388 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 7
(12t century) by Shotha Rusthaveli, was published in Israel.
This monumental work, executed with brilliance and faithful to the
form and spirit of the original, testified to Gaponovs great poetic
talent and immediately became a classic among poetic translations
into Hebrew. In 1970 Gaponov was awarded the Tchernichowsky Prize
for this work.
In 1971 he came to Israel and in the same year published his
translation of A Hero of Our Time by Lermontov, which was also
highly praised by the critics. In 1972 he received the Shazar Prize
for refugee repatriate writers, but died shortly af-ter. A.
*Shlonsky played a prominent role in the literary fate of Gaponov.
Their correspondence began when Gaponov was still living in the
U.S.S.R. and continued for many years. Among Gaponovs unpublished
works are a dictionary of He-brew phrases, a work of considerable
merit on which he had been working for 15 years, as well as
numerous translations of poems by Lermontov, articles on the
Rusthaveli epic, and poems in Russian on Jewish themes.
[Michael Zand]
GARBUZ, YAIR (1945 ), Israeli artist. Garbuz studied painting
under Rafi Lavi between 1962 and 1967 as well as at the Avni
Institute in Tel Aviv. He began to exhibit in 1967, participating
in group and individual exhibitions in Israel and abroad. Garbuz
also taught from 1973 at the Hamidrashah School of Art, serving as
its director from 1997, at the Avni Institution, Tel Hai College,
and the Bezalel Art Academy. In addition, he wrote and lectured
widely on art, and was an editor of the satirical newspaper Davar
Aher. He appeared as a media critic on the Tik Tikshoret TV talk
show. In 2004 he was awarded the EMET Prize by the Ministry of
Education and Culture.
In his art, Garbuz moved from abstraction to the use of collages
incorporating photographs, texts, and various ma-terials, all
serving to produce personal and social/cultural narratives.
[Shaked Gilboa (2nd ed.)]
GARDEN OF EDEN (Heb. ), a garden planted by the Lord which was
the first dwelling place of *Adam and Eve (Gen. 23). It is also
referred to as the garden in Eden (Gen. 2:8, 10; 4:16), the garden
of YHWH (Gen. 13:10; Isa. 51:3), and the garden of God (Ezek.
28:13; 31:89). It is referred to by Ben Sira 40:17 as Eden of
blessing. There existed in early times an Israelite tradition of a
garden of God (i.e., a myth-ical garden in which God dwelt) that
underlies the story of the Garden of Eden in Genesis 23. Ezekiel
(28:1119; 31:89, 1618) in his description introduces new and
variant details not present in the Genesis narrative of the Garden
of Eden. Thus, in Genesis there is no trace of the holy mountain of
Ezekiel 28:14 and no mention of the stones of fire of Ezekiel
28:14, 16. While Genesis speaks only in general terms about the
trees in the garden (2:9), Ezekiel describes them in detail (31:89,
18). The term garden of YHWH occurs in literary figures in a number
of other passages in the Bible (Gen. 13:10;
note Isa. 51:3: He will make her wilderness (midbar) like Eden
and her desert (arabah) like the garden of YHWH, Joel 2:3). The
name Eden has been connected with Akkadian edinu. But this word,
extremely rare in Akkadian, is borrowed from the Sumerian eden and
means plain, steppe, desert. In fact, one Akkadian synonym list
equatesedinu with ru, semanti-cally equivalent to Hebrew midbar,
desert. More likely is the connection with the Hebrew root dn,
attested in such words as ma danim, dainties, luxury items (Gen.
49:20; Lam. 4:5) ednah, pleasure, (Gen. 18:12), adinah, pampered
woman (Isa. 47:8); and in Old Aramaic m dn provider of abundance,
which would be a transparent etymology for the name of a divine
garden. The Septuagint apparently derived Eden from dn, translating
gan eden (Gen. 3:234) by ho paradeisos ts truphs, the park of
luxuries, whence English paradise. Akkadian provides a semantic
parallel in kiri nuhi, garden of plenty (McCarter apud Stager).
Several references (Gen. 2:8 (in Eden), 10 (from Eden), 4:16 (east
of Eden), indi-cate that Eden was a geographical designation.
According to 4:10 a single river flowed out of Eden, watered the
garden and then diverged into four rivers whose courses are
described and themselves named. This datum encouraged scholars
an-cient (see below) and modern to attempt to locate the site of
the garden of Eden intended by the author.
