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    CSBA COMMON BODY

    OF KNOWLEDGE

    Version 9.1 200

    Guide to the

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    Revision and Copyright

    Copyright

    Copyright Quality Assurance Institute 2008 All Rights Reserved

    No part of this publication, or translations of it, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orany other media embodiments now known or hereafter to become known, without the priorwritten permission of the Quality Assurance Institute.

    DESCRIPTION BY DATE

    Initial Release Patterson/Marina 08/01/2008

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    Table of Contents

    Version 9.1 1

    CSBA Skill Self Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-1Assess Your Skills against the CSBA CBOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-1

    Calculate Your CSBA CBOK Competency Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-2

    Skill Category 1 - Business Analyst Principles and Concepts . . . . . . . . . P-4

    Skill Category 2 - Management and Communication Skills . . . . . . . . . . P-6

    Skill Category 3 - Define, Build, Implement and Improve

    Work Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-8

    Skill Category 4 - Business Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-10

    Skill Category 5 - Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-12

    Skill Category 6 - Software Development Processes, Project andRisk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-14

    Skill Category 7 - Acceptance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-17

    Skill Category 8 - Commercial Off-the-Shelf Software and Performance

    Based Contracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-19

    Skill Category 9 - Business Partner and Customer Support . . . . . . . . . P-21. CSBA CBOK Competency Rating Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P-22

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    Business Analyst Principles and Concepts . . . . .1-11.1. Introduction to Business Analyst Principles and Concepts . . . . . . . . 1-1

    1.2. Relationship between Certified Software Business Analystand Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

    1.3. Quality Pioneers, Thinkers and Innovators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

    1.3.1. Walter Shewhart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

    1.3.2. Joseph M. Juran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

    1.3.3. Frederick Herzberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

    1.3.4. W. Edwards Deming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

    1.3.5. Kaoru Ishikawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

    1.3.6. Genichi Taguchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-71.3.7. Philip Crosby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

    1.3.8. Tom DeMarco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8

    1.4. Basic Quality Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9

    1.4.1. Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9

    1.4.2. Quality Assurance (QA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9

    1.4.3. Quality Control (QC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10

    1.4.4. Quality Improvement (QI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10

    1.4.5. Quality Management (QM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-101.5. Business Analysis and Management Tools for Quality . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11

    1.5.1. Affinity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11

    1.5.2. Baselining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12

    1.5.3. Benchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12

    1.5.4. Cause-and-Effect Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13

    1.5.5. Control Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15

    1.5.6. Graphical Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16

    1.5.6.1. Pie Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-161.5.6.2. Bar (Column) Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17

    1.5.7. Cost of Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17

    1.5.8. Earned Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19

    1.5.9. Expected Value/Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22

    1.5.10. Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24

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    1.5.11. Force Field Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-25

    1.5.12. Kaizen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-28

    1.5.13. Pareto Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-29

    1.5.14. Relationship Diagram, Entity Relationship Diagram . . . . . . . . . .1-30

    1.5.15. Scatter Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-30

    1.5.16. Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-32

    1.6. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-32

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    Management and Communication Skills . . . . . . . .2-12.1. Leadership and Management Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

    2.2. New Behaviors for Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-52.3. Quality Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

    2.3.1. Manage by Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

    2.3.2. Manage with Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

    2.3.3. Manage Toward Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

    2.3.4. Focus on the Customer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12

    2.3.5. Continuous Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

    2.4. Quality Champions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

    2.5. Empowerment of employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

    2.6. EnvironmentEnvironment Supportive of Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15

    2.6.1. Setting the Proper Tone at the Top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-152.6.1.1. Code of Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-152.6.1.2. Open communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-162.6.1.3. Supporting and Monitoring Policies and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16

    2.6.2. Implementing Values and a Quality Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17

    2.6.3. Establishing Core Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-182.6.3.1. Who Are We? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-182.6.3.2. Who Do We Want To Be? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19

    2.6.4. Creating a Quality Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19

    2.6.5. Creating the Infrastructure for Improving Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-192.6.5.1. Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-202.6.5.2. Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21

    2.6.5.3. Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-212.6.5.4. Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22

    2.7. Communication and Interpersonal Skills for Software

    Business Analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23

    2.7.1. Listening Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23

    2.7.2. Interviewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25

    2.7.3. Facilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29

    2.7.4. Team Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32

    2.7.5. Tuckmans Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing Model . . . . 2-332.7.5.1. Tuckman's Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing - Original Model . . 2-342.7.5.2. Hersey's and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36

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    2.7.6. Brainstorming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-36

    2.7.7. Focus Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-38

    2.7.8. Negotiating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-38

    2.7.9. Johari Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-41

    2.7.10. Prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-442.7.10.1. Conflict Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-442.7.10.2. Prioritization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-47

    2.8. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-50

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    Define, Build, Implement and Improve Work Process-es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1

    3.1. Understanding and Applying Standards for Software Development 3-13.1.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

    3.2. Standards Organizations and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

    3.2.1. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

    3.2.2. Software Engineering Institute and the Capability Maturity Model -

    SEI/CMM and CMMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

    3.2.3. Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-83.2.3.1. DMAIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-93.2.3.2. DMADV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

