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STODDARTSVILLE RESEARCH PROGRAM 2016 KUTZTOWN UNIVERSITY ARCHAEOLOGY FIELD SCHOOL

INTRODUCTION Between June 6 and July 1, 2016, the Kutztown University Archaeology Field School (KUAFS) completed the second season of archaeological fieldwork at Stoddartsville, best known as the site of an early-19th century milling village built at the Great Falls of the Lehigh River in northeast Pennsylvania. John Stoddart, a wealthy businessman from Philadelphia, hoped to create an industrial center at Stoddartsville that would allow him to ship resources produced in the Wyoming Valley to markets in Philadelphia (Sheehan 1988). In support of his vision, Stoddart built a high-volume gristmill in 1815 (Fig. 1), followed quickly by a sawmill, general store, inn, church, and workers’ cabins.

Fig. 1 An anonymous oil painting (ca. 1820) depicts the Easton-Wilkes Barre Turnpike crossing the Lehigh River at Stoddartsville. The gristmill stands in the center of the painting with the sawmill to the left, separated by the race that would have powered both mills. Stoddart planned to buy grain in Wyoming Valley, transport it via the Easton-Wilkes Barre Turnpike to Stoddartsville, grind it at his mill, and then ship the flour to Philadelphia using the Lehigh and Delaware rivers. Unfortunately, Stoddart’s plan for the village failed, as promises by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company to make the Lehigh River navigable both ways went unmet, and the costs of shipping resources from the Wyoming Valley to markets in Philadelphia proved prohibitive. Stoddart was forced to sell his land in the 1820s to pay his debts (Sheehan 1988). In the mid-1800s, Stoddartsville experienced a resurgence, growing in response to the burgeoning coal industry’s need for cheap lumber. Between 1835 and 1865, the village grew to 40 houses and employed

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approximately 200 transient laborers. The lucrative lumber trade ended after a devastating forest fire in 1875 (Bradsby 1893). In the early 1900s, Stoddartsville experienced another resurgence, as wealthy families from New York City and Philadelphia began to summer in the Poconos. Today, Stoddartsville remains a popular summer getaway. Fortunately, traces of the 19th century village remain. During the 2016 field season, students received training in archaeological techniques of excavation, pedestrian and geophysical survey, site mapping, and artifact recording and analysis as they investigated this village. The 2016 KUAFS (Fig. 2) recovered thousands of artifacts that we will use to tell the stories of the men and women who lived and worked at Stoddartsville as it developed into a short-lived center of trade and industry in northeast Pennsylvania. Fig. 2 Back row (left to right): Dr. Khori Newlander, Brittany Jones, Liz Stanton, Johnryan Mascione (‘15), Dan Coffroth, Mardy Sarnoff. Front row (left to right): Dani Cannon, Chabelli Cabrera, Carly Plesic, Evelyn Kunce, Sara Riccardelli. The 2016 field season began on Sunday, June 5, 2016. We gathered in a beautiful house in Lake Harmony, where we would spend the next four weeks learning about archaeology (and occasionally playing highly competitive, though woefully unskilled games of pool, while a family of bears rummaged through our garbage). During our four weeks in the field, we picked up where the 2015 KUAFS left off, expanding our excavations of the general store and workers’ cabins, as well as excavating in and around the house of John Stoddart’s son, Isaac. Additionally, we spent a few days conducting a geophysical survey of the Stoddartsville cemetery. We’ll begin the story of the 2016 field season with the geophysical survey of the cemetery.

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GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY As part of his effort to establish the village of Stoddartsville, John Stoddart built a Methodist Episcopal church on the hill above the town in 1816. Soon, it became a regular stop on the Wyoming circuit of traveling preachers (Bradsby 1893). The associated cemetery—still in use today—wanders from the church’s hilltop position down toward the Lehigh River. Over the course of 200 years, the grave markers in the cemetery at Stoddartsville have not fared very well. Local residents reported that some of the children’s grave markers have been stolen, many grave markers have broken from tree limbs falling on them (Sheehan et al. 1989), and still other grave markers have simply fallen over after decades of erosion and gravity slowly pulling them down the hillside. Presently, the Stoddartsville Preservation Society (SPS) is working to recover and restore the damaged grave markers in the cemetery. With the help of Dr. Laura Sherrod (Fig. 3), the 2016 KUAFS conducted a geophysical survey of the historic cemetery at Stoddartsville (Fig. 4). By identifying the location of now buried grave markers and unmarked graves, the 2016 KUAFS hoped to contribute to the SPS’s efforts to document and restore the cemetery. Fig. 3 Dr. Sherrod explains how geophysical survey works to the 2016 KUAFS. Geophysical survey is one type of remote sensing method. Remote sensing means precisely that: learning about something (e.g., a buried foundation, fire pit, well, burial) from measurements made at a distance. Geophysical survey entails either measuring physical properties (e.g., magnetism) or shooting energy through the ground and measuring the response in order to detect subsurface “anomalies.” Geophysical anomalies are deviations from the local subsurface geology—that is, they are departures from the “normal stuff” geologists tell us we should expect to find below our feet. At an archaeological site, the hope is that the anomalies we detect using geophysical survey are the result of the activities of past site occupants.

