1

oifonfor®musrf;pmudkem;vnfEdkifygonf/

aygvk\ yxrpmapmifrsm;- *vmwdMo0g'pm? 1 ESifh2 oufoavmedMo0g'pmrsm;

BOB UTLEY a[majymjcif;qdkif&m ygarmu©

(or®musrf;enf;usteufjyefjcif;)

teufzGifhjcif;avhvmrIvrf;ñTefpmpOfrsm; "r®opfusrf;/ twGJ 7/

Bible Lessons International, Marshall, Texas 1998

jyefvnfrGrf;rHjcif; 2010

2

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3

*vmwdESifh oufomavmedrsm;\txl;taMumif;t&macgif;pOfrsm; apvTwfonf (Apostellō)? *vm 1;1 30 ar&Sd,? *vm 1;1 32 tzcrnf;awmf? *vm 1;1 32 &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;? *vm 1;1 33 toif;awmf (Ekklesia )? *vm 1;2 34 acwf uyfumvESpfck? *vm 1;4 37 bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf? *vm 1;4 38 bkef;wefcdk;awmf? *vm 1;5 40 umvtpOftquftwGuf *&d tD'D,Hrsm;? *vm 1;5 40 tmrif? *vm 1;5 41 usrf;jyKol\ {0Ha*vdtjrif? *vm 1;7 44 usdefqJjcif; ( Anathema )? *vm 1;8 45 zg&d&SJrsm;? *vm 1;13 48 Huper aygif;pyfpum;vHk;rsm;aygvkoHk;EIef;yHk? *vm 1;13 49 taoG;tom;^cEmudk,f (sarx)? *vm 1;16 52 aygvkpmrsm;yg ]]or®mw&m;}}? *vm 2;5 61 a,½I\ wpfydkif;nD,mukyf? *vm 2;9 63 Koinōnia *vm 2;9 64 AmeA? *vmwd 2;13 67 ajzmifhrwfjcif;? *vm 2;21 74 pGJNrJ&ef vdktyfjcif;? *vm 3;4 83 "r®a[mif;usrf;xJu Believe, Trust ,Faith? ESifh opömw&m;? *vm 3;6 85 "r®opfusrf;xJu Believe, Faith, Trust? *vm 3;6 88 a&G;EIwfcH jyefa&G;aiG jyefa&G;onf? *vm 3;13 94 y#dnmOfw&m;? *vm 3;15-17 98 ysufjy,fíqdwfokef;oGm;aom (Katargeō)? *vm 3;17 100 arma&S\ ynwfw&m;ay: aygvk\tjrif? *vm 3;19 101 AdwåZH r*Fvm? *vm 3;27 106 vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'? *vm 3;28 107 Kosmos pum;vHk;aygvkoHk;EIef;yHk? 4;3 118 oHk;yg;wpfql? *vm 4;4 119 pdwfESvHk; (the Heart)? *vm 4;6 122 ,HkMunfolrsm;\ tarG? *vm 4;7 123 trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;? *vm 4;24 131 odem (Sinai) awmif\ wnfae&m? *vm 4;25 132 pGJNrJjcif;? *vm 5;4 140 ,HkMunfjcif;rS a&GUavsmhjcif;? *vm 5;4 141 ajrmfvifhjcif;? *vm 5;5 144 waq;? *vm 5;9 146

4

"r®opfusrf;rS qdk;npfjcif;ESifh aumif;jrwfjcif;rsm;? *vm 5;19 150 bk&m;ocif\ EdkifiHawmf? *vm 5;21 153 0g<um;jcif;? *vm 6;4 162 zsufpD;onf? ysufqD;onf? ysufjym;onf (phtheirlō)? *vm 6;8 164 aygvk\csD;rGrf;jcif;? qkawmif;jcif;ESifh aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;? *vm 6;18 169 odvESifh odvTmEk? 1ouf 1;1 186 tb^tz? 1ouf 1;1 187 aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;? 1ouf 1;2 189 Mum;0ifqkawmif;ay;jcif;? 1ouf 1;2 192 a&G;aumufjcif; 1ouf 1;4 197 yHkpH (Form - Tupos)? 1ouf 1;7 200 ta&SUwdkif; pmay? 1ouf 1;8 201 bk&m;\emrawmfrsm;? 1ouf 1;9 203 ueOD;toif;awmf\Kerygma? 1ouf 1;10 206 ab;'Pf? 1ouf 1;10 207 bk&m;ocifudk vlom;uJhodkYa&;om;azmfjyjcif;? 1ouf 1;10 208 &J&ifhjcif; (Parrhēsia)? 1ouf 2;2 212 tjypfwifp&muif;aom? tjypfrJhaom? tjypfuif;aom? tjypfqdkp&mr&Sdaom (Blameless, Innocent, Guiltless, Without Reproach)?1ouf 2;10 217 a&G;aumufjcif;^BudKwifcefYxm;jcif;ESifh "r®oabmqdkif&m o[mZwjzpf&efvdktyfrI? 1ouf 2;12 220 bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmf? 1ouf 2;12 221 tem*wdåpum; ("r®a[mif;) 1ouf 2;15 225 "r®opftem*wådpum;? 1ouf 2;15 229 yk*¾dKvftm;jzifh jzpfaomraumif;rI? 1ouf 2;18 234 a,½Ijyefvnf<uvmjcif;? 1ouf 2;19 236 c&pf,mefrsm;tb,faMumifh'ku©cHMuoenf;? 1ouf 3;3 241 prf;oyfjcif; (0g) pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif; - testing twGuf *&da0g[m&rsm;? 1ouf 3;5 242 <u,f0jynfhpHkjcif; (Perisseuō)? 1ouf 3;12 246 c&pfawmf<uvmjcif; twGuf"r®opfusrf;a0g[m&rsm;? 1ouf 3;13 247 oefY&Sif;olrsm;? 1 ouf 3;13 249 bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf? 1ouf 4;3 254 oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;? 1ouf 4;3 255 csrf;om<u,f0jcif;? 1ouf 4;12 259 b,ftcsdefürqdka,½I<uvmjcif; Vs tcsdefrusao;aom <uvmjcif; ("r®opf\qefYusifae[ef&Sdaomfvnf; nDñTwfrI)? 1ouf 4;15 265 tpöa&;rsm;oHk;aom OD;csdKwHydk;rsm;? 1ouf 4;16 267 wdrfrsm;ay:<uvmjcif;? 1ouf 4;17 269 tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;? 1ouf 5;4 275 u,fwifjcif;twGufoHk;aomumvjy*&dpum;vHk;rsm;? 1ouf 5;9 283 wnfaqmufjcif;^ckdifcHapjcif;? 1ouf 5;11 284 0dnmOfawmfonfyk*¾Kdvfjzpfjcif;? 1 ouf 5;19 289

5

c&pf,mefrsm;tcsif;csif;w&m; pD&if&OD;rnfavm? 1ouf 5;21 291 rD;? 2ouf 1;7 301 odonf (a[NAJ pum;vHk;avhvmrI)? 1ouf 1;8 303 xm0&? 2 ouf 1;9 303 aovGefaomolrsm;b,frSm&Sdoenf;/? 1ouf 1;9 304 ac:zdwfjcif;cH? 2ouf 1;11 309 udk,fawmf\emrawmf? 2ouf 1;12 309 tem*wfudkBudKwifa[maompmay? 1ouf 2;1-12 tm;pmtquftpyfoabmjzifh avhvmjcif; 313 &mxl;tBuD;qHk;?Archē? 2ouf 2;13 329 or®musrf;pmxJ&Sd bdodwfqDoGef;avmif;jcif;? 2ouf 2;14 331

6

pma&;ol\ trSmpum; þteufzGifhusrf;onf oihfudk rnfodkYulnDEdkifrnfenf;/

or®usrf;pmenf;us teufjyefjcif;[lonf 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;cHusrf;jyKolwpfOD;tm; em;vnf

oabmaygufEdkif&ef tm;xkwfaom? pOf;pm;jcif;ESifh0dnmOfa&;vkyfxkH;wpfrsKd;yifjzpfNyD;? xdkokdYjyKjcif;jzifh bk&m;ocif ay;awmfrlaomowif;pum;tm;em;vnfoabmaygufum? ,aeYrdrdwdkYacwfumvü vufawGYusifhoHk;Ekdif&ef jzpfonf/

0dnmOfa&;&mvkyfxHk;onf tqHk;tjzwfay;aomt&mjzpfaomfvnf; t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufay;&ef cufcJonf/ ¤if;ü qufuyfjcif;ESifh yGifhvif;rIvdktyfonf/ (1) udk,fawmftm; qmiwfjcif; (2) udk,fawmf tm; oduRrf;vdkjcif;ESifh (3) tapcHvdkaompdwfqErsm; ½Sd&ygrnf/ þvkyfxHk;ü qkawmif;jcif;? 0efcHjcif;ESifh rdrdt ouf½Sifjcif;yHkpH ajymif;vJ vdkaompdwfqErsm;vdktyfonf/ teufjyefjcif;vkyfxHk;ü 0dnmOfawmfonf tjywfqHk; jzpfol jzpfaomfvnf; pdwfESvHk;pifMu,fNyD;? bk&m;w&m;udkif;½Idif;ol c&pf,mefrsm;\ or®musrf;pmtm; em;vnfo abmaygufyHk uGJjym;jcm;em; aejcif;rSm vQKdU0SufeufeJaom t&mwpfckjzpfonf/

pOf;pm;jcif;vkyfxHk;rSm &Sif;vif;&ef vG,fulonf/ rl&if;usrf;tay: wnfMunf&efESifh bufvdkufjcif; uif;&efvdktyfNyD;? rdrdudk,fwdkifESifh*dkPf;*eqdkif&m iJhuGufrIrsm;\vGrf;rdk;rI uif;pif&ygrnf/ uRefawmfwdkY tm;vHk; onf ordkif;\jyKjyifajymif;vJrIcHMu&onf csnf;omvQif jzpfMuonf/ uRefawmfwdkYü bufvdkufjcif;r½SdbJ? t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif; teufjyefol[lí wpfa,mufrSr&Sdacs/ rdrdwdkY\iJhuGufrIrsm;tm; ausmfvTm; oGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf *½kw pdkuf jyifqifxm;onfhteufjyefjcif; ed,roHk;ckyg0ifaompOf;pm;jcif;vkyfxHk; wpfckudk þteufzGifhusrf;ü ay;xm; ygonf/ yxred,r

yxred,rrSm or®musrf;pm\usrf;wpfusrf;tm; a&;om;pOfu ordkif;aemufcHtajctaeESifh? usrf;jyKolonf tqdkygusrf;tm; a&;om;&jcif;ordkif;qdkif&m tjzpftysufjzpfonf/ rl&if;usrf;jyKolü rdrdajymqdk qufoG,f&jcif;\ &nf½G,fcsufESifh taMumif;t&mwpfckck&Sdonf/ 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;cH&ol a½S;acwf rl&if; pma&;oltwGuf t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhaomt&mudk rl&if;usrf;ü azmfjyvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ uREfkyfwdkY\ordkif; ausmaxmufaemufcHr[kwfaom? uREfkyfwdkY\ pdwfxJ&Sdonfht&mr[kwfaom? uRefawmfwdkY\xHk;wrf;"avh? vlyk*d¾Kvf(0g)toif;awmf? *dkPf;*P\vdktyfcsufrsm;rygaom xdkrlv usrf;jyKol\&nf½G,fcsufrSm t"duaomh csufjzpfonf/ vufawGYtoHk;csjcif;u tNrJvdkufvm&ef jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pm\pmydk'fwdkif;ü t"dyÜg,fwpfck½Sd pNrJjzpfNyD;? ESpfckoHk;ckr&Sdacs/ þqdkvdk&if;t"dyÜg,frSm rl&if;usrf;jyKolonf ol\acwfumvü 0dnmOfawmf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh ajymvdkaom&nf½G,fyifjzpfonf/ wpfckwnf;aom þqdkvdk&if;t"dyÜg,fudk uGJjym;jcm;em;aom xHk;wrf;"avhrsm;ESifh tajctaersm;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;toHk;csEdkifonf/ þtoHk;csrIrsm;onf rl&if;usrf;jyKol A[dkjyKaomor®mw&m;ESifh qufpyfae& ygrnf/xdkYaMumifhyif þteufzGifh avhvmrIvrf;nTefpmtkyfü or®musrf; pmyg usrf;wpfusrf;pDwdkif;t wGuf pum;csD;yg&Sdygonf/ 'kwd,ed,r

'kwd,ed,rrSm e*dkyg½Sdaomtydkif;u@rsm;udk azmfxkwf&efjzpfonf/ or®musrf;pm\ usrf;wpf usrf;pD wdkif;rSm aygif;pyfxm;aomrSwfwrf;rSwf&m wpfckpDjzpfonf/ teufjyefolrsm;ütqdkyg? yg½Sdaomor®mw&m; wpf&yfudk oD;jcm;cGJxkwfa&;twGuf tjcm;yg0ifaom or®mw&m;rsm;udk z,f½Sm;&ef tcGifhta&;r½Sdacs/ xdkUaMumifh usrf;wpfusrf;ü ygaomtydkif;u@rsm;udk teufjyefjcif;rjyKrD xdkusrf; wpfckvHk;\&nf½G,fcsuftm;em; vnf&ef BudK;pm;&ygrnf/ tydkif;wydkif;pDjzpfaomtcef;BuD;rsm;? pmydk'frsm;ESifh tcef;i,frsm;onf tqdkygusrf; wpfckvHk;\ qdkvdk&if;r[kwfaom tjcm;t"dyÜg,f½SdEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/ teufjyefjcif;onf usrf;wpfckvHk;tm; jcHKíavh vmjcif;rSonf tydkif;u@ tvdkufavh vmjcif;odkU qufvuf&ygonf/ xdkUaMumifh þteufzGifhjcif; avhvmrI vrf;nTefpmtkyfudk tydkif;u@ wpfckpDtm;pmydk'frsm;cGJí tao;pdwfavhvmEkdif&ef yHhydk;Ekdifa&;twGuf pDpOfxm;yg onf/ pmydk'frsm;ESifhtcef;BuD;? tcef;i,fcGJjcm;rIrsm;onf 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif;r[kwfaomfvnf; rl&if;pma&;ol \tawGUtMuKHrsm;udk azmfxkwf&ef ulnDay;onf/

0gustvdkuf? pum;pktvdkuf (odkU) u pum;vHk;wvHk;jcif; tvdkufr[kwfbJ? pmydk'ftvkduf teufjyefjcif; onf rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ qdkvdk&if; t"dyÜg,fudkem;vnf&ef aomhcsufjzpfonf/ pmydk'frsm;onf aygif;pyfxm;aom

7

taMumif;t&mwpfckudk tajcjyKjcif;jzpfNyD; ¤if;udkOD;wnfcsuf (odkU) ajymvdk&if; taMumif;t&mtm; azmfjyaom pm[kac:onf/ tqdkygpmydk'fxJüygaom pum;vHk;wkdif;? pum;pkwdkif;? 0guswdkif;onf tqkdygpkpnf;xm;aom taMumif;t&m (0g) OD;wnfcsuftaMumif;t&mESifh wenf;r[kwf wenf; qufpyfMuonf/ ¤if;wdkUonf xdkt&m udkuefYowfonf/ tus,fcsJUonf?½Sif;vif;onf/ odkYr[kwf ar;cGef;xkwfonf/ qDavQmfaom teufjyefjcif;\ t"duaomhcsufrSm tqdkygusrf;wusrf;tm; zGJUpnf; xm;onfh tydkif;u@rsm;rSwqifh rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ tawGYtMuHKudk pmydk'ftvdkuf em;vnf&efjzpfonf/ acwfopft*Fvdyf bmomjyefusrf;rsm;tm; avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm; xdkodkUjyKEkdif&ef þteuf zGifhjcif; avhvmrIvrf;nTeftm; pDpOfxm;ygonf/ þbmomjyef usrf;rsm;udk a½G;jc,f&jcif;rSm ¤if;wdkUonf uGJjym;jcm;em;aom bmomjyefjcif;oDtdk&Drsm; toHk;jyKMuíjzpfonf/ 1/ United Bible Society \*&dusrf;rSm jyefvnfrGrf;rHonfh pwkw¬ajrmufxkwfa0jcif;jzpfonf/ (UBS4)

þusrf;udk acwfopfrI&if;usrf;qkdif&mynm½Sifrsm;u usrf;ydk'fcGJMujcif;jzpfonf/ 2/ The New King James Version (NKJV) rSm Textus Receptus [k vlodrsm;aoma½S;½dk;pOfvm

*&drl&if;usrf;udk tajcjyKívHk;aphywfaph bmomjyefusrf;wpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;\usrf;ydk'fcGJrsm; onf tjcm;bmom jyefrsm;xuf ydkí½Snfonf/ taMumif;t&mrsm;tm; cGJjcm;owfrSwf&mü ¤if;\pm ydk'fcGJrsm;onf taxmuf tuljzpfapygonf/

3/ The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) onf vHk;aphywfaphjzifh qDavsmfatmif bmomjyefaomusrf;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf atmufygacwfopfbmomjyefusrf;ESpfckteuf tv,f tvwfjzpfonf/ ¤if;\ pmydk'fcGJrsm;onf taMumif;t&mrsm;tm; cGJjcm;owfrSwf&mü tawmf yif taxmuftuljyKonf/

4/ The Today's English Version (TEV) rSm United Bible Society rS xkwfa0aomrl&if;usrf;ESifh tjynfht0udkufnDaom bmomjyefenf; (dynamic equivalent) jzifh bmomjyefaomusrf;jzpf onf/acwfopft*Fvdyf pmzwfol (0g) bmompum;ajymqdkolonf rl&if;*&dusrf;tm; em;vnfo abmaygufEdkifap&ef tm;xkwfbmomjyefqdkaom or®musrf;pmjzpfonf/txl;ojzifh c&pf0ifusrf; rsm;ü usrf;ydk'frsm;udk NIV rSm enf;wl taMumif;t&mtm;jzifhr[kwfbJ? pum;ajymoltm;jzifh ydkif;cGJonf/ ¤if;onf teufjyefoltwGuf taxmuf tulrjyKacs/ UBS4 ESifh TEV wdkUudk yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wnf; xkwfa0jcif;jzpfaomfvnf;?usrf;ydk'fcGJyHkuJjGym;jcm;em; onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f &mjzpfonf/

5/ Jerusalem Bible (JB) rSm rl&if;usrf;ESifh tjynhft0udkufnDaom bmomjyefenf;(dynamic

equivalent)jzifhbmomjyefqkdaomjyifopfumodkvpfbmomjyefusrf;jzpfonf/Oa&mywdkufom;tjrif jzifh usrf;ydk'fcGJ yHkudk EIdif;,SOf&onfrSm taxmuftul vGefpGmjyKonf/

6/ þteufzGifhusrf;onf 1995ckESpfu jyefvnfrGrf;rHaomusrf; Updated New American Standard

Bible (NASB) udk toHk;jyKonf/¤if;rSm vHk;aphywfaphbmomjyefusrf; wpfckjzpfonf/ tydk'fi,frsm;wpfckNyD;wpfckteufzGifh&müþbmomjyefusrf;\pmydk'fudkvdkufonf/

wwd,ed,r

þwwd,ed,rrSm or®musrf;pmpum;vHk;rsm; (0g)pum;pkrsm;ü ½SdEkdifonfht"dyÜg,fudk tus,fjyefU qHk;od½SdEkdif&ef uGJjym;jcm;em;aombmomjyefusrf;rsm;udk zwf½I&efjzpfonf/ rl&if;*&dpum;pk(0g)pum; vHk;wpfvHk; tm;em;vnfEkdifyHktrsKd;rsKd; ½Sdavh½Sdwwfonf/¤if;wdkUudk uGJjym;jcm;em;aombmomjyefusrf; rsm;tm;jzifh od½Sd&NyD;? *&drl&if;usrf; uGJrsm;tm; ½Sif;vif;csufay;onf/ ¤if;wdkUonf Mo0g'udkxdcdkufjcif; r½Sdaomfvnf; a½S;acwfumvü 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;rI&Sdol usrf;jyKq&ma&;om;cJhonfh rl&if;usrf;qDodkUjyefa&muf&ef tm;xkwf&mü ulnDyHhydk;onf/

þteufzGifhusrf;onf avhvmoltm; rdrdudk,fwdkif teufjyefjcif;udk jrefqefpGmppfaq;Ekdifap&ef jyifqifay;onf/ þodkUjyKjcif;udk twdtustjzpf rSwf,l&efr[kwfaomfvnf; rSwfom;bG,f&mESifh pOf;pm; bG,f&mrsm;&½Sd&efjzpfonf/ tjcm;jzpfEkdifacs½Sdaom bmomjyefusrf;rsm;tm;od&jcif;onf uRefawmfwdkUtm; usOf;ajrmif;aomtjrif?Mo0g'pGJ? *dkPf*epGJr½Sdap&efulnDonf/ a½S;a[mif;rl&if; usrf;\teuft"dyÜg,f rnfrQ roJruGJESifh 'GD[jzpf p&maumif;aMumif;tm;odEkdif&ef rnfuJhodkU trsKd;rsKd;bmomjyefEkdifaMumif;tm; us,fjyefUpGm od½Sd&efvdktyfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; rdrdpGJudkifonfh or®mw&m;\t&if;tjrpftjzpfcH,lol c&pf,mefrsm;txJü oabmwlnDrI rnfrQenf;yg;aMumif;od&onfrSm xdwfvefUbG,f&myifaumif;ae avawmhonf/

8

þed,rrsm;onf uREfkyfudk a½S;a[mif;rl&if;usrf;tm; tywfwukwfavhvm&ef wGef;tm;ay;vsuf? uREfkyf\ ordkif; aemufcHtajctaersm;pGmtm; atmifjrifausmfvTm;Ekdif&ef rsm;pGmulnD yHhydk;ay;ygaMumif;/

Bob Utley East Texas Baptist University

1996ck? ZGefv 27&uf

9

t,f'Dwm\trSmpum;

or®musrf;pmteufzGifhyHkzGifhenf;udkavhvmaom þpmwGJrsm;\tpjzpfonfh þyxrwGJonf ae&mwum&Sd or®musrf;pmavhvmolrsm;twGuf txl;tcsdeftcgwpfckyifjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aom teufzGifh usrf;rsm;ESifh avhvmrItaxmuftuljyKpmtkyfrsm;wdk;yGm;vm&mwGif trsm;tjym; wkdYrSmaps;EIef;csdKomMuygonf/ BobUtley\teufzGifhusrf;wdkYrSm or®musrf;pmtaMumif;tenf;i,frQomod&Sd ol,HkMunfoltopfrsm;rStp? rl&if;bmomrsm;us,fjyefYpGm em;vnfaomorÇm&ifhusrf;wwfyk*¾dKvfrsm;txd tqifhrsdK;pHkrS or®musrf;pmavhvm olrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfap&ef txl;wvnf&nf&G,fpDpOfxm;ygonf/teufzGifhusrf;\tcef;BuD;wpf ckrprD usrf;NydKifbm omjyefusrf;ig;rsdK;wdkY\ usrf;ydk'fcGJrsm;azmfjyay; jcif;rSm þpmwGJrsm;\xl;jcm;aumif;rGefrI yifjzpfygonf/ þusrf;ydk'fcGJrsm;udkazmfjyjcif;rSm rlvusrf;jyKol\ pdwful;pD;qif;yHkESifh tusdK;tjypfazmfjyaqG; aEG;jcif;wkdYrSm bmomjyefusrf;wpfrsdK;udkomuGufí,ljcif;r[kwfaMumif; twwfEdkifqHk;jyojcif;jzpfonf/ usrf;ydk'fcGJjcif;rsm;ESifh jznfhpGufpmwdkYrSmyifudk,ftm;jzifh0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif;r[kwfaomfvnf;or®musrf;pmu od&SdapvdkaompdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f&mor®mw&m;rsm;udk&SmazGawGU&Sdvdkolrsm;twGuf teufjyef&mwGif toufwrQt a&;BuD; aomaomhrsm;yrmjzpfygonf/ or®musrf;pmudk em;vnfoabmaygufí&aom usrf;jzpfap&ef a'gufwmtufwav (Dr. Utley) \ ac:zdwfrIonf vlwdkif;pHepfwusESifhh pnf;urf;wus rdrdudk,fwdkifavhvmjcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywf awmfESifh trSefwu,f qHkqnf;apvdkaomol\qEESifh xyfwljzpfygonf/ þteufzGifhusrf;udk w&m;a[mcsuf oifcef;pmrsm;ESifh qef;a'pul;oifcef;pmrsm;jyifqif&mü toHk;jyKEdkifonfhjyif? þteufzGifhjcif; avhvmrIvrf; ñTefpmrsm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0&jcif;\ aemufuG,fü&Sdaom&nf&G,fcsufrSm usrf;pmavhvm olwpfOD;csif;\ okawo ejyKjcif;ESifhavhvmrItm;axmufyHhulnD &efjzpfonf/xdkodkYESifhtnD aemufü ygvmrnfh ywfvnfav;cgzwf½Ijcif;rSm avhvmolonfEIwfuywfawmfürdrdtoHk;jyKaomtcsdefudk tusdK;&SdqHk;jzpfap&ef enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf txl; axmufcHtm;ay;ygonf/ or®musrf;pmaumif;pGmavhvmrItwGuf vdktyfaompnf;urf;udk c&pf,meftrsm; pkwdkYonf obm0tm;jzifh tvkdvdkr&&SdMuaomfvnf; taumif;qHk;avhvmrI&v'frsm;udk pnf;urf;wus avhvm jcif;tm;jzifh om&&Sdonf/

a'gufwmtufwavudk uRefawmfoduRrf;vmcJhonfrSm ajcmufESpfMumcJh&mwGif ol\or®musrf;pm teufjyefjcif;tjrifonfuREfkyftwGuftm;opfjzpfap½HkomrubJ ol\b0ESifh trIawmfaqmif&mü t½dk;cHoabm &Sdaom&nf&G,f&jcif;\taMumif;&if; ,HkMunfrIürSefuefaoma&S;½dk;qefrI&Sdjcif;ESifh &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf qufuyfrI wdkYudkygawGU&Sd&ygonf/ a'gufwmtufwavonf bk&m;ocifESifh ydkrdkeD;uyfaomtoufwmESifhc&pfawmfuJhodkU pdwf0dnmOfrsdK;jzifh yHkaumif;oufaojzpf&eftpOftNrJwuf<upGmtm;xkwfoljzpfNyD;? or®musrf;pmudkESpfESpfumum cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;rSm ¤if;twGuf ol\enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ olrMumcPyif &Sif;vif;pGmausnmavh&SdonfrSm uRefawmf wdkY wpfOD;csif;onf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfhtvif;xJavQmufvSrf;um ]]rdrdwdkYESifh wlnDaom tvif;r&olrsm;ay: onf;cHNyD;tvif;ydkí&&Sd&eftNrJ&SmazG avhvmMu&ef}} [líjzpfonf/ olonfþed,mrudkyif rjywfwrf;wpdkuf rwfrwf a[majymíusifhoHk;onf/ odkYjzpfí a'gufwm tufwvDonf þumvrsm;wpfavQmuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHcJh aomqkawmif;jcif;rsm;ESifhol\vkyfief;tjrifhqHk; a&muf&Sd&mjzpfonfhteufzGifhjcif;tm;avhvmrIvrf;ñTefpmwGJrsm; \ þyxrtwGJonf urÇmwpf0Srf;&Sd ,HkMunfolrsm;ESifhbk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfavhvmolrsm;twGuf aumif; csD;r*FvmjzpfrnfrSm {uefr vTJ[kuREfkyfarQmfvifh&ygonf/