    3.2.3.3. Six Sigma Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

    3.2.4. Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) . . . . . . . . . 3-10

    3.2.5. National Quality Awards and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

    3.2.6. The Role of Models and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

    3.3. Process Management Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

    3.3.1. Definition of a Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

    3.3.2. Why Processes are Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

    3.3.3. Process Workbench and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13

    3.3.3.1. Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-133.3.3.2. Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14

    3.3.4. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-153.3.4.1. Do Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-153.3.4.2. Check Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

    3.3.5. Process Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-163.3.5.1. Management Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-163.3.5.2. Work Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-163.3.5.3. Check Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

    3.3.6. The Process Maturity Continuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

    3.3.7. How Processes are Managed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-183.3.7.1. Align the Process to the Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-193.3.7.2. Identify the Process and Define the Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19

    3.3.7.3. Evaluate Process Development Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-203.3.7.4. Determine Current and Desired Process Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-213.3.7.5. Establish Process Management Information Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-253.3.7.6. Establish Process Measurement, Monitoring and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . 3-25

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    3.3.8. Process Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-26

    3.4. Process Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-26

    3.4.1. Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-27

    3.4.2. Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-28

    3.4.3. Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-303.4.4. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-30

    3.4.5. Role of Process Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-31

    3.5. Process Planning and Evaluation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-31

    3.5.1. Process Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-31

    3.5.2. Do Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-32

    3.5.3. Check Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-32

    3.5.4. Act Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-33

    3.5.4.1. Process Improvement Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-333.5.4.2. Process Improvement Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33

    3.6. Measures and Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-34

    3.6.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-343.6.1.1. Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-343.6.1.2. Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36

    3.6.2. Types and Uses of Measures and Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-373.6.2.1. Strategic or Intent Measures and Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-373.6.2.2. Process Measures and Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-383.6.2.3. Efficiency Measures and Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-38

    3.6.2.4. Effectiveness Measures and Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-383.6.2.5. Size Measures and Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39

    3.6.3. Developing Measures and Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-393.6.3.1. Responsibility for measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-393.6.3.2. Responsibility for Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-393.6.3.3. Responsibility for Analysis and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-403.6.3.4. Common Measures for Information Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40

    3.6.4. Obstacles to Establishing Effective Measures and Metrics . . . . . .3-423.6.4.1. Use in performance appraisals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-423.6.4.2. Unreliable, invalid measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42

    3.6.4.3. Measuring individuals rather than projects or groups of people . . . . . . . 3-433.6.4.4. Non-timely recording of manual measurement data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43

    3.6.4.5. Misuse of measurement data by management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-433.6.4.6. Unwillingness to accept bad numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43

    3.7. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-43

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    Business Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14.1. Concept Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

    4.2. Understanding Vision, Mission, Goals, Objectives, Strategiesand Tactics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

    4.2.1. Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

    4.2.2. Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

    4.2.3. Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

    4.2.4. Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

    4.2.5. Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

    4.2.6. Tactics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

    4.3. Developing an Organizational Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-134.4. Organizational Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19

    4.4.1. Organization Types and their Funding Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-194.4.1.1. For Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-204.4.1.2. Not For Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-204.4.1.3. Government and Government Related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22

    4.4.2. Funding Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-224.4.2.1. Accounting cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-224.4.2.2. Calendar Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-234.4.2.3. Fiscal Year: Educational Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23

    4.4.2.4. Fiscal Year: Retail Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-244.4.2.5. Fiscal Year: Government Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24

    4.5. Business Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24

    4.5.1. Organization Strategies for Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-244.5.1.1. Product / Service Oriented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-254.5.1.2. Geographic Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-254.5.1.3. Customer Orientation (Market Segmentation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26

    4.5.2. Business Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-274.5.2.1. Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-274.5.2.2. Product mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27

    4.5.2.3. Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-284.5.2.4. Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-284.5.2.5. Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28

    4.6. Business Analysis Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29

    4.6.1. Developing Cost Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-294.6.1.1. Manpower, Staffing, and Human Resources Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-304.6.1.2. Methods, Processes, and Procedures Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31

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    4.6.1.3. Machines, Equipment, and Hardware Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-324.6.1.4. Materials and Supplies Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32

    4.6.1.5. Environmental, Competitive, and Regulatory Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-334.6.1.6. Data and Information Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33

    4.6.2. Developing Benefit Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-34

    4.6.2.1. Manpower, Staffing, and Human Resources Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-354.6.2.2. Methods, Processes, and Procedures Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-354.6.2.3. Machines, Equipment, and Hardware Benefits: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-364.6.2.4. Materials and Supplies Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-364.6.2.5. Environmental, Competitive, and Regulatory Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37

    4.6.2.6. Data and Information Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37

    4.6.3. Forecasts and Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-37

    4.6.4. Creating a Cash Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-38

    4.6.5. Net Present Value (NPV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-42

    4.6.6. Standardized Expense and Benefit Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-434.7. Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-44

    4.8. Completing the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-45

    4.8.1. Feasibility Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-454.8.1.1. Staff, Manpower, and Human Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-464.8.1.2. Processes, Methods, and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-484.8.1.3. Machines, Equipment, and Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-504.8.1.4. Materials and Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-52