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Fig. 4 Dan, Brittany, and Liz push the GPR instrument across the cemetery at Stoddartsville. We used ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for the geophysical survey of the cemetery at Stoddartsville. As the GPR antenna is pushed across the survey area (Fig. 5), it sends pulses of radio energy into the ground and measures properties of the echoes reflected back from buried materials (Rapp and Hill 2006). The echoes reflected back to the instrument indicate buried discontinuities—physical and chemical changes in the ground that, in the case of an historic cemetery, may indicate the depth and spatial distribution of graves (Conyers 2006). Fig. 5 Carly pushes the GPR instrument across the cemetery. When human bodies, coffins, urns, or other grave goods are placed in the ground, a vertical shaft is excavated through the surface and underlying sediment, producing a difference between the sediment associated with the burial shaft and the surrounding, undisturbed sediment in the cemetery. Backfilled sediment used to fill the burial shaft settles over time, producing a natural depression on the surface, as well as evidence for settling within the shaft (Conyers 2006). In cases where individuals were placed in coffins, these will deteriorate over time and collapse, producing subsurface or surface slumping (Conyers 2006).

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The differences between a buried object (e.g., a body, coffin, urn) and its associated burial shaft and the undisturbed sediment that surrounds it often can be seen in GPR reflection profiles (Fig. 6). If we imagine that the cemetery is a big cake, each reflection profile is a long, thin slice of that cake viewed from the side, so that all the layers of the cake are visible to us. We can look across that slice of cake for discontinuities—places where the layers in the slice of cake don’t quite line up with each other, giving us a curve on our profile rather than a fairly straight horizontal line.

Fig. 6 The GPR reflection profiles from two passes across the bottom of the Stoddartsville cemetery. We can look across the reflection profiles of the cemetery for buried discontinuities that may indicate the location of graves or buried markers. Intact or partially collapsed caskets generate hyperbolic-shaped reflections (Conyers 2006). Similar hyperbolic reflections also can be produced by buried grave markers. The reflection profiles, then, represent what the GPR “sees” as it is pulled across the ground, in the case of our survey, from west to east across the cemetery. Each reflection profile represents the slice of ground directly underneath the GPR instrument, recording subsurface features to a depth of about 2 m (~ 6 ft.). Hyperbolic reflections that occur at the top of a reflection profile likely represent grave markers on the surface. Hyperbolic reflections that occur near the surface likely represent markers buried just below the ground surface. Hyperbolic reflections lower in the reflection profile (i.e., at greater depths) likely represent graves themselves. Interpreting these reflections is complicated by the fact that roots, stones, and other natural objects can generate similar reflections. Fortunately, if we overlay the GPR reflection profiles on the map of the grave markers generated by the 2015 KUAFS (Fig. 7), we can use the GPR reflection profiles to find unmarked graves, buried stones, and other anomalous features. In other words, since we know the location of many of the markers in the cemetery already, we can readily explain most of the anomalies we see in the GPR reflection profiles: most of the hyperbolic reflections will match up with known burials and their associated grave markers.