William G. Wells, 1996ckESpfatmufwkdbmv (8)&uf/

10

or®musrf;aumif;pGmzwf½Ijcif;twGufvrf;ñTef/ [kwfrSefaMumif;oufaoxlí&aomor®mw&m;tm;udk,fwdkif&SmazGjcif;

or®mw&m;udk uRefawmfwdkUodEkdifygOD;rvm;? ¤if;udk b,frSm½SmazGawGU½SdEkdifrvJ? or®mw&m;jzpfaMumif;

,kwådaA'enf;jzifhjyEkdifrvm;? tqHk;pGefaomtcGifhtmPm[lí½SdOD;rvm;? uRefawmfwdkU\b0toufwm? uRef awmfwdkU\urÇmBuD;udk OD;aqmifvrf;jyEdkifaomt<uif;rJh taMumif;w&m;rsm;½SdygOD;rvm;? touf½Sif&jcif;ü qdkvdk&if;t"dyÜg,f½Sdygovm;? þae&mü uRefawmfwdkU tb,faMumifh½SdaeMuvJ? b,fae&mqDudk OD;wnfoGm; aeMuvJ?þar;cGef;rsm;rSmqifjcifpOf;pm;wwfolwdkif;tav;teufar;jref;cJhMuonfhar;cGef;rsm;jzpfum? todnmPf ½Sdaom vlom;tm; tcsdefumv\rlvtpuyif o&Jwapäajcmufovdk acsmufvefUcJh aomar;cGef;rsm;jzpfonf (a'oemusrf;? 1;13-18/ 3;9-11)/uREfkyfb0\tpdwftydkif;rsm;pkpnf;aygif;pyf&mA[dkcsufrtm; uREfkyfpl;prf; ½SmazGcJhyHkudkuREfkyfowd&onf/c&pfawmfudk,HkMunfoluREfkyfrdom;pk0ifrsm;\t"dyÜg,f½Sdaomoufaoay:t"dutm; jzifh tajcjyKNyD;?i,fpOfuyif c&pfawmfudk,HkMunfolwpfa,muf jzpfvmcJhonf/ t½G,fa&mufvmonfESifh trQuREfkyftaMumif;? uREfkyfaexdkif&m avmutaMumif; ar;jref;p&mrsm;vnf; wdk;ívmygonf/ pmtkyfpmayrsm; xJu zwf½IcJh&aomt&mrsm;? awGUMuHKcJh&aomtawGUtMuHKrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;omref,Ofaus;rI xHk;wrf;"avhrsm;ESifh ½dk;tD aeaombmoma&;pum; toHk;tEIef;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkYudk t"dyÜg,faqmifusOf;ay;Ekdifjcif; r½SdcJhacs/ em;vnf& cufNyD;? Murf;wrf;cufxefaom uREfkyfaexdkif&m urÇmavmuBuD;tm;&ifqdkif&mü xdktcsdefrSm prf;w0g;0g;jzifh ½IyfaxG;vSNyD;? vdkvm awmifhwrIrsm; ESifhjynfhESufaeum? rMumcPyif ajrmfvifhcsufuif;rJhcJh&aom umvrsm;yif jzpfacsonf/ tNyD;owfay;aom þar;cGef;rsm;\tajzrsm; rdrdwdkUü½Sdonf[k vltrsm; tjym; a<u;aMumfcJhMuaomf vnf;? pl;prf;avhvmNyD;?aocsmpOf;pm;qifjcifonfhtcg olwdkYay;aomtajzrsm;onf(1)udk,fydkifawG;ac:rIrsm;(2) a½S;acwf '@&Drsm; (3) udk,fydkiftawGYtMuHKrsm;ESifh (4) tem*wfumvtwGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&m rSef;qrIrsm;om vQif tajcjyKaMumif;awGY½SdcJh&onf/ uRefawmftvdk½SdonfrSm rdrd\avmutjrif? rdrd\pkpnf;aygif;pyfrItwGuf A[dkcsufrwpfck? touf½Sifae&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rsm;twGuf wpHkwckaomtwdkif; twmtxd rSefuefaMumif; oufaojyí&aomtrSefw&m;? oufaoom"utcsKdUESifh tcsKdUaomqifjcifrIrsm;omvQifjzpf onf/ or®musrf;pmtm;avhvm&mü þtcsufrsm;udk uREfkyf½SmazGawGU½SdcJhonf/ uREfkyf\awGU½SdrI ckdifvHkpdwfcs &rItwGuf oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk pwifpl;prf;½SmazGcJh&mwGif (1)or®musrf;pmonf ordkif;taMumif; t&mt& ,HkMunfpdwfcs&aMumif; a½S;a[mif; okawoejyKcsufrsm;u twnfjyKaMumif; (2) "r®a[mif;usrf;\ tem*wådpum;rsm; wdusrSefuefpGm jynfhpHkcJhaMumif; (3)ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifajcmuf&mtwGif;a&;om; xkwfa0onfh or®musrf;pmyg taMumif;t&mrsm;\ pkpnf;nDnTwfrIESifh (4)or®musrf;pmESifhxdawGUrIaMumifh b0toufwmcdkifNrJ pGm ajymif;vJoGm;cJholrsm;\wpfOD;csif;oufaocHcsufrsm;tm; awGY½SdcJh&ygonf/ pepfwus pkpnf;xm;onfhc&pf ,mef0g'onf vlYb0\½IyfaxG;aeaomar;cGef;rsm;udk udkifwG,fEdkifpGrf;½Sdonf/¤if;onf pOf;pm;qifjcifp&mom vQifr[kwfbJ? or®musrf;enf;us ,HkMunfjcif;onf tawGYtMuHKudkyg ay;pGrf;jcif;onf uREfkyftm pdwfydkif;qdkif&m 0rf;ajrmufrIESifh ckdifcHhjcif;udk ay;ygonf/ or®musrf;pmtm;jzihf em;vnfcJh&onfhtwdkif; uREfkyf\b pkpnf;&m A[dkjzpfol c&pfawmftm; awGU½SdcJh&NyD[k uREfkyfxifygonf/ ¤if;onf vGefpGm tm½kHcHpm;apNyD;? pdwfvIyf½Sm;aponf/ rnfodkUjzpfap þor®musrf;pmtm; t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk&mü toif;awmfwpfyg;? "r®ynmoif ausmif;wpfausmif;üyif rnfodkUtrsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;jcm;em;aejcif;onf uREkfyfwdkUtm; vlEkH?vlcsmwpfa,mufru jzpfoGm;aponfhtcg rnfrQt xdwfwvefUjzpfum? pdwfqif;&JcJh&yHktm; uREfkyfowd&aeygao;onf/ or®musrf;pmonf rIwfoGif;awmfrlí a&;om;jcif; jzpfaMumif;ESifh? ¤if;\ ,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI wdkUtm; twnf jyKjcif;onf tqHk;r[kwfbJ? tpomvQif jzpfaeacsawmhonf/

11

or®musrf;pm\tcGifhtmPmESifh ¤if;\,HkMunfpdwfcs&rIwdkUtm; ausnmajymqdk olrsm;twGif;üyif or®musrf;pm cufcJaomusrf;ydk'frsm;pGmwdkUtm; teufzGifh&mü wpfrsKd;ESifh wpfrsKd;qefUusifwdkufcdkufrI trsKd;rsKd;wdkU tm; [kwfr[kwf rnfodkUppfaq;um? (0g)jiif;y,f&ef rnfodkUuREfkyfvkyfrnfenf;? þwm0efBuD;onf uREfkyf\b0yef;wdkifESifh ,HkMunfjcif;c&D;oGm;rIyifjzpfonf/ c&pfawmftm; ,HkMunf jcif;onf uREfkyftm; (1) BuD;rm;aomNidrfoufjcif;ESihf 0rf;ajrmufrIay;onf/ tcsif;csif; ESD;EG,fqufpyfaeaom uREfkyfwdkU\ acwfumv(acwfvGef,Ofaus;rI (post-modernity)tv,fü t<uif;rJhw&m;tcsKdU awmifhwcJhygonf/ (2)w,loefaom urÇmYbmoma&;rsm;\ qefUusifwdkufcdkufrIrsm;ESihf (3) *dkPf;*epGJaom0ifh0grIrsm;udk vnf;awGU& ygonf/a½S;acwfpmayrsm;tm; bmomjyef&mü cdkifrmpGmcsOf;uyfum?pl;prf;½SmazG&if;ESifhyif ordkif;a&;&m? ,OfausrIa&;&m? *dkPf;*ea&;&mESifh tawGUtMuHKqdkif&mwdkUü uREfkyfudk,fwdkif\ iJhuGufrIrsm;udk xdwfvefU bG,f&m awGU½SdcJhonf/ uREfkyfonf or®musrf;pmudk uREfkyf\ordkif;qdkif&m? xHk;wrf;pOfvm? *kdPf;*eqdkif&mESifh tawGYt MuHKqdkif&miJhuGufrI? bufvdkufrIrsm;tm; yHhydk;ap&ef rMumcP zwfavh½SdcJhonf/ uREfkyfudk,fwdkifü vHkjcHKrI uif;rJhyHk ESifh? avsmfuefjynfhpHkjcif;uif;rJhyHkwdkUudk xyfrHítwnfjyK&if;jzifh? txufyg uREkfyf\iJhuGufjcif;oabm udkyif tjcm;olrsm;tm; qefUusifwdkufcdkuf&ef t,l0g'qdkif&m t&if;tjrpfwpf&yftjzpf toHk;jyKcJhygao;onf/ rdrdudk,füu þodkUjzpfaMumif;tm; oabmayguf&jcif;onf emusnf;bG,f&m aumif;vSygbdawmhonf/ uREfkyfonf t½Sdudkt½Sdwdkif; t<uif;rJhrnfonfhtcgürQ ½IjrifEkdifpGrf;½Sdrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; or®musrf; pmzwf½I&mü ydkíawmfvmygonf/ uREfkyfü rnfuJhodkUaom iJhuGufrIrsm;½SdaMumif;od½Sdum? ¤if;tm; 0efcHonfhtcg uREfkyf\ iJhuGufwwfaomoabmudk uefYowfavQmhcsEdkifvmonf/ ¤if;wdkUESifhruif;½Sif;Ekdifao;aomfvnf; uREfkyf\tm;enf;csufwdkUudk ra½Smif½Sm;bJ&ifqdkifvmcJhonf/usrf;pmteufjyefolonf or®musrf;pmtm; aumif;pGm zwf½Ijcif;\ tqdk;0g;qHk; &efoljzpfaeavh½Sdonf/ or®musrf;pmavhvm&mü uREfkyfcH,laomtcsuftcsdKUwdkUtm; azmfyg&ap/taMumif;rSmpm½Iolonf ¤if;wdkU udk uREfkyfESifhtwl qef;ppfoGm;Ekdif&efjzpfygonf/

1/ rSefonf[k cH,laomtcsufrsm;

(u) or®musrf;pmonf wpfqlwnf;ppfrSefawmfrlaombk&m;\ rdrdudk,frdrdzGifhjyjcif;tm;? vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; rIwfoGif;aom usrf;jzpfonf[k uRefawmf,HkMunfygonf/ ordkif;qdkif&m wdusaomtcsdefumvwpfck twGif;? vlom;pma&;olwpfa,mufudk toHk;jyKaomrl&if; pma&;oljzpfonfh 0dnmOfawmfbk&m;ürnf onfh&nf½G,fcsuf ½SdaMumif;tm; tajcjyKum? or®musrf;pmudk teufzGifh&efjzpfonf/

(c) or®musrf;pmudk vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k uREfkyf,HkMunfonf! bk&m;ocifonf ordkif;acwfumvwpfckESifh ,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk; wrf;wpfrsKd;\ abmifcGifwpfcktwGif; rdrdukd,frdrd vdkufavsmnDaxGaeum? uREfkyfwdkUtm; ½Sif;vif;pGm pum;ajymonf/ bk&m;ocifonf or®mw&m;udk zGwfxm;jcif;rjyKbJ? uRefawmfhudk em;vnfapcsifonf/ xdkUaMumifh ¤if;tm; rdrdwdkU\tjrifjzifh teuf rjyefbJ? xdkacwfumv\tjrifjzifh teufjyef&efjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkUtwGuf or®musrf;pm\qdkvdk&if;rSm ¤if;tm; yxrqHk;zwf½IcJhol (0g) Mum;emcJholrsm;twGuf t"dyÜg,fr½Sdaomt&mrsKd; rjzpfEkdifacs/ or®musrf;pmonf omrmefvlom;csif; qufoG,frIyHkpHESifh enf;vrf;rsm;udkom toHk;jyKjcif; jzpfojzifh omrefvlom;wdkif; em;vnfEkdifonf/

(*) or®musrf;pmü pkpnf;nDnTwfaom owif;pum;ESihf &nf½G,fcsuf½Sdonf[k uREkfyf,HkMunfonf/ ¤if;ü em;vnf&cufNyD;? wpfckESifhwpfck qefUusifbufjzpfae[ef½Sdaom usrf;ydk'frsm; yg½Sdaomfvnf; or®musrf; pmonf rdrdudk,frdrd qefYusifbufrjyKacs/ odkUjzihf taumif;qHk;aom or®musrf;pmteufjyefolrSm or®m usrf;pmyifjzpfonf/

(C)tem*wådpum;rsm; tygt0ifusrf;ydk'fwdkif;ü rIwfoGif;jcif;cHaom pma&;ol\ rlv&nf½G,fcsufay: tajccHonfhqdkvdk&if; teuft"dyÜg,fwpfrsKd;wnf;omvQif½Sdonf[k uRefawmf,HkMunfonf/ rl&if;pm

12

a&;ol\ &nf½G,f&if;tcsuftm; uREfkyfwdkUod½Sdxm;onf[k rnfonfhtcgürQ t<uif;rJhaocsmEkdifMu rnfr[kwfaomfvnf; ¤if;udk nTefjyaomtcsuf rsm;pGmum; ½Sdaeygonf/

1/ owif;pum;tm; azmfjy&efoHk;onfh pma&;[ef 2/ a&;om;onfht&mtm; ay:vGifxif½Sm;aponfhordkif;qdkif&m (0g) wdusonfhtjzpftysuf 3/ usrf;wpfusrf;pD üyg½Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;enf;wl? wpfusrf;vHk;ü yg½SdaomtaMumif;t&m 4/ usrf;wpfusrf;pD\ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkUonf wpfusrf;vHk;\ owif;pum;ESifh

qufpyfyHk 5/ yg½Sdaomowif;pum;tm; ydkUaqmif&eftoHk;jyKonfh o'gydkif;qdkif&m wdusaom Muiftifvu©

Pmrsm; 6/ yg½Sdaomowif;pum;tm; wifjy&ef a½G;cs,ftoHk;jyKonfhpum;vHk;rsm; 7/ qifwlusrf;ydk'frsm;

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2/ oihfavsmfvHkavmufjcif;r½Sdaom enf;pHepfrsm; (u) or®musrf;pmxJ½Sdaom usrf;rsm;üyg½SdonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk vpfvsL½Ium? rl&if;pma&;ol\

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(*) usrf;wpfusrf;\ordkif;aMumif;tm; vpfvsL½Ium acwfopfc&pf,mefrsm;twGuf t"dutm;jzifh a&;om;aom aeUpOfxkwf owif;wpfapmifuJhodkU or®musrf;pmtm; zwf½Ijcif;/ (C) usrf;wpfusrf;\ordkif;aMumif;tm; vpfvsL½Ium? yxrOD;qHk; Mum;emolrsm;\ em;vnfoabm

aygufyHkESifh rl&if;pma&;ol\ &nf½G,fcsufwdkUESifhqufpyfjcif; vHk;0uif;rJhaomawG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIqdkif&m? oabmw&m;tm;jzifh OyrmjyKí t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;/

(i) rl&if;owif;pum;udk vpfvsL½Ium rdrd\"r®oabmw&m;qdkif&mrsm;? rdrdpdwfBudKufMo0g'(0g) rl&if; pma&;ol\ &nf½G,fcsufESifhazmfjyonfh taMumif;t&mESifh qufpyfjcif;r½Sdaom acwfNydKiftaMumif; t&mrsm;ESifhtpm;xdk;jcif;/ þtrsKd;tpm;ü tpjyKusrf;pmzwfjcif;rSm a[majymol\a[majymcsuf tm;twnfjyK&ef toHk;csjcif;om jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk]]pmzwfol\ wHkUjyefrI}} (uREfkyftwGuf usrf;ydk'f\ qdkvdk&if;t"dyÜg,f) tm;jzifh teufjyefjcif;[kac:onf/

pmayta&;tom;jzihfjyKaom vlom;rsm;\ qufoG,frItm;vHk;ü tenf;qHk;tpdwftydkif; oHk;ckyg0if onf/

rl&if;pma&;ol a&;om;aom rlvvufcH \&nf½G,fcsuf aMumif;t&m &½Sdolrsm;

13

vGefcJhaomumvrsm;ü zwf½Ijcif;enf;ynmtrsKd;rsKd;wdkUonf þtpdwftydkif;oHk;ck teufwpfckck tm;pl; pdkufcJhonf/odkUaomf or®musrf;pmonf 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif; tppftrSefjzpfaMumif; tckdkiftrmjyK&mü wpfzuf apmif;eif;rusaomyHkpHZ,m;rsKd; ydkrdkqDavsmfonf/ teufjyef&mü þtpdwftydkif;oHk;ckpvHk; yg0if&onf/ rSefuefaMumif;jyo&mü? yxrESpfrsKd;jzpfonfh rl&if;pma&;olESihf? ola&;om;onfhtaMumif;t&mudk tajcjyKum? uRefawmf teufjyefavh½Sdygonf/ þodkYjyK jcif;jzifh uREfkyfavhvmcJhaomrSm;,Gif;pGm toHk;jyKcJhMuonfh (1)usrf;ydk'ftm; Oyrmwifpm;rIom jzpfapjcif;(0g) 0dnmOfa&; tm;jzifhomrSwf,ljcif; (2)pmzwfol\wHkUjyefrI (uREfkyftwGuf usrf;ydk'f\qkdvdk&if;t"dyÜg,f)yHkpHrsKd;jzifh vdkufvkyfjcif;jzpf csifvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ rnfonfhtqifh? rnfonfhtydkif;ürqdk vTJrSm;pGmtoHk;jyKrI jzpfEdkifonf/ rdrd\&nf½G,fcsufrsm;? rdrd\iJhuGufrIrsm;? enf;vrf;ESifhtoHk;jyKrIrsm;udk tNrJqef;ppf&efvkdonf/ odkUaomf teufjyefrIrsm;ü uefUowfcsufrsm;? owfrSwf&ef pHrsm;twGuf e,fedrdwfwpfck owfrSwfjcif;rjyKygu ¤if;wdkUudk rnfodkUppfaq;Edkifrnfenf;? odkUjzifh rl&if;pma&;ol\ &nf½G,fcsufESifh rl&if;pm\ zGJUpnf;yHkwdkYonf jzpfEkdifacs½Sdaom w&m;0ifteufjyefrI\ jrifuGif;udk uefYowfjcif; jyKEdkif&ef owfrSwfcsufpHEIef;tcsKdUay;yg onf/ oifhavsmfjcif;r½Sdaom tqdkygzwf½Ijcif;enf;rsm; toHk;jyKMuonfjzpf&um;? or®musrf;pmtm; aumif; rGefpGm zwf½Ijcif;ESifhteufjyefjcif;tm; twdkif;twmwpfcktxd rSefuefaMumif;jyoEdkif&efESifh udkufnDrI½Sd&ef rnfuJh odkY csOf;uyfrnfenf;/

3/ or®musrf;pm aumif;rGefpGmzwf½Ijcif;twGuf toHk;jyKEkdifaomcsOf;uyfrIrsm; teufjyefjcif; twwfynmqdkif&mtqifhjrifh oD;oefYtrsKd;tpm;rsm;taMumif; uREfkyfaqG;aEG;&ef r&nf ½G,fbJ? or®musrf;½Sd usrf;wdkif;ütoHk;csEkdifrnfh a,bk,soabmed,rrsm;udkom aqG;aEG;vdkygonf/ tqdkyg oD;oefY trsKd;tpm;rsm;twGuf aumif;rGefaompmtkyfwpftkyfrSm Gordon Fee ESifh Douglas Stuart wdkU a&;om; jyKpkNyD; Zondervan pmtkyfwdkufuxkwfa0aom How To Read The Bible For All Its Worth pmtkyfjzpfonf/ uREfkyf\enf;vrf;onf pmzwfoludk tpjyKA[dkjyKNyD;? ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif; av;ausmhrSwpfqifh uREfkyf wdkUudk or®musrf;pmtm; t"dyÜg,f½Sif;vif;ap&ef0dnmOfawmftm;cGifhjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ þpHepfonf 0dnmOfawmf? rl&if;pm ESifh pmzwfolwdkUtm; 'kwd,ae&mürxm;bJ?rlvtajccHjyKxm;onf/ þenf;onf pmzwfoltm; teufzGifhusrf; jyKolrsm;\wzufowf vGrf;rdk;rIrSvnf; umuG,fonf/ ]]or®musrf;pmonf teufzGihfusrf;rsm; udkem;vnf &ef rsm;pGmyHhydk;onf}}[laomajymqdkcsufudk uREfkyfMum;cJhbl;ygonf/ avhvmrItulypönf;rsm;tm; avsmhwGufjcif;r [kwfbJ? ¤if;wdkUtm;toHk;jyK&mü tvGeftuRH rjzpfap&ef arwåm&yfcHjcif; rQomjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkU\teufzGifhrItm; rl&if;usrf;tm;jzihf taxmuftxm;jyKEkdif&ygrnf/ rSefuefaMumif; twdkif; twmwpfckxd azmfxkwfjcif;udk tenf;qHk;u@av;ckrS &,lEdkifonf/ 1/ rl&if;usrf;jyKol\

(u) ordkif;aemufcH (c) rl&if;pm 2/ rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ a½G;cs,frI

(u) o'gydkif;qdkif&m wnfaqmufyHk (syntax) (c) acwfumvqdkif&m pum;vHk;toHk;tEIef;

oefY&Sif;aom

0dnmOfawmf

rsdK;uGJvufa&;

usrf;rsm;

aemufykdif;

,HkMunfolrsm; rl&if;pm

a&;ol\

&nf&G,fcsuf

a&;om;onfh

taMumif;t&m

vufcH&&Sd

olrsm;

14

(*) pma&;om;yHk trsKd;tpm; (genre) 3/ rdrdwdkU\qDavsmfaom oabmaygufem;vnfrI (u) oufqdkifqDavsmfrI½Sdaom tvm;wlpmydk'frsm;