    4.8.1.5. Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-524.8.1.6. Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53

    4.8.1.7. Return on Investment, Hurdle Rate and Opportunity Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-544.8.2. Conducting a SWOT Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-55

    4.8.3. Risk Analysis and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-584.8.3.1. What is risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-584.8.3.2. Event identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-594.8.3.3. Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-594.8.3.4. Risk Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-59

    4.8.3.5. Control Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-60

    4.8.4. Completing the Cost Benefit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-604.8.4.1. Cost Benefit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-60

    4.9. Knowledge Area Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-64

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    Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15.1. Business Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

    5.1.1. How Requirements are defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15.1.1.1. What is a requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25.1.1.2. Separating requirements and design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

    5.1.2. Who Participates in Requirement Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35.1.2.1. Business Project Sponsor or Champion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35.1.2.2. Business Stakeholders and Subject Matter Experts (SME) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45.1.2.3. Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

    5.1.2.4. Testers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55.1.2.5. Customers and Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55.1.2.6. Business Analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

    5.1.3. Attributes of a good requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-65.1.3.1. Correct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-65.1.3.2. Complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-75.1.3.3. Consistent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-75.1.3.4. Unambiguous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-75.1.3.5. Important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

    5.1.3.6. Stable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-85.1.3.7. Verifiable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-85.1.3.8. 5.1.3.8 Modifiable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-85.1.3.9. Traceable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

    5.2. Processes used to define business requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

    5.2.1. Joint Application Development (JAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-105.2.1.1. What is Joint Application Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-105.2.1.2. Who participates in Joint Application Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-115.2.1.3. How is Joint Application Development conducted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11

    5.2.2. Business Event Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-145.2.2.1. What is a Business Event Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-145.2.2.2. How is a Business Event Model Created . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-165.2.2.3. Using the Business Event Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17

    5.2.3. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-185.2.3.1. What is a Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18

    5.2.3.2. How Use Cases are Created . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-205.2.3.3. How are Use Cases Applied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-225.2.3.4. Considerations for Use Case Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23

    5.2.4. Process Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-235.2.4.1. Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-245.2.4.2. Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-265.2.4.3. State Transition Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28

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    5.2.5. Prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-30

    5.2.6. Test First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-30

    5.3. Quality Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-31

    5.3.1. Quality Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-31

    5.3.1.1. Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-315.3.1.2. Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-315.3.1.3. Availability / Response Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-32

    5.3.1.4. Integrity / Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-325.3.1.5. Usability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-325.3.1.6. Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-325.3.1.7. Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-335.3.1.8. Portability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-335.3.1.9. Reusability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-33

    5.3.1.10. Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-33

    5.3.2. Relationship of Quality Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-34

    5.3.3. Measuring Business and Quality Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-355.3.3.1. Minimum Level of Acceptable Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36

    5.3.4. Enterprise Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-375.3.4.1. Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-375.3.4.2. Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-385.3.4.3. Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-38

    5.4. Constraints and Trade-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-38

    5.4.1. Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-395.4.1.1. Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-39

    5.4.1.2. Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-395.4.1.3. Policies, Standards and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-395.4.1.4. Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-395.4.1.5. Internal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-405.4.1.6. External Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-40

    5.5. Critical Success Factors and Critical Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-40

    5.5.1. Critical Success Factors (CSFs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-41

    5.5.2. Critical Assumptions (CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-42

    5.6. Prioritizing Requirements and Quality Function Deployment . . . . .5-43

    5.6.1. Prioritizing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-445.6.2. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-45

    5.7. Developing Testable Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-47

    5.7.1. Ambiguity Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-485.7.1.1. What is Ambiguity Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-485.7.1.2. Performing Ambiguity Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-48

    5.7.2. Resolving Requirement Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-49

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    5.7.3. Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50

    5.7.4. Fagan Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-515.7.4.1. Fagan Inspection Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-525.7.4.2. Fagan Inspection Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-535.7.4.3. Fagan Inspection Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54

    5.7.5. Gilb Agile Specification Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-555.7.5.1. Agile Specification Quality Control (SQC) Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-555.7.5.2. Using Inspection Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-555.7.5.3. Agile SCQ Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-565.7.5.4. Agile SCQ Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56

    5.7.6. Consolidated Inspection Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56

    5.8. Tracing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57

    5.8.1. Uniquely Identify All Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57

    5.8.2. From Requirements to Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58

    5.8.2.1. Tracing Requirements to Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-585.8.2.2. Tracing Design to Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58

    5.8.3. From Requirements to Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-585.8.3.1. Tracing Requirements and Design to Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-595.8.3.2. Tracing Test Cases to Design and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59

    5.9. Managing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59

    5.9.1. Create a known base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-61

    5.9.2. Manage Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-61

    5.9.3. Authorize changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-62

    5.9.3.1. Change Control Board (CCB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-625.9.3.2. Change Scope: Requirement, Enhancement or New Project . . . . . . . . . . 5-635.9.3.3. Establish priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-645.9.3.4. Publish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-64