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This makes the hyperbolic reflections that we cannot match to known grave markers of particular interest because these hyperbolic reflections may indicate the location of unmarked graves or other buried objects. It is this information that will contribute most directly to the SPS’s efforts to recover and restore damaged grave markers and to document unmarked graves within the cemetery. During the 2016-2017 school year, Dr. Sherrod will work with geology and archaeology students to comb through these data looking for interesting anomalies that may indicate the presence of buried grave markers or unmarked graves. Dr. Sherrod and her students will present their analysis of these geophysical data at the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems in Denver, Colorado in the spring of 2017. Fig. 7 The 2015 KUAFS uses a total station to map the location of the grave markers in the Stoddartsville cemetery. EXCAVATION Over the last 200 years, America was transformed from a mostly rural and agricultural society to a largely urban and industrial society. Historical texts often tell of famous people and momentous events from this period of history. Yet the myriad cultural changes that accompanied industrialization played out in small communities composed of men, women, and children simply going about their daily lives. A primary goal of the Stoddartsville Research Program is to collect evidence that we can use to reconstruct everyday life for those who lived and worked at Stoddartsville. To that end, the 2015 KUAFS used historic maps and geophysical survey to locate the general store and workers’ cabins. The 2016 KUAFS continued to work at these locations, building on the fieldwork completed during the 2015 field season. Additionally, the 2016 KUAFS excavated in “The Maples,” the house John Stoddart’s son, Isaac, once called home. Defining the General Store John Stoddart envisioned his village as an important hub on the Easton-Wilkes Barre Turnpike. The connections between Stoddartsville and the surrounding region would have introduced new goods from Philadelphia and more distant markets to the people who lived at and traveled through Stoddartsville—goods that we hoped would be evident in the archaeological record associated with the general store. Despite encountering a few bumps along the way, the 2015 KUAFS succeeded in locating the back wall of the general store just before the field season ended (Fig. 8).

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Fig. 8 A crew from the 2015 KUAFS locates the back wall of the general store. Based on the orientation of the back wall and the distribution of the stones uncovered during the 2015 field season, we thought we might intersect a side wall of the store with a well-placed unit. Locating a side wall would help us to achieve a better understanding of the size and layout of this important structure in the village. With that goal in mind, Sara, Liz, and Carly put in an excavation unit to locate a side wall of the general store (Fig. 9) and immediately found abundant rocks (Fig. 10) dispersed in the direction of the downward slope of the hill. This was exactly what we expected to find from a stone wall that, after many years, had succumbed to gravity and collapsed. Fig. 9 Sara R. (left) and Carly (right) uncover rocks likely derived from a wall of the general store.

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Fig. 10 Sara R. recovers artifacts from among the rocks as Liz sifts the dirt. As our excavation proceeded, we even found remnants of large burnt beams (Fig. 11) spaced at intervals of approximately 4 feet—good evidence of the architecture of the general store and its fiery end. Unfortunately, we did not find a nice, neat line of rocks. It was pretty clear that we were excavating in the shadow of the general store, but we had not found the intact foundation we sought. Fig. 11 Burnt beams, likely part of the construction of the general store consumed by the great forest fire of 1875. Hoping that we might have better luck locating an intact foundation if we looked closer to the back wall of the general store, we spent the second half of the field season expanding our excavation unit that direction (Fig. 12). We welcomed Sara Wingert, Daria Trumbo and, for one day, Jenny Webb (Dr. Webb’s daughter) to help us continue our excavations. As the field season came to an end, we worked to record

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as accurately as possible what we had done (Fig. 13). Although we had not found an intact foundation of the side wall of the general store, the evidence we had recovered was useful. For example, the amount of stone we encountered in our excavation unit indicates that the general store was built primarily of stone—like the grist mill and saw mill but unlike the residences. Additionally, the distribution of stones suggests that the general store Fig. 12 Sara R. (left) and Sara W. (right) expand the excavation was located even closer unit back toward the back wall of the general store. to the Easton-Wilkes Barre Turnpike than we had expected and may, in fact, lie partially buried under the driveway to the current residences. We will use this information in forthcoming field seasons to continue to define the footprint of the general store and recover artifacts that will indicate the kinds of goods flowing through this important structure in Stoddartsville during the 19th century.

Fig. 13 Liz, Sara R., and Jenny (left to right) ponder the meaning of it all, as Daria takes notes.

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Looking for More Evidence of the Workers In addition to locating the general store, the 2015 KUAFS also sought the location of the workers’ cabins. America was dramatically transformed during the 19th and early 20th centuries, as the country transitioned from an agrarian to an industrial economy. The impact of this transition on daily life is, perhaps, best seen through the study of the places where those who helped to reshape American society lived. In 2015, we located a rich archaeological record downhill from the general store (Fig. 14). Given the abundant artifacts recovered from this area, a crew from the 2016 KUAFS spent the season looking for more evidence of daily life for those who worked in the mills at Stoddartsville (Fig. 15). Fig. 14 As the 2015 field season nears its end, a crew sifts dirt from an excavation unit located where we suspect the workers lived. Fig. 15 Brittany, Dani, and Mardy (left to right) hard at work looking for artifacts from the workers’ cabins.

