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Z3000 Smart VCOZ3000 Smart VCODesign-GurMilstein
TiptopAudio2008AllRightsReserved
PatentPending
MADE IN THE USA
Special Thanks
MarcBareille
ShawnCleary
SeanCoulter
MatthewDavidson
DavidLackey
MichaelMcGrath
YigalMesika
AlexOlup
MarkPulver
ReneSchmitz
AndreasSchneider
GeneZumchack
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
Welcome.ThisquickstartguideprovidesanintroductiontotheoperationoftheZ3000.TheZ3000isananalogvoltagecontrolledoscillatorwithabuilt-indigitalpulsecounter.Itdisplaysconstantpitchdataatarefreshrateofoneupdatepersecondinthreedifferentmodes.EachmodecanbeaccessedusingtheModeSwitch.ThisuniquefeatureputstheZ3000intoaclassofitsownasaVCO,bringingnewcapabilitiesofcomplexsoundsynthesistotheanalogrealm.Inaddition,itsimplifiesthesetupofmulti-oscillatorvoicesbyallowingpitchintervalstobesetbysight.
ModeSwitch1.FrequencyMode2.MusicalNoteMode3.OctaveMode
Frequency Mode.FrequencyModeistheZ3000’sfirstmodeandisthemodethatthemodulestartsinwhenpowered.ItworksbycountingthewavecyclesgeneratedbytheVCOforonesecondandthenshowstheresultsonthedisplaywitharesolutionof1Hz.Thedisplayrangesfrom1Hzupto9999Hz.Whenfrequenciespassabovethemaximumrangeof9999Hzthedisplayshutsoff,thisisnormal.Similarly,whenfrequenciespassbelowthelowerlimitof1HzthedisplayblinksthewordLFO(LowFrequencyOscillator).
ThedisplayoftheZ3000isfullysynchronizedwiththeVCOfrequencyandblinksaccordinglyatlowfrequencies.Eachtimethedisplaycomeson,itindicatesthestartofanewwave.ThisisespeciallyusefulatlowfrequencieswhentheVCOisusedasaclockgeneratororLFO.
LFO 1Hz 9999Hz Display Off
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
Frequency Mode. - Frequency RatiosWhenmultipleVCOsarecombinedinapatch,eithermodulatingeachother,modulatingothermodules,orsimplyhavingtheirwaveformsmixedtogether,frequencyratiosarepracticaltoolsforaudiosynthesis.
VCOsworkingtogethercreateovertones.Thesecanbegenerallypleasanttotheear(harmonic)orabrasive(inharmonicordissonant).
Harmonicovertonescomefrommathematicallyevenfrequencyintervals.Forexample,ifoneVCOissetto300Hz,thenthesecondVCOshouldbesettoanevenmultipleorfraction:75hz,150Hz,300Hz,600Hz,1200Hz,2400Hz,etc.Inharmonicovertonescanbecreatedbyaddingorsubtractingaconstantnumber(75,inthiscase)fromthefundamentalfrequency:
75Hz,150Hz,225Hz,300Hz,375Hz,etc.
MultiphonicsoundsarecreatedbyaddingathirdVCOthatmatchesthesumofthefrequenciesofthefirsttwo.Forexample:
IfVCO1=75HzandVCO2=150Hz
SetVCO3=225hz(150+75)
(Continued...)
Audiosynthesisreliesheavilyonfrequencyratios,sousingthemappropriatelycanbeveryhelpfulnomatterwhattheapplication:modulatethepulsewidthofanotherVCO,forfrequencymodulation,modulatethecutoffofafilteroranyotherparametersinagivensystem’smodules.TheZ3000’sFrequencyModemakesitpossibletoquicklyexperimentwiththemathematicalsideofsounddesignandaudioprocessing.
TheMusicNoteModeallowsforthesametechniquesbutfromadifferentperspective.Itallowsfrequencyratiostobeseteasilybutbasedontheharmonicrelationshipsofmusicalnotesasdefinedbythechromaticscale.Thisfeatureallowsthosewithextensivetraininginmusictheorytoexperimentwithsounddesignandcompositiononamodularsynthesizerbysettingthoseratios.TryexperimentingwithdifferentsoundsbysettingmultipleZ3000stodifferentmusicalnotesandhavethemmodulateoneanother.