(c) Mo0g'rsm;\qufpyfrI (paradox) rdrdwdkU\teufjyefjcif;twGuf taMumif;&if;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkU,kwådwefaMumif; azmfjyEdkif&ef vdkonf/

or®musrf;pm onfomvQif ,HkMunfjcif;ESifhusihfoHk;rItwGuf rlv&if;jrpfjzpfonf/ c&pf,mefwdkUonf or®m usrf;pmoGefoifaomt&m(0g) ¤if;u tcdkiftrmajymaomt&mrsm;tay: rMumcP oabmxm; uGJjym; MuonfrSm 0rf;enf;p&m aumif;vSonf/ ¤if;rSm or®musrf;pmudk 0dnmOfawmfrI oGif;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; tcdkiftrmr ajymEdkifjcif;ESifh or®musrf;pm\oGefoifrIrsm;ESifh awmif;qdkrIrsm;tay: ,HkMunfolrsm; oabmrwl EkdifMujcif; jzpfonf/ ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif; av;ausmhwdkUudk teufjyef&ef atmufygtodtjrifwdkUudk&½Sdap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ (u) ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif; yxrtausmh 1/ usrf;pmudk wpfxdkifwnf;ESifhzwfyg/ ¤if;udkyif tjcm;bmomjyefusrf;wpfusrf;rS jyefzwfyg/

bmomjyefjcif; rl0g'rwlaom usrf;wpfusrf;jzpfap&ef arQmfvifhygonf/ (u) vHk;aphywfaphbmomjyefusrf; (NKJV, NASB, NRSV) (c) tjynfht0udkufnDaom bmomjyefusrf; (TEV, JB) (*) csJUum;aom bmomjyefusrf; (Living Bible, Amplified Bible) 2/ rdrdzwf½Iaom xdkusrf;wpfckvHk;\ A[kdjyK&m&nf½G,fcsufudk½SmazGyg/ ¤if;\OD;wnfcsuf

owfrSwfyg/ 3/ þA[dkjyK&m &nf½G,fcsuf(0g)OD;wnfcsuftm; jzpfEkdifygu pmwpfydk'f? tcef;BuD; wpfcef;(0g)

0guswpfaMumif;jzifh ½Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyyg/ 4/ rnfuJhodkUaompmayrsKd;jzpfaMumif; owfrSwfyg/ (u) "r®a[mif;usrf; (1) a[NAJ ordkif;yHkjyif (2) a[NAJuAsm? tvuFm (ynmqdkif&mpmay? qmvHoDcsif;) (3) a[NAJtem*wådusrf; (pum;ajy? uAsm) (4) w&m;Oya'rsm; (ynwfusrf;) (c) "r®opfusrf; (1) ordkif;aMumif;rsm; (c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;? wrefawmf0w¬K) (2) yHkaqmifcsufrsm; (c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;) (3) ay;pm^Mo0g'pmrsm; (4) aemifjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;qdkif&m pmay c/ ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif; 'kwd,tausmh 1/ xdkusrf;wpfusrf;vHk; jyefzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk ½SmazGazmfxkwfyg

2/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;csKHUum? yg0ifaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;av;jzifh azmfjyyg/

3/ rdrdazmfjyaom&nf½G,fcsufESifh rdrdtusOf;csKHUjyKjcif;ukd tjcm;aomavhvmrI tulpmtkyfrsm;t oHk;jyK um ppfaq;ícsJUxGifyg/

15

(*) ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif; wwd,tausmh 1/ tqdkygusrf;wpftkyfvHk;jyefzwfí? xdkusrf;tm; a&;om;&jcif;\ordkif;aemufcHESifh tjzpft ysufwdkUudk or®musrf;pmxJrS ½SmazGazmfxkwfyg/

2/ or®musrf;pmxJ azmfjyonfhordkif;aMumif;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk pm&if;jyKpkyg (u) usrf;jyKol (c) &ufpGJ (*) vufcH&½Sdolrsm; (C) a&;om;&jcif;\ taMumif;t&if; (i) a&;om;&jcif;\taMumif;&if;ESifhqufpyfaom xHk;wrf;"avhqdkif&mu@rsm; (p) ordkif;aMumif;qdkif&m vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh tjzpftysufrsm;

3/ rdrdteufjyefonfh usrf;\tqdkygtydkif;tm; rdrdtusOf;csKHUrIudk pmydk'ftqifhcsJUyg/ pmayrsKd;tpm;udkazmfjyí tusOf;csKHUyg/ ¤if;onf tcef;BuD;tcsKdU (0g) pmydk'fESifh csDum½Sd Ekdifonf/ þodkUjyKjcif; onf rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ tawG;tac:ESifh rl&if;pm\ zGJUpnf;yHktm; em;vnfEkdif&efyHhydk;vdrfhrnf/

4/ rdrd\ordkif;aMumif; azmfjyrItm; avhvmrItulpmtkyfrsm; toHk;jyKum? ppfaq;yg/

(C) ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif; pwkw¬tausmh 1/ rdrdzwfaomusrf;udkyif bmomjyefusrf;trsKd;rsKd;rS wpfcgjyefzwfyg/ (u) vHk;aphywfaph bmomjyef (NKJV, NASB, NRSV) (c) tjynfht0udkufnDaom bmomjyef (TEV, JB) (*) csJUum;aom bmomjyef (Living Bible, Amptified Bible) 2/ pmay (0g) o'gqdkif&m zGJUpnf;rIrsm; (u) xyfíazmfjyaompum;pkrsm;-{zuf 1;6? 12?13 (c) xyfaeaom o'gqdkif&mzGJUpnf;rI-a&mr 8;31 (*) qefUusifbuf t,ltqrsm; 3/ atmufygtrsKd;tpm;wdkUudk jyKpkyg/ (u) ay:vGif xif½Sm;aom a0g[m&rsm; (c) oHk;aeusr[kwfaom a0g[m&rsm; (*) ta&;BuD;aom o'gzGJUpnf;rIrsm; (C) txl;cufcJaom pum;vHk;rsm;? 0gustpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh 0gusrsm; 4/ qDavsmfaomtvm;wl pmydk'frsKd;udk ½SmazGyg/ (u) atmufygwdkUudk toHk;jyKum? rdrd\taMumif;t&mtm; t½Sif;vif;qHk;azmfjyaom pmydk'fukd½Smyg/

(1) "r®ynmtm; pHepfuspGm avhvmaompmtkyfrsm; (''systematic theology'' books) (2) usrf;nTef;yg usrf;pmtkyfrsm;

(3) wlnDaompum;vHk;tvdkuf usrf;nTef;azmfjyaompmtkyfrsm; (concordances) (c) qefUusifbufjzpfae[ef½Sdaomfvnf; xdkodkYr[kwfaom (paradox) azmfjycsuf rsKd;½Sdr½Sd½Sm

azGyg/ or®musrf;pm\ or®mw&m;trsm;tjym;wdkYudk tusKd;oif taMumif;oifhpGm azmfjyavh½Sdonf/ *dkPf;*ecsif; qefUusifwdkufcdkufrI rsm;pGmwdkYrSm usrf;csufwpfckwnf;jzifh twnfjyKjcif; (proof-texting) rS ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfNyD;? or®musrf;pmqdkif&m

16

wif;rmrIwpf0ufudk ¤if;uzefwD;onf/ or®musrf;pmtm;vHk; 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif; jzpfojzifh? teufjyef&mü or®musrf;enf; us[efcsuf nDap&ef taMumif;t&m? tcsuf tvufpHkvifpGm pl;prf;½SmazG&ygrnf/

(*) tvm;wl taMumif;t&m? tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rdrdzwf½Iaomusrf;xJüvnf;aumif;? ¤if; usrf;tm;jyKpkol a&;om;onfh tjcm;usrf;rsm;üvnf;aumif;? (odkU)tvm;wl pmaytrsKd;tpm; wdkUü ½SmazGyg/ or®musrf;pmwpftkyfvHk;udk a&;om;olrSm 0dnmOfawmf wpfyg;wnf; omvQifjzpf &um;? or®musrf;pmtm; taumif;qHk; teufjyefolrSm or®musrf;pmyifjzpfonf/

5/ ordkif;aMumif;ESifh tjzpftysufrsm;taMumif; rdrd\avhvmrIrsm;udkppfaq;&ef taxmuft \ uljyK pmtkyfrsm;oHk;yg/ (u) avhvmrIESifh wGJzufaomor®musrf;pmrsm; (c) or®musrf;pmqdkif&m okwpG,fpHkusrf;rsm;? vufpGJpmtkyfrsm;ESifh tbd"gefrsm;? (*) or®musrf;pm rdwfqufpmtkyfrsm;

(C) teufzGifhusrf;rsm;/ (þtqifhü twdwfumvu ,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh ,ckvuf½Sd,HkMunf olrsm;onf rdrd\avhvmrItm;ulnD&efESifh trSm;jyif ay;Ekdif&ef cGifhjyKyg)

4/ or®musrf;pmteufjyefrItm; vufawGUtoHk;csjcif;? ,ckvufawGUtoHk;csjcif;tydkif;odkU OD;vSnfhMurnf/ rdrdzwf½IaomtaMumif;t&mtm; rl&if;twdkif; em;vnfoabmaygufEkdif&ef tcsdef,lcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ ,ckwpfcg ¤if;udk rdrdtoufwmxJ? rdrd,mOf aus;rIe,fy,fxJüyif toHk;cs&efjzpfonf/ or®musrf;pm\tcGifhtmPmudk uRefawmft"dyÜg,f owfrSwfyHkrSm ]]rl&if;usrf;jyKolonf rdrdacwf? rdrdumvü ajymonfh t&mtm;em;vnfum? tqdkyg or®mw&m;ukdyif ,aeU uRefawmfwdkU\acwfumvü vufawGU toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf}}[líjzpf\/ rl&if;usrf;jyKonfh tcsdefumvESifhtusKd;taMumif; oabmjzifh&nf½G,fonfht&mtm; teufjyefazmf xkwfrIudk vufawGUusifhoHk;rIu vdkufygvm&ygrnf/ or®musrf;pmtydk'fwpfydk'fonfolUacwfolUtcgu ajymcJhaom t&mtm; em;rvnfrcsif;? ,aeUrdrd\acwfumvtwGuf toHk;jyKEkdif rnfr[kwfacs/ usrf;ydk'fwpf ydk'f\qdkvdkcsuf r[kwfcJhbl;aom t&mwpfckonf? ,aeUumvqdkvdkcsufvnf;rjzpfEkdifacs/ tao;pdwfazmfjyonfh t"dutaMumif;t&maumufEIwfcsuftm; pmydk'fwpfcktjzpf csJUía&;om;rI onf(ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;\tausmh #3) oif\vrf;nTefjzpfaeayrnf/ vufawGY toHk;csjcif;tm; pum;vHk; tqifhür,lbJ? pmydk'ftqifhüom ,l&ygrnf/ pum;vHk;wpfvHk;onf ¤if;pum;vHk;ESifh tquftpyfrsm;üom t"dyÜg,f½Sdonf/ 0gustydkif;wpfydkif;onf ¤if;tydkif;ESifh tquftpyfrsm;ü t"dyÜg,f½Sdonf/ teufjyefjcif; vkyfief;pOfü 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif;&½SdolrSm rl&if;usrf;jyKol omvQifjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm 0dnmOfawmf \½Sif;vif;azmfjyrItm;jzifh? rl&if;usrf;jyKolOD;aqmifac:oGm;&maemufü vdkufoGm;Mujcif; omjzpfonf/ odkUaomf ½Sif;vif;atmif azmfjyrIrSm rIwfoGif;jcif;r[kwfacs/ ]]bk&m;½Sif þodkUrdefUqdkonf}}[kqdkum? rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ &nf½G,fcsufüom NrJjrHae&efjzpfonf/ vufawGUtoHk;csjcif;onf a&;om;csuf wpfckvHk;\a,bk,s&nf½G,fcsuf? pmaytrsKd;tpm;ESifh tus,fcsJU xm;aompmydk'f tqifhwdkYESifh twdtusqufpyfae&ygrnf/ uRefawmfwdkU\ ,aeYacwfumvtaMumif;t&mtm;jzifh or®musrf;pmudk teufjyef cGifhrjyKygESifh/ or®m usrf;pmudkom pum;ajymapyg/ xdkUaMumifh rl&if;pmrSed,rrsm; qGJxkwf&ef vdktyfaumif; vdktyfEkdifonf/ rdrd xkwfEIwfonfhed,ronf rl&if;pmESihfudkufnDygu w&m;0ifjzpfygonf/ uHraumif;? taMumif;rvSpGmyif uRefawmfwdkU\ ed,rrsm;onf rl&if;pm\ ed,rrsm; r[kwfrlbJ? ]]uRefawmfwdkU udk,fydkif}}\ ed,rrsm;omvQif jzpfavhjzpfx½Sdonf/

17

or®musrf;pmtm; vufawGUtoHk;jyK&mü or®musrf;pm½Sd usrf;wpfusrf;twGuf qdkvdk&if; t"dyÜg,f wpfrsKd;wnf;omvQif w&m;0ifonf/ (tem*wådusrf;rsm;ürl xdkodkUr[kwfacs/) tqdkyg qdkvdk&if; t"dyÜg,frSm rl&if; usrf;jyKolu ta&;wBuD;jzpfaom(0g)olUtcsdefolUtcgu vdktyfcsuf wpfcktm; &nfpl;ajymqdk&mü xm;½Sd aom &nf½G,fcsufESifhqufpyfonf/ xdkwpfrsKd; aomqdkvdk&if; t"dyÜg,frS jzpfEkdifacs½Sdaom vufawGYtoHk;csrI rsm;pGm&,lEkdifonf/ þvufawGU toHk;csjcif;onf xdkusrf;tm; vufcH&½Sdolrsm;\vdktyfcsufay: tajcjyK xm;jcif;jzpfonfhjyif? rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ qdkvdk&if;t"dyÜg,fESifh qufpyfae&ygrnf/

5/ teufzGifhjcif;ü 0dnmOfa&;&mtydkif; tckxd uREfkyfaqG;aEG;oifjyaeonfrSm teufzGifhjcif;ESifhtoHk;csjcif; vkyfief;pOfü yg0ifaomaMumif;usKd;

pOf;pm;awG;awmjcif;ESifh rl&if;pmqdkif&mrsm;jzpfonf/ ,ckteufjyefjcif;\ 0dnmOfa&;&mtydkif;tm; tusOf;csKHU aqG;aEG;wifjyyg&ap/ (u) 0dnmOfawmf\ulnDyHhydk;rItwGuf qkawmif;yg/ (1aum 1;26- 2;6)

(c) rdrdod½Sdaomtjypfrsm;rS tjypfvTwfjcif;ESifh oefU½Sif;pifMu,fapa&;twGuf qkawmif;yg (1a,m 1;9)

(*) bk&m;ociftm; ydkrdkBuD;rm;pGm od½SdvdkaompdwfqEarG;jrLEdkif&ef qkawmif;yg/ (qmvH 19;7-14/ 42;1/ 119;1)

(C) tawG;tjrifopfwpfckck&ygu csufjcif;toHk;jyKyg/ (i) ESdrfhcspGmjzifh oGefoifí&aomol wpfa,mufjzpfaeygap/

tusKd;taMumif;qufpyfrIjzpfpOfESifh oefU½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ OD;aqmifvrf;jyrIwdkUtMum; [efcsuf nDnD qufvufxdef;xm;a&;rSm tvGefcufcJonf/ þt&mESpfck[efcsufnDap&ef atmufyg &nfnTef;csufwdkYonf uREfkyfudk rsm;pGmyHhydk;onf/

(u) James W.Sire \]]vdrfwGefUaom or®musrf;pm}} pmrsufESm 17-18 (Scripture Twisting

pp. 17-18) þ½Sif;vif;oabmaygufapjcif;tvkyfonf 0dnmOfawmfESifhjynhf0ol vufa½G;pif vlvufwqkyfpmrsm;ü

omvQifr[kwfbJ? bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;pdwfxJü a&muf½Sdvmonf/ c&pf,mefü okcrdef tqifhtwef;r½Sd?tMum; tjrifaygufol[lí oD;oefUr½Sd? rSefuefaomteufjyefrI tm;vHk;vm&rnfh oD;oefYvl yk*¾dKvf[lír½Sdacs/oefU½Sif; aom0dnmOfawmfonf ynm0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;? xdk;xGifodjrifjcif; qkaus;Zl;? 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&m cGJjcm;odjrifwwfjcif; qkaus;Zl;rsm;ay;onfrSm rSefaomfvnf; EIwfuywfawmftm; teufzGifh&ef tcGifhtmPmudk 0dnmOfqkaus; Zl;&½Sdol þc&pf,mefrsm;üom tyfESif;onfr[kwfacs/ bk&m;ocifxHrS txl;wwfpGrf;EkdifrI&½Sdxm;ol tqdkyg vlrsm;tay:üyif tcGifhtmPmydkifvltjzpf &yfwnfaeum? or®musrf;pmtm; &nfnTef;udk;um;vsuf avhvm qnf;yl;&ef? pD&ifqHk;jzwf&efESifh ydkif;jcm;odjrif&ef bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\vlwdkif;tm; tyfESif;xm;onf/ þusrf;wpfusrf;vHk;twGuf uREfkyf\ t,ltq tusOf;csKH;rSm or®musrf;pmonf vlom;xkwpf&yfvHk;odkU bk&m;ocifonf rdrdudk,frdrd zGifhjyrItppftrSefjzpfonf/ ¤if;ajymqdkonfh t&mcyfodrf;wdkUonf uRefawmfwdkU\ tqHk;pGefaom tcGifhtmPmjzpfonf/ ¤if;onf zHk;uG,f xm;onfh vQKdU0Sufaomt&mr[kwfrlbJ? vlrsKd;ra½G; aumif;rGefvHkavmufpGm em;vnf oabmaygufEdkifaom usrf;jzpfonf/}}}

c/ Bernard Ramm ü awGY½Sd&onfh Kiekegaard \]]umodkvpfr[kwfolrsm; or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyefyHk}} pm 75 (Protestant Biblical Interpretation)/ ]]or®musrf;pmtm; o'genf;us? rl&if;bmompum;&yfrsm;tm;jzifh? ordkif;aMumif;tajccHum avhvm jcif;wdkUrSm vdktyfonfrSefaomfvnf; t"durSm or®musrf;pmtm; ppfrSefpGmzwf½Ijcif;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm;

18

bk&m;ocif\EIwfxGufpum;tjzpf zwf½Ijcif;[lonf rdrd\ESvHk;om;tm;jzifh ajrmfvifhwBuD;? ajczsm; axmufum? bk&m;ocifESifhpum; pjrnfajymjcif;tjzpf EIwfxJr zwf½I&efjzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; rqifr jcifjzpfap? jzpfovdkjzpfap? ynmESifhjzpfap? tvkyfoabmjzifhjzpfap zwf½Ijcif;wdkUrSm or®musrf;pmtm; bk&m; ocif\EIwfu ywfawmftaejzifh zwf½Ijcif;r[kwfacs/ vlwpfa,mufonf ¤if;tm; rdrd\cspfol&nf;pm; ay;ydkU onfhpmwpfapmif tvm;zwf½I onfhtcgüomvQif ¤if;tm; bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmftjzpfzwf½Ijcif;rnf ayonff/” (*) H. H. Rowley \ ]]qDavsmfrI½Sdaom or®musrf;pm}} (The Relevance of the Bible) pm? 19 ]]or®musrf;pmtm;OD;aESmuftm;jzifh em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;onf ¤if;\ b@wdkuftvHk;pHktm; tjynfht0ydkif qdkifapEdkifvdrfhrnfh r[kwfacs/ xdkodkUaom em;vnfoabmayguf jcif;onfvnf; jynfhpHkpGm oabmaygufjcif;twGuf r½Sdrjzpf ta&;BuD;t&mjzpfojzifh ½IwfcsrIjyKjcif; r[kwfacs/ þusrf;tm; tjynfht0 em;vnfoabmayguf&efqdkvQif ¤if;\ 0dnmOfb@ wdkuftaMumif;tm; 0dnmOfa&;&mem;vnf oabmaygufrI vdktyfonf/ xdkodkU 0dnmOfa&;&mem;vnf oabmaygufjcif;½Sdap&ef todnmPfqdkif&m Edk;Mum;rIxuf ausmfvGefaom t&mwpfck vdktyfonf/ 0dnmOfa&;udpöudk 0dnmOftm;jzifhom cGJjcm;odjrifEkdifonfjzpf&um;? or®musrf;pm oif,lavhvmolonf rdrd\ odyÜHenf;usavhvmrIudk ausmfvGefum? usrf;wumwdkU\ usrf;jzpfaom þusrf;\ ydkrdk<u,f0aomtarGtESpfrsm; ydkifqdkif &½Sd&eftvdkUiSg? rdrdudk,frdrd udk,fawmfjrwfxH qufuyftyfESH Edkifa&;twGuf bk&m;ociftm; ½SmazGawGU½Sdvdkonfh jyif;jyaom qEESifh? 0dnmOfa&;&m emcHwwfaom pdwfae pdwfxm;½Sd&ef vdktyfonf/}}

6/ þteufzGifhusrf;\enf;vrf; þteufzGifhjcif; avhvmrIvrf;nTef\teufzGifhjcif; vkyfief;pOftm;ulnD&ef atmufygtwdkif; pDpOf xm;onf/ (u) usrf;wpfusrf;pDtm; rdwfqufay;onfhordkif;aMumif;qdkif&m tusOf;csLHU/ ywfvnf zwf½Ijcif;

tausmh # 3 NyD;pD;NyD;aemuf þu@udk ppfaq;avhvmyg/ (c) usrf;pum;csif; qufpyfrIoabmudk tcef;BuD;wpfcktpwdkif;ü awGU&avh½Sdonf/ pma&;om;rI

yHkpH rnfodkUwnfaqmuf xm;yHktm;odEkdif&ef ¤if;onf taxmuftul jyKvdrfhrnf/ (*) tcef;BuD;wpfcef;\tp(0g)pmpkBuD;wpfcktpü pmydk'fcGJrsm;ESifh ¤if;wdkYtaMumif; a&;om;azmfjy

aom acgif;pOfrsm;udk acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;ü xnfhay;xm;onf/ (1) The United Bible Society \rl&if;*&d? jyefvnfrGrf;rHaom pwkw¬tBudrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif; (UBS4)

(2) The New American Standard Bible, aemufqHk;xkwf 1995 (NASB)

(3) The New King James Version (NKJV)

(4) The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV)

(5) Today's English Version (TEV)

(6) The Jerusalem Bible (JB)

pmydk'fcGJrsm;onf 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif;r[kwfacs/ ¤if;wdkUudk taMumif;t&m qufpyfrI tm;jzifh pDppf&efjzpfonf/ bmomjyefjcif;ESifht,ltqcsif;? "r®ynmtjrifcsif; rwluGJjym;jcm;em;aom acwfopfbm omjyef usrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;rS EIdif;,SOf avhvmonfhtcg rl&if;usrf;jyKol rnfodkY awG;awmaMumif; cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmí rdrd\ t,ltqwpfckudk wnfaqmufEdkifpGrf;½Sdaponf/ pmydk'fwpfck pDü t"du or®mw&m; wpfckonf ¤if;udk ]]acgif;pOf0gus(0g)]]rl&if;pm\ t"dutawG;tMuH}}[kac: onf/pkpnf;aygif;pyfay;aom þawG;awmcsufonf ordkif;aMumif;qdkif&mESifh o'genf;usteufjyef jcif;twGuf aumif;aomaomhcsuf jzpfonf/ teufjyef &müjzpfap? w&m;a[m&mü jzpfap?oifMum;

19

ydkUcs&müjzpfap? pmydk'fwpfydk'fxuf enf;aomtpdwftydkif;udk tajcjyKum rnfonfhtcgürQ rjyK&yg/ xdkUjyif pmydk'fwpfydk'fpDonf ¤if;\ab; ywf0ef;usif pmydk'frsm;ESifhvnf; qufpyfvsuf½Sdonf/ xdkUaMumifh usrf;wpfusrf;\ t"dutaMumif;t&m tm;aumufEIwf&mü pmydk'f wpfydk'fpmjyKjcif;rSm ta&;BuD; vSonf/ 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif;cH&ol? rl&if; usrf;jyKol ajymjyonfh taMumif;t&m\ usKd;aMumif; qifjcifrIa&,OfaMumudk uRefawmfwdkU vdkufwwf& ayrnf/

(C) uRefawmf (Bob) \rSwfpkrsm;onf tcef;i,fwpfckNyD;wpfck teufjyefjcif;yHkpHudk vdkufygonf/ ¤if;enf;onf uRefawmfwdkUtm; rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ pdwful; tawG;aemufudk vdkuf&ef wGef;tm;ay; onf/ uREfkyf\rSwfpkrsm;onf atmufyg u@ toD;oD;taMumif; ajymjyonf/

1/ pmta&;tom;csif; qufpyfrI 2/ ordkif;aMumif;? xHk;wrf;"avhqdkif&m todtjrifrsm; 3/ o'gydkif;qdkif&m taMumif;t&mrsm; 4/ pum;vHk;avhvmrIrsm; 5/ tvm;wl qDavsmfrI½Sdaomusrf;ydk'frsm;

(i) þteufzGifhusrf;ü toHk;jyKonfh New American Standard Version (1995) tm; tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü tjcm; acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;jzifh jznfhpGwfxm;onf/

1/ The New King James Version (NKJV) rl&if;vufa&;pmr l ''Textus Receptus'' udkvdkufonf/ 2/ The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) rSm vHk;aphywfaph jyefvnfrGrf;rGrf;aom

usrf;jzpf onf/

3/ The Today's English Version (TEV) rSm American Bible Society \ tjynfht0udkufnD aom bmomjyefusrf;jzpfonf/

4/ The Jerusalem Bible (JB) rSm jyifopfumodkvpf toif;awmf\tjynfht0 udkufnDaom t*Fvdyf bmomjyefusrf;jzpfonf/

(p) *&dbmom rwwfuRrf;olrsm;onf t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;tm; EIdif;,SOfavhvmygu rl&if;pm yg jyomemrsm; rnfodkUjzpfaMumif; em;vnfEdkif&ef yHhydk;Edkifygonf/

(q) tcef;BuD;wpfcef;\tqHk;wdkif;ü tqdkygtcef;BuD;\ t"duteufjyefrItm; OD;wnfonfh qDavsmf aomaqG;aEG;jcif; ar;cGef;rsm; jyifqifay;xm;ygaMumif;/

20

þteufzGifhusrf;üoHk;aom twdkaumufrsm; AB Anchor Bible Commentaries, ed. William Foxwell Albright and David Noel Freedman ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary (6 vols.), ed. David Noel Freedman AKOT Analytical Key to the Old Testament by John Joseph Owens ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts, James B. Pritchard BAGD A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature. BDB A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament by F. Brown, S.R. Driver and C.A.Briggs BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, GBS, 1997 IDB The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible (4 vols.), ed. George A. Buttrick ISBE International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (5 vols.), ed. James Orr IB Jerusalem Bible JPSOA The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text: A New Translation (The Jewish

Publication Society of America) KB The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament by Ludwig Koehler and Walter

Baumgartner LAM The Holy Bible From Ancient Eastern Manuscripts (the Peshitta) by George M. Lamsa LXX Septuagint (Greek-English) by Zondervan, 1970 MOF A New Translation of the Bible by James Moffatt MT Masoretic Hebrew Text NAB New American Bible Text NASB New American Standard Bible NEB New English Bible NET NET Bible: New English Translation, Second Beta Edition NIDNTT New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis (5 vols.),ed. Willem A.