    5.9.4. Control results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-645.9.4.1. 5.8.4.1 Size the effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-645.9.4.2. Adjust the resources or the plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-655.9.4.3. Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-65

    5.10. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-66

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    Skill Category 6

    Software Development Processes, Project and RiskManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

    6.1. Software Development in the Process Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-16.1.1. Policies, Standards, Procedures and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2

    6.1.1.1. Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

    6.1.1.2. Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26.1.1.3. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26.1.1.4. Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

    6.1.2. Entry and Exit Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-36.1.2.1. Entry Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36.1.2.2. Exit Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36.1.2.3. Applying Entry and Exit Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3

    6.1.3. Benchmarks and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-46.1.3.1. The Role of Measures and Metrics in the Development Environment . . . . 6-5

    6.1.3.2. Establishing Meaningful Software Development Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5

    6.2. Major Components of Software Processes

    (Objectives and Deliverables) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-6

    6.2.1. Pre-Requirements Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-66.2.1.1. Preliminary Scope Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-66.2.1.2. Preliminary Benefit Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-76.2.1.3. Preliminary Estimate and Related Cost Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-76.2.1.4. Feasibility Study Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7

    6.2.2. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-86.2.2.1. Requirements Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-86.2.2.2. Preliminary Test Cases and Test Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-86.2.2.3. Project Charter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8

    6.2.2.4. Project Scope Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-86.2.2.5. Project Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-96.2.2.6. Revised Estimate, Cost and Benefit Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-96.2.2.7. Organizational Approvals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9

    6.2.3. Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-96.2.3.1. External and Internal Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10

    6.2.3.2. Revised Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-116.2.3.3. New and Revised Test Cases and Test Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-116.2.3.4. Final Project Scope and Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-116.2.3.5. Final Project Estimate, Cost and Benefit Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11

    6.2.4. Code, Development, Construct or Build . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-126.2.4.1. Unit and System Tested Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-126.2.4.2. Revised Requirements and Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13

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    6.2.4.3. Defect Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13

    6.2.5. Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-136.2.5.1. Executed Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-136.2.5.2. Production Ready System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-146.2.5.3. Organizational Approvals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14

    6.2.5.4. Defect Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-146.2.6. Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14

    6.2.6.1. Product Documentation / User Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-156.2.6.2. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-156.2.6.3. Product Turnover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15

    6.2.6.4. Help Desk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16

    6.3. Traditional Approaches to Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16

    6.3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16

    6.3.2. Typical Tasks in the Development Process Life Cycle . . . . . . . . 6-17

    6.3.3. Process Model / Life-Cycle Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-186.3.4. Ad-hoc Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18

    6.3.5. The Waterfall Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-196.3.5.1. Problems/Challenges associated with the Waterfall Model . . . . . . . . . . 6-20

    6.3.6. Iterative Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-206.3.6.1. Problems/Challenges associated with the Iterative Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21

    6.3.7. Variations on Iterative Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-226.3.7.1. Prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-226.3.7.2. Prototyping steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23

    6.3.7.3. Problems/Challenges associated with the Prototyping Model . . . . . . . . . 6-236.3.7.4. Variation of the Prototyping Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24

    6.3.8. The Exploratory Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-246.3.8.1. The Exploratory Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-246.3.8.2. Problems/Challenges associated with the Exploratory Model . . . . . . . . . 6-24

    6.3.9. The Spiral Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-256.3.9.1. The Spiral Model steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-266.3.9.2. Problems/Challenges associated with the Spiral Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26

    6.3.10. The Reuse Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-266.3.10.1. The Reuse Model steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27

    6.3.10.2. Problems/Challenges Associated with the Reuse Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27

    6.3.11. Creating and Combining Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28

    6.3.12. Process Models Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29

    6.4. Agile Development Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29

    6.4.1. Basic Agile Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29

    6.4.2. Agile Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-31

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    6.4.3. Effective Application of Agile Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-32

    6.4.4. Integrating Agile with Traditional Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-33

    6.5. Software Development Process Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-33

    6.5.1. Post Implementation Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-33

    6.5.2. Defect Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-366.5.3. Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-36

    6.6. Project Management, Estimation and Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-37

    6.6.1. Project Management Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-38

    6.6.2. Developing the Project Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-396.6.2.1. Work Breakdown Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-396.6.2.2. Time and Budget Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-396.6.2.3. Function Point Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-406.6.2.4. Gantt Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41

    6.6.2.5. Critical Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-426.6.2.6. PERT Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-446.6.2.7. Resource Allocation, Leveling and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-446.6.2.8. 6.6.2.8 Tools for Project Plan Development and Integration . . . . . . . . . . 6-45

    6.6.3. Executing the Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-466.6.3.1. Monitoring Time and Budget Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-47

    6.6.3.2. Monitoring Scope and Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-486.6.3.3. Change Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-49

    6.6.4. Evaluating the Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-49

    6.7. Software Project Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-49

    6.7.1. Identify Risk Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-51

    6.7.2. Assess Potential Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-52

    6.7.3. Assess Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-53

    6.7.4. Quantify Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-53

    6.7.5. Establish the Risk Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-546.7.5.1. Risk Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-556.7.5.2. Risk Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-556.7.5.3. Risk Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-556.7.5.4. Risk Contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56