Frequency Ratios. - Continued
Musical Note Mode.TheMusicalNoteModeworksbycomparingtheVCOfrequencytoatableofstoredvaluescorrespondingtoWesternmusicalnotes.Inthismode,thedisplaywillshowthenumericalfrequencyreading,butonceaspecificfrequencyisreachedthatisequivalenttoaknownnotevalue,thedisplaywillshowthenameofthenote.Forexample,iftheVCOistunedfor53Hzitwilldisplay'53',butifthepitchweretoreach55Hzthedisplaywillshow'A1'whichisthemusicalnoteAofoctave1.ANote-to-Frequencychartisavailableonlineandattheendofthisguide.Sharpnotesarerepresentedbyadotbetweenthenoteandoctavenumber.
F.2F.2DotIndicatesSharpNote
d2d2C2C2 F2F2E2E2 G2G2 b2b2A2A2
d.2d.2 F.2F.2 G.2G.2 A.2A.2C.2C.2
Musical Note Mode. - ChordsMusicalNoteModeisveryusefulforcreatingtonalmusicwithamodularsynthesizer.ItallowsmultipleVCOstobesettospecificnotesorsemitones,spaceseveralZ3000saparttobuildchords,orsetanyVCOstoaspecificmusicalkeytomatchamusicpiece.Forexample,usingthreeZ3000s,itispossibletosetabasicCmajorchordconsistingofnotesC,E,andG.Chordchartsareavailablefrommanymusicretailers.
d2d2C2C2 F2F2E2E2 G2G2 b2b2A2A2
d.2d.2 F.2F.2 G.2G.2 A.2A.2C.2C.2
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
SetthreeZ3000stothefollowingnotes.Cascadetheir1V/Octinputsandoutputs,thenmixtheiraudioouts.Trysendingeachvoice,oramixofallthree,throughaVCFcontrolledbyanenvelopegenerator.
CMajorChord
Octave Mode.OctaveModeimprovesuponthefunctionalityofamechanicaloctaveswitch.WithanordinaryVCOinamodularsystem,settingtherelationshipbetweenthenotepressedonakeyboardandwhatisheardisoftenrequiresanindependentreferenceataknownpitch,usuallyanon-modularsynth.TheOctaveModeoftheZ3000makesthistaskaquickandefficientprocess.
WhileinOctaveMode,thedisplaywillshowtherelativeoctaveofthenotebeingheard(“OCt2”,“OCt3”,etc).AsthepitchapproachesaCinanyoctave,thedisplaywillchangeandshowhowclosethepitchistothedefinednotewithin50centsoneithersideofthenote.
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
C2 C2 + 50 cents C2 - 50 cents
ThisallowsyoutoquicklymatchtheCVnoteinputtotheactualpitchoftheoscillator. (Continued...)
C0C0 C7C7C6C6 C7C7C4C4 C5C5C2C2 C3C3C0C0 C1C1
Oct0 Oct1 Oct2 Oct3 Oct4 Oct5 Oct6 Oct7
Octave Mode. - ContinuedSettinguptheZ3000touseOctaveModeissimple.
First,configureakeyboardthroughaMIDItoCVconverterandplugtheCVoutputoftheconverterintothe1V/OCTinputontheZ3000.
Now,settheZ3000intoOctaveModebypressingtheFREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVEbutton.
Pressanylow‘C’keyonthekeyboardandusetheFREQUENCYandFINETUNEknobstoadjustthepitchoftheZ3000untilthedesiredCnoteisshownonthedisplay.
Remember,asthefrequencyapproachestheoctave,thedisplaywillshow“-Cx”or“Cx-”toshowifthemoduleisbeloworabovethepitchoftheactualnote.
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIDITOCV
1V/Oct CV Input and Output.
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
Tipt pA u d i o
Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
Tipt pA u d i o
Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
1V/OctCV IN
1V/OctCV INCV OUT
It should be known that the CV bus can be enabledusing the HD2 jumper on the main PCB. Further, thiswill not override the 1V/Oct CV input on the frontpanel.
The 1V/Oct CV IN/OUT jacks let you easily cascadethe CV output coming from a MIDI to CV interface, quantizer, sequencer or any other CV source. Connecting a bank of Z3000s to a single CV sourceis simple and looks something like this:
MIDI > CV > VCO1 CV IN > VCO1 CV OUT > VCO2 CV IN > VCO2 CV OUT > VCO 3 CV IN ...etc.
Please note that the maximum number of cascades is dependent on the output drive of the MIDI to CV or other CV source used. Typically, it is possible to drive up to ten modules.
External Input.ThisisadirectinputintothepulsecounterintheZ3000.FeedasawtoothwavefromanyotherVCOintothisinputtoadjust,synthesizeandmonitorthepitchusingallofthefeaturesoftheZ3000'sthreemodeoptions.