VanGemeren NRSV New Revised Standard Bible NIV New International Version NJB New Jerusalem Bible OTPG Old Testament Parsing Guide by Todd S.Beall, William A. Banks and Colin Smith REB Revised English Bible RSV Revised Standard Version SEPT The Septuagint (Greek-English) by Zondervan, 1970 TCNT The Twentieth Century New Testament TEV Today's English Version from United Bible Societies YLT Young's Literal Translation of the Holy Bible by Robert Young ZPBE Zondervan Pictorial Bible Encyclopedia (5 vols.), ed. Merrill C.Tenney

21

*vmwdNrdKUü&Sdaom

,HkMunfolrsm;qDodkY

aygvka&;xm;aom

Mo0g'pmapmif

22

rdwfqufjcif;

ed'gef; (u) *vmwdESifh a&mrMo0g'pmwkdYonf ,HkMunfjcif;wpfckwnf;tm;jzifh? c&pfawmfudkom ,HkMunfjcif;

oufoufjzifh&&Sdaom u,fwifjcif;y#dnmOfw&m;opfukd t&Sif;vif;qHk;azmfjyMuonf/ *vm wdMo 0g'pmudk ]c&pf,mefvTwfvyfa&;ausnmpmwrf;} [kac:qdkavh&Sdonf/

(c) þMo0g'pmonfy½dkwufpwifhtoif;awmfjyefvnfjyKjyifa&;umvrD;awmufudkEdI; qGay;cJhonf/ (1) rmwifvlom;ajymonfrSm ]*vmwdMo0g'pmuav;[m uRefawmhf&nf;pm;bJjzpfw,f/

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(2) *vmwdMo0g'pmtaMumif;w&m;a[mcsufwpfcktm;jzifh rdrdonfwnfNrJaomNidrfoufjcif; &&Sdonf[k *Ref0DpvDajymcJhonf/

(3) Curtis Vaughan onf rdrd\ Study Guide Commentary pmtkyfpmrsufESm-11 üa&;om; onfrSm ]pmtkyftenf;i,fuomvQif vlom;rsm;\pdwfudkydkí av;eufpGmvTrf;rdk;EdkifNyD;? vlom;wdkY\ordkif;udkt"dyÜg,f&Sd&SdyHkoGif;onf(0g)acwfopfvlUb0\teufeJqHk;aomvdktyfrI udk xdkodkYqDavsmfpGmqufvufajymqdkaeonf} [líjzpf\/

(*) Mo0g'udkt"duxm;aomþusrf;onf aygvktOD;qHk;a&;aompmESifh a&mrMo0g'pm\a&SUajy; jzpfEdkifonf/ þokdYjzifh *vmwdMo0g'pmüygonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfaom arma&S\ ynwfw &m;ESifh a&S;vlBuD;rsm;\xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;(EIwfwdkuf xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;) udkemcH jcif;tm;jzifh&&Sd aom vkyfaqmifrItm;jzifh&&Sdonfh ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;udk tav;teufjyK onfh,k' bmomr ygbJ? aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh&aomajzmifhrwf&müwnfapjcif; Mo0g'\ tjynfh tpHkudk a&mrMo0g' pmapmifüazmfjyonf/ (1) u,fwifjcif;udkvl\vkyfudkifaqmif&GufrIESifh aus;Zl;awmfa&mpyfjcif;jzifhr&&SdEdkif/ (2) u,fwifjcif;udk vlom;\ jyKvkyfrI (odkY) aus;Zl;awmfwpfckckü&&Sdjcif;jzpf&ygrnf/ (3) ppfrSefaomajymif;vJrIudkc&pfawmfESifh wljcif;u vdkufygvmvdrfhrnf/ (4) "r®ynmoabmt& u,fwifjcif;udkaqmifESif;ay;aom bmom\ynwfw&m;

vGefuJjcif;ESifhc&pf,mefvGwfvyfrIudkpD&ifcsufcsí uefYowf&eftm;xkwfaomc&pf,mef ynwfw&m;vGefuJrIwdkYtMum;üuGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdygonf/aygvkonf aqmif&GufrIudkt ajccHaom *sL;bmom\ yHkpHudkjypfwif½Iwfcsxdkufaomt&mtjzpf pGefYvGwfaomfvnf; c&pf,mef ynwfw&m;vGefuJrIudk (csdeJaom,HkMunfrI? a&mr 14;1-15;15/ 1aum&dEÅK 8-10) aygvkckcHumuG,faeonfrSm ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh&&Sdaom tcrJhu,fwifjcif; owif;aumif; jzpfonf rSefaomfvnf; tcsdKU,HkMunfolwdkUü ynwfw&m;buf wdrf;ñTwfvdkrI rsm;udkvnf; todtrSwfjyKonf/

(C) ,aeYuRefawmfwdkYacwfüc&pfawmftm;jzifhomjzpfaom? ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh omvQifjzpfaom

aus;Zl; awmftm;jzihfomvQifjzpfonfh? tjywftcrJhjzpfaom þu,fwifjcif;rsdK;onf tvGeft rif; vdktyfaeonf/ taMumif;rSm twåudktajccHaom? tvkyfudktajcjyKaombmoma&; todw&m;rsm;\odrfharGUpGmatmifjrifaeaom acwfumvjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifrStpjyKaom? ½dk;pif;onfhor®mw&m;? rdrdudk,frdrday;qyfrI? vlom;\tjypfrSaemifwESifhESdrfhcsaom ,HkMunfjcif; tm;jzifh zsefajzrIjyKaom? cRif;csufrJh arwåmw&m;\y#dnmOfw&m;onf acwfwdkif;acwfwdkif;ü

23

pdefac:rIcHvmcJhonf/jyóemrSmrSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;wdkYonfa&G;EIwfjcif;ü c&pfawmf\A[dk usrIudkjiif;qdkMuír[kwfbJ? BudKwifvdktyf csuftcsdKU jznfhpGufMujcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm wpHkwckjznfhjcif;r[kwfbJbmrQrjznfhpGufjcif;jzpfonf/

usrf;jyKol þMo0g'pm\zGJUpnf;yHkrSmaygvk\usrf;tkyfpkrSjzpfaMumif;ay:vGifojzifh usrf;jyKolaygvkjzpfaMumif;tm;

tjyif;txef,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfjcif;r&SdcJhbl;Muacs/ *vmwdrSm twåKyÜwådESifh yk*¾dKvfa&;t vGefqefygonf/ ¤if;rSm pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIjrifhrm;aomfvnf; owif;aumif;or®mw&m;udk &Sif;vif;pGmwifjyonf/

a&;om;aomtcsdefeSifh vufcH&&Sdolrsm; (u) vufcH&&SdolrnfoljzpfaMumif; owfrSwfjcif;ü qefYusifaom oDtdk&DESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;&SdNyD;? ¤if;onf

a&;om;aomtcsdefumvowfrSwfcsufjzpfapojzifh xdktjrifESpfrsdK;\aemufcHordkif;ESpfrsdK;vHk;avh vm&efvkdtyfonf/ ESpfrsdK;pvHk;ü or®musrf;pmtaxmuftxm;r,fr,f&&r&SdbJ ESpfrsdK;pvHk;yif wuúaA' oabmt&cdkifrmMuonf/

(c) xdkoDtdk&DESpfrsdK;rSm- 1/ a&S;½dk;pOfvmoDtdk&Dudkq,fhudk;&mpktxdwnDwñTwfvufcHMuonf/

(u) ¤if;udk ]]ajrmufydkif;*vmwdoDtdk&D}} [kac:onf/ (c) þoDtdk&Dt& ]] *vmwd – Galatia}} onfwl&uDEdkifiHajrmufydkif;ukef;jyifjrifh\ t

v,fydkif;&Sd *vmwdvlrsdK;pkudk&nf;ñTef;onf (1ay 1;1)/ þ*vmwdvlrsdK; pkrsm;rSm oHk;&mpk? bDpDüxdka'oüusL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmaom (*&dvdk Keltoi odkYr[kwfvwf wifvdk Gall) vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkYudk¤if;wdkY\ Oa&mynD aemifrsm;ESifh cGJjcm; od&SdEdkif&ef Gallo – Graecians (a*gvf -*&dvlrsdK; rsm;)[kac:Muonf/ olwkdYudk yg*rHk –Pergamum -bk&if yxrtwåvkonf 230? bDpDüatmifEdkifcJhonf/ olwdkYvTrf; rdk;aome,fajrrSm tm&Srdkif;em; (0g) acwfopfwl&uDEdkifiH ajrmufydkif;\tv,fydkif; a'ojzpfonf/

(*) þvlrsdK;pkrsm;jzpfcJhonfqdkvQif þusrf;a&;om;aomtcsdefrSm aygvk\omoem jyKc&D;pOf 'kwd,tacguf (0g) wwd,tacguftwGif;? at'D 50 jynfhESpfum vrsm; jzpfayrnf/ aygvk\c&D;oGm;azmfwdkYrSm odvESifh wdarmaorsm; jzpfayrnf/

(C) tcsdKUonf *vmwd 4;13üyg&Sdaom aygvk\emrusef;jzpfrIudk iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh qufpyfMuonf/ yifv,furf;ajca'o&Sd &GHUñGefxlxyfNyD;? iSufzsm;a&m*gysHUESYH&m t&yfrSa0;uGmap&ef ajrmufydkif;ukef;jrifha'oodkY aygvkoGm;a&mufcJhonf[kolwdkY qkd Muonf/

2/ 'kwd,oDtdk&DudkNew York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1986 xkwfa0aom Sir Wm. M Ramsay

\pmtkyfjzpfonfh. Paul the Traveller and Roman CitizenwGifumuG,fajymqdkxm;onf/ (u) a&S;½dk;pOfvmt& ]*vmwd} udkvlrsdK;pktjzpfowfrSwf&mwGif ¤if;rSmtkyfcsKyfa&;

qdkif&m jzpfonf/ aygvkonf a&mre,fajra'orsm;\emrnfrsm;udk oHk;avh&Sd [efwlygonf (1aum 16;19/ 2aum 1;1/ 8;1 ...pojzifh)/ a&mre,f ]]*vmwd}} rSm vlrsdK;pkwpfckxufydkí us,f0ef;onf/ þ Celts vlrsdK;pkrsm;udk a&mrNrdKUawmfrS ulnDjcif;rSm tvGefapmum? a'oEÅ&tmPmydkrdkcsD;jr§ifhcH&NyD; txl;udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'otjzpfwdk;jr§ifh&&Sdonf/ þus,fjyefYaome,fajr a'oudk ]]*vmwd}} tjzpfod&Sd&jcif;jzpfygu aygvk\ yxrtacgufomoemjyK c&D;pOfwGif azmfjyonfh awmifydkif;NrdKUBuD;rsm;jzpfaom tEådtkwf? ydod'd? vkwå&?

24

a'&aAESifh £aumedponfh wrefawmf0w¬K 13-14ü rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom NrdKUrsm;rSm þtoif;awmfrsm; wnf&Sd&ma'ojzpfayrnf/

(c) þawmif;ydkif; ]]oDtdk&D}} udkrSefonf[k ,lqygu tcsdefumvrSm tvGefapmNyD; wrefawmf 15 yga,½k&SvifaumifpDESifh tvGefeD;uyfaom? ¤if;rwdkifrDjzpfay rnf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;ü*vmwdMo0g'pmüygaom taMumif;t&mrsdK;udkyif ajymaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdkaumifpDudk at'D 48-49 üusif;yjcif;jzpfNyD;? þ*vmwdMo0g'pmudk xdkumvtwGif;a&;om;jcif;jzpf[ef&Sdonf/ þtqdkrSef uefcJh rnfqdkvQif *vmwdMo0g'pmrSm uRefawmfwdkY\ "r®opfusrf;ü &Sdaomayg vk\ ay;pmrsm;teuf yxrqHk;jzpfayrnf/

(*) awmifydkif;*vmwdoDtdk&DtwGuf tcsdKUaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;rSm – (1) aygvk\c&D;oGm;azmftjzpfrnfolUudkrSazmfjyjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;AmeAudkrI

oHk; Budrfwdkifazmfjyonf (2;1?9?13)/ ¤if;rSmaygvk\ yxromoemjyK c&D;pOfESifh udkufnDonf/

(2) wdwkta&zsm;vSD;jcif;rcH&aMumif;azmfjyyg&Sdonf(2;1-5)/ ¤if;rSma,½k&S vif aumifpdrwdkifrDtjzpf taumif;qHk;udkufnDrI&Sdonf/

(3) ayw½ktaMumif;azmfjyjcif;tjyif? (2;11-14) wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh rdwfo[m,zGJUjcif;rSma,½k&SvifaumifpDrwdkifrDESifhtaumif;qHk;udkufnDrI&Sdonf/

(4) tvSLaiGudka,½k&SvifNrdKUodkY,laqmifoGm;&mwGifaygvkESifh vdkufoGm;ol wdkY rSme,ftrsdK;rsdK;rSvlrsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyonf (wref 20;4)/ þtvSLaiGü þ*vmwdvlrsdK;pkrsm;yg0ifaMumif;od&aomfvnf; (1aum 16;1) ajrmufydkif; *vmwdNrdKUrsm;azmfjyjcif;r&Sdacs/

3/ þoDtdk&Drsm;ESifhqdkifaom tao;pdwfwifjycsufwdkYonf oD;jcm;teufzGifhrIrsm; jyKMu onf/ olwdkYü tm;omcsuf udk,fpD&SdMuaomfvnf; tcsdefumvESifh qdkifírl tm;vHk; oabmwlnDrIr&SdMuacs/ odkYaomf ]awmifydkif;oDtdk&D} rSm tjzpfrSefrsm;tm;vHk;teuf qDavsmfrIt&SdqHk;jzpfonf/

*/ *vmwdESifh wrefawmf0w¬KqufpyfrI- 1/ aygvkonf a,½k&SvifNrdKUodkY oHk;cga&mufcJhaMumif; wrefawmf0w¬Kü vkumrSwfwrf;wif

onf/ (u) olajymif;vJNyD;aemuf? 9;26-30 (c) wyg;trsdK;om; toif;awmfrsm;\tiwfab;tultnDrsm;oGm;ydkY&ef? 11;30/

12; 25/ (*) a,½k&SvifaumifpD? 15;1-30/ (C) acwåoGm;a&mufjcif;? 18;22/ (i) wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;ü trIawmfvkyfief;taMumif;&Sif;vif;jcif;tjcm;aemufwpfck? 21;15/

2/ *vmwdxJü a,½k&SvifodkYoGm;jcif;ESpfckwdkYonf (u) oHk;ESpftMumü? 1;18 (c) wq,fav;ESpftMumü? 2;1

25

3/ wrefawmf 9;26 rSm*vmwd 1;18 ESifhqufpyfrI&SdEdkifonf/ *vmwd 2;1 üazmfjyonfrSm wrefawmf 11;30 (0g) 15;11 (0g) rSwfwrf;rwifaomtjcm;oGm;a&mufrI wpfckckjzpfEdkif onf/

4/ wrefawmf 15 ESifh *vmwd 2 wdkYuGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;\taMumif;&if;tcsdKU&SdEdkifaomfvnf; atmufygtaMumif; t&mwdkYteufwpfckckaMumifhjzpfEdkifonf/

(u) uGJjym;jcm;em;aomtjrif (c) vkumESifh aygvkwdkY\ uGJjym;aom &nf&G,fcsuf

(*) *vmwd 2 onf wrefawmf 15 üazmfjyaomtpnf;ta0;rwdkifrDü jzpfay:jcif;jzpf Edkifaomfvnf; ¤if;ESifh qufpyfaMumif;xif&Sm;onf/

(C) F.F. Bruce ESifh Murry Harris wdkYqDavsmfatmiftenf;i,fjyifqifxm;aom aygvka&;onfh pmrsm;\ jzpfEdkifzG,f&mouú&mZfpOfZ,m;

pmapmif tcsdefumv a&;&mae&m wrefawmfESifhqufpyfyHk 1/ *vmwd 48 qD;&D;,m;\tEÅdtkwf 14;28? 15;2 2/ 1oufomavmed 50 aum&dEÅK 18;5 3/ 2oufomavmed 50 aum&dEÅK 4/ 1aum&dEÅK 55 {zuf 19;20 5/ 2aum&dEÅK 56 rmaua'ged 20;2 6/ a&mr 57 aum&dEÅK 20;3

7-10/ tusOf;axmifrSay;pmrsm; aumavmoJ 60 apmydkif; a&mr {zuf 60 apmydkif; a&mr zdavrkef 60 apmydkif; a&mr zdvdyÜd 62-63 ukefydkif; a&mr 28;30-31 11-13/ pwkw¬omoemc&D; 1wdarmao 63^¤if;aemufydkif; rmaua'ged wdwk 63^rwdkifrD {zuf (¿) 2wdarmao 64-at'D 68 a&mr

Mo0g'pm\&nf&G,fcsuf (u) rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm; a[monfhtaMumif;t&m u@oHk;ckaygvkazmfjyonf/

xdkq&morm;wdkYonf c&pf,mefjzpfvm&ef*sL;wpfa,mufjzpfbdkY t&ifvdktyfonf[k,Hk MunfMuojzifh (6;12) þrSm;,Gif;aomt,l 0g'DwdkYudk ]*sL;bmom0ifrsm;} Judaizers

(2aum&dEÅK 3) [korkwfMuonf/ aygvk\ pdk;&drfaMumifhMurIonfxdk ],k'vlrsm;} \oGefoifrIrsm;udk tajcjyKonf (aygvk\ckcHumuG,fajymqdkrIrsm;tm;jzifh od&onfrSm-)/

1/ aygvkonfwpfq,fhESpfyg;wdkYenf;wl wrefawmftppfr[kwf (wrefawmf 1;21-22)/ xdkYaMumifh olonf ¤if;wkdY\tcGifhtmPmay:trSDjyKonf/ odkYr[kwftenf; qHk;rdcift oif;awmfjzpfaom a,½k&SvifNrdKUtoif;awmf\tcGifhtmPmay: oltrSDjyKonf/ 2/ aygvk\w&m;rSmolwdkY\w&m;ESihf uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ xkdYaMumifholrSm;,Gif;onf/

¤if;rSm ]ynwfw&m; tm;jzifhr[kwfbJ? ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;}

26

ESifh wkduf½dkufqufpyfonf ESifhwlonf/ a,½k&SvifüaeaomwrefawmfwdkYonf olwdkdY wpfOD; csif; touf&SifyHkü*sL;ppfppfrsm;jzpfaeMuao;onf/

3/ vGwfajrmufjcif;0g'\tpdwftydkif;wpfckonf þtoif;awmfrsm;ESifhwpfrsdK;wpfzHk qufpyfonf (5;8-6;8)/ þtaMumif;twdtusrnfodkYjzpfaMumif; rSmtjiif;yGm;rIwpf ckjzpfonf/ tcsdKUonf aygvk\Mo0g'pmüypfrSwfESpfck jzpfonfh ,k'vlwdkYESifhaemhpwpf t,l0g'Drsm; awGU&onf (4;8-11)[kqdkolrsm;yif½Sdonf/ rnfodkYjzpfapþusrf;ydk'frsm; onf rdpäm'dXdt,l rsm;ESifh tudkufnDqHk; jzpf[ef½Sdonf/ *sL;,HkMunfolrsm;onf wpfyg;trsdK;om;,HkMunfolrsm;\ touf½SifaexdkifyHktwGuf pdk;&drfaMumifh usMuonf/ aygvk\tjywfvGwfvyfaom aus;Zl;awmfonf rdpäm'dXd½kyfwkqif;wk udk;uG,fjcif;ESifh rnfodkYqufpyfum¤if;xufrnfuJh odkYydkrdkrSefuefoenf;/

(c) Mo0g'ydkif;ü þMo0g'pmonfa&mrMo0g'pm\ed'gef;jzpfonf/ þusrf;ESpfusrf;wdkYü aygvk \ Mo0g'rsm; xyfcgwvJvJyg½Sdum? uGJjym;jcm;em;aomtaetxm;jzifh us,fjyeYfvmNyD;? aemufydkif;wGif{zufMo0g'pmü tusOf;csHKUonf/

(*) trSefrSm*vmwd Mo0g'pmonf arma&StxJ&Sdy#dnOfw&m;a[mif; ("r®a[mif;usrf;) ESifh c&pfawmftxJ½Sd y#dnmOfw&m;opf ("r®opfusrf;) wdkY\ uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;udkpl;pdkufonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;udk &AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\vufoifhcHrI&½Sd&eftwGuf vlom; rsm;\ vkyfaqmifrIudktajccH&efjzpfonf[kem;vnfxm;MuNyD (aygvkurlarma½S\ ynwåd usrf;udkrqefYusifaomfvnf; *sL;a½S;½dk;pOfvmt& xdkusrf;udk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;ESifh vufawGUusifhoHk;&mü rSm;,Gif;jcif;udkrlqefYusifonf)/odkYaomf "r®opfusrf;onf topf aompdwfESvHk;ESifhtopfaom0dnmOfay:tajcjyKonf (a,&rd 31;31-34? a,Zausv 36;22-38)/ESpfrsdKpvHk;bk&m;½Sif\aus;Zl;awmfay:tajcjyKNyD; ESpfckpvHk;onf ajzmifhrwf aomvlrsm;udk vkdvm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYteufuGJjym;jcm;em;rIrSm ajzmifhrwfjcif;udkrnfokdY &½Sdonfqdkaom taMumif;t&may:üjzpfonf/ þtaMumif;udk "r®opfusrf;jzpfaoma[ NAJMo0g'pmü qufvufazmfjyonf/

t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;\tusOf;csKyf

(u) pum;csD; 1;1-10 1/ þusrf;tm;tMurf;zsif;rdwfqufjcif; 2/ þusrf;a&;om;&jcif;taMumif;

(c) rdrd\wrefawmft&mudkaygvkckcHumuG,fjcif;? 1;11-2;14 (*) aygvkrdrda[maom{0Ha*vdw&m;\Mo0g'qdkiff&m or®w&m;udkckcHumuG,f? 2;15-4;20 (C) aygvkrdrd\{0Ha*vdw&m;tm; vufawGUusifhoHk;rI\ qdkvdk&if;oabmudkckcHumuG,f? 5;1-

6;10 (i) tusOf;csKHUjcif;ESifh tqHk;owfjcif;? 6;11-18 aygvk\ay;pmtm;vHk;enf;wl Mo0g'ydkif;qdkif&mESifh (tcef;BuD; 1-2)vufawGUusifhoHk;jcif;

tydkif; (tcef;BuD; 5-6)[líyg½Sdonf/

27

ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;wpf (pmrsufESm 16 üMunfh&ef) 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m

rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[kqdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonfrdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"ge tusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm;teufzGifhjcif; tvkyfudk teufzGifh usrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&efr[kwfacs/

usrf;wpfusrf;tm;wpfxdkifwnf;ESifhtNyD;zufyg/ tqdkyg usrf;wpfusrf;vHk;\ t"duOD;wnfcsuftm; rdrd udk,fydkifpum;jzifh azmfjyyg/

1/ usrf;wpfckvHk;\ OD;wnfcsuf 2/ rnfuJhodkYaompmayta&;tom;rsdK;jzpfaMumif; (genre)

ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;ESpf (pmrsufESm 16 üMunfh&ef) 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/

tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/

1/ yxrtkyfpk\taMumif;t&m 2/ 'kwd,tkyfpk\taMumif;t&m 3/ wwd,tkyfpk\taMumif;t&m 4/ pwkw¬tkyfpk\taMumif;t&m 5/--pojzifh

28

*vmwd 1

acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;\pmydk'fcGJrsm;1

USB4 NKJV NRSV TEV NJB

tav;jyKjcif; 1;1-5 tjcm;{0Ha*vdr½Sd 1;6-9 1;10 aygvkwrefawmf jzpfvmyHk 1;11-12 1;13-17 1;18-24

