EE

0ZÜt6,i',Š„úHìXZk»ŠârZka»�Ûìāz{}.Z»”GìÍ‰ZÜ¹}ò~ZkÆ

»gwâg¾Zzg"54fõ EGHIÅZDwäZq-u 02 Z°gè<ØèZsxÆ¹ŒÛd$÷Xóó

J-dÅpŠzâVÃMh};ðVÌ1XŠzâVÅJZ:x]ZK+MÆa$÷XŠzâVÆ!*g}~ZDw!*g!*g˜÷āz{LÑóÆ%µ6,gu‰ZzgLSÆäŠóÅ2wJ-:VnXOç}.Z6,¢:ƒäÆ!*)§$þGLÃ3½è XE

~6,zm,~.ZzgtZ²»$pî EI0¸]ZL}òÆZ±gÐZq-÷X"54fõ EGHIÆ

K~ZDwë÷:

722

H¡¾æ ELZDw»gì?

ÑzSÆä ŠZi£â‹pŠ~Z„! i0+ÏÑ—Z÷ágZ‹pŠ~Z„Zi£Ä†{óÔ[:gÄ! Zz/ÑŠgâ0+z@*SÆäŠ:gÄ

12 @*g¦}',uzg}uæ} »l1Š}ŠgiâÈZ£}ÑZzgSÆäŠÃLLZi£â‹pŠ~óóìÆZDwzŸs#™D÷ā"54fõ E

GHI

LÑóÆ£x6,ZÏ™g{ŠHZzgLSÆäŠóJ-:VeX"54fõ EGHI»tZÒŠZDwÃdìXZyÆ

4,Šq-�Z£uy~Ü,ZÐgZ{@Ze$6,eZw$Ë¶XLL!*wƒsóó~¹ā:Z¤/ƒ@*z{ìz[�ÛāZkiâä~&ÂZDwZkÃŒ@*£xºc*HìXqd/õ IG~LLìzƒ�ÛāóóÅzŸs#™Dƒñ–ìāLL*»�gìz[…

"54hé EGHIÔ�ZLzZgŠZ]»9Z0+Zi{:™eZzgZkaZkÆ‘:Z°gäZÐ32 tßgZ3ZÒŠ»ì&ZDw!*g!*g@½W¯D÷X 22 ßgZ56,eZwŠc*Xóó

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EÅgZñÐOW,ƒ™ÔZK"LL@*g+÷ GELZŠÒ‹ÃgÏóó~t!í�Z(gHìāLLZuZ§pŠ~óó»,æ¹g8-~�gð…"54fõ E

GHI»

@*ëLLZuZ§pŠ~óó6,ZLg--~�gZbZ¨S-Î‚ÌÆÝ~ 42 l/ìX÷áùƒZÔ',Zîyä²:‹t7HìXZkg--~ñßsä6,zW$¹Òjè

EE

ÅgZñZzgpŠZKgZñÅF,Šh+ÅìX',Zîyä–ìāeZË$¹ÒjèE

EÆ_.ZDw»,(,~uJ-"54fõ E

GHIZzg',}V»%ƒÈ4ì²tËÒpÐÌ

f!,7ìXt‘:Z0+Zi~Z8ðEO‹ZsxÅ½ì�Z¢ZtÔZ−Z›pŠ~Zzg!Zz„ÆZ%ZnÆ´`ÆaèˆìXZDwÆ$©�î EG

0ÃÆ_.52 ZyúZgnä"3™-.ç FGEEL²!åÅi0+{zÂZ**½Æcz»gzVÃ**»g{¯Šc*ìX~8iïELfsgZñ» (Whither Islam?) ZÝZ}Mg±ï