    6.7.5.5. Residual Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-57

    6.7.6. Define Triggers and Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-57

    6.7.7. Monitor Risk Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-58

    6.8. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-58

    6.9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-59

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    Skil l Category 7

    Acceptance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-17.1. Concepts of Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

    7.1.1. Dynamic Testing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-37.1.1.1. Unit Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-47.1.1.2. Integration Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-47.1.1.3. System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-57.1.1.4. Acceptance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

    7.1.2. Dynamic Testing Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-67.1.2.1. White Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

    7.1.2.2. Black Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-77.1.2.3. Equivalence Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-87.1.2.4. Boundary Value Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-87.1.2.5. Smoke Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-97.1.2.6. Regression Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-107.1.2.7. Stress Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10

    7.1.2.8. Conditional and Cycle Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-117.1.2.9. Parallel Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-137.1.2.10. Risk-based Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-137.1.2.11. Security Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-147.1.2.12. Backup and Recovery Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-157.1.2.13. Failure and Ad Hoc Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

    7.1.2.14. Other Test Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

    7.2. Roles and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

    7.2.1. Project Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-167.2.2. Test Manager and the Test Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17

    7.2.3. Designer/Developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18

    7.2.4. Business Partner and Subject Matter Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-19

    7.2.5. Operations and Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-19

    7.2.6. Data Security and Internal Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20

    7.2.7. Control Verification and the Independent Tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-21

    7.2.8. Business Analyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-22

    7.2.9. Other Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-23

    7.3. Acceptance Test Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-23

    7.3.1. Planning the Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-247.3.1.1. Key Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-24

    7.3.1.2. Time Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-247.3.1.3. Revisions and Approvals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25

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    7.3.1.4. Plan Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25

    7.3.2. Planning for early life cycle activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-267.3.2.1. Feasibility study and cost benefit analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-267.3.2.2. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-267.3.2.3. Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-27

    7.3.3. Planning for mid life cycle activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-277.3.3.1. Code and Unit Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-277.3.3.2. Integration Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-287.3.3.3. Regression Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-287.3.3.4. Systems Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-28

    7.3.4. Planning for late life cycle activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-297.3.4.1. Acceptance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-297.3.4.2. Implementation Support Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-30

    7.3.4.3. Post Implementation Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31

    7.3.5. Planning for process improvement activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-317.3.5.1. Post Implementation Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-317.3.5.2. Process Improvement Workshops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31

    7.4. Acceptance Test Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-32

    7.4.1. Verify the entry criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-32

    7.4.2. Update the acceptance plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-33

    7.4.3. Execute the acceptance test plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-33

    7.4.4. Sign off by sponsors and business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-34

    7.4.5. Develop an acceptance decision

    based on the results of acceptance testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-347.5. Use Cases for Acceptance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-35

    7.5.1. Use Case Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-36

    7.5.2. Use Case Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-40

    7.5.3. Use Case Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-41

    7.5.4. Writing effective Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-43

    7.6. Data and Domain Models in Acceptance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-43

    7.6.1. Using Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-44

    7.6.2. Using Domain Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-447.6.3. Using Workflow Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-44

    7.7. Defect Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-45

    7.7.1. Defect Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-457.7.1.1. Defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-457.7.1.2. Errors, Faults and Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-477.7.1.3. Recidivism and Persistent Failure Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-48

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    7.7.2. Defect Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-487.7.2.1. Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-487.7.2.2. Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-517.7.2.3. Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-527.7.2.4. Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-52

    7.7.3. Defect Reporting and Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-537.7.4. Defect Prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-56

    7.7.4.1. Forced Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-567.7.4.2. Re-evaluating Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-58

    7.7.5. Know Defects in Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-58

    7.8. 7.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-59

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    Skill Category 8

    Commercial Off-the-Shelf Software and PerformanceBased Contracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

    8.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-28.1.1. Commercial Off-the-Shelf Software (COTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2

    8.1.2. Custom Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2

    8.1.3. Modified Off-the-Shelf Software (MOTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2

    8.1.4. Performance Based Contracting (PBC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2

    8.2. Establish Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3

    8.3. Vendor Selection Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3

    8.3.1. Vendor Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-4

    8.3.2. Custom Product Vendor Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-48.3.3. Vendor Selection Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-5

    8.3.4. Request for Proposal (RFP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-6

    8.4. Performance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-8

    8.4.1. Establish criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-8

    8.4.2. Identify Performance Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10

    8.4.3. Monitor Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10

    8.4.4. Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-12

    8.4.5. Functional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-14

    8.4.6. Evaluate Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-15

    8.4.7. In-flight Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-16

    8.5. Commercial Off-The-Shelf Software (COTS) Considerations . . . . .8-17

    8.5.1. Determine compatibility with your computer environment . . . . . .8-178.5.1.1. Hardware Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-188.5.1.2. Operating System Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-188.5.1.3. Software Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-198.5.1.4. Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19

    8.5.1.5. Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-198.5.2. Ensure the software can be integrated into your business

    system work flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-208.5.2.1. Current system based on certain assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-208.5.2.2. Existing forms, existing data, and existing procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-208.5.2.3. COTS based on certain assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21