EIwfqufjcif; 1;1-5 {0Ha*vdw&m;wckwnf; 1;6-10 wrefawmftjzpf ac:cH&jcif; 1;11-17 a,½k&SifvifESifh qufoG,frIrsm; 1;18-24

tav;jyKjcif; 1;1-5 *vmwdvlwdkY,HkMunfjcif;rSaoGjznf 1;6-10 aygvkrdrd\wrefawmf t&mckcHumuG,f 1;11-12 1;13-17 1;18-24

tav;jyKjcif; 1;1-2 1;3 1;4-5 wckwnf;aom {0Ha*vd w&m; 1;6-9 1;10 aygvkwrefawmf jzpfvmyHk 1;11-12 1;13-14 1;15-19 1;20 1;21-24

vdyfrl 1;1-5 owday;jcif; 1;6-10 bk&m;\ac:zdwfrI 1;11-24

ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;oHk; (pm 16 üMunfh) rl&if;usrf;jyKol\&nf&G,fcsuftm; pmydk'ftvdkufem;vnfjcif;

4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm;rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ

1 pmydk'fcGJrsm;onf0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif;r[kwfaomfvnf;rl&if;usrf;jyKol\&nf&G,fcsufudk em;vnfEdkif&efESifh vdkufemEdkif&efaomhcsuf

rsm;jzpfonf/ acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;wpfusrf;pDonf tcef;BuD;wpfckudkydkif;cGJítusOf;csHKUxm;onf/ ti,f 1-5? 6-10? 11-17 ESifh 18-24 wdkYrSmpdwful;yHktydkif;cGJrsm; (pmydk'frsm;)jzpfaMumif;xif½Sm;onf/ bmomjyefusrf;wdkif;onf xdkacgif;pOfudk udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efjzifhjcHKiHkMunfhonf/ ¤if;wdkYwpfrsdK;pDtm;zwf½I&if;taMumif;t&mESifh pmydk'fcGJrsm;udkrdrdem;vnfyHkonfrnfonfhbmomjyefusrf;ESifhudkufnDaMumif;rdrdudk,frdrd ar;jref;yg/

bmomjyefusrf;rsm;onf ti,f1-5udk taMumif;t&moHk;rsdK;(0g)acgif;pOfoHk;rsdK;cGJjcm;aomfvnf; TEVürl wpfrsdK;wnf;wpfckwnf; omvQif½SdaMumif;owdjyKyg/ xdkenf;wl6;10 wGif UBS4ESifh TEVwdkYonfi,f 10udk oD;jcm;cGJxm;aMumif;em;vnfyg/ tusOf;csHKUazmfjycsufrSm vnf;uGJjym;onf/ UBS4, NKJVESifh TEVwdkYonf ¤if;tydkif;udk {0Ha*vdw&m;[kazmfjyNyD; NRSVESifh JBwdkYurlpmydk'fudkowday;csufxm;NyD; rdpäm'dXdt,lESifh qufpyfonf/

tcef;BuD;wpfckpwdkif;¤if;udkor®musrf;pmü yxrzwfum¤if;\taMumif;t&m (pmydk'f)rsm;BudK;pm;owfrSwfcGJyg/ NyD;vQifrdrd\em;vnf oabmaygufyHkudkacwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;ESifhEIdif;,SOfyg/ rl&if;usrf;jyKol\awG;ac: yHkESifhwifjyyHkudkvdkufumol\ &nf&G,fcsufudkem;vnf onfhtcgrSomvQif or®musrf;pmudktrSefwu,fem;vnfoabmaygufEdkifMuayrnf/ 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;cH&olrSmrl&if;usrf;jyKolrsm; omvQif jzpf&um;? yg0ifaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk ajymif;vJ&efodkYr[kwfjyifqif&ef rnfonfhpm½IolürQtcGifhtmPmr½Sdacs/ or®musrf;pmzwf½Iolrsm; \wm0ef0wå&m;rSm 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;aomor®mw&m;udk rdrdwdkY\acwfumvESifh rdrdwdkY\toufwmü vufawGtoHk;cs&ef jzpfonf/

enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&ma0g[m&rsm;ESifhtwdkaumufrsm;udk aemufqufwGJ wpf? ESpf? oHk;ESifhav;wdkYüjynfhpHkpGm &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/

29

avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"ge tusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/

xdktcef;BuD;udk wpfxkdifwnf;ESifhzwfyg/ yg0ifonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;owfrSwfazmfjyyg/ rdrd\ taMumif;t&m cGJjcm;rIrsm;udk þacwfopfbmomjyef usrf;ig;ckwdkYESifh EIdif;,SOfyg/ pmydk'frsm;onf 0dnmOfawmf rIwfoGif;jcif; r[kwfaomfvnf; rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ &nf&G,fcsuf tm;em;vnf&ef aomhcsuf jzpfonf/ 4if;rSm teufzGifhjcif;\ t"du rPÖKdifjzpfonf/ pmydk'fwpfckonf taMumif;t&m wpfckjzpfNyD;? pmydk'fwpfydk'fü taMumif;t&m wpfckwnf;&Sdonf/ 1/ yxrpmydk'f 2/ 'kwd,pmydk'f 3/ wwd,pmykd'f 4/ --pojzifh a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifhavhvmjcif; (u) ti,f 1-5rSmtajccHtm;jzifh*vmwdvlwdkYtwGuftzGifhed'gef;ysdK;jcif;jzpfNyD;? *&drl&if;ü0gus wpfck

wnf;jzpfonf/ (c) aygvk\aus;Zl;awmfudkcsD;rGrf;aeusyHkpHkrsdK;ryg&Sdacs (a&mr? 1ESifh 2aum&dEÅK? {zuf? zdvdyÜK?

aumavmoJ? 1ESifh 2oufomavmed)/ ¤if;onf aygvkESifh þtoif;awmfpkrsm;tMum; wif;rmrIudk ay:vGifaponf/

(*) ti,f 6-10onf þMo0g'pmwpfckvHk;\"r®oabmOD;wnfcsufudkcsrSwfonf/ þMo0g' pmxJ aygvktus,fcsJUoGm;onfh"r®oabmw&m;tm;vHk;þtcef;i,f twGif;yg&Sdonf[k ajymí&avmuf eD;yg;jzpfonf/

(C) *vmwd 1;11-2;21 onf rdrd\wrefawmft&mudk aygvkckcHumuG,faom tw¬KyÜwådyHkpHjzpfNyD;? xkdodkY jyKjcif;tm;jzifh rdrda[maom {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;udkvnf; wyg;wnf;umuG,fajymqdk onf/ þtydkif;rSm 2aum&dEÅK 10-13 ESifh tvGefqifwlonf/

(i) *vmwd 1;11-2;14 udkatmufygu@mrsm;jzifhcGJjcm;onf/ (1) a,½k&Svif&Sdwrefawmfrsm;ay: aygvkrSDcdkjcif;rjyK/ 1;11-24 (2) a,½k&Svif&Sdtoif;awmfonf aygvkudktodtrSwfjyK/ 2;1-10 (3) aygvk\ wef;wlnDrIOyrmwpfck/ 2;11-14

(p) þMo0g'\t"dutaMumif;t&mrSm 2;15-6;10 jzpfonf/ ¤if;udkatmufyg twdkif;cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ (1) rdrda[maom{0Ha*vdowif;aumif;\Mo0g'ydkif;qkdif&mor®mw&m;rsm;udk aygvkckcHumuG,f?

2;15-4;20 (2) rdrd\{0Ha*vdowif;aumif;\qdkvdk&if;oabmudkaygvkckcHumuG,f/ 5;1-6;10

30

pum;vHk;ESifh pum;pkrsm;avhvmjcif; NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifxm;aom)bmomjyefusrf;/ 1;1-5 1wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfaomaygvkESifh(vlrsm; odkYr[kwf vlom;tm;jzifh ukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpf apvTwfjcif;r[kwfbJ? a,½Ic&pfawmfESifh olYudkaojcif;rS jyefxapawmfrlol crnf;awmf bk&m;tm;jzifh apvTwfjcif;cHol) 2

igESifhtwl&SdaomnDtpfudkrsm; tm;vHk;onf*vmwd toif;awmf rsm;udktaMumif;Mum; yg\/3aus;Zl;awmfESifh Nidrfoufjcif;onf igwkdY\ crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifESifh ocifa,½Ic&pfawmf xHrSoifwkdYay: oufa&mufygapaom/ 4 xdkocifonfigwdkY\ bk&m;ocifESifh crnf;awmf\ tvdkawmfESifh tnD qkd;,kwfaom vuf&Sd uyfumvrSigwkdYudku,fEIwf&eftvdkYiSg? igwkdY\ tjypfrsm;aMumifh olYudk,fol tyfawmfrl\/ 5

xkdbk&m;ocifonfurÇm tqufqufbkef;wefcdk;BuD;awmfrlapownf;/ tmrif/

1;1 ]aygvk}wm½INrdKUom;a&Smvkudkwrefawmf 13;9 rSyxrqHk;aygvk[kac:onf/ ]t&yf&yfodkYuGJvGifhaom} *sL;vlrsdK;trsm;pkü a[NAJemrnfESifh *&demrnf&Sdjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfygu a&Smvk\rdbrsm;onf olYudkþemrnf yifay;cJhMuNyD;? tb,faMumifh ]aygvk} onf wrefawmf 13 ü½kwfw&ufay:vm&oenf;/ jzpfEdkifonfrSm (1) tjcm; aomolwdkYonf olYudk þemrnfjzifh pwifac:qdkMuonf/ odkYr[kwf (2) olonf ]ao;i,fonf} (0g) ]tenf;qHk;} [laoma0g[m&jzifh olYudk,folpwif&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/ *&dpum;vHk; ‘ Paulos\t"dyÜg,frSm ]ao;i,fonf} [lí jzpf\/ olY*&demrnf\ rl&if;taMumif;oDtdk&D trsdK;rsdK;&SdcJhygonf/

1/ 'kwd,&mpkacwfa&S;½dk;pOfvmtqdkt&aygvkrSmt&yfykonf/ 0íezl;ajymifonf/ ajccGifí? rsufcHk;arT; xlonf/ rsufvHk;jyL;jyL;ESifh jzpfonf/ ¤if;udkor®musrf;pmpkr[kwfaom Paul and

Theklaac:ouf omavmedNrdKUrSa&;aom pmtkyfrS&&Sdjcif;jzpfNyD; xdkemrnf&Sif\rl&if;jzpfEdkif onf/ 2/ olonfwrefawmf 9;1-2 (1aum 15;9? {zuf 3;8? 1wd1;15) wdkYüyg&Sdonfh

enf;wltoif;awmfudk ñ§Of;qJoljzpfojzifh olUudk,fol ]oefY&Sif;olrsm;xJti,fqHk;} [kt xufygusrf;ydk'frsm;üac:ygonf/

tcsdKUurl þ]ti,fqHk;jzpfrI} \rl&if;rSm olYudk,fola&G;cs,faomemrnfjzpfonf[k½IjrifMuonf/ odkYaomf*vmwd uJhodkYaomusrf;rsdK;ü a,½k&Svif&Sdwpfq,fhESpfyg;wdkYay:rSDcdkjcif;r&SdaMumif; txl;wvnf azmfjyyHkudkaxmuf½Iygu þa&G;cs,frIrSm[kwfrSef[efrwlacs (2aum 11;5? 12;11? 15;10)/ �]wrefawmfwpfyg;} wrefawmf ]Apostle} onf*&dpum;vHk;wpfckjzpfonf/ ]apvTwfonf} (apostellō) rSqif; oufonf/ a,½Ionf olYwynfhawmf wpfq,fhESpfyg;udk olESifhtxl;t"dyÜg,fjzifh twlae&ef a&G;cs,fNyD; olwkdYudk ]wrefawmfrsm;} Apostles[kac:onf (rmuk 6;30/ vkum 6;13)/ aygvkonf zdvdyÜd tygt0if1 ESifh2oufomavmedESifh zdavrkefMo0g'pmrsm;rSvTJvQif rdrd\ wrefawmft&m udktcdkiftrmazmfjyonf/ þrdwfqufpmydk'frSm ol\tjcm;ay;pmrsm;üawGU&onfhrdrd\ wrefawmft&mudk twnfjyKjcif;rsm;teuftjyif;xefqHk;wpfckjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSmxkdtoif;awmfrsm;t xJ&Sdtajctaersm;aMumifhjzpfNyD;? ¤if;wdkYürSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;wdkYonf ol\yk*¾dKvfa&;udkwdkufcdkufjcif; tm;jzifh ol\{0Ha*vdw&m;udk uefYuGuf&efBudK; pm;Muonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / apvTwfonf (APOSTELLŌ) 4if;rSmtrsm;oHk;*&dpum; ]]apvTwfonf}} (apostellō) jzpfonf/þa0g[m&ü"r®ynmqdkif&moHk;EIef;yHktrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/

1/ *sL;q&mBuD;rsm;onf þpum;vHk;udktjcm;vlwpfa,muftm;½Hk;awmfqdkif&mudk,fpm;jyKoltjzpf ac:zdwfum? apvTwfjcif;cH&oltjzpftoHk;jyKonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; ]]ambassdor} oHwrefESifh

31

tvm;wljzpfonf (2aum5;20)/ 2/ c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;ü þa0g[m&udk crnf;awmfuapvTwfaoma,½ItjzpfoHk;avh&Sdonf/ a,m[efc &p0ifusrf;ü þa0g[m&udkar&Sd,ESifh qdkifíxyfcgwvJvJoHk;onf/ (róJ 10;40/ 15;24/ rmuk 9;37/ vkum 9;48 ESifh txl;ojzifh a,m[ef 4;34/ 5;24? 30?36? 37? 38;6;29? 38/ 39? 40? 57/ 7;29/ 8;42/ 10;36/ 11;42/ 17;3? 8? 18? 21? 23? 25/ 20;21)/ 4if;udka,½Iu,HkMunfol rsm; tm;apvTwfjcif;üoHk;onf (a,m[ef17;18/ 20;21)/ 3/ "r®opfusrf;onf4if;udkwjynfhawmfrsm;üoHk;onf

(u)rl&if;twGif;vlwpfq,fhESpfa,mufjzpfaomwjynfhawmfrsm;(vkum6;13?wrefawmf 1;2122)/ (c) wrefawmfrsm;\tulrsm;ESifh vkyfabmfaqmifbufrsm;jzpfaomtxl;tkyfpkwpfck (1) AmeA (wrefawmf 14;4?14)/ (2) taNEmedwfESifh ,ked (KJV, Junia, a&mr 16;7) (3) tmaygvk (1aum 4;6-9) (4) ocifbk&m;\nD,mukyf (*vmwd 1;19) (5) odvTmEk ESifh wdarmao (1ouf 1;1) (6) wdwkvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ (2aum8;23) (7) {yajzm'dwfvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ (zd2;25) (*) toif;awmfüqufvufaom0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;wpfrsdK; (1aum12;28-29/ {zuf4;11)/

4/ c&pfawmfudkudk,fpm;jyKoltjzpfbk&m;ocifay;onfhrdrd\tcGifhtmPmudk tcdkiftrmjyKjcif; enf;vrf; wpfck tjzpfaygvkonf rdrda&;om;aom pmtrsm;pkwdkYü þbGJUemrudkrdrdüoHk;avh&Sdonf (a&mr1;1? 1aum1;1/ 2aum1;1? *vmwd1;1? {zuf1;1? aum1;1? 1wd1;1?2wd1;1? wdwk1;1)/

� NASB ]]vlrsm;apvTwfjcif;r[kwf?vlom;tm;jzifhudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfapvTwfjcif;vnf;r[kwf}} NKJV ]]vlrsm;tm;jzifhr[kwf? vlrSwqifhvnf;r[kwf}} NRSV ]]vl\trdefYpmtm;jzifh r[kwf? vl\tcGifhtmPmtm;jzifhvnf;r[kwf}} TEV ]]vlrSvmjcif;r[kwf? vlYenf;tm;jzifh vnf;r[kwf}} JB ]]rdrdtcGifhtmPmaMumifh vlwdkYay:ta<u;rwifbJ? rdrdcefYtyfcH&jcif; twGufvnf; rnfonfhvlom;ay:ürS ta<u;rwifol}}

aygvkt"dutav;teufjyKonfhtcsufrsm; teufwpfckjzpfaomolYwrefawmft&m\ rl&if;rSmvlom; r[kwfbJbk&m; xHawmfrSjzpfonfqdkaomt&mudk þtcsufonfhy"gejyK\(i,f 12?16)/ rrSefaomq&morm; wdkY\ tqdkt&aygvkonf rdrd\{0Ha*vdw&m;udk (1) a,½k&SvifNrdKU&Sd wpfq,fhESpfyg;wdkYxHrS (wref 9;19-22? odkYr[kwf (2) ol\rdciftoif;awmfrS &&Sdjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;olonf þ{0Ha*vdw&m;udkoltyfESif;jcif;cHcJhNyD;om; jzpfonf (c&pfawmfonfolYtm;wdkuf½dkuftyfESif;cJhNyD;jzpfonf)[kodrfarGUpGm ajymif;vJvkdufjcif; jzpfonf[kqdkMu onf/ aygvkonf þudpöESifh pyfvsOf;íolYudk,folckcHumuG,fjcif;rSm {0Ha*vdw&m;udk,füaMumifhjzpfNyD;? rdrd\*kPf oa& (0g) xifay:ausmfMum;rItwGuf tEÅ&m,f&Sdír[kwfacs (2aum 10-13)/ �]a,½Ic&pfawmfESifh ... crnf;awmfbk&m;tm;jzifh} aygvkonfrdrd&&SdaomzGifhjyjcif;ESifh rdrd\{0Ha*vd w&m;üyg&SdaomtaMumif;t&mwdkYudk&Sifjyefxajrmufaom?bkef;wefcdk;awmf&Sifa,½Iudk,fawmfwdkifxHawmfyg;rSvufcH&&Sdjcif;jzpfaMumif; &J&ifhpGmtwnfjyKajymMum;yHkudk owdjyKyg (1;12)/ aygvkonf wrefawmf 1;21-22 üawGU&onfhwrefawmfjzpf&efowfrSwfaom pHEIef;ESifh rudkufnDaomfvnf;þoD;oefYwm0efjzpfaom? wyg;trsdK; om;rsm;twGuf wrefawmftjzpfaqmif&Guf&efocifbk&m;onf olYudkac:zdwfonf[kol,HkMunfxm;onf/

32

]a,½I} \t"dyÜg,frSm YHWH onfu,fwifawmfrl\} [líjzpfonf (róJ 1;21)/ ¤if;rSma[NAJemrnf a,m½IESifhtwlwljzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;ü þa0g[m&wpfckwnf;udkoHk;onfhtcg a,½I\vlom;jzpfjcif;udk txl;jyKonf ({zuf 4;21)/ ]c&pfawmf} Christ rSma[NAJpum;vHk; Messiah(0g)bdodwfqDoGef;avmif;jcif;cH&ol (atmufazmfjyygtxl; acgif;pOf/ ar&Sd, Messiahüa,½I) qdkaompum;vHk;ESifh wef;wlnDrQNyD;? "r®a[mif;usrf;\uwdawmfjzpfonfh twktEIdif;rJhac:zdwfcH&ol? bk&m;\rIwfoGif;cH&ol? ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;\uyfumvtopf,laqmifvmolt&Sif udktxl;jyKonf/ ]a,½Ic&pfawmf} ESifh ]crnf;awmfbk&m;ocif} wdkYudk0dbwf PREPOSITION wpfckwnf;jzifhqufpyf xm;NyD;¤if; rSm"r®opfusrf;a&;olwdkYonf c&pfawmfrSmbk&m;tjynfht0jzpfaMumif;tm; tcdkiftrmjyKyHkjyKenf;jzpf onf/ ¤if;udkti,f 1 ESifh ti,f 3 ESpfckpvHk;üawGU&onf (1ouf 1;1? 3;11? 2ouf 1;2? 12? 2;16)/ bk&m;ocif\ crnf;awmft&mrSm vdifrIudpöqufEG,frItm;jzifh r[kwf? ouú&mZfpOftm;jzifhvnf;r[kwfbJ? *sL;rdom;pkrSmenf;wl vlyk*¾dKvfjcif;qufqHa&;ESifh acgif;aqmifrIt"dyÜg,fjzpfonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ar&Sd, þtcsufrsm;udk 'Ha,v 9;6 taMumif;tuREfkyf\teufzGifhjcif;rSwfpkrS,l;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þusrf;ydk'ftm; teufzGifh&mü cufcJaponfrSm ar&Sd, (0g) bdodufcHolqdkonfh a0g[m&üjzpfEkdifacs&Sdaomt"dyÜg,ftrsdK;rsdK; &SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ (BDB 603)

1/ *sL;bk&ifrsm;ESifh qdkifíoHk;onf (1"r®2;10? 12;13) 2/ *sL;,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;ESifh qdkifíoHk;onf (0wfjyK4;3?5) 3/ uk½kbk&mESifh qdkifíoHk;onf (a[&Sm,45;1) 4/ qmvH110 ESifh Zmc&d4wdkYü # 1ESifh # 2 wdkYwGJoHk;onf/ 5/ ajzmifhrwfjcif;acwfopfxJydkYaqmifvwHhaombk&m;ocif\<uvmOD;rnf 'g0d'ftEG,ftxl; bk&ifBuD;

u/ ,k'trsdK; (urÇmOD;49;10) c/ a,&SJrdom;pkxJu (2"r® 7) */ wpfurÇmvHk;üpdk;pH (qmvH2/ a[&Sm,9;6/ 11;1-5? rdu©m 5;1-4)

uREfkyfudk,ftaejzifhrI ]]bdodwfcHolwpfOD;}} qdkonfrSm emZ&ufNrdKUom; a,½Iyifjzpfonf[k ,HkMunfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf

1/ tcef;BuD; 2 üazmfjyonfh xm0&EdkifiHawmfpwifjcif;onf pwkw¬ajrmuftifyg,m twGif;jzpfonf/ 2/ tcef;BuD; 7;13 ü azmfjyonfh ]]vlom;wpfOD;}} tm;xm0&EdkifiHawmfwpfckay;tyfonf/ 3/ a&G;EIwfjcif;taMumif;jzpfaom 9;24 ygpum;pkonfusqif;aomurÇmhordkif;\tqHk;owfjcif;tm;azmfjyonf/ 4/ "r®opfusrf;üa,½Ionf'Ha,vtem*wdåusrf;tm;toHk;jyKrI (róJ24;15/ rmuk 13; 14)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / crnf;awmf "r®a[mif;usrf;onfbk&m;ociftm;&if;ESD;aom rdom;pkyHkpHjzifh zciftjzpfxyfwljyKjcif;udk pwifrdwfquf cJhonf/

1/ tpöa&;trsdK;om;wdkYudkYYHWH \]om;}tjzpfrMumcPa&;om;azmfjyonf (a[ma&S 11;1/ rmvcd 3;17)/ 2/ w&m;a[m&musrf;\tapmydkif;üyif bk&m;ocifudkqifwltjzpf zcifuJhodkYoHk;onf (1;31)/ 3/ w&m;a[m&musrf; 32 ü tpöa&;udk ]ol\om;rsm;} [kac:NyD;? bk&m;ocifudk ]oifwkdY\zcif} [kac:onf/

33

4/ þqifwlyHkpHudkyif qmvH 103;13 üazmfjyNyD;qmvH 68;5 üaemufxyfawGU&onf (rdbrJhrsm;\ zcif) 5/ ¤if;rSmya&mzufusrf;rsm;ü ygaeusjzpfonf (a[&Sm, 1;2/ 63;8 ütpöa&;udkom;tjzpf? bk&m;ocifudkzciftjzpf 63;16/ 64;8/ a,&rd 3;4? 19/ 31;9 wdkYüvnf;aumif;azmfjyonf)/ a,½Ionf tm&rdpum;ajymonf[kqdk&mü *&dvdk Pater jzpfaom zcif Father pum;vHk;awGU&onfhae&m

ajrmufrsm;pGmwdkYonftm&rdpum; Abba (14;36) udkay:vGifaponf/ Daddy (0g) Papa jzpfonfhtoHk;rsm;aom pum;vHk;onfcrnf;awmfESifh a,½I\&if;EDS;rIudkay:vGifaponf/ olonfþpum;vHk;udkyif olYwynfhawmfwdYkudk vnf; zGifhjyjcif;onfcrnf;awmfESifh uRefawmfwkdY\&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrIudktm;aumif;apygonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ü

YHWH twGuf ]zcif} udkoHk;cJaomfvnf;a,½Iurl¤if;udkrMumcPESifh tESHYtjym;oHk;avh&Sdonf/ ¤if;rSmc&pfawmf tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifESifh ,HkMunfolwdkY\topfaomqufqHa&;^awmfpyfyHktaMumif;t"duusaomzGifhjyrIjzpfonf (róJ 6;9)/

����]olUudkaojcif;rS jyefxapawmfrlol} a,½Iudkao&mrSjyefxapawmfrlolrSm crnf;awmfbk&m;jzpfaMumif; aygvk tav;teufjyKonf/ olUtm;{0Ha*vdw&m;tyfESif;olrSm crnf;awmfESifh om;awmfESpfyg;pvHk;jzpfonf/ þpum;pkudk teufzGifh&mü rsm;vGef;Edkifaomfvnf; aygvkonfrdrdrSmaojcif;rSjyefxt&Sif\ ac:zdwfcH&oljzpfNyD; a,½k&SifvifNrdKU&Sd wpfq,fhESpfyg;wkdYrSmrlvlom;yifjzpfaeao;olt&Sif\ ac:zdwfcH&olrsm;jzpfaMumif;tcdkiftrm ajymqdkjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ usrf;ydk'ftrsm;pkü a,½Iudkao&mrSjyefxapolrSm crnf;awmfbk&m;jzpfNyD;? þodkYjzifha,½I\trIawmfudk twnfjyKaMumif;wHqdyfcwfESdyfay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf (2aum 4;14/ wref 2;24/ 3;15/ 10;40/ a&mr 6;4/ 1ay 1;21)/ a&mr 8;17 ürla,½Iudkao&mrSjyefxapolrSm 0dnmOfawmfbk&m;jzpfonf/ odkYaomfa,m[ef 10;17-18 ürlom;awmfbk&m;onfrdrdtoufudkolpGefYvTwfNyD;? jyef,lonf[ktcdkiftrmajymygonf/ þt&monf oHk;yg;wpf ql yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ tvkyfvkyfyHk\oabmudkazmfjyonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif; u/ &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;\taxmuftxm;/