YEäZKÂ[

ZÖgHì:"What strikes one first in Iqbal is the strength and the

fervour of his love for Islam as an ideal which if fully

realized should suffice for Man's every want in this

822


world and the next. His wide reading and his poetic

temperament have created in his mind so attractive and

so inspiring a picture of the simplicity, the force and

the appeal of early Islam that his main preoccupation

centres round a return to that simple creed in order to

regain what he beleives Islam to have lost."26

ZkZ½kÐ8iïELfs$¹é EL]Z~.ƒD÷:ZDw»·Z7ZsxìX )1(ZsxÐZDwÅ›~u¤/òZzg¢ïìX )2(ZDwÆ4,Šq-Zsx6,7g~§b¿cZƒäÐZKyÅCÙŠE~ )3(ZzgZyz~¢zg]7g~ƒ$ËìZÝZsxÅ§sg�q›âVÃZy»Åc*ƒZ£xzZ:ŠÑYìX )4(tegzV!*'Šg„÷X±ï

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~±ïY

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ZzgZkjZáÐ 82 ^7,D÷ÂËÌ!*]»È¼ÌòYìXóóZDwÆâegyZixÃ@sW¯c*ìX)tcZŒ!*[~ì(|tì

āZDw»�gÍtf!!¨¾æ EO+Æ‚BìÔz„›ß5Æ‚BÌìX${ðG

OsÆ)ŒÛMãÁÜÃZDwäJw7HZzgzu]Zß�ŠÔ*.çGMEEOÑ‹3ZzgZÈyz){

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922

H¡¾æ ELZDw»gì?

~Òy™Š{!í�Ñ$þJLÂ<îEOìX

~ZDw (Modern Islam in India) ».$zs\.-ôGäZK�gÂ[ÃZq-§sF,¹IZzgZ·ZÅªCÙHìZzgŠzu~§s"54fõ E

GHI)2',}V(»

puŒÛZgŠc*ìX\.-ôGqì:"Iqbal has been criticised as an unoriginal thinker; it is

pointed out that much of his philosophy is but an

Islamization of, particularly, Nietzsche and Bergson,

of course anyone familiar with modern European

thought must readily detect in Iqbal's ideas the western

sources."29

\.-ôG»!í�ìāZDw»9,"54fõ EGHIZzg',}VÆ�ÃZsòg8-

Š¶ÆáZŠsìÔZkaZy6,tWÅˆāz{Z-!¨¾æ EO7÷X�¿].h+-g8�ÐzZ�ìz{šµZDwÆf!$ó~.»&óE‚ãèÎYìXtŠúò

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OgZ]67÷Xæ¹ZzgZsòZŠ[~t¬Ðñ�Š¸X\.-ôGät|ÌÃZ0+ZiÅìāZDwäèÃg{WÅŠÑbÐF,Šh+™Š~¶2eZËMgZ}$¹Òjè

EEäZkK~ZCpÐi·û{zZ:

á1åXeì».$zs\.-ôGZy›ëÐ"g;ƒXeZËZ+%~\)ÿI

ÅtgZñziygBbìā"54fõ E

GHIÆe~ZDw»gÍtLL7åENEâÌzšqâ´åMgóó»g;

Šg|]f!Zzgæ¹2Š*z].h+„Æ‚BZDw»¸gÍtg; 13 ìXìXZDwd›ëÐ07Ù7™DZzgZyÐZ.Š{™D÷pË

032


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23 ZLZzg¥!¨¾æ EOƒä»o]Šc*ìXóóèÃg{WÆˆ\.-ôGqìāLLZDwìwÐìw»gfe÷Ô

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].h+‚bÆ 33 ÐzZ�¸ZÚ].h+‚bc*].h+Î‚ÌÐzZ�:¸Xd›ëTŠgZŠ[z,~FƒñZDwZyÐl!MÇ{¸ZzgtMÇ„ZyÅ„~¢zg]z‹tÆa»°¶Xz{].h+Î‚ÌÅgvgvÐ

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53 ${ðG

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132

H¡¾æ ELZDw»gì?