[S. David Sperling (2nd ed.)]
In the Aggadah The Garden of Eden appears in the aggadah in
contradistinc-tion to Gehinnom hell (e.g., BT Sotah 22a). However,
tal-mudic and midrashic sources know of two Gardens of Eden: the
terrestrial, of abundant fertility and vegetation, and the
celestial, which serves as the habitation of souls of the
right-eous. The location of the earthly Eden is traced by the
bound-aries delineated in Genesis 2:1114. Resh Lakish declared, If
paradise is in the land of Israel, its gate is Beth-Shean; if it is
in Arabia, its gate is Bet Gerem, and if it is between the rivers,
its gate is Dumaskanin (Er. 19a). In Tamid (32b) its location is
given as the center of Africa. It is related that Alexander of
Macedon finally located the door to the Garden, but he was not
permitted to enter. The Midrash ha-Gadol (to Gen. 2:8) simply
states that Eden is a unique place on earth, but no creature is
permitted to know its exact location. In the future, during the
messianic period God will reveal to Israel the path to Eden.
According to the Talmud, Egypt is 400 parasangs by 400, and it is
one-sixtieth of the size of Ethiopia; Ethiopia is one-sixtieth of
the world, and the world is one-sixtieth of the Garden, and the
Garden is one-sixtieth of Eden (Taan. 10a). The rabbis thus make a
clear distinction between Eden and the Garden. Commenting upon the
verse Eye hath not seen, O God, beside Thee, R. Samuel b. Nahamani
states, This is Eden, which has never been seen by the eye of any
creature. Adam dwelt only in the Garden (Ber. 34b., cf., Isa.
64:3). The word le-ovedah (to dress it; Gen. 2:15) is taken to
refer to spiritual, not physical, toil, and is interpreted to mean
that Adam had to devote himself to the study of the Torah and
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 7 389
the fulfillment of the commandments (Sif. Deut. 41). Although
the eating of meat was forbidden him (Gen. 1:29), it is stated
nevertheless that the angels brought him meat and wine and waited
on him (Sanh. 59b; ARN 1, 5).
The boundary line between the earthly and heavenly Garden of
Eden is barely discernible in rabbinic literature. In fact, The
Garden of Eden and heaven were created by one word [of God], and
the chambers of the Garden of Eden are constructed as those of
heaven. Just as heaven is lined with rows of stars so the Garden of
Eden is lined with rows of the righteous who shine like the stars
(Ag. Song 13:55).
Bibliography: IN THE BIBLE: M.D. Cassuto, in: Studies in Memory
of M. Schorr (1944), 24853; idem, in: EM, 2 (1954), 2316; J.L.
Mc-Kenzie, in: Theological Studies, 15 (1954), 54172; E.A. Speiser,
Genesis (1964), 1420; idem, Oriental and Biblical Studies, ed. by
J.J. Finkelstein and M. Greenberg (1967), 2334; N.M. Sarna,
Under-standing Genesis (1966), 2328. IN THE AGGADAH: Ginzberg,
Leg-ends, index. Add. Bibliography: A. Millard, in: VT, 34 (1984),
1036; J. Rosenberg, King and Kin: Political Allegory in the Hebrew
Bible (1986), 212; J. Kennedy, in: JSOT, 47 (1990), 314; H.
Wallace, in: ABD, 2:28183; S.D. Sperling, The Orginal Torah (1998),
379; L. Stager, ErIsr, 26 (Cross Volume;1999), *183*94.
GARDOSH, KARIEL (Charles, Dosh; 19212000), Israel cartoonist. He
created the figure of Little Israel, a young boy who became the
popular symbol of the State and its people. Dosh, as he signed
himself, was born in Budapest and edu-cated there and in Paris. He
immigrated to Israel in 1948 and five years later joined the staff
of the afternoon paper Maariv as editorial cartoonist. His drawings
were marked by comic irony which won him a wide following. They
were regularly reprinted in the Jerusalem Post, in the Tel Aviv
Hungarian daily Uj Kelet, and in many newspapers abroad. Gardosh
illus-trated books, wrote short stories and one-act plays, and held
exhibitions in Israel and other countries. He published sev-eral
collections of cartoons, including Selihah she-Nizzahnu! (1967; So
Sorry We Won!, 1967) and Oi la-Menazzehim (1969; Woe to the
Victors, 1969) with text by Ephraim *Kishon, deal-ing with the
Six-Day War and after.