1/ yifawukawåtNyD;&ufaygif; ig;q,f (50) üayw½kw&m;a[m&mwGif (wrefawmf2) &Sifjyef xajrmufjcif;rSmaomhcsufjzpfvmonf/ xdka'ow0dkufü aexdkifolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkdYonf xdktcsufudk,HkMunfcJhJMuonf/

2/ wynfhawmfwkdYonf&Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;udkrarQmfvifhbJ? pdwfysuftm;i,fae&mrSolwdkYb0onf tjywftxifajymif;vJoGm;cJhum rm&wkrsm;tjzpftowfcHMuonftxdjzpfonf/

c/ &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;\t"dyÜg,f/

1/ a,½IonfrdrdrnfoljzpfaMumif;ajymcJhonfhtwkdif;[kwfrSefaMumif;jyoonf (rdrdtaocHjcif;ESifh &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;taMumif;BudKwifa[mMum;onf róJ 12;38-40)/

2/ a,½I\b0toufwm? ol\oGefoifrIESifhudk,fpm;jyKtaocHjcif;wdkYtay:rdrd\auseyfrIudk bk&m;ocif jyjcif;jzpfonf (a&mr 4;25)/

3/ xdkuwdawmfrSm c&pf,mefrsm;tm;vHk;twGufjzpfaMumif;jyonf (jyef&Sifíxaomukd,fcE©mrsm;? 1aum&dEÅK 15)/

*/ rdrdonf aojcif;rSxíjyef&SifrSmjzpfaMumif;a,½IajymcJhonf/

34

1;2 ]igESifh twl&SdaomnDtpfudkrsm;tm;vHk;} aygvkonfrdrdtazmfrsm;rnfolawGjzpfaMumif;razmfjyjcif;rSm acwfopfusrf;pmavhvmolrsm;twGufuHacjcif;yifjzpfonf/ azmfjycJhygu þMo0g'pmvufcHolrsm;b,foljzpf aMumif;oDtdk&DESpfckudktwnfjyKcsuf&Edkifayrnf/ajrmufydkif;oDtdk&Donf*vmwdrsdK;EG,fpkttay:pl;pdkufNyD;?awmif ydkif; oDtdk&Durl a&mrtkyfcsKyfaom *vmwde,fudk pl;pdkufonf/ aygvkonfrdrd\tazmfrSm AmeA (yxrc&D;pOf) odkYr[kwf odv ('kwd,c&D;pOf) jzpfaMumif;razmfjycJhacs/ AmeAemrnfudk *vmwdxJ oHk;BudrfoHk;cg azmfjyjcif;onf yxrc&D;pOfudkqdkvdk &ma&mufNyD;tcsdefumvrSmydkíapmygonf/ þMo0g'pmüaygvkonf ]nDtpfudkrsm;} [laompum;vHk;rMumcPoHk;onf(3;15/ 4;12/ 5;11/ 6;18)/ taMumif;rSm þtoif;awmfrsm;odkYol\ajymqdkcsufwdkYrSm xdrdvSNyD;? jyif;xefonfhhtjyif wdkufckdufjcif; oabmrsdK;yif aqmifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ aygvkonftaMumif;t&mopfwpfckudk ]nDtpfudkrsm;} [kqdkumt pysdK;avh&Sdonf/

����]*vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;udk} aemufwpfcg þtoif;awmfrsm;\wnfae&mtwdtusudk azmfjyrxm;bJ usefae jyefonf/ tcsdKUonf ajrmufydkif;*vmwdjzpfonf[kqdkum (1ay 1;1) þMo0g'pma&;om;csdefudk 50 at'D tv,f ydkif;umvjzpfonf[kqdkMuonf/ wrefawmf 26;6 ESifh 18;23 wkdYt& þa'oodkYaygvkw &m;a[mcJhonfhtaxmuf txm;tjzpft"dyÜg,ffaumufMuonf/ tjcm;olrsm;url wrefawmf 13 ESifh 14 wdkYudk&nfñTef;um ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom e,fajra'ojzpfonhfa&mrydkifeuf jzpfaom*vmwde,ftjzpf t"dyÜg,f aumufMuonf/ xkdYaMumifhaygvkESifh AmeAwdkY \yxrc&D;pOfudk &nfñTef;onf[kqdkMuonf/ odkYjzpfvQif wrefawmf 15 üyg&Sdaom a,½k&Svif"r®nDvmcHESifh rqdkifbJ? ¤if; rwdkifrD 40 at'D jynfhESpfrsm;\aemufydkif; umvjzpfayrnf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / toif;awmf (EKKLESIA) *&da0g[m& ekklesia onf ]]xJrS}} ESifh ]]ac:jcif;cH&onf}} pum;ESpfvHk;rSqif;oufvmojzifh xdka0g[m&onf bk&m;ocif\ac:xkwfjcif; cH&olrsm;[kqdkvdkonf/ ueOD;toif;awmfü þpum;vHk;udk avmuDqkdif&m toHk;tEIef;tjzpf oabmxm;onf/ (wref 19;32?39? 41) *&dbmomjyef"r®a[mif;usrf (LXX ) onf þa0g[m&udk ]]pka0;aeaom}} tpöa&; (Qahal, BDB 874, awmvnf 16;3/ 20;4/ a&mr 2;28-29/ *vm 6;16/ 1ay 2;5-9/ Asm 1;6) twGufoHk;ojzihf olwdkYonf "r®a[mif;acwfbk&m; ocif\ vlrsdK;tquftjzpf rdrdwdkYtwGufoHk;Muonf/ olwdkYonftpöa&; topfjzpfonf/ (a&mr 2;28-29/ *vm 6;16/ 1ay 2;5? 9/ Asm

1/ róJ 12;38-40/ 16;21/ 17; 9?22?23/ 20;18-19/ 26;32/ 27;63/ 2/ rmuk 8;31/ 9;1-10? 31/ 14;28? 58/ 3/ vkum 9;22-27/ 4/ a,m[ef 2;19-22/ 12;34/ tcef;BuD; 14-16/ C/ aemufxyfavhvm&ef/ 1/ Evidence That Demands a Verdict by Josh McDowell 2/ Who Moved the Stone? By Frank Morrison 3/ The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, ‘ Resurrection’ ‘Resurrection of Jesus Chrsit’ 4/ Systematic Theology by L.Berkof. Pp 346, 720

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1;6)/ bk&m;ocif\ wpfurÇm vHk;omoem\NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;jzpfonf (urÇm 3;15/ 12;3/ xGuf 19;5-6/ róJ 28;18-20/ vkum 24;47/ wref 1;8)/ þa0g[m&udkc&pf0ifusrf;rsm;ESifh wrefawmfusrf;üt"dyÜm,ftawmfrsm;rsm;jzifhoHk;onf/

(1) avmuDqdkif&mNrdKUwGif;tpnf;ta0; - wref 19;32?39?41 (2) c&pfawmftxJbk&m;ocif\ wurÇmvHk; uyfumvtm;vHk;NcHKaomvlrsdK;awmf róJ 16;18 ESifh

{zufMo0g'pm/ (3) c&pfawmfudk,HkMunfola'oEÅ&toif;awmfwpfyg; - róJ 18;17/ wref 5;11 (þusrf;ydk'frsm;ü

a,½k&SvifNrdKY&Sdtoif;awmf) (4) tpöa&;vlrsdK;tm;wpfpkwpfaygif;wnf;jzifh-wref 7;38 oawzef\w&m; a'oemü (5) a'owpfcktwGif;bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;- wref 8;3 (,k' odkYr[kwf ygvufpwdkif;)

1;3 ]aus;Zl;awmfESifh Nidrfoufjcif;onf... oifwkdYay:oufa&mufygapaom/} pma&;&mü*&dyHkrSeftpysdK; EIwfqufpum;rSm chareinjzpfonf/ aygvkonfxdkpum;vHk;udk c&pf,mefa0g[m&charis (0g)aus;Zl;awmfqefqef xl;jcm;pGmajymif;vJvdkufonf/ aygvkonf *&dEIwfqufpum; ]aus;Zl;awmf} ESifh a[NAJEIwfqufpum; ]Nidrfoufjcif;} «shalom» wkdYudkaygif;pyfa&maESmjcif;jzpfonf[kqkdoltajrmuftrsm;&Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm qGJaqmifrI &Sdaom oDtdk&Djzpfaomf vnf;aygvkay;pmrsm;\ rdwfqufEIwfqufjcif;yHkpHtjzpf xdkodkYaumuf,ljcif;rSm rsm;vGef;yg onf/ Nidrfoufjcif;t&if aus;Zl;awmf\ae&m,lyHkonfomvQif "r®ynmoabmt& pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mjzpfonf/

����]ocif} - the Lord *&da0g[m&kurios onf a[NAJ a0g[m&adonESifh t"dyÜg,fcsif;qifwlonf/ ESpfrsdK;pvHk; ]q&m}? ]ocif} (master) ]ydkif&Sif} ]vifa,usfm;} (0g) ]t&Sif} -Lord teufjzifhoHk;onf (urÇm 24;9/ xGuf 21;4/ 2"r® 2;7 ESifh róJ 6;24/ a,m[ef 4;11/ 9;36)/ rnfodkYjzpfap ¤if;onfa,½Itm;bk&m;ocifapvTwfawmfrlol ar&Sd, (a,m[ef 9;38) tjzpf&nfñTef;aompum;vHk;jzpfvmonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ü xdka0g[m&onf ,k'bmomüxm0&bk&m;\ y#dnmOfcHemrawmfjzpfNyD;? &Sdjcif;? jzpfjcif;jy VERB ‘to be’ jzpfonfh YHWH (xGuf 3;14) udktoHxGufqkd&ef r0HHhr&Jjzpf&mrS pwifonf/ olwdkYonf ynwfawmf q,fyg;üwpfyg;jzpfonfh ]oif\bk&m;ocifxm0&bk&m;\emrawmfudk rkomESifh qkdifí (invain –

KJV taMumif;rJh) roHk;ESifh} [laomynwfcsufudk csdK;azguf&musrnfudkpdk;&GHUMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdpum;udktoH xGufqdkjcif;rjyKygutaMumif;rJhoHk;jcif;r[kwfawmh[k,lqMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh a[NAJpum;vHk;adon [Lord] jzifhtpm;xdk;í zwfMu&m? ¤if;onf*&dpum; kurios [Lord] ESifh t"dyÜg,fwlonf/ "r®opfusrf;a&;om; jyKpkolrsm; onf c&pfawmf\ bk&m;tjynfht0 jzpfjcif;udka&;om; azmfjy&ef þpum;vHk;udkyif oHk;cJhMuonf/ ]a,½Ionf ocifjzpfawmfrl\} qkdonfrSm ueOD;toif;awmfumvü rdrd\ ,HkMunfjcif;udk vlod&SifMum;0efcHjcif;pum;ESifh a&ESpfr*Fvmü yHkpHtjzpfoHk;aompum;pkjzpfonf (a&mr 10;9-14)/ YHWH 1/ 4if;rSmbk&m;ociftm; y#dnmOfw&m;jyKol? u,fwifol? a&G;EIwfol? bk&m;tjzpfay:vGifapaom bGJUemrjzpfonf/ vlom;onf y#dnmOfw&m;rsm;udk csdK;azmufaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifrSm rlrdrdajympum;? rdrd\uwdawmf? rdrdy#dnmOf w&m;ay:opöm&Sdonf (qmvH 103)/

þemrudk Elohim ESifh aygif;pyfíyxrqHk;urÇmOD; 2;4 üazmf jyonf/ urÇm 1-2 üzefqif;jcif; rSwfwrf; ESpfck&Sdjcif;r[kwfbJ? txl;jyKjcif; ESpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ (1) ½kyf0w¬Kydkif;qkdif&m pBuFm0|m zefqif;olbk&m; tjzpfESifh (2) bk&m;ocif tm;vlowå0g zefqif;oltjzpftxl;azmfjyonf/ urÇm 2;4-3;24 onfvlom;\ txl;tcGifht a&;&aom taetxm;ESifh olYtm;zefqif;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf enf;wltjypfjyóemESifh ykefuefrIonf twktEdIif; uif;aomtaetxm;ESifh wGJzufaMumif;tm; pwifzGifhjyonf/

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2/ urÇm 4;26 ü ]]vlrsm;onfxm0&bk&m;\emrawmfudktrSDjyKíudk;uG,f pjyKMuav\}} (YHWH) [kqdkonf/ odkYaomfy#dnmOfcHueOD;vlrsm;onf (bdk;ab;rsm;ESifh olwdkY\rdom;pkrsm;) bk&m;ocifudk EI – Shaddai tjzpfom vQif od&SdcJhMuaMumif;xGuf 6;3 t&od&Sd&onf/ YHWH emrawmfudkxGuf3;13-16 txl;ojzifh ti,f 14 üwpf BudrfomvQif&Sif;vif;xm;onf/ rnfodkYjzpfap arma&Sa&;aompmrsm;ürl pum;;vHk; rsm;tm; vlodrsm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh upm;um &Sif;vif;avh&Sd NyD;pum; vHk;rsm;\rlvukdpdppfavhvmjcif;oabmrsdK;roHk;acs/ (urÇm 17;5/27; 36/ 29;13-35)/ þbGJUemrawmf\ t"dyÜg,ftwGuf oDtdk&D tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdonf (IDB, vol. 2,

pp.409-11) rS&,lonf/ (u) tm&yfrl&if;pum;rSqif;oufvmNyD; ]]jyif;jyaomarwåmjy&ef}} (c) tm&yfrl&if;pum; ]]wdkufcwfonf (YHWH tm;rkefwdkif;bk&m;tjzpf) (*) Ugartic ,l*g;wpfac:cgeefpum;rSqif;oufNyD;]]ajymqdkonf}} (C) zdkeD;&Sef;uAÁnf;ausmufpmwpfckt& ]]qufvufwnf&Sdaeapol}} (0g) ]]wnfNrJapol}} (i) a[NAJ Qal Bud,myHkpH ]]&Sdaeol}} (tem*wftjrifü ]]&SdaeOD;rnfol}}) (p) a[NAJ Hiphi Bud,myHkpH ]]jzpfay:apol}} (q) a[NAJrl&if; (urÇm 3;20) ]]touf&Sifonf}}/ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tNrJtouf&Sifol}} ]]wpfyg;wnf;touf&Sifaeol}} (Z) xGuf 3;13-16 t& ]]igonfjzpfaeustwdkif; qufvufjzpfaernf}} (0g) ]]igonf jzpfcJhí ,ckwdkif jzpfaeonfhtwdkif; qufvuf jzpfaernf}} (J.Wash Watt, A Survey of Syntax in the Old

Testament, p.67). YHWH \emrnftjynfhtpHkudktwdkaumufjzifh (0g) jzpfEdkiforQrl&if;yHkpHtm;jzifh azmfjyavh&Sdonf/

(1) Yah (Oyrm Hallelu-yah, BDB 219, xGuf15;2? 17;16?qmvH 89;9? 104;35) (2) Yahu (“iah” ESifhqHk;aomemrnfrsm;/ Oyrm- Isaiah) (3) Yo (“Jo” ESifhpaomemrnfrsm;/ Oyrm- Joshua (or) Joel)

3/ EI, YHWH ESifhpyfvsOf; ítpöa&;wdkY\ y#dnmOfcHbk&m;ocif\xl;jcm;csuf tcsdKUtm;tav;teufjyK&ef 4if;udktjcm;a0g[m&rsm;ESifhwGJzufavh&Sdonf/ wGJzufa0g[m&rsm;pGm&SdEdkifaomfvnf; þae&mwGiftcsdKUazmfjy ygonf/

(1) YHWH- Yireh a,a[m0g;- a,ma[m0g,d&Jh (YHWH onf jyifqifay;vdrfhrnf/ BDB 217 & 906)/ urÇm 22;14/

(2) YHWH- Rophekha a,a[m0g;-a&myufcg (YHWH onfoifhtm; a&m*gaysmufuif;apoljzpfonf/) xGuf15;26/

(3) YHWH- Nissi a,a[m0g;- edpd (YHWH onfig\atmifvHawmf jzpfonf/) xGuf 17; 15/ (4) YHWH- Meqaddishkem (YHWH onfoifhtm;oefY&Sif;apoljzpf onf) xGuf 31;13/ (5) YHWH- Shalom (YHWH onfNidrfoufjcif;jzpfonf/) w&m;olBuD; 6;24/ (6) YHWH- Sabbaoth (AdkvfajcwdkY\YHWH jzpfonf/ ) 1"r® 1;3? 11? 4;4? 15;2/

ya&mzufusrf;rsm;ü rMumcPawGU&onf/ (7) YHWH- Ro I (YHWH onfuREfkyftm;odk;uJhodkY xdef;ausmif;oljzpfonf/)qmvH 23;1/ (8) YHWH- Sidqenu (YHWH onfigwkdY\ajzmifhrwfjcif;jzpfonf/) a,&rd 23;6/ (9) YHWH- Shammah (YHWH onfþt&yfü&Sdonf/) a,Zausv 48;35/

1;4 twGJvdkuf tpOfvdkufjzpfaomþpum;pkrsm;onf aygvk\{0Ha*vdowif;t"dujriffuGif;oHk;ckudkazmfjyonf/ aygvkonfemZ&ufNrdKUom;a,½IrnfoljzpfaMumiff;ESifhfolvkyfaomtvkyfudkazmfjy&efol\ed'gef;ysdK;pum;udktusOf;csHKUvdkufonf/ xdkjrifuGif;oHk;rsdK;wdkYrSm- 1/ igwdkYtwGufudk,fpm;jyKtaocHjcif; (a&mr 4;25? 5;6-8? 1aum 15;3? 2aum 5;14-21)/ 2/ ]]ar½Sd,\acwfopf}} udktpjyKrdwfqufjcif;/ ¤if;rSm AORIST MIDDLE VERBAL FORM jzpfNyD;

t"dyÜg,frSmoludk,fwdkifonffuRefawmfwdkYudkqdk;oGrf;aom þuyfumvxJrStNyD;tydkif EIwf,lawmfrlonff [líjzpf\/

37

3/ olYudkapcdkif;aomtvkyfrSm bk&m;ocif\xm0&a&G;EIwfawmfrljcif; tpDtpOfudkemcH&efjzpfonf/ olonf taocHbdkYoufouf<ua&mufvmonf (urÇm 3;15? a[½Sm, 53;4?10/ rmuk 10;45/ a,m[ef 3;16/ wref 2;22-23/ 4;27-28/ 2aum 5;21/ 2wd 1;9/ 1ay 1;20 ESifh Asm 13;8)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ usrf;jyKolBOB\{0Ha*vdtjrif *vmwd 1;7ü-½I&ef/

]]qdk;oGrf;aom^qdk;,kwfaom}} [laompum;vHk;udk tav;teufjyKaomtaetxm;üxm;½SdNyD; þacwfumv rSmqdk;,kwfaom? bk&m;rJhaomuyfumv jzpfonfqdkonfhoabmjzpfonf(a,m[ef 12;31/ 2aum 4;4/ {zuf 2;2-7)/ qdk;,kwfaomvuf½Sdacwfumv? uyfumvESifh bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\ar½Sd,tm;jzifh ,laqmifvmrnfh a&mufvmvwHh aomacwfumvwnf; [laom*sL;vlrsdK;wdkY\ acwfumvESpfckt,l0g'udk róJ 12;32/ 13;39/ 28;20 ESifh "r®opfusrf;\tjcm;usrf;ydk'fwdkYüawGU&onf/ þacwfopfumvtxJa,½Iae&m,lcJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; tjynfht0jzpfrvmao;acs/

����•]igwdkY\tjypfrsm;aMumifh olYudk,foltyfawmfrl\} ]vufaqmif} – gift pum;vHk;rSm tjypf½Sdolvlom;rsm;t wGufbk&m;ociftpjyKaom tcrJhaus;Zl;awmfudk wifpm;jcif;jzpfonf/ 1/ a,½Irdrdudk,frdrday;tyfonf- róJ 20;28? vkum 22;19? *vm 1;4 2wd 2;6/ 2/ bk&m;ocifonf urÇmBuD;u,fwifjcif;&½Sdap&ef rdrdom;awmfudkay;tyfonf- a,m 3;16/ 1aum 4;10/ 3/ a,½Ionfbk&m;ocif\ vufaqmifjzpfonf-a,m[ef 1;10/ a&mr 5;15/ 2aum 9;15/ 4/ c&pfawmfudk ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\vuf aqmifjzpfonf- a&mr 3;24? {zuf 2;8/

���� NASB, NIV ]]igwdkYudku,fEIwf&ef}} NKJV ]]igwdkYudku,fq,f&ef}} NRSV ]]igwdkYudkvGwfajrmufap&ef}}(set free) TEV ]]igwdkYudku,fq,f&ef}} NJB ]]igwdkYudkvGwfajrmufap&ef}} (liberateus) ¤if;rSm AORIST MIDDLE SUBJUNCTIVEjzpfonf/ wrefawmf 7;10? 34 ü¤if;udktpöa&;rsm; tD*spfuRefcH&mrSvGwfajrmufoGm;cJhMujcif;ttwGuftoHk;jyKonf/ a,½IrSmtopfaomarma½S? topfaom vGwfajrmufapol jzpfonf/ *vmwdMo0g'pmESifhqdkifírl c&pfawmf\taocHjcif;onf ,HkMunfolrsm; tjypfvGwfjcif;udk (a[½Sm,53) vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf,laqmifvmonf/ tjypfom;jzpfaom vlom;tm;vHk; u,fwifjcif;&&efrSm bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmfjzpfonf (a,m[ef 3;16? 1wd 2;4? 2ay 3;9)/

����•]]qdk;,kwfaomþuyfumv}} atmufygtxl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg/

txl;taMuif;t&m/ /þacwfESifha&muffvmvwHhaomacwf "r®a[mif;ya&mzufrsm;onf tem*wfudk ypöKyÜefumvtm; qJGqefYvdkufjcif;wpfrsKd; tjzpfjrif xm;Muonf/ olwdkYtwGuf tem*wf[lonf tpöa&;tm; yx0De,fajrtm;jzifh e*dkrlvtae txm;jyefvnf a&muf&Sdapjcif; jzpfonf/ rnfodkYjzpfapolwdkYonf ¤if;udk aeYopfwpfaeYtjzpfvnf;jrifcJhMuonf (a,&Sm 65;17/66;22)/ tmjA[H\ tquftEG,frsm;onf YHWH udk (jynfESpf'PfcHjyD;aemufydkif;üyifvQif) wrifoufouf qufwdkufjiif;y,fcJhMujcif;twl? *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;\ tem*wfumvqdkif&mpmayrsm;ü (1{aem? 4{Z&? 2Am&kwf) ykHpHopfwpf&yfjzpfxGef;vmonf/ þta&;tom;rsm;ü uyfumvESpfrsKd;pwifcJGjcm;vmcJhMu&m pmweftkyfpdk;onfh qkd;qGrf;aom vuf&SdumvESifh 0dnmOfawmftkyfpdk;onfh ajzmifhrwfjcif;qdkif&m ay:xGef; vwHhaom uyfumv

38

[líjzpfjyD; ¤if;udk ar&Sd, (wefcdk;MuD;aom ppfonfawmf)tm;jzifh tpjyK vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ "r®oabmw&m;qdkif&m þu@mef (tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;) ay:vGifxif&Sm;aom wdk;wuf jzpfay:rIwpfck&Sdonf/ "r®oabmw&m;q&mrsm;onf ¤if;udk ]]qufvufjzpfay:wdk;wufaeaom zGifhjyawmfrIjcif;}} [kac:Muonf/ "r®opfusrf;onf pMuFm0VmvkH;qdkif&m þuyfumvESpfckwdkY\ ppfrGefrIudk twnfjyKaeonf/ (,m,DESpfck0g') a,½I aygvk a[jAJ róJ 12;32 a&mr 12;2 1;2 rmuk 10;30 1aum 1;20/ 2;6?8/ 3;18 6;5 vkum 16;8 2aum 4;4 11;3 vkum 18;30 *v 1;4 vkum 20;34-35 {zuf 1;21/2;1?7/6;12 1wd 6;17 2wd 4;10 wdwk 2;12 "r®opfusrf;\ "r®oabmw&m;ü þ*sL;uyfumvESpf&yfwdkYudk arQmfvifhrxm;aomaMumifh rsufpdvTJ oGm;cJhMuaom (rjrifvdkufcJh&) ar&Sd,\ ESpfMudrfESpfcg<uvmjcif; qdkif&mtem*wdÅpum; rsm;aMumifh xyfqifh oGm;cJh&onf/ a,½Ivl0ifpm;um zGm;jrifawmfrljcif;onf uyfumvtopftm; tpjyKzGifhvSpfcJhonf ('Ha,v 2;44?45)/ rnfodkYqdkap "r®a[mif;usrf;onfvnf; c&pfawmf\ <uvmjcif;tm; w&m;olBuD;ESifh atmifEdkifol tjzpfjrifcJhonf rSefaomfvnf; yxrwpfMudrf 'ku©cHaom tapcHtjzpf (a[&Sm 53/ Zr&d 12;10) ESdrfhcsí El;nhHodrfarGYpGm (Zmc&d 9;9) <uvmcJhonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;\ tem*wdÅpum;twdkif; olonf bkef;wefcdk; MuD;rm;pGmjzifhvnf; <uvmvdrfhrnf/ (Asm 19)/ þtqifhESpfqifhjynfhpkHjcif;onf EdkifiHawmfqdkonfrSm vuf&Sdumv (tpzGifhjcif;) jzpfaomfvnf; tem*wf (tjynfht0jyD;jynfhpkHjcif;r[kwf) vnf; jzpfaeaponf/ ¤if;rSm "r®opfusrf;xJ azmfjyonfh twdkif;tpjyKcJhjyDjzpfaomfvnf; jyD;jynfhpkHjcif;r&Sdao;bJ? qufvufí qGJqefY jzpfay:aeonf/ pmweftkyfpdk;onfh qkd;qGrf;aom vuf&SdumvESifh 0dnmOfawmftkyfpdk;onfh ajzmifhrwfjcif;qdkif&m ay:xGef; vwHhaom uyfumv[líjzpfjyD; ¤if;udk ar&Sd, (wefcdk;MuD;aom ppfonfawmf)tm;jzifh tpjyK vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/