TheEXTINisdesignedtoworkwitha10Vppsawtoothwave,thoughotherwaveformscanbeusedifthesawtoothwaveformisnotprovidingastablereading.Aslongasthesignaldoesnotexceed10Vpp,asignalfrommostVCOscanbeused.
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
Sawtooth
VCO
Frequency Modulation. - BasicsFrequencymodulation(FM)synthesisisatechniqueusedtogeneratemusicallyinterestingsoundsbyrapidlychangingthebasicfrequencyofasound.Thepatternofchangeiscreatedbyanotherwaveformwithafrequencywithintherangeofhumanhearing.
Inpractice,itisassimpleasconnectingtheaudiooutputofanoscillatortothefrequencycontrolinputofanotheroscillator.First,anumberofconsiderationsneedtobetakenintoaccount:waveformtype,FMinputtype,frequencyratio,andsynchronization.
Frequencymodulationstartswithtwoormoreoscillators.Thefirst(themodulator)isusedtomodulatethefrequencyofasecondoscillator(thecarrier).Typically,sinewavesareusedbecausetheyare,ideally,freeofharmonics,butmodularsystemsallowfortheuseofotherwaveforms.However,themorecomplexthemodulatingwaveformisthemorecomplextheresultingwaveform.ToomuchcomplexityandthewaveformbecomesnoiseandavoidingthisisoneofthemostsignificantaspectsofFMtheory.TherearemanybooksthatcanexplainthefundamentalsofFMsynthesisingreaterdetailthanispossiblehere.Frequencymodulationhasbeenwidelyusedindigitalsynthesizersthankstothestabilityandprecisetrackingofsoftware-baseddigitalVCOs.TheZ3000’sbuilt-inarithmeticprocessorallowstheusertoimplementtrueFMinanalog,andtobuildharmonicallyrichsoundsusingacalculatedsynthesisapproach. (Continued...)
FM - Continued: Modulation IndexTheamountofmodulationappliedtothesecondoscillatoriscommonlyknownasthemodulationindex.ThemodulationindexiscontrolledbytheFMknobontheZ3000.
Itisdifficulttocalculatetheactualspectrumoftheresultingsoundcreatedbythemodulationindex,butthemoremodulationapplied,themorecomplexthesoundgets,resultinginnoiseandfrequencydrift.Forexample,increasingthemodulationindexofasinewavemodulatinganothersinewave,theresultingwaveformchangesfromasinewaveatmodulationindex0(FMknobtoMIN),throughincreasinglymorecomplexwaveforms,endingwithnoiseataveryhighmodulationindex.Thechangefromsoundtonoisecanbequitesudden,soitshouldbenotedthatasmallamountofmodulationcanprovidemoredesirableresults.(Continued...)
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
FMModulationIndex
MIN MAX
FM
‘Safe Zone’
FM - Continued: Input TypesTheZ3000isequippedwithtwoexponentialFMinputsandonelinearFMinput.TheFM1andFM2jacksareexponentialbutFM2issummedwiththeLinearFMinputand,assuch,sharetheFMknob.
Generallyspeaking,whenemployingFMtheory,linearmodulationprovidestheonlytrueformofmodulationandhasmorepredictableresultsandproduceslessinharmonicmaterialthanexponentialFMdoes.
ToimplementabasicFMpatch,plugthesinewavefromoneZ3000intotheLinearFMinputofasecondZ3000.Frequencymodulatedsoundsbecomemorecomplexasmoremodulatorsandcarriersareaddedtoapatch,whetherinseriesorinparallel.Pairsofmodulatorsandcarriersarecalled“operators”andusuallyincludeVCAsandenvelopegeneratorstodynamicallyvarythemodulationindexovertime. (Continued...)
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
modulator carrier
FM - Continued: Frequency Ratios
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
Modulator@130Hz Carrier@65HzRatio=2:1
Thefrequencyratiosandmodulationindexdefinethetoneandharmoniccontentoftheresultingsound.Specificfrequencyratioswillcreateharmonicandinharmonicsounds,aspreviouslydescribed,andtheZ3000allowstheusertopreciselysetthoseratiosinanyofitsthreemodes.
WhileplayinganFMpatchacrossarangeofseveraloctaves,thefrequencyattheseoctavesmaynotmaintainthefrequencyratiothatwassetatanotheroctave.ThisvariationinfrequencyisaninherentfeatureofanalogVCOs.TheZ3000makesitpossibletoovercomethisissuebyfinetuningthedesiredfrequenciesatbothendsoftherangeuntilbotharesetaccordinglyforsmoothharmonicsoundsspanningseveraloctaves.
Synchronization and FM.