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Fig. 16 Dani, Brittany, and Mardy (left to right) looking for evidence of the workers’ cabins. Not far below the ground surface (Fig. 16), we found abundant evidence of burning, attributable, based on the artifacts we recovered, to the great forest fire of 1875. After a productive two weeks recovering artifacts from this unit, we said goodbye to Brittany and Mardy and welcomed Sara Wingert and Kimmy Lawton to the crew for the second half of the field season (Fig. 17). Fig. 17 Sara W., Kimmy, and Dani (left to right) expand the excavation unit looking for the workers’ cabins.

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As excavation continued, it became apparent that the sediment below the burn layer was attributable to flooding of the Lehigh River and lacked many artifacts. The devastating flooding of the Lehigh River presented us with an interesting puzzle as we worked to interpret the stratigraphy in our excavation unit at the bottom of the hill. In a perfect world (at least for an archaeologist), the periodic flooding of the Fig. 18 Dani records the artifacts we recovered. Lehigh River would deposit culturally-sterile sediment—that is, sediment lacking artifacts. And these flood deposits—which we can date for much of the last couple hundred years by reference to newspaper clippings and other historic records—would neatly separate layers containing artifacts from different periods in the history of Stoddartsville. Unfortunately, the reality is more complex. Rivers don’t just deposit sediment, they also wash away sediment, as well as any artifacts contained within that Fig. 19 Sara W. carefully uncovering large pieces of glass. sediment.

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Fig. 20 Dani (left) and Sara W. (right) excavate, while Kimmy screens the dirt. Dani’s right hand is on a large rock that may be part of a foundation wall of a worker’s cabin. We were confident that we had recovered artifacts attributable to at least the mid- and late-1800s (Fig. 18). We had found abundant nails, pottery, and glass (Fig. 19), as well as the occasional button and pipe stem. We even think we found something of a foundation wall for one of the workers’ cabins (Fig. 20)—something we did not find during the 2015 field season. Yet we were still left to wonder if there was evidence of people living along the upper Lehigh River longer ago, perhaps buried under the flood deposits.

Fig. 21 Dani, Kimmy, and Sara W. (left to right) look for evidence of the workers. The rocks between the two large buckets may be part of a foundation wall of a worker’s cabin. Evelyn’s head is just visible in the front corner of the unit.

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To answer this question, we dug down through the flood deposits in one small corner of our excavation unit (Fig. 21). After four weeks of digging—to a depth of nearly 6 feet! (Fig. 22)—we didn’t find a single artifact in or below the flood deposits. Perhaps we still had not dug deeply enough. The more likely scenario, however, is that the periodic flooding of the Lehigh River during the middle of the 19th century—and especially in 1864—washed away some of the evidence of early 19th century village life at Stoddartsville. A closer look at our stratigraphic profiles, sediment samples, and artifacts back in the lab will help us evaluate this scenario, and will inform our efforts to recover evidence of early-1800s village life during the next field season. Fig. 22 Johnryan digs down through the flood deposit, while Dan holds his feet. Digging in “The Maples” John Stoddart designed and financed Stoddartsville, but he did not live on-site to oversee his industrial village. Instead, his son, Isaac, and his brother, Leonard, oversaw activities at the village. Either John Stoddart or Isaac Stoddart—the historical sources disagree—built a large house, later named “The Maples” (White 1941), to serve as Isaac’s home at Stoddartsville. The house was two stories tall, with a kitchen wing, a captain’s walk, Palladian windows, brick fireplaces, and carved mantels. With a footprint of 1600 square feet, the house was truly impressive (Fig. 23). Outbuildings surrounding The Maples included an ice house, green house, and carriage house. The story of The Maples, as recorded in land ownership records, newspaper ads, and various other documents, captures many of the changes that took place at Stoddartsville over the last 200 years. Deeply in debt by the 1820s, John Stoddart and his family members began to sell their property. The Maples likely was acquired by Lewis Stull in the 1840s, as he bought up land around Stoddartsville for logging. Stull reacquired The Maples in the 1860s, having sold it in the 1850s (Henry 1860). On May 14, 1875, a forest fire devastated the region surrounding the upper Lehigh River, including most of the