����•]]igwdkY\bk&m;ocifESifh crnf;awmf\tvdkawmfESifhtnD}} atmufygtxl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ /bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf (thelēma) a,m[efc&pf0ifusrf;

- a,½Ionf crnf;awmf\tvdkawmfudkaqmif&Guf&ef<uvmonf (4;34? 5;30? 6;38)/

- crnf;awmfonf om;awmftm;ay;orQolwkdYudk aemufqHk;aomaeYü xap&ef (6;39)/

- om;awmfudk,HkMunfoltm;vHk; (6;29? 40)/

- bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfaqmif&GufEdkifjcif;ESifh qdkifaomqkawmif;csufrsm;udk tajzay;onf (9;31 ESifh 1a,m 5;14)/

qifwlc&pf0ifusrf;rsm;

- bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;onftqHk;tjzwfay;aomt&mrsm;jzpfonf (róJ 7;21)/

- bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;onf a,½IESifhnDtpfudkcsif;jzpfaponf (róJ 12;50/ rmuk3;35)/

- rnfolrQrysuffqD;&efrSm bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfjzpfonf (róJ 18;14/ 1wd2;4/ 2ay 3;9)/

39

- u&meDukef;ay:taocHjcif;rSm a,½ItwGufcrnf;awmf\ tvdkawmfjzpfonf (róJ 26;42/ vkum 22;42)/

aygvk\Mo0g'pmrsm;

- ,HkMunfoltm;vHk;&ifhusufjcif;ESifh tapcHjcif; (a&mr 12;1-2)

- þqdk;,kwfaomuyfurÇmrS ,HkMunfolrsm;udku,f&ef (*vm 1;4)

- bk&m;ocifa&G;cs,faompDrHcsufrSm bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfjzpfonf ({zuf 1;5? 9? 11)

- 0dnmOfawmf\jznfhqnf;jcif;cH&aom tawGUtBuHK&½Sd&efESifh ¤if;tm;jzifhtouf½Sif&ef ({zuf 5;17-18)

- ,HkMunfolrsm;bk&m;ocifudkoduRrf;jcif;ESifhjynffh0ap&ef (aumavm 1;9)

- ,HkMunfolrsm;udkpHkvifjynfh0ap&ef (aumavm 4;12)

- ,HkMunfolrsm;oefY½Sif;pifMu,fap&ef (1ouf 4;3)

- ,HkMunfolrsm;onft&m&maus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;&ef (1ouf 5;18)

ayw½kMo0g'pmrsm;

- ,HkMunfolrsm;rSef&mudkvkyf&ef (qdk;aomtmPmydkifrsm;udk emcHjcif;)ESifh xdkodkYjyKjcif;tm;jzifh rdkufrJolrsm;udk wdwfqdwfoGm;apum {0Ha*vdvkyfief;twGufvrf;yGifhoGm;ap&ef (1ay 2;15)

- ,HkMunfolrsm;qif;&J'ku©cHjcif; (1ay 3;17/ 4;19)

- udk,fusdK;tajccHí ,HkMunfolrsm;touffr½Sifjcif; (1ay 4;2) a,m[efMo0g'pmrsm;

- ,HkMunfjcif;ütNrJwnfae&ef (1a,m 2;17)

- qkawmif;jcif;rsm;&½Sd&ef ,HkMunfolrsm;\aomhcsuf (1a,m 5;14)

1;5 ]]urÇmtqufqufbkef;BuD;apawmfrlownf;}} aygvkay;pmrsm;\yHkpHtwdkif; þtaMumif;t&m rsm;aMumifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmf csD;rGrf;jcif;ay:xGufvmonf/ aygvk\pmta&;tom;ü emrfpm;rsm; &nfñTef;vdkonfht&m wdkYrSmraocsmbJjzpfaeavh½Sdonff/ þtoHk;tEIef;rsdK;\ trsm;pkjzpfaom tenf; udef;jyykv’difrsm;onf crnf;awmfbk&m;udk ñGef;qdkavh½Sdonf/ ����•]]bkef;wefcdk;awmf}} "r®a[mif;usrf;ü ]]bkef;wefcdk;awmftwGuf}}a[NAJpum;vHk;trsm;pkrSm (kabod BDB 217) jzpfNyD;rlvtm;jzifh ]]av;vHonf[k}} t"dyÜg,f&aomukefoG,fa&;qkdif&mpum;jzpfonf/ csdefcGifcGufwpfpHkygaom csdefcGifudk&nfñGef;onf/ xdkav;aomt&mrSm wefbdk;½Sdaomt&m(0g) e*dkuyiftbdk;xdkufaomt&mjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\cef;nm;x,f0grIudkazmfjy&efawmufyjcif;oabmjzpfaompum;vHk;udkaygif;xnfhavh½Sdonf(oJuEÅm&twGif;vSnfhvnfoGm;vmpOf umvtwGif;bkef;wefcdk;BuD;aom Shekinah wdrfwdkif)/ olwpfyg;wnf;omvQif*kPfjyK csD;rGrf;&efxdkufwefawmfrlonf/ olonfawmufyvGef;ojzifhtjypfxJusaomvlom;onfrMunfhr½IEdkifacs/ bk&m; ocifudkc&pfawmftm;jzifhomvQiftppftrSefoduRrf;Edkifonf (a,&rd 1;14/ róJ 17;2/ a[NAJ 1;3/ ,mukyf 2;1)/ ]]bkef;wefcdk;awmf}}glory qdkonfha0g[m&rSmroJuGacs/

1/ bk&m;ocif\ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifh tvm;wljzpfEdkifonf/ 2/ bk&m;ocif\ ]]oefY½Siff;awmfrljcif;}} (0g)]]pHkvifjynfh0jcif;}} udk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

40

3/ ¤if;onf vlom;udkzefqif;&mjzpfonfhbk&m;ocif\oP²mefawmfudk&nfñGef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf (urÇm 1;26-27/ 5;1/ 9;6)/ odkYaomf¤if;rSm rdrdqEtavQmuf remcHrIaMumifh aemufydkif;wGif ysufpD;oGm;cJh&onf (urÇm 3;1-22)/

����•]]urÇmtqufquf}} twdtustm;jzifh acwfumv^uyfurÇm tqufquf unto the ages of ages jzpfonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ /urÇmtqufquf FOREVER (Greek Idiom) *&dtD'D,H (pum;vHk;twdkif;t"dyÜg,frxGufaom)pum;pkwpfckrSm ]]acwfumv^uyf urÇmtqufquf –unto

the ages tpOftNrJ xm0&jzpfonf (vkum 1;33/ a&mr 1;25/ 11;36/ 16;27/ *vm 1;5/ 1wd 1;17)/ ¤if;onfa[NAJpum;vHk; Ὁlam ESifh tvm; wljzpfEdkifonf/ Robert B. Girdlestone a&;aom ]]Synonyms of the

Old Testament" , pp. 319-321 ESifh "r®a[mif;usrf;txl;taMumif;t&m/ / xm0&forever (ὁlam) üMunfhyg/ tjcm; quffpyfaompum;pkwdkYrSm ]]unto the ages”- tpOfrjywf? tpOftNrJ (róJ 21;19/ rmuk 11;14/ vkum 1;55/ a,m 6;58/ 8;35/ 12;34/ 13;8/ 14;16/ 2aum 9;9) ESifh “of the age of ages” urÇmqufquf ({zuf 3;21)jzpfonf/ þpum;vHk; (forever- tpOfrjywf? urÇmtqufquf) twGuf *&dtD'D,Hrsm;\t"dyÜg,frSm twlwlyiffjzpfae[ef½Sd onf/ Ages [laoma0g[m&rSm cef;em;xnf0gjcif;twGuf A[k0kpfudef;oHk;aomac: *sL;usrf;wwfq&mBuD;rsm;\ wifpm;azmfjyrIqdkif&m o'gwnfaqmufyHkjzpfEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf *sL;vlrsdK;wdkY\ tjrift& qdk;,kwfaom uyfumv?a&mufvmvwHhaom uyfumv (0g) ajzmifhrwfjcif;uyfumv wnf;[laom uyfumvrsm; ages tjrifudk&nfñTef;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/

����•]]tmrif}} ¤if;rSm ,HkMunfjcif; faith (emeth a[NAJ 2;4txl;taMumif;t&m *v 3;6üa,½I/) twGuf "r®a[miff;a[NAJa0g[m&yHkpHwpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;\rlvt"dyÜg,frSm]]twnfjzpfonf(0g)aocsmonf}} [líjzpfonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / bkef;awmff ^bkef;wefcdk;awmff (DOXA)/ or®musrf;vm ]]bkef;wefcdk;}} glory \oabmtm; t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf&efcufcJonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;\ bkef;awmf[lonfrSm olwdkUonf {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;ESihf bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfudk em;vnfMujcif;jzpfNyD; olwdkYudk,fwdkifü bkef;wefcdk;r½Sdacs (a,&? 9;23-24) / "r®a[mif;usrf;ü ]]glory-bkef;awmf}} (kbd, BDB 217)twGuf oHk;aoma[NAJpum;vHk;rSm rl&if;tm;jzifh ukefonfa0g[m&jzpfNyD; (tav;pD;onf)rS t"dyÜg,f½Sdonf/ av;aomt&mrSm wefbdk;BuD;rm;onf(0g)yif udk,fwefbdk;½Sdonf/ bk&m;ocif\crf;em;x,f0grItm; azmfjyaompum;vHk;tjzpfoHk;&mü xGef;vif;awmuf yjcif;oabmaqmifaom t,ltqay:vGifap&ef jznfhpGuftoHk;jyKavh½Sdonf/ (xGuf 19;16-18/ 24;17/ a[½Sm 60;1-2)olwpfyg;wnf;omvQif xdkufwefum? *kPfjyKxdkufawmfrlonf/ olonf tjypfjyKaomvlom; rsm;Munfh½I&ef awmufyvGef;vSonf (xGuf 33;17-23? a[½Sm 6;5)/ t½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocif (YHWH)tm; c&pfawmfrSwqifhtm;jzifhom ppfrSefpGm odEdkifonf (a,m 14;8-11 aum 1;15/ a[NAJ 1;3/ ,mukyf 2;1)/ ]]bkef;awmf}} (glory)[laoma0g[m&rSm t"dyÜg,froJuGJacs/

(1) ¤if;onf ]]bk&m;ocif\ajzmifhrwfawmfrljcif;}}ESifh tvm;wljzpfEdkifonf/ (2) ¤if;onf bk&m;ocif\]]oefU½Sif;awmfrljcif;}}(0g)]]pHkvifjynfh0awmfrljcif;}}tm; &nfnTef;jcif;jzpf Edkifonf/ (3) ¤if;onf vlom;tm; zefqif;&mjzpfonfh bk&m;ocif\o@mefawmfukd &nfnTef;jcif;jzpfEkdif onf (urÇm

1;26-27/ 5;1/ 9;6)odkUaomf ¤if;rSm qefUusifykefuefrIaMumifh aemufydkif;ü ysuf,Gif;oGm;cJh&onf(urÇm 3;1-22)/ t½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocif (YHWH) onf rdrd\vlrsKd;awmf ESihftwl½Sdaejcif;tm;azmfjy&ef xdkpum;vHk;tm; yxrOD;qHk;toHk;jyKonfrSm (oJuEÅ&xJ vSnfh vnfoGm;vmpOfumvüjzpfonf(xGuf 16;7? 10? 0wf 9;23? awm 14;10)/

41

odkYaomf¤if;\xyfqifht"dyÜg,fajymif;vJoGm;umtwnfjzpfonf[kjzpfvmonf (2aum 1;20)/ ¤if;rSm,HkMunf pdwfcs&aom? opöm½Sdaom? wnfMunfaom? tm;udk;xdkufaom? (faithful, loyal, steadfast, trustworthy)

vlwpfa,muffudkOyrmwifpm;&mü toHk;jyKaompum;vHk;jzpfvmonf(Robert B Girdlestone a&;aom Synonyms of

the Old Testament, pp. 102-106) þae&mürlcrnf;awmf bk&m;udkcsD;rGrf;aom bkef;awmfbGJYrsdK;ESifh eD;pyfonf (a&mr 1;25? 9;5? 11;36? 16;27? {zuf 3;21? zd 4;20)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / tmrif (Amen) 1/ "r®a[mif;usrf;

(u) ]]tmrif}}ac: a0g[m&rSm atmufyga[NAJpum;vHk;rsm;rS vmonf/ (1) ]]or®mw&m;}} (emeth, BDB49) (2) ]]or®mw&m;usjcif;}} (emun, emunah, BDB53) (3) ]],HkMunfjcif;(0g) opöm&Sdjcif;}} (4) ]]udk;pm;onf}} (dmn, BDB52)

(c) ¤if;\pum;vHk;rl&if;teufrSm vlwpfa,muf\ cEmudk,f&yfwnfrIckdifjrJjcif;jzpfonf/ qefYusifbufrSm rckdifNrJaom? acsmfvJaom[líjzpfayvdrfhrnf (w&m;? 28;64-67? 38;16? qmvH 40;2? 73;18? a,? 23;12) odkYr[kwf cvkwfwdkufrdjcif; (qm? 73;2)/ þtoHk;tEIef;rS wifpm;oHk;EIef;jcif;jzpfonfh opöm&Sdonf -faithful, tm;udk; ,HkMunf xkdufonf -trustworthy, opömapmifhonf -loyal ESifh dependable –rSDcdkxkdufonf pojzifh jzpfvmonf (u? 15;16? [A? 2;24)/

(*) txl;toHk;tEIef;rsm; 1/ wdkifwpfwdkif - 4 "r®? 18;16 (1wd 3;15)

2/ pdwfcsaocsmjcif; - xG? 17;12 3/ wnfNidrfjcif; - xG? 17;12 4/ ckdifNrJjcif; - a[&Sm? 33;6/ 34;5-7/

5/ rSefuef - 3"r®? 10;6/ 17;24/ 22;16/ ok? 12;22/ 6/ NrJNrH - 2&m? 20;20/ a[&Sm? 7;9 7/ rSDcdkxdkuf (ynwfusrf; -Torah) qmvH? 119;43? 142? 151? 168/

(C) "r®a[mif;usrf;ü vIyf&Sm;rI&Sdaom ,HkMunfjcif;twGuf tjcm; a[NAJa0g[m& ESpfvHk;oHk;onf/ 1/ bathach (BDB105) tm;udk; 2/ yra (BDB 431) aMumufonf? ½dkaoonf? udk;uG,fonf (u? 22;12)/

(i) ,HkMunftm;udk;onf (0g) tm;udk;xkdufonf[laom oabmrSonf wjcm;olwpfOD;\ az:jycsufrSefuefaMumif;? ,HkMunftm;udk;xdkufaMumif; twnfjyK&eftoHk;jyKonfh bk&m;&Sdcdk;? qkawmif;pmtoHk;tEIef;jzpfvmonf (w&m;? 27;15-26? ae? 8;6? qmvH41;13? 70;19? 89;52? 106;48)/

NASB (aemuffqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ 1;6-10/ 6c&pfawmf\ aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh oifwdkYudkac:awmfrloltm;uGJjym;jcm;em;aom {0Ha*vdw&m;wpfrsdK; twGufoifwdkYonf þrQvQifjrefpGm pGefYy,foGm;Mujcif;udkigtHhMoonf/ 7xdkw&m;rSm aemufwpfrsdK; vHk;0r[kwfacs/ oifwdkYudkaESmifh,Sufíc&pfawmf\ {0Ha*vdw&m;udkysuf,Gif;apvdkoltcsdKU½Sdíjzpfonf/ 8odkYaomf oifwdkYxHigwdkY a[majymcJhaom {0Ha*vdw&m;ESifh qefYusifaom{0Ha*vdw&m;udk igwdkYyif vQifjzpfap? aumif;uifbHkrS aumif;uifwrefwpfyg; jzpfapa[majymygu xdkolonf usdefqJjcif; cHap&efjzpfonf/ 9,cifigwdkY a[majymcJhonfenf;wl ,ckigwpffzefqdkonfum; oifwdkY vufcHcJhNyD;aom {0Ha*vdw&m;ESifh

42

qefYusifaomw&m;udk vlwpfa,mufa,mufvm ajymygu xdkolonf usdefqJcHap/ 10igonfvlrsm;\ rsufESmudk ½Smoavm/ bk&m;ocif\ rsufESmudk½Smoavm/ odkYr[kwfvlrsm; auseyfrI& ap&ef tm;xkwfaejcif;avm/ vlrsm;auseyf&ef tm;xkwfaeao;onfqdkvQif c&pfawmf\tapcH uRefr[kwfawmhNyD/

1;6]]igthHMoonf}}aygvka&;aompmrsm;üawGUaeustwdkif;aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;xuf aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh,Hk Munfjcif;rSwqifhajzmifhrwfjcif;jzpfaom pifMu,f½dk;pif;ícef;em;x,f0gaom{0Ha*vdw&m;rS rSm;,Gif;aom q&morm;rsm;\zsm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifrIudk*vmwdvlwdkYþrQvG,fulpGm cHcJhMuonfudkaygvkonf tHhMowkefvIyfpGm jzifhjrif&onf/ þBud,mudk aygvka&;aompmrsm;ü þae&mESifh 2ouf 1;10 wdkYü omvQifawGU&onf/

����•]]þrQvQifjrefpGm}} t"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK;½SdEdkifonf/ (1) aygvka[maom {0Ha*vdw&m;vufcHNyD;rMumrD? odkYr[kwf (2) rSm;,Gif;aom q&morm;rsm;a&mufvmNyD;rMumrD/

����•]]oltm; ... pGefYy,f}} þBud,mrSm ypöKyÜefumvjy Bud,mjzpfNyD; *vmwdvlwdkYonfqufvufpGefYcGmoGm; aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ ]pGefYy,fjcif;} [laompum;vHk;rSm ppfoHk;a0g[m& ]awmfvSef} [líjzpfonf/ tav;teuf jyKvdkonfrSm aygvka[maom {0Ha*vdw&m;udk jiif;y,fjcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfxHyg;rS aemufjyef vSnfhoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;Bud,mrSm PRESENT PASSIVE VERBAL yHkpHjzpfEdkifaomfvnf;ydkrdkus,fjyefYaoma&SU aemufpmtquftpyft& (3;1 ESifh 5;7) PRESENT MIDDLE yHkpHudkqdkvdkonf/ oabmrSm rSm;,Gif;aom q&morm;wkdYonf pGefYy,fjcif;udkvIHUaqmfcJhMuaomfvnf; *vmwdvlwdkYonf qE&Sd&Sdjzifh¤if;ü yg0ifMuonf [kqdkvdkonf/

����•]]c&pfawmf\ aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh oifwkdYudkac:awmfrlaomol}} ]]oifwkdYudkac:awmfrlaomol}} [laompum;pkonf crnf;awmfbk&m;udk&nfñGef;avh&Sdonf (a&mr 8;30? 9;24? 1aum 1;9)/ rl&if;usrf;qkdif &mjyóemü ]c&pfawmf\} [laompum;pkrSm t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ¤if;udkaypm P46, F* odkYr[kwf G wkdYürawGU

&aomfvnf; P51 pvHk;BuD;vufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfhא, A, B, K ESifh F2 wdkYüawGU&onf/ ]]a,½Ic&pfawmf\}} [laompum;pkjzifh vufa&;usrf; D üawGU&onf/ ¤if;udkapmapmuyif jznfhpGufjcif;jzpfEdkifNyD; c&pfawmfrS wqifhuRefawmfwdkYudkac:olrSmcrnf;awmfbk&m;jzpfaMumif;&Sif;vif;ap&efjzpfEdkifonf/ ¤if;udkxyfrHazmfjy&ygrnf/ taMumif;rSmvlom;tm;u,fwif&mübk&m;ocifonftpjyKavh&Sd\ (a,m[ef 6;44? 65? a&mr 9? {zuf 1;3-14)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / a&G;aumufjcif;? 1ouf 1;4 ESifh txl;taMumif;t&m/ /ac:jcif;cH? 2ouf 1;11 wkdYudkMunfhyg/

����•]]uGJjym;jcm;em;aom{0Ha*vdw&m;}} ]]uGJjym;jcm;em;}} -different (heteros) pum;vHk;onf wpfcgwpf&H ]uGJjym;jcm;em;aom tjcm;wpfrsdK;} another of different [laomt"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf (2aum 11;4)/ ti,f 7 ü&Sdaomallosudk(trsdK;tpm;wlaemufwpfrsdK;) t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf/ xdkpum;vHk;udk ]tpOfvkdufjzpfaomtrsdK;wl aemufwpfrsdK;} [lívnf;bmomjyefEdkifonf/ rnfodkYjzpfap Koine Greek pum;üþa0g[m&wkdYrSm t"dyÜg,fwlpum;rsm;jzpfvmMuNyD; ¤if;wdkY\uGJjym;jcm;em;rIwkdYudk tjyif;txefqkyfudkif&efr[kwfacs/ odkYaomf þae&mürIaygvkonf EIdif;,SOfjy&ef t"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK;vHk;jzifhoHk;EIef;aMumif;ay:vGifonf/ 1;7 NASB ]]¤if;rSm aemufwpfrsdK;vHk;0r[kwfacs/}} NKJV ]]¤if;rSm aemufwpfrsdK;r[kwfacs/}} NRSV ]]{0Ha*vdw&m;aemufwpfrsdK;&Sdír[kwfacs/}} TEV ]]tjcm;{0Ha*vdw&m;}} r&Sdacs/ NJB ]]owif;aumif;wpfrsdK;xufydkí &SdEdkifaomaMumifhr[kwfacs/}}

43

ppfrSefaom{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkajymif;jyefvkyfypfavh&SdMuaomfvnf; {0Ha*vdw&m;ESpfrsdK;r&Sdacs/ KJV

\ 2;7 bmomjyefrIonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESpfrsdK;tm;&nfñGTef;jcif;jzpfNyD; wpfckrSm *&dvlrsdK;rsm; (wyg;trsdK;om; rsm;) twGufESifh aemufwpfrsdK;rSm *sL;rsm;twGufjzpfonf[líteufjyefavh&SdMuonf/ rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm; rsm;onf ¤if;twkdif;ajymEdkifaomfvnf; ¤if;rSm rrSefuefaom taMumif;rvSaom ,lqcsufjzpfonf/

���� NASB ]]oifwdkYudkaESmifh,Sufaeol(disturbing) tcsdKU&Sdíjzpfonf/}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYudk'ku©ay;oltcsdKU&Sdonf/}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYudk pdwf½IyfapaomoltcsdKU&Sdonf/}} TEV ]]oifwkdYudk aESmifh,Sufaomol (upsetting) tcsdKU&Sdonf/}} NJV ]]oifwdkYtxJwGif 'ku©zefwD;oltcsdKU&Sdjcif;omjzpfonf/}} ]]taESmifht,Sufay;aeonf}} disturbing rSmppfa&;t&awmfvSefjcif;uJhodkY&nf&G,fcsuf&SdSd&Sdjzifh vkyf aqmifrIudk &nfñGef;onf (þtydkif;üppfoHk;a0g[m&tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdonf)/ ]rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;} rSm 5;12 ütrsm;jy udef;jzpfaomfvnf; 5;7 ü tenf;jyudef;jzpffNyD;? 5;10 ütenf;jyudef;ESpfBudrf oHk;jcif;aMumifh trSefpifppfqdkvkd&if;rSm rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;\acgif;aqmifudkomvQif &nfñTef;jcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ 5;12 üolwdkYudk ]arSmufrSm;apaomolrsm;} [kac:onf/ *vmwdvlrsm;xJ&Sd,k' vlwdkYrSmwrefawmf 15;1? 5?24 wkdYüazmfjyyg&Sdonfh zg&d&SJodkYr[kwf,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;teufrS ajymif;vJvm olrsm;udkajymjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqoltrsm;tjym;&Sdonf/ olwdkYtav;teufjyK onfrSmvlwpfa,muf c&pf,mefjzpfrvmrD*sL;wpfa,muft &ifjzpfvmbdkYvdktyfonf[kqkyfudkifxm;Muonf/ xdk,k'vlwdkYonf*sL; ynwfawmfudktav;teufxm;MuaMumif; awGUEdkifonf/

1/ ta&zsm;vSD;&efvdktyfjcif; (2;3-4? 5;1? 6;12-15)/ 2/ txl;aeYrsm;apmifhjcif; (4;10)/