    8.5.3. Assuring product usability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-21

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    8.5.3.1. Telephone interviews with current and previous customers . . . . . . . . . . . 8-228.5.3.2. Demonstrate the software in operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-23

    8.6. Software Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-24

    8.7. Issues in custom software development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27

    8.8. Contract Management and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28

    8.9. Roles and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28

    8.9.1. Project Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28

    8.9.2. Project Liaison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-29

    8.9.3. Attorneys and Legal Counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-29

    8.9.4. Test Manager and the Test Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-30

    8.9.5. Designer/Developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-30

    8.9.6. Business Partner and Subject Matter Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-30

    8.9.7. Business Analyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31

    8.9.8. Other Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-32

    8.10. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-32

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    Business Partner and Customer Support . . . . . . 9-19.1. Pre-Implementation Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1

    9.1.1. Implementation scope and strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-29.1.1.1. Big Bang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29.1.1.2. Pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39.1.1.3. Incremental Rollouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-49.1.1.4. Individual Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4

    9.1.2. Budget and Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4

    9.1.3. Training people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-59.1.3.1. Pre-implementation assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-59.1.3.2. Train the Trainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-69.1.3.3. Pilot or Power Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6

    9.1.3.4. Help Desk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-79.1.3.5. Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8

    9.1.4. Hardware and software deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-89.1.4.1. Pre-implementation inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-99.1.4.2. Hardware ordering and installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-99.1.4.3. Software deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10

    9.1.5. Implementation Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-109.1.5.1. Critical Success Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-109.1.5.2. Approvals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12

    9.2. Implementation Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-12

    9.2.1. Production Readiness Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-12

    9.2.2. Help Desk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-129.2.2.1. FAQs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-139.2.2.2. Known Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-139.2.2.3. Defect Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-139.2.2.4. 9.2.2.4 Expedited Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14

    9.2.3. User Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-149.2.3.1. Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14

    9.2.3.2. Hard copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-159.2.3.3. Soft copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15

    9.2.4. Help screens and prompting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-169.2.4.1. Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16

    9.2.4.2. Workflow analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-17

    9.2.5. Answering questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-179.2.5.1. On-site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-179.2.5.2. Telephone and On-line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18

    9.2.5.3. Establishing final transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18

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    9.3. Post-Implementation Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-18

    9.3.1. Project Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19

    9.3.2. Project Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19

    9.3.3. Process Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-23

    9.4. Defect Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-249.4.1. Defect Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-25

    9.4.2. Root Cause Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-26

    9.4.3. Process Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-26

    9.5. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27

    Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

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    Some Competency Some

    This assessment means that you know what is needed to accomplish a specificskill. For example, you may know what is to be included within an IT test plan, butyou have never actually prepared an IT test plan. In other words, you have bookknowledge, but not how-to knowledge.

    Fully Competent FullThis assessment means that you not only know what is required to perform aspecific skill, but you have actually used that skill in performing day-to-day worktasks. For example, you have written an IT test plan.

    2. Study those skills you rated None. After you complete the assessment worksheet,

    you will have designated some of the skills included in the CBOK as: None, Some, andFull. The objective in preparing for the CSBA examination should be to have somecompetency in all of the skills within the CBOK. You need not be fully competent inany skill to qualify you to pass the CSBA examination. Note that the CSBAdesignation focuses on individuals knowing what to do in order to effectively

    perform IT software testing. To provide maximum value to your employer you need tobe fully competent in all of the CBOK skills areas.

    3. Reassess those skills you studied after a rating of None. If you now believe yourrating changes to Some, then change your checkmark for the related skill on that

    category assessment table. Continue reassessing as you study.

    Calculate Your CSBA CBOK Competency Rating

    Follow these steps to calculate your competency rating for the CSBA CBOK. This rating willhelp you determine if you are ready to submit your application for the CSBA examination orif, and in what areas, you need further study in order to pass the examination. Use the CBOKSkill Category Competency Rating Table on page 40 to perform each step below.

    1. Total the number of skills you have checked in each of the three columns for each skill

    category. Write your numbers in the space provided for each skill category on the work-sheet. These are your competency rating totals for that skill category.

    2. Transfer the three competency rating totals for each skill category to the corresponding

    column (Full, Some, and None) in the CSBA Skill Category Competency Ratingstable provided.

    3. Tally each column in the table to determine each Ratings Total.

    4. Multiply each column by the indicated number to determine the Column Total.

    5. Add the Column Totals together to determine the Sum of the Rows Total.

    6. Divide the Sum of the Rows Total by 411 (the number of total skills in the CSBA CBOK)to determine your CSBA CBOK Competency Rating. This number will be between 1 and3.

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    Now you are able to determine if you are ready to submit your application and take thecertification examination or if you need further study. Use your CSBA CBOK Competency

    Rating from step 6 above and the following key to interpret your competency rating:

    The closer your score is to 3, the more competent you are in software testing.