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buildings in Stoddartsville. The Maples was one of three structures not destroyed by the fire. As the story goes, residents of Stoddartsville saved the building by putting wet carpets on its roof (Sheehan et al. 1989). In the early 1900s, as Stoddartsville developed into a popular summer getaway, Lewis Stull’s children began to accept paying guests at The Maples. Having escaped the great fire of 1875, The Maples was destroyed by a fire in the mid-1900s (Fig. 24). The official account says that one of Lewis Stull’s daughters accidentally started the fire when she dropped an oil lamp; however, several local residents dispute this account. Fig. 23 The front of “The Maples,” as seen from the Easton-Wilkes Barre Turnpike. Fig. 24 The remnants of The Maples, mid-1900s.

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The foundation of The Maples still faithfully reflects the footprint of this important structure, delineating the spatial framework within which its occupants carried out their activities. The house footprint, in combination with the distribution of artifacts recovered therein, provides evidence of how different rooms and areas were used. In order to recover evidence of everyday life for the occupants of The Maples, one crew, under the direction of KU alumnus Johnryan Mascione (’15), spent much of the 2016 field season excavating in this residence (Fig. 25).

Fig. 25 Chabelli and Dan excavate in The Maples, while Johnryan and Evelyn screen the dirt. While Johnryan’s crew spent some time investigating other structures around The Maples (Figs. 26, 27), most of their effort was expended working in an excavation unit (Fig. 28) at the back of this residence, located between the kitchen (to the left in Figs. 25, 29) and the back fireplace (at the end of the rock wall located to the right in Figs. 25, 29). Johnryan’s crew recovered numerous artifacts, including pottery, nails, buttons, animal bones, and many other objects. Many of these artifacts likely date to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, consistent with the use of this house until it finally burnt down in the mid-1900s. By the time Johnryan’s crew had finished excavating in The Maples (Fig. 30), they had recovered more artifacts just from this unit than we had recovered during the entire 2015 field season.

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Fig. 26 Dan, Johnryan, Evelyn, and Daria (from front to back) excavate in a cistern located just downhill from The Maples. Fig. 27 Dan and Evelyn excavate in the cistern, recovering artifacts tossed in this pit primarily during the last few decades.

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Fig. 28 Dan, Chabelli (back right), and Evelyn (front right) excavate in The Maples. Fig. 29 Evelyn (left) and Chabelli (right) excavate in The Maples, as Johnryan (back) and Dan (front) record the many artifacts being recovered.

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Fig. 30 Base of the excavation unit at the back of The Maples. Given John Stoddart’s success as a Philadelphia businessman, we supposed that his family enjoyed greater access to finely-crafted ceramics, glassware, and other items than the laborers who worked at his mills. Thus, we expected that a comparison of the artifacts recovered in the mansion and in the workers’ cabins would provide evidence of the socioeconomic differences evident among the residents of Stoddartsville. Some of the artifacts already hint at these differences. For example, excavation in The Maples yielded porcelain, as well as white ware with elaborate blue transfer-printed designs made by a pottery in Tennessee. We did not recover evidence of either of these varieties of ceramics from our excavations in the general store or workers’ cabins. In addition to the artifacts, a comparison of the residential architecture and the layout of the village also provides a window onto socioeconomic organization at Stoddartsville. The Maples was far larger than the workers’ cabins. Additionally, The Maples was positioned at the top of the hill (Fig. 31) overlooking the workers, both at home in their cabins and at work in the mills—a conspicuous reminder of the social hierarchy characteristic of many early industrial villages. We will spend much of the 2016-2017 academic year comparing the artifacts recovered from The Maples, the workers’ cabins, and the general store to document the socioeconomic differences evident among the residents of Stoddartsville.