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GHIZzg',}VÉ9 73 gZiÌZÏ~ìX

f!!¨¾æ EO+øzx÷ZzgZ¤/p-g8')å GOy»f6UZsò')å GOyÆ‰UîVpZDwÆ4,Šq-f!ŠZøfz¾>ÐøzòÆ!*) 83 ÅÂWìX

FgZK+MÃFgF,™g„ì:=MV–āZÚ¯}ŠZg~

93 =Z+Z„āF§ÂFgF,Z„CÙ',^gi+ä–åāZ¤/pZDwäpŠ6,"54fõ E

GHIÆZW,Z]ÅÔÅì

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232


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GE0†ZÔÆ 24 ¡ÒiªîEE

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ELZDw6,f[zæt»ZW,ZzgßBz

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GOgèZsxÆ_.ps

™1XèÃg{!*[~g¶§Zi÷:"Iqbal himself has always maintained that the idea of

the Perfect Man was Islamic, not Nietzschean; yet

Nietzsche's superman may still have acted as a ferment

in the formation of Iqbal's ideals. There are, of course,

parables and allusions in the Asrar which are traceable

back to Nietzsche, like that of Diamond and coal,

Diamond and Dew-Drop; perhaps one may also count

the "three stages of the ego" among them. Yet it is

332

H¡¾æ ELZDw»gì?

rather the brave and heroic will to accept life as it is

and to master it which has fascinated Iqbal in the

German philosopher. He agrees also with him in the

positive evaluation of suffering."43

tÁz÷z„!*'÷�Ñ†ZÔäè‰X)a¬Zi~',&Š—â0+›ã("54fõ E

GHIÐZDwÅtz„x¹ì&ZDwäÒŒÛZgŠc*ìX

F,"3ïEGOGèpŠ~Æ%Zi~®ZŠÃðZÌ7gBbXZÝZÌâÎF,šMÅìXZDwÆ4,Šq-ãCŠ~ZzgZÍA!*]LLZ¤“ïGLZÅ:ö XWóóìX"54fõ E

GHIÐZDw»gZ3ZÏ

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I

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GEÐ4¸,$‰¸XóóZKZkgZñÅ@*G

432


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423


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Šú}6,7gZ7QF,DÂ§Š»Z²Zx¬Z+™ŠêìX¬!*[~tÜZs#ƒ_ìā\.-ôGäZDwÃZ·ZÅªCÙ™äÆ´z{Zq-].h+Zsx»!*ãÌŒÛZgŠc*

The new religion was radically new, basically ìX\.-ôGÆZÖpt÷'ZDwaèËZ,Zsx6,¢7 different. Iqbal enunciated it, boldly;

523

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"but he himself never really believed it without

reservations."10

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~\.-ôGäZDwÆ (Islam in Modern History) ZKZq-ZzgÂ[§ŠÃÔ),øpŠÔZk§bU*"$Hì:

"Yet Iqbal is so contradictory and unsystematic that it

is difficult to assess him. He is the sufi who attacked

sufism, and perhaps the l iberal who attacked

liberalism."11

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623


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the divergent elements of conservatism and liberalism,

of prophetical and mystical religious experience, of

orthodoxy and heterodoxy."70

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134


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354

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ŒV(tzòtÉZDw»Z½kŠg`HY@*ì:"The Great European war bringing in its wake the

awakening of Turkey --- the element of stability in the

world of Islam --- as a French writer has recently

described her, and the new economic experiment tried

in the neighbourhood of Muslim Asia, must open our

eyes to the inner meaning and destiny of Islam.