    If your score is a 3, you are a world-class software tester and ready to submit your

    application. If your score is between 2 and 3, you are a competent tester and ready to submit

    your application.

    See the Introduction for information on submitting your application for the CSBAcertification examination.

    If your score is between 1 and 2, you do not have the basic skills necessary toperform software testing. Study those skills that you rated None and then reassessyour skills.

    If your score is a 1, you are not competent in the CBOK. Study those skills that yourated None and then reassess your skills.

    Using this product does not constitute, nor imply, the successful passing of theCSBA certification examination.

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    Skill Category 1 - Business Analyst Principles andConcepts

    The Business Analyst position is uniquely placed in the organization to provide a strong link

    between the Business Community and Information Technology. The evolution of theBusiness Partnership model, which had its roots in the very earliest days of the qualityrevolution, has finally created a relationship that is win-win. The Business Analyst needs to be

    fluent in both the language of business and the language of IT, is once again the key player.

    Note that Skill Category 1 focuses on the vocabulary of IT software testing and the basicconcepts on which the software testing profession is built. In assessing this category for atesting term such as reliability a not competent response means you could not define theterm; a some competency response means you could define the term; and a fullycompetent response means that you use the term in the performance of your day-to-day

    work. Similarly, when considering the Quality Pioneers, Thinkers and Innovators, in order torespond fully competent you would need to know the individual and their contributions to

    the field.

    Skill # Skill Description Full Some None

    1.001 Relationship between Certified Software BusinessAnalyst and Quality

    1.002 Quality Pioneers, Thinkers and Innovators andtheir contributions including:

    1.003 Walter Shewhart

    1.004 Joseph M. Juran

    1.005 Frederick Herzberg1.006 W. Edwards Deming

    1.007 Kaoru Ishikawa

    1.008 Genichi Taguchi

    1.009 Philip Crosby

    1.010 Tom DeMarco

    1.011 Basic Quality Definitions

    1.012 Quality

    1.013 Quality Assurance (QA)

    1.014 Quality Control (QC)

    1.015 Quality Improvement (QI)1.016 Quality Management (QM)

    1.017 Business Analysis and Management Tools for

    Quality including:

    1.018 Affinity Diagram

    1.019 Baselining

    1.020 Benchmarking

    1.021 Cause-and-Effect Diagram

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    1.022 Control Charts

    1.023 Graphical Representations

    1.024 Pie Charts

    1.025 Bar (Column) Charts

    1.026 Cost of Quality

    1.027 Earned Value

    1.028 Expected Value/Cost

    1.029 Flow Chart

    1.030 Force Field Analysis

    1.031 Kaizen

    1.032 Pareto Principle

    1.033 Relationship Diagram, Entity RelationshipDiagram

    1.034 Scatter Diagram

    1.035 Six Sigma

    Skill # Skill Description Full Some None

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    Skill Category 2 - Management and CommunicationSkills

    The most important prerequisites for successful implementation of any major quality initiative

    are leadership and commitment from executive management. Management must create a workenvironment supportive of quality initiatives. It is managements responsibility to establishstrategic objectives and build an infrastructure that is strategically aligned to those objectives.

    To be proficient in this Skill Category you must know and understand the processes used toestablish the foundation of a quality-managed environment, as well as commitment, newbehaviors, building the infrastructure, techniques, approaches and communications.

    Skill # Skill Description Full Some None

    2.036 Leadership and Management Concepts

    2.037 New Behaviors for Management

    2.038 Quality Management

    2.039 Manage by Process

    2.040 Manage with Facts

    2.041 Manage Toward Results

    2.042 Focus on the Customer

    2.043 Continuous Improvement

    2.044 Quality Champions

    2.045 Empowerment of employees

    2.046 Environment Supportive of Quality

    2.047 Setting the Proper Tone at the Top

    2.048 Code of Ethics2.049 Open communication

    2.050 Supporting and Monitoring Policies and Pro-

    cedures

    2.051 Implementing Values and a Quality Policy

    2.052 Establishing Core Values

    2.053 Creating a Quality Policy

    2.054 Creating the Infrastructure for ImprovingQuality

    2.055 Communication and Interpersonal Skills for

    Software Business Analysts2.056 Listening Skills

    2.057 Interviewing

    2.058 Facilitation

    2.059 Team Building

    2.060 Tuckmans Forming-Storming-Norming-Per-forming Model

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    2.061 Hersey's and Blanchard's Situational Leader-ship Model

    2.062 Brainstorming

    2.063 Focus Groups

    2.064 Negotiating

    2.065 Johari Window

    2.066 Prioritization

    2.067 Conflict Management

    2.068 Prioritization Techniques

    Skill # Skill Description Full Some None

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    Skill Category 3 - Define, Build, Implement andImprove Work Processes

    Companies must constantly improve their ability to produce quality products adding value to

    their customer base. Defining and continuously improving work processes allows the pace ofchange to be maintained without negatively impacting the quality of products and services. Inorder to be competent in this Skill Category you must be able to comprehend and discuss pro-

    cess management concepts, including the definition of a process, the workbench concept andcomponents of a process which includes a policy, standards, procedures (i.e., do and check pro-cedures), and guidelines, understand the continuous improvement of a process through the pro-cess management Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle and the importance of entrance and exitcriteria at each stage of the PDCA cycle. You must also know the role and contribution of var-ious national and international quality standards.