3/ aygvkonfayw½ktm; rsufESmcsif;qdkifajymqdkonfh tpm;taomufqdkif&m ynwfcsufrsm; apmifhpnf; jcif;vnf; yg0ifEdkifonf (2;11-14)/ ¤if;rSm 2aum 11;26 ESifh 1ouf 2;14-16 wkdYüazmfjyonfhrSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;tkyfpkyif jzpfEdkifonf/ jyóemrSmolwdkYonf u,fwifjcif;&&efc&pfawmft"dujzpfjcif;udkrjiif;qdkMuaomfvnf;? olwdkYonf arma&S\ynwf w&m;udkygawmif;qdkMuojzifh? aus;Zl;awmfESifh vlom;\vkyfaqmifrIudka&maxG;½IyfaxG;apMu onf/ y#dnmOfw&m; opfonf vlom;\xdkufwefrIay:pl;pdkufjcif;rjyKacs (a,&rd 31;31-34? a,Z 36;22-38)/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ESifh "r®opfusrf;rnfodkYqufpyfaMumif; “"r®oabmw&m;ESifh vufawGUusifhoHk;rIjyóemrSm ,aeYwdkif&Sdaeao;onf/ ESpfumvrsm;wavQmufvHk;üjzpfEdkifacstBuHjyKcsuftcsdKUrSm – 1/ "r®a[mif;usrf;udkvpfvsL½Ijcif;/ 2/ "r®a[mif;usrf;udktom;ay;jcif;/ 3/ tusifhw&m;ydkif;qdkif&mtwGufqufuyfaomfvnf; tpöa&;ESifhqdkifaom bmoma&;yGJvrf;obifrsm;ryg/ 4/ "r®opfusrf;udk "r®a[mif;usrf;tjrifjzifh zwf½Ijcif;/ 5/ "r®a[mif;usrf;udk a,½I\owif;opfjzifhzwfjcif;/ 6/ "r®a[mif;udkuwdawmftjzpfESifh? "r®opfusrf;udkNyD;jynfhpHkjcif;tjzpfESifhzwf½Ijcif;/ þtaMumif;t&may:uRefawmfudk,fwdkifvnf; ½kef;uefcJh&onf/ uRefawmfhtwGufrSmrl"r®a[mif;usrf; onf bk&m;ocifudktHhMozG,f&m zGifhjyaMumif;aocsmygonf (róJ 5;17-19/ 2wd 3;15-16)/ urÇmOD;usrf;rygbJJ? rnfolrQor®musrf;pmudkem;vnfoabmaygufEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ "r®a[mif;usrf;onf bk&m;ocifudktHhMobG,f&m enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh zGifhjyaMumif;aocsmaomfvnf;? uRefawmf\tjrifürI? ,k'bmomonfarma&S\y#dnmOfw&m;udk vlom;tjriftm;tav;xm;í½Ijrifojzifh xdkw&m;udkudkifwG,fyHkrSm;,Gif;onf/ uREfkyfonfrGefjrwfaomwpfurÇm

44

vHk; qkdif&mtjrifESifhtwl (Oyrm urÇm 3;15? 12;3? xGuf 19;5-6) y#dnmOfw&m;tay:vlom;\wHkYjyefrIudkydkí tav; teufjyKjcif;udkydkrdkESpfoufygonf/ tpöa&;udkvlrsdK;taejzifhay;aomuwdawmfwdkYudk "r®a[mif;usrf;onfwpfurÇmvHk;twGufjzpfapum? xdkodkYjyKjcif;tm;jzifh oP²mefawmfESifhtnDzefqif;aom (urÇm 1;26-27)? tjypfxJusqif;onfhvlom;rsdK;EG,fudk a&G;EIwf&ef bk&m;ocif\ rl&if;&nf&G,fcsufudktjynfht0vufcHonf/ bk&m;wpfql? urÇmwpfck? rdwfo[m, jyefvnf&&Sd&ef vrf;wpfvrf; (a[&Sm,a[maomowif;pum;)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / usrf;jyKol Bob \{0Ha*vdqdkif&mtjrif þtcsufüuREfkyf\tjrifwpfrsdK;jzpfaMumif;pm½Iolrsm;udk0efcHygonf/ uREfkyf\"r®ynmqdkif&mtjrifrSm uJvfAif0g' r[kwfovdk umvtydkif;tjcm;0g'vnf; (dispensationalical)r[kwfbJ? r[mapcdkif;jcif; {0Ha*vd0g'jzpfonf (róJ28;18-20? vkum24;46-47? wref1;8)/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrd oP²mefawmfESifhtnD rdrduJhodkYzefqif;aomvlom;tm;vHk; (urÇm1;26-27) wdkYtm;a&G;EIwf&ef xm0&tBuHtpnfawmf &Sdonf[kuREfkyf,HkMunfonf/ (urÇm3;15? 12;3? xGuf19; 5-6? a,&rd31;31-34? a,Z18? 36;22-39? wref2;23? 3;18? 4;28? 13;29? a&mr3; 9-18? 19-20? 21-31)/ y#dnmOft&mrsm;onf c&pfawmft xJüaygif;pnf;xm;onf (*vmwd3;28-29? aum3;11)/ bk&m;ocifonf zHk;uG,fxm;aomt&mjzpfaomfvnf; a,½Ionf,cktcgzGifhjycJhNyDjzpfonf/ ({zuf2; 11-3;13) ü or®musrf;pm\ aomhcsufrSmtpöa&;r[kwf? "r®opfusrf;\{0Ha*vdowif;aumif;jzpfonf/ þuJhodkYaom em;vnfrIonf uREfkyfjyKorQaom or®musrf;pm teufjyefrItm;vHk;\ tajccHjzpfonf/ uREfkyfonf or®musrf;pmxJ&Sd taMumif;t&mtm;vHk; þtajccHjzifh zwf½Iygonf/ 4if;onfwpfzufowfusonf rSefaomfvnf;(teufjyefoltm;vHk;ü xdkuJhodkYjzpfonf/) 4if;rSmor®m usrf;pmenf;ustodtjrifrsm;rS&&Sdonf/

���� NASB ]c&pfawmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;udkysuf,Gif;apvdk/} NKJV, NRSV ]c&pfawmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;udkajymif;jyefvkyfvdk/} TEV ]c&pfawmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;udkajymif;ypf&efBudK;pm;/} NJB ]c&pfawmf\owif;aumif;udkajymif;ypfvdk/} ]]ysuf,Gif;ap}}–- distort rSm AORIST INFINITIVE jzpfNyD;? ]]ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;aponf}}[kk t"dyÜg,f&Sd onfh ppfoHk;a0g[maemufwpfckjzpfEdkifonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;wGif ukd,fusifhw&m;onf ay:vGifvSaomfvnf; ¤if;onf u,fwifjcif;aemufüom vkdufvmonf/ ,k'bmom0ifrsm;udkifpGJxm;ovdk¤if;onfu,fwifjcif; a&SUüroGm;acs ({zuf 2;8-9 ESifh 10)/ aygvk\{0Ha*vdw&m;rSmc&pfawmfjzpfNyD;? NyD;vQifc&pfawmfESifhwljcif; jzpfonf/ olwdkY\ {0Ha*vdw&m;rSm ajzmifhrwfaomtvkyfjzpfNyD; (arma&S\ynwfw&m;)? NyD;vQifc&pfawmftxJ bk&m;ocif\ ajzmifhrwfjcif;jzpfonf/ 1;8 ]]yifvQifjzpfap}} wwd,wef;pm;cRif;csufjzpfaom þ0gusESifhtwl AORIST MIDDLE SUBJECTIVE

onfjzpfvdkjzpfjim; [laomtajctaersdK;udkjyonf (2aum 11;3-4)/ aygvkonftu,fíoludk,fwdkifodkYr[kwf aumif;uifbHkrSvmaomaumif;uifwrefwpfyg;yifvQifuGJjym;jcm;em;aom{0Ha*vdw&m;udka[majymrnfqkdyguw&m;pD&ifjcif;cHum bk&m;ocifxHawmfrS cGJxkwfcH&rSmjzpfaMumif;tcdkiftrmajymonf/

���� NASB ]]olonfusdefqJjcif;cH&efjzpfonf/}} NKJV ]]olUudkusdefqJjcif;cHap/}} NRSV ]]xkdoludkusdefqJjcif;cHap/}} TEV ]]olonfi&Jus&efjypf'PfpD&ifcH&oljzpfonf/}}

45

NJB ]]olonfjypf'PfpD&ifjcif;cH&efjzpfonf/}} ]usdefqJ}– curse (anathemaróJ18;7? a&mr 9;3? 1aum 12;3? 16;22) pum;vHk;rSma[NAJpum;vHk; herem enf;wljzpfEdkifNyD;? ¤if;udkbk&m;ociftm;wpHkwckudk qufuyfonf[laom t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf/ Herem ü a,&dacgNrdKUtm;zsufpD;&ef xm0&bk&m;xHtyfESH&müoHk;aompum;vHk;tjzpf (a,m½I 6-7) tysufoabm aqmifaom t"dyÜg,fyGm;wpfckwdk;vmonf/ xm0&bk&m;\usdefqJjcif;rSm y#dnmOfw&m;wpfckckcsdK;azgufaomrdrd vlrsdK;twGuf tvdktavsmuftusdK;qufjzpfonf (w&m;a[m 27;11-26)/ rnfodkYjzpfaprSm;,Gif;aomq&morm; rsm;\{0Ha*vdw&m;qdk;0g;yHkudkjyo&efolwdkYtm;bk&m;ocif\trsufawmfcH&efvTJtyf&mü aygvkonf þpum;vHk; udktxl;wvnf oHk;EIef;onf/ 0guswnfaqmufyHktm;jzifhti,f 8 ESifh 9 wdkYrSmtaMumif;t&mtcsif;wlonf/ rnfodkYjzpfapwwd,wef; pm;cRif;csuf0gusjzpfaomti,f 8onf tvm;vm&SdaomvkyfaqmifrIudk azmfjyum (jzpfvdkjzpfjim;) ti,f 9 rSm rl yxrwef;pm;cRif;csuf0gusjzpfojzifh vuf&SdvkyfaqmifrIudk (rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;\w&m;a[mjcif;) qdkvkd onf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ /usdefqJjcif; (ANATHEMA) ]]usdefqJjcif;}} pum;vkH;twGuf a[jAJpum;vkH;tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdonf/ Herem (BDB 356) udk bk&m;ociftwGuf ay;aom wpfpkHwpf&mtwGuf okH;um (LXX \0wf? 27;28 onf anathema uJhodkY jzpfonf/ (BA 6D 54) zsufpD;&ef jzpfavh&Sdonf (w&m; 7;26? a,m½I 6;17-18? 17;12)/ ¤if;udk ]]oefY&Sif; jrifhjrwfaom ppfyJG}} – holy war oabmtjzpf okH;onf/ cgeefvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh a,a&acgjrdKUudk zsufpD;&ef bk&m;ocif ajymonfrSm yxrqkH;aom tcGifhaumif;jzpfonfh ]]tOD;oD;rsm;}} jzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;ü anathema jzpfjyD; ¤if;a0g[m&ESifh qufpyfaom ykHpHrsm;udk t"dyÜg,f trsKd;rsKd;jzifh okH;onf/ 1/ vufaqmifwpfck (0g) bk&m;ociftwGuf ylaZmfuúm (vkum 21;5) 2/ ao&efusdefqdkjcif; (wref 23;14) 3/ tusdefwdkufí usdefqdkjcif; (rmuk 14;71) 4/ a,½IESifh qufpyfaom usdefjcif;ykHpHwpfck (1aum 12;3) 5/ bk&m;ocif\ w&m;pD&ifjcif; (0g) zsufpD;jcif;cH&ef wpfpkHwpfa,muf (0g) wpfpkHwpf&mtm; tyfESHjcif; (a&mr 9;3/ 1aum 16;22/ *v 1;8-9)/

1;9]],cifuigwdkYajymcJhonfenf;wl;}} ¤if;rSmPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE PLURAL jzpfNyD;aygvk\ omoemjyKtzGJU,cifuoGefoifcJha[majymcJhonfht&mudk&nfñTef;onf/ ����•]]oifwkdYvufcHcJhNyD;aom{0Ha*vdw&m;ESifh qefYusifaomw&m;}} vufcH –received [laomBud,mrSm (paralambanō AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE) ]]EIwfwdkufa&S;½dk;pOfvm}} wkdYudk vufqifhurf;jcif;twGuf usrf;wwf&AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;pma&;&mwGifoHk;aoma0g[m&jzpfonf/ aygvkonf {0Ha*vdw&m;\ tpOftvmudk vufqifhurf; jcif;jzpfaMumif;azmfjyaomfvnf; (i,f 12/ 1aum&dEÅK 11;23/ 15;3/ zdvdyÜd 4;9/ 1ouf 2;13/ 4;1/ 2ouf 3;6) olonfþtpOftvmudk tjcm;vlom;rsm;xHrS vufcH&&Sdjcif; r[kwfaMumif; tav;xm;azmfjy onfudk a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfonftav;teufazmfjyonf (i,f 12)/ c&pf,mefwpfa,mufjzpfvmbdkYqdkvQifvufcHrIjyK&rSmjzpfNyD; (a,m 1;12)? wpfenf;tm;jzifh tjcm;vrf;udk z,fum? {0Ha*vdw&m;udk,HkMunf&ygrnf (a,m[ef 3;16)/ c&pf,mefjzpfvm&eftqHk;tjzwfay;aomajymif; vJjcif;u@moHk; 3 ck&SdNyD; (xdku@oHk;ckpvHk; pistis – pistellō o[mZwjzpfMuonf 1;23-24 rSwfpküMunfhyg)/

1/ a,½IudkvufcHBudKqdkjcif; (,HkMunf)/ 2/ "r®opfusrf;&SdolUtaMumif;or®mw&m;wkdYudk,HkMunfjcif;(xdkyk*¾dKvfudktwnfjyKaomolUtaMumif;

or®mw&m;rsm;)/ 3/ oluJhodkYtouf&Sifjcif; (xdkyk*¾dKvf\touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHrsdK;jzifhtouf&Sifjcif;)/

46

aygvka[maom{0Ha*vdw&m;\t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;onf a,½IxHawmfrS wdkuf½dkufvmaMumif; &Sif;vif; pGmjrif&ygrnf (i,f 12)/ aygvkonfrdciftoif;awmfESifh a,½k&Svif&Sd ¤if;\ acgif;aqmifrsm;xH tvnfroGm;rDuyif¤if;wkdYudk ESpfaygif;tawmfrsm;rsm;tav; teufawG;awmqifjcifí vufawGUay:vGifapcJhNyD; jzpfonf (*vm 1;18/ 2;1)/ odkYaomfaygvkonf a,½Iudkudk,fcEmtm;jzifhodcJholrsm;xHrS a,½Iajymaom pum; rsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifrIwdkYudkrsm;pGmod&onf/

1/ oln§if;qJcJholrsm;onf olUtm;oufaocHMuonf/ 2/ oawzef\oufaocHcsufwdkYudk oljrifcJh? Mum;cJhonf (wref 7;58)/ 3/ tmeedonf olYudkoufaocHcJhonf (wref 9;10-19)/ 4/ ayw½kxH 15 &ufoGm;a&mufvnfywfcJhonf (1;18)/ ,HkMunfrI (0g) "r®oDcsif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk olYpmrsm;xJazmfjyonf/

xkdYjyifaygvkonfueOD;toif;awmf\ (1;4-5/ 1aum 15;3-4/ {zuf 5;14/ zdvdyÜd 2;6-11/ aum 1;15-20/ 1wd 3;16)/c&pf,mefwdkY\tpOftvmwdkYudkvnf; tBudrfaygif;tawmfrsm;rsm;azmfjyonf (1aum 11;2/ 2ouf 3;6)/ rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;\pGyfpGJrIaMumifhaygvkonftvGefwdusaoma0g[m&rsm;ESifh t"dyÜg,fudk *½kwpdkuf ajymonf/ 1;10 ]]igonfvlwdkY\rsufESmudk&Smoavm? bk&m;ocif\rsufESmudk&Smoavm/ }} ¤if;rSm 1;1 üpwifazmfjy aomOD;wnfcsufudkyifqufvufíjznfhpGufjcif;jzpfonf/ rSm;,Gif;aom q&morm;rsm;ajymonfhtwdkif; rdrdonfvlrsm;\ auseyfrI&ap&efBudK;pm;tm;xkwfaejcif;r[kwfaMumif; olwdkYtay:aygvkoHk;EIef;aom jyif;xef onfh pum;vHk;rsm;onfoufaojzpf\/ rdrdonf 1aum 9;19-27/ wref 21;17-26 wdkYrSm awGU&onfhyHkpHrsdK;jzifh vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf t&mcyfodrf;jzpfvmonf [laomol\azmfjyajymqdkrIaMumifh aygvkrSma0zefjypfwif cH&jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ xdktqdkudk atmufygtwdkif;t"dyÜg,faumufrSm;Muonf/ 1/ wyg;trsdK;om; t,l0g'rsm;ESifh a&maESmonf/ 2/ olonf*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf ESifh wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;twGuf{0Ha*vdESpfrsdK;a[monf/ ����•]]onfqdkvQif- if}} ti,f 10 onf 'kwd,wef;pm;cRif;csufyg0gusjzpfNyD; ]] tjzpfrSefESifh qefYusifaom}} azmfjyrIjzpfonf/ þ0gusudktus,fcsJUygu ]]vlrsm;auseyfap&efigrBudK;pm;cJJhaomfvnf;? BudK;pm;cJhonfqdkvQif c&pfawmf\tapcHuRefwpfa,mufjzpfonfrSefaomfvnf; xdkodkYr[kwfawmhNyD/}} aemufqufwGJwpf VIIüMunfhyg/ ����•]]igonfvlrsm;auseyfap&eftm;xkwfaeao;onfqdkvQif}} ]]ao;}} pum;vHk;taMumif;aqG;aEG;rIrsm;pGm&Sd onf/ olonfvlrsm;\rsufESm&atmif&SmcJhbl;jcif;r&Sd[kqdkvkdjcif;avm/ odkYr[kwfolonf rdrd\tapmydkif;umvü wuf<uaomzg&d&SJwpfOD;taejzifhvlrsm;auseyfap&eftm;xkwfcJhaMumif;0efcHjcif;avm[l íjzpfonf (1;14)/

����•]]igonfc&pfawmf\tapcHuRefwpfa,mufr[kwfawmhNyD}} ¤if;rSmvlwpfa,mufonf ocifESpfOD;\t aprcH Edkif[laom c&pfawmf\oGefoifrIudk (róJ 6;24) &nfñTef;onf/ ]]tapcHuRef}} [líoHk;EIef;&mwGif aygvk&nfñTef; vdkonfrSm 1/ ocifrSma,½IjzpfNyD; aygvkrSmtapcH 2/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGifpGrf;aqmifrIudk*kPfjyKjcif;jzifhh arma&SüoHk;aombGJUemr (w&m;a[m 34;5/ a,m½I

8;31?33)/ a,m½IüoHk;aombGJUemr (a,m½I 24;29/ w&m;olBuD; 28) ESifh 'g0d'fESifh qdkifí (2"r® 7;5/ qmvH 18 \bGJUemr) oHk;aombGJUemrjzpfonf/

47

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifaom)bmomjyefusrf;/ / 1;11-17 11xkdYaMumifnDtpfudkwdkY iga[majymaom{0Ha*vdw&m;onf vl\tvdktwkdif;r[kwfaMumif;? oifwkdYudk igodapvdkygonf/ 12taMumif;rSm igonf¤if;udkvlrsm;xHrSvufcH&&Sdjcif;r[kwf? olwyg; oGefoifí vnf; r[kwfbJJ? a,½Ic&pfawmf\ zGifhjyawmfrljcif;tm;jzifh igvufcH&&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 13tb,fodkY enf;[lrlum; ,cifu *sL;bmomwGif igtouf&SifcJhyHktaMumif;? bk&m;ocif\ toif;awmfudk twdkif;xuf tvGefign§Of;qJESdyfpufavh&SdyHk? ¤if;udkzsufpD;&efBudK;pm;cJhyHkESifh 14bdk;ab;wdkYvufrS vufcH &&Sdaom a&S;½dk;pOfvm rsm;twGuf ig\vlrsdK;rsm; txJuigESifh &G,fwlrsm;pGmwdkYxuf *sL;bmomüydkí omvGefyHk? ighbdk;bGm;rsm;\ a&S;½dk;pOfvmrsm;ü ydkítvGeftrif;pdwftm; xufoefyHkwdkYudk oifwkdYMum; cJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ 15odkYaomftrd0rf;xJ uyifighudkoD;oefYcGJxm;í? rdrd\ aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh ighudkac: awmfrlol bk&m;ocifonf 16rdrdom;awmf taMumif;wyg;trsdK;om;wdkYudk iga[majym ap&eftvdkUiSg? rdrdom;awmftm; ightxJzGifhjy vkdaomtcg? Igonf taoG;tom;&SdolwdkYESifhcsufjcif; rwdkifyifrD? 17igt &ifwref awmfjzpfcJhol rsm;xHa,½k&SvifodkYvnf;roGm;bJ? ta&AsodkYxGufoGm;NyD;vQif? 'roufNrdKU odkYaemufwzefjyefvmcJhonf/

1;11-2;14 ¤if;rSm rdrd\{0Ha*vdw&m;udk umuG,f&eftvdkYiSg? aygvkonf ol\wrefawmft&mtm; umuG,faom pmydk'fwpfckjzpfonf/ 1;11 NASB ]]xkdYaMumifh nDtpfwdkY oifwkdYudkigodapvdkonf/}} NKJV ]]odkYaomf nDtpfudkwdkY oifwkdYudk igodapygonf/}} NRSV ]]xdkYaMumifh nDtpfudkarmifESrwkdY oifwkdYudkigodapvdkygonf/}} TEV ]]ighnDtpfudkwdkY oifwkdYudkajymjyyg&ap/}} NJB ]]trSefrSmnDtpfudkwdkY igonfþt&mudkoifwkdYtm;oabmaygufapvdkygonf/}} KJV\ bmomjyefrIjzpfaom ]oifwkdYudkigoufaocH\} qdkonfrSm txl;avhvmrIvdktyfaom bmom jyefrIjzpfonf (1aum 12;3? 15;1? 2aum 8;1)/ 1;11-12 ]]iga[majymaom {0Ha*vdw&m;onf vl\tvdktwdkif;r[kwf/}} 1;1 üyg&SdonfhtqdkESpfckjzifh þpum;pkudkpwifonf/ ol\owif;pum;onfvlom;rSt&if;cHvmjcif;r[kwf[kaygvkqkdygonf (2ouf 2;13/ 2ay 1;20-21)/ rdrdonf xdkw&m;udkvlom; wpfa,mufa,mufxHrS vufcH&&Sdjcif; r[kwf[kaygvk aemufxyf tckdiftrm xyfqdkonf/ ]vufcH&&Sd - receive} pum;udk *sL;usrf;pmausmif;rsm;ü oGefoifjcif;cH,laom ausmif;om;rsm;udk ñTef;qdkaom pum;vHk;jzpfonf/ þ{0Ha*vd w&m;rSma,½k&Svifü usrf;pmausmif;om; wpfa,muftjzpf aygvkvufcH&&SdcJhaom oGefoifrIrsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ olonf þw&m;udk a,½Ic&pfawmf\ zGifhjyrIjzifh 'roufNrdKU oGm;&mvrf;ay:ESifh ta&AsjynfüoGefoifcH&jcif;jzpfonf({zuf 3;2-3)/ olonf þtcsufudk ti,f 11-12 üoHk;Budrfwdkifazmfjyonf/

{0Ha*vd- gospel ESifh Bud,m a[majymcJhonf ESpfckpvHk;rSmaygif;pyfa0g[m&rsm;rSvmonf/

1/ eu, "good" 2/ ]]angelion }} ]]owif;}} (0g) ]]owif;pum;}}/

aygvkonf 1aum 15;1 ü ¤if;wkdYudkwGJzufoHk;EIef;onf/ 1;12 ]]a,½Ic&pfawmf\zGifhjyawmfrljcif;tm;jzifh}} ¤if;onf SUBJECTIVE GENITIVE CASE (zGifhjyoltjzpf a,½Iudk tav;teufjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ oabmrSm ]]vlrsm;}} r[kwf) odkYr[kwf OBJECTIVE GENITIVE (zGifhjyawmfrljcif;rSm a,½ItaMumif; jzpfaMumif;tav;teufjyKjcif; -i,f 16)/ 1;13 ]],cifu*sL;bmomwGifigtouf&SifcJhyHktaMumif;}} þtoif;awmfonf rnfodkUMum;cJh&aMumif;udk rlaocsmrod&acs/ 1/ omrefod&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/

48

2/ aygvkudk,fwdkifolwdkYudkajymjyonf/ 3/ rSm;,Gifaomq&morm;rsm;onf ,cifol\tusifhudk &nfñTef;ajymqdkcJJhMuonf/

]]*sL;bmom}} [kqdk&mwGif ]]zg&d&SJ0g'}} udk&nfñTef;onfESifh wlonf (wref 26;4-5)/ at'D 70 jynfhESpfwGif a&mrAdkvfcsKyfBuD; wkdif;wyf(pf) –- Titus onfa,½k&SvifudkzsufpD;NyD;aemuf zg&d&SJtzGJUonf Jamnina NrdKUodkYajymif;a&TUonf/ Zm'LuJ tiftm;pkrSm