Humanity needs three things today --- a spiritual

interpretation of the universe, spiritual emancipation

of the individual, and basic principals of a universal

import directing the evolution of human society on a

spiritnul basis.39

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ZDwZ,”VÃÃZ0+Zi™Šï÷Zzgzu]Zß�ŠÆÃbÅZhZâV~gzò»‚B7ŠïXZkÐÌZëNtìā‘Õä O)ZDwñÑ**gzòÃzu]Zß�Š~7â…XZk»îo]ZyÆ*y>ZyLLaçLZuZ§pŠ~óó~ñ�ŠìXpZzŒÂòÆZq-Z²Zx»�Z[ŠïƒñZDw˜÷:

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165

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ìāh]~ZDwäzZ”sZ0+Zi~uc*yÅ×e$ÅìZzgZÏ${ðG

Og6,ZÅ;5é XWG]Åqg]Z2ZgÅìXtŠúòè$Z0ìXZDwÃuc*y2Šzu}sV~zu]Zß�Š~ZÏßg]~ŒÛZgŠc*YYìXZ#z{8iïELfs&ÑZ_7g~™DƒV:

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ÅzZ”sZzg"5¾æ EGZg×e$zF,)ãÅƒX (Pantheism) zu]Zß�Š )3(Zy~ÐÃð!*]h]èæZgkÐá™ZgèÈsiJ-ZDwÅ�zÄ~Ã7MCXŠZ[TÅãCŠ6,°jg~äZDwÃzu]Zß�ŠZzguc*y»qòCc*ìZvÅ«ðZzgâzgZáÆZŒÛZgzZýÐ{à7ìXZk~ZvÅÚèð»f™ŒÛMyÆjZáÐñ�ŠìX\»M¸iÎgÒZÜmÅ‚Ðƒ@*ì�${ð

GO§Â©Åúc*VF,+ãCŠìZzgZ!x„Š]ÆŒÛMã${ð

GOg6,

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(Pantheism) »Ñ]~özŠHìX¸zzìāh]~Z¤/}LL!Zz„óó„%ZŠàY$ËìX (Panentheism) »@*W,Q½@*ìÂZkÐLL!ZiZz„óó

ZDwzu]Zß�Š»Zm]7™DZzgß5:LL!Zz„óóÃi%æGLWÑD÷XeZËZwgZ£˜÷:

"Iqbal's doctrine of God is panentheistic although as

pointed out above he calls it pantheistic. There is no

265


explicit reference to the sufi doctrine of Wahdat-ul-

Wajud (Oneness of Being), although he does mention

`Pantheistic sufism, at least once (Page 180), and

criticises it."20

Š}\ÅZ’Z~ZDwäZvÅZÐZŠe$ÃzZãHìXZvÆ² 12 aLLâgóóÆZ7g}Ð‰|Z]zu]Zß�ŠU*"$™D÷X

ZDwZkÐ}.ZÅ!ŒÒ©3ïGGGZzg�ÛŠe$%ZŠfe÷XMe$Å‚Òy™Æ

ZDw˜÷:The metaphor of Light as applied to God, therefore,

must in veiw of modern knoledge, be taken to suggest

the Absoluteness of God and not his Omnipresence

which easily lends itself to a pantheistic interpretation.

LL®ZZ¤/âg»Z:tZv6,HYñÂ…ZK].h+¥â]ÅgzÝ~t'ecāZk»Z÷ág{fZ‹ZÅ;0î XGWÅ!ŒÒ©3ïG

GG)�ÛŠe$(Å§sìÔCÙ}ñ�ŠÏÅ§s7ÔTÐ"—øgZf‚

22 !Zz„ÅY+$vƒY@*ìXóótN‡&ÿELÂzìāZDw}.ZÅLLCÙ}ñ�ŠÏóóÆZ‹ZsÐ“÷

āZkÐuc*yc*!Zz„ÅgZ{ûZgƒCìX@*ëŒÛMÈœ~Zg÷áŠìāZk»f™™ÆZDw 32 LLëZkÅgÀ¤/ŠyÐÌic*Š{ZkÐŒÛd$÷Xóó

˜÷:Like pearls do we live and move and have our being in

the perpetual flow of divine life.24

TZzgŠgc*»Z7g{ÌZKyÅZÐZŠe$Ã',ŒÛZggnpƒñZvÆtX**iuZzgŠ±ìXaZ£eZgÌZk»ZŠgZu 52 ”èÀƒä»Zm]ìX