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Fig. 31 The Maples stands atop the hill, overlooking the Easton-Wilkes Barre Turnpike as it crosses the Lehigh River just above the falls (clipping from an early 20th century newspaper article). VISITING ECKLEY MINERS’ VILLAGE During the 2015 and 2016 field seasons, the KUAFS welcomed the University of Maryland Field School to Stoddartsville and enjoyed visiting with them at Eckley Miners’ Village, located about 20 miles west of Stoddartsville. As Kutztown’s own Englysh Ann Handlong (’15) told us on a tour of the site (Fig. 32), Eckley Miners’ Village was founded in 1854 as a coal “patch town,” a town designed, owned, and run by the mining company. Dr. Paul Shackel, doctoral candidate Camille Westmont, and their students have been focusing their research on houses on Back Street, recovering artifacts that will reveal what life was

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like for the mining families (Fig. 33). Their work at Eckley Miners’ Village, like our work at Stoddartsville, will contribute to our understanding of the socioeconomic transformations wrought by industry in northeast Pennsylvania in the 19th century. Fig. 32 Englysh tells the 2016 KUAFS the story of Eckley Miners’ Village. Fig. 33 The 2016 KUAFS visits the University of Maryland Field School, hard at work excavating a house on Back Street in Eckley Miners’ Village.

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FINDING PREHISTORIC ARTIFACTS Back at Stoddartsville, Johnryan’s crew spent the end of the field season excavating along a small rock wall just uphill from the workers’ cabins. With the help of Dr. Webb, who, as in 2015, somehow managed to keep his white shirt white, we recovered an interesting mixture of artifacts (Fig. 34). In this small excavation unit, we found stone flakes (Fig. 35) mixed with historic artifacts, including pottery, glass, and nails. The presence of these artifacts in the same strata suggests that this part of the site was churned up for some reason (perhaps to put in a flower bed), mixing together prehistoric and historic layers. Regardless of how the artifacts became mixed together, the presence of stone flakes indicates that people lived along the upper Lehigh River long before Stoddartsville was built. As the Stoddartsville Research Program continues, we hope to be able to explore the prehistoric record as well. Fig. 34 Dan and Dr. Webb excavate, while Johnryan screens the dirt. Fig. 35 A stone flake recovered from Stoddartsville. The striking platform—the place where the stone was hit to remove the flake—is clearly visible at the top of the flake.

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THE NEXT STEP The 2016 KUAFS recovered thousands of artifacts dating to the 19th century, including abundant pottery, glass, nails, buttons, pipe bowls, animal bones, and a penny. Back at Kutztown University, students will work to analyze the artifacts we have recovered as research projects for Historical Archaeology (ANT 239) and in independent studies. In the spring of 2017, several students will present the results of their research at the annual meetings of the Society for American Archaeology and the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology. As these projects will demonstrate, our research is beginning to shed some light on everyday life at Stoddartsville during the 1800s. We look forward to the next season of fieldwork at Stoddartsville. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The KUAFS would not have been possible without the help and support of numerous individuals. In particular, we wish to acknowledge the support of the Department of Anthropology & Sociology and the Department of Physical Sciences at Kutztown University. We would also like to thank Dr. Beougher (Fig. 36) and Dr. Zayaitz (Fig. 37) for their administrative support of the field school. The fieldwork was supported by grants from Kutztown University and PASSHE. Thanks especially to the Kerrick Family and the Stoddartsville Preservation Society for the opportunity to work at this site. And thanks to our new, unofficial mascots, the Kerrick’s goats (Fig. 38), for delighting us with their curiosity. Fig. 36 Dr. Beougher visits with the 2016 KUAFS.

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Fig. 37 Dr. Zayaitz helps Dan look for artifacts. Fig. 38 Our new, unofficial mascots, the Kerrick’s goats.

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REFERENCES CITED Bradsby, H. C. 1893 History of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania: With Biographical Sketches. S. B. Nelson, Chicago. Conyers, L. B.

2006 Ground-penetrating radar techniques to discover and map historic graves. Historical Archaeology 40:64-73.

Henry, M. S. 1860 History of the Lehigh Valley. Bixler & Corwin, Easton. Rapp, G. and C. L. Hill 2006 Geoarchaeology. 2nd edition. Yale University Press, New Haven. Sheehan, G. W. 1988 A dream betrayed. Archaeology 41(5):36-42. Sheehan, G. W., A. M. Jensen, and M. K. Sender

1989 Archaeological and Architectural Evaluation of Historic and Prehistoric Sites at F. E. Walter Dam and Reservoir. Report prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia District by SJS Archaeological Services, Bridgeport, PA.

White, E. C. 1941 Your Family—An Informal Account of the Ancestry of Allan Kirby White and Emma Chambers White. Tuttle Publishing, Rutland, VT.