Bibliography: Tidhar, 8 (1957), 3048.
GARFIELD, JOHN (Julius Garfinkle; 19131952), U.S. actor. Born in
New York, Garfield, deeply disturbed by the death of his mother,
was a chronic truant, but was persuaded by a child psychologist to
study acting. He attended drama school and later joined the Group
Theater Company, where he won acclaim for his role in Awake and
Sing. He first played on Broadway in Elmer *Rices Counselor-at-Law
(1931) and then took the lead in Clifford *Odets Golden Boy (1937)
and in its revival in 1952. His other Broadway performances include
Johnny Johnson (193637), Having a Wonderful Time (193738), Heavenly
Express (1940), Skipper Next to God (1948), The Big Knife (1949),
and Peer Gynt (1951).
Embittered over being passed over for the lead (the part went to
William Holden) in the 1939 film version of Golden Boy, which was
written for him, he signed a contract with
Warner Brothers and won enormous praise for the role of the
cynical Mickey Borden in the film Four Daughters (1938). Al-though
he began his film career typed as a tough, he played the lover in
Saturdays Children (1940) and the role of Danny in John Steinbecks
Tortilla Flat (1942). In 1947 he had the op-portunity to put on the
boxing gloves once again when he starred as the prizefighter in
Body and Soul. Other films of his include They Made Me a Criminal
(1939), Pride of the Ma-rines (1945), The Postman Always Rings
Twice (1946), Nobody Lives Forever (1946), Humoresque (1946),
Gentlemans Agree-ment (1947), Force of Evil (1948), We Were
Strangers (1949), Under My Skin (1950), The Breaking Point (1950),
and He Ran All the Way (1951).
Active in liberal political and social causes, he found him-self
caught up in the Communist scare of the late 1940s. Al-though he
testified before Congress that he was never a Com-munist, his
opportunities to secure acting roles decreased. When John Garfield
died of a heart attack at age 39, his funeral was attended by
thousands of fans, the largest turnout for an actor since the death
of silent film idol Rudolph Valentino.
Add. Bibliography: L. Swindell, Body and Soul: The Story of John
Garfield (1975); H. Gelman,The Films of John Garfield (1975); R.
Nott, He Ran All the Way: The Life of John Garfield (2003).
[Ruth Beloff (2nd ed.)]
GARFUNKEL, ART (1941 ), U.S. singer and actor. Born in Forest
Hills, New York, Garfunkel met singer/songwriter Paul Simon while
they were both in their early teens. Gar-funkel received his B.A.
in art history (1965) and his M.A. in mathematics from Columbia
University (1967). He and Paul Simon formed the duo Simon &
Garfunkel and began re-cording Simons songs together in 1960 (Hey,
Schoolgirl). In 1964, Simon and Garfunkel signed a one-album
contract with Columbia Records and released Wednesday Morning, 3
A.M. It failed to generate interest, and Garfunkel left the mu-sic
business to teach mathematics. The sudden and unex-pected success
of a single song culled from the album (The Sounds of Silence)
brought Garfunkel back with Simon, and together they recorded a
long string of hit songs that include Homeward Bound, I Am a Rock,
A Hazy Shade of Win-ter, The Dangling Conversation, The 59t St.
Bridge Song, Mrs. Robinson, The Boxer, Fakin It, and Bridge over
Troubled Water.
In 1973, Garfunkel began a solo career and recorded such albums
as Angel Clare (1973), Breakaway (1975), Water-mark (1978), Fate
for Breakfast (Double for Dessert) (1979), Art Garfunkel (1979),
and Scissors Cut (1981). Garfunkel is the re-cipient of Grammy
Awards for Mrs. Robinson (1969) and Bridge over Troubled Water
(1970). As an actor, Garfunkel appeared in such films as Catch-22
(1970), Carnal Knowledge (1971), Bad Timing (1980), Good to Go
(1986), Boxing Helena (1993), and 54 (1998).
In 1989, Garfunkel published a book of prose poems en-titled
Still Water. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
(as a member of Simon & Garfunkel) in 1990. After
garfunkel, art