9îg6,7™nZzgZý™Šc*āLLÂ©~èZ<Ø»}.ZâzgZðÌìZzguc*ãuc*+MZzg!Zz„�Z²÷X°jg~»tZŠ¬Šg„ìāLL}.Z 62 ÌXóó

365

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ÅZ˜bZEw™D÷X°jg~ (Immanent) ZDw”èÀÆa 82 ìXZkÐ%ZŠuc*ã}.Z%ZŠfe÷ZzgŠúò™Šï÷āZDwuc*+M®Z

92 zu]Zß�ŠÆ‡b÷XZ˜jV»ðâ**ZEwè´VÃÀŠêìX°jg~äuc*+MÆ�ßZiâ]Cñ÷)}.Z»)—${ð

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(z{ŒÛMy 03 âœ{ŠzâV»Š*ƒ**Ôzu]Zß�Šc*!Zz„ZzgzkÐ"*i~Æo°÷ZzgZDwÆa**‡&ÿELJw÷XZDwÃZysV~uc*ãŒÛZgŠb›ëÐÜôZāZsìX

°jg~»tZœ¬āh‹ægZk~ZDwäLLzZ”sîg6,uc*yÅ×e$ÅìÔœZ‰ÜÐ¬g~ìXZ¤/Z(ƒ@*ÂñßsÃZq-ßF,3»–gZ:

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OsÐ{m÷X 13 ¢87,@*XZk»',5Z‹ZsHìXZy'Z+ÃF,uHÂZk»ZÖgÌzZ”sîg6,HXZDw˜÷:

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23 ÐtÂx‡ììXZ#z{eìÇZk»{ØƒYñÇXóóXzu]Zß�ŠZzgÝÑ‹3ÃF,u™Šc*āz{‡)ZsòU*"$

465


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Og„7HYY�»Ñ]~Yg~z‚g~ƒÔOçZDw»tZœ¬āZ**ñÇ»Ñ]~‚g~ìZ½qZÅ.›éE],+ÆáZŠs

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"In order to emphasize the individuality of the

Ultimate Ego the Quran gives Him the proper name of

Allah."

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Og™**ÔgG+MZzg"i÷áï÷ÔZDwäZyÆÜsÔZKi0+ÏÆMy~wVJ-Ô

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Os»zZ”sZÖgƒ@*ìXQHzzìā 63 ÷Xh‹ægZkÅ"Ðá™ZDwÅzÃ]J-ÔŠk',ÎVÆ¯xÐÔ°jg~ÃMÄ:ïnXZ,Vä�ZÃgÜK÷z{Ìzu‹z�ŠÅF,)ã7™DXZy»Y,{ÔZµÐÔMÐ1ŠHìX

565

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0Zg»ÅgzÝ~ÅZzgZ#èEEL²!Ô²Z¹Ôµg7ÕäO`Ô�Þ[Z−+zgŠ~>wZzg�!*m,h+”ò‰x‹ßBz�ŠtÐšØZ~.zZ.Š{™äÑX

°jg~ÅZkŠ?»Y,{heÐ¬ZkK~ÔeZË±†ZvÅgZñŠg`ÅYCì:

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Š **iuZzgŠ±XìTÅ„~x)]Z+÷āp‘Õä O)ZDwÌLLh]óó~ZkÆË:ËgcÃ¼¼â…Ã

73 MD÷XóótgZñáZiyZzg‡&ÿELÂzìXLLËÇß°ä}.ZÔgÎwåZzgŒÛMyzG

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Nature, then, must be understood as a living,

ever-growing organism whose growth has no final

external limits. Its only limit is internal, i.e. the

immanent self which animates and sustains the

whole

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Zq-„™¬…ZDwÅøDfs’k,Qì:We cannot coneive this unity exccpt as the unity

of a self ----- an all-embracing concrete self ----- the

ultimate source of all individual ----- Life and

thought.

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His eye turned not aside, nor did it wander

(53:17) This is the ideal of perfect manhood in

Islam.

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