    Skill # Skill Description Full Some None

    3.069 Understanding and Applying Standards forSoftware Development

    3.070 International Organization for Standardiza-tion (ISO)

    3.071 Software Engineering Institute and the Capa-bility Maturity Model - SEI/CMM and CMMI

    3.072 Six Sigma

    3.073 DMAIC

    3.074 DMADV

    3.075 Information Technology Infrastructure Library

    (ITIL)3.076 National Quality Awards and Models

    3.077 The Role of Models and Standards

    3.078 Process Management Concepts

    3.079 Definition of a Process

    3.080 Why Processes are Needed

    3.081 Process Workbench and Components

    3.082 Policy

    3.083 Standard

    3.084 Procedures

    3.085 Do Procedure3.086 Check Procedure

    3.087 Process Categories

    3.088 Management Processes

    3.089 Work Processes

    3.090 Check Processes

    3.091 The Process Maturity Continuum

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    3.092 How Processes are Managed

    3.093 Align the Process to the Mission

    3.094 Identify the Process and Define the Policy

    3.095 Evaluate Process Development Stage

    3.096 Determine Current and Desired Process Capa-bility

    3.097 Establish Process Management Information

    Needs

    3.098 Establish Process Measurement, Monitoringand Reporting

    3.099 Process Mapping

    3.100 Role of Process Maps

    3.101 Process Planning and Evaluation Process

    3.102 Process Improvement Teams

    3.103 Process Improvement Process3.104 Measures and Metrics

    3.105 Types and Uses of Measures and Metrics

    3.106 Strategic or Intent Measures and Metrics

    3.107 Process Measures and Metrics

    3.108 Efficiency Measures and Metrics

    3.109 Effectiveness Measures and Metrics

    3.110 Size Measures and Metrics

    3.111 Developing Measures and Metrics

    3.112 Responsibility for measurement

    3.113 Responsibility for Development3.114 Responsibility for Analysis and Reporting

    3.115 Common Measures for Information Technology

    3.116 Obstacles to Establishing Effective Measures andMetrics

    Skill # Skill Description Full Some None

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    Skill Category 4 - Business Fundamentals

    The title Business Analyst places clear emphasis on understanding The Business. As therelationship between Information Technology and their business partners has changed, so hasthe ability to consistently identify and recruit knowledgeable business people into the analyst

    ranks. Today it is not uncommon to find organizations in which the Business Analyst has noline of business experience. This lack of direct business knowledge can result in productswhich are incompletely or incorrectly specified, test plans which miss critical issues andimplementation strategies which are doomed to chaos. The Business Analyst (often in concertwith the Project Manager, or working at their direction) will bring all of the pieces together inproducts which communicate the financial, legal as well as technical issues to stakeholders.

    Skill # Skill Description Full Some None

    4.117 Understanding Vision, Mission, Goals,

    Objectives, Strategies and Tactics4.118 Developing an Organizational Vocabulary

    4.119 Organizational Funding

    4.120 Funding Cycles

    4.121 Accounting cycles

    4.122 Business Environment

    4.123 Organization Strategies for Businesses

    4.124 Product / Service Oriented

    4.125 Geographic Organization

    4.126 Customer Orientation (Market Segmentation)

    4.127 Size4.128 Product mix

    4.129 Suppliers

    4.130 Competition

    4.131 Customers

    4.132 Business Analysis Tools

    4.133 Developing Cost Information

    4.134 Manpower, Staffing, and Human ResourcesCosts

    4.135 Methods, Processes, and Procedures Costs

    4.136 Machines, Equipment, and Hardware Costs

    4.137 Materials and Supplies Costs

    4.138 Environmental, Competitive, and RegulatoryCosts

    4.139 Data and Information Costs

    4.140 Developing Benefit Information

    4.141 Manpower, Staffing, and Human ResourcesBenefits

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    4.142 Methods, Processes, and Procedures Benefits

    4.143 Machines, Equipment, and Hardware Benefits

    4.144 Materials and Supplies Benefits

    4.145 Environmental, Competitive, and Regulatory

    Benefits

    4.146 Data and Information Benefits

    4.147 Forecasts and Projections

    4.148 Creating a Cash Flow Model

    4.149 Net Present Value (NPV)

    4.150 Standardized Expense and Benefit Processes

    4.151 Regulation

    4.152 Feasibility Studies

    4.153 Return on Investment, Hurdle Rate andOpportunity Cost

    4.154 Conducting a SWOT Analysis4.155 Risk Analysis and Management

    4.156 What is risk

    4.157 Event identification

    4.158 Risk Assessment

    4.159 Risk Response

    4.160 Control Activities

    4.161 Cost Benefit Analysis

    Skill # Skill Des