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
FINE TUNE
PULSE WIDTH
PWM
FM
MIN MAX
MIN MAX
LOW HIGH
SYNC HSM
1V/Oct 1V/Oct
Linear FM
INPUT
PWM FM 1
LOW HIGH
Hz
Oct
FM 2
INPUT
CV IN INPUT
CV IN CV OUT
INPUT INPUT
+
+ +
+
EXT IN
FREQUENCY/NOTE/OCTAVE
TiptpA u d i o
Z3000Z3000Smart VC-OscillatorFREQUENCY
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FM
master slave
Combiningsynchronizationandfrequencymodulatonallowsforthecreationofwholenewsoundspectra.ItssoundismorepredictablethanFMalone,asthereisnochanceofthefundamentalofthemodulatingoscillatorsdriftingawaywhenincreasingordecreasingthemodulationindex.Asaresult,theoutputsoundsarelesslikelytobecomeinharmonic.Conversely,thesynchronizationitselfdistortsthewaveformoftheslaveVCO,thusaddingharmonicstothesound.
TheZ3000offerstraditionalhardsyncalonganewtypeofsynccalledHardSyncModulation(HSM).Whiletraditionalhardsyncwillonlyworkwithpulseorsawtoothwaves,withsimilareffect,theHSMacceptsanywaveform,evencompletesounds,whichwillmodulate,distortandrectifythewaveform.HardSyncModulationisapowerfulwaveformdistortioneffectbuiltintotheZ3000,andcanbeusedinanypatch.
Voices and Operators.Classic Analog Voice -AtypicalvoiceonavintageanalogsynthesizerusuallystartswithtwoormoreVCOswiththeirpitchintervalspreset.ThewavefromsoftheVCOsaremixedtogetherandsenttoaVCF,followedbyaVCA.Amodularsynthesizergivestheuserthefreedomtobuildcomplexanalogvoices.Onamodular,avoiceisnotpresetandcanbemadeofseveralVCOsandothermodules.Thisallowsforavarietyofsynthesistechniqueswhichcanbemixedintoasingleoutput.
FM Operators Voice -ThetermoperatorisusedtodescribeacomplexdigitalFMvoicestructure.Anoperatorisasynthesizerpatchconsistingofseveraltonegenerators,eachmodulatedthroughVCAsthatarecontrolledbyenvelopegenerators(EGs).Anoperatoralsoincludesamixertocombinethetonesintoasingleoutput.ThegainofthemixerchannelsaredynamicallycontrolledbyadditionalEGs.Thisentirestructuregeneratescomplexsoundtexturesthatevolvewithtime.
Bothanaloganddigitalvoicestructuringrelyheavilyonthearrangementoffrequencyratiostogenerateharmonicandinharmonicvoices.TheZ3000istheidealtoolforbothoftheseformsofvoicestructuring,asitallowstheusertoquicklyandeasilysetthefrequencyratiosofanyofthesound-generatingmodulesbeingusedinagivenvoiceandtheZ3000’sHardSyncModulationallowsforsimpleandeffectivemanagementofcomplexvoicestructures.
1618
2122
2427
3133
3741
4449
5562
C0D0
E0F0
G0A0
B0
C.0D.0
F.0G.0
A.0
C1D1
E1F1
G1A1
B1
C.1D.1
F.1G.1
A.1
1719
2326
2935
3946
5258
Z3000Z3000
TM
6573
8287
98110
123131
147165
175196
220247
6978
92
104
117
139
156
185
208
233
262294
330349
392440
494523
587659
698784
880988
277
311
370
415
466
524
622
740
831
932
10461175
13191397
15681760
19762093
23492637
27943136
35203951
1109
1245
1480
1661
1865
2217
2489
2960
3322
3729
C2D2
E2F2
G2A2
B2
C.2D.2
F.2G.2
A.2
C3D3
E3F3
G3A3
B3
C.3D.3
F.3G.3
A.3
C4D4
E4F4
G4A4
B4
C.4D.4
F.4G.4
A.4
C5D5
E5F5
G5A5
B5
C.5D.5
F.5G.5
A.5
C6D6
E6F6
G6A6
B6
C.6D.6
F.6G.6
A.6
C7D7
E7F7
G7A7
B7
C.7D.7
F.7G.7
A.7
CopyrightTiptopAudio2008
Frequency/Note Conversion Table.Thistableoffrequenciesforequal-temperedscaleishighlyrecommendedforusewiththeZ3000.Withit,itispossibletonavigatefrequencies,buildchordsandconstructsynthesismodels.Werecommendhangingitnexttoyourmodularsynthesizer.Afreeversionthatyoucanprintyourselfisavailableat:www.tiptopaudio.com/resources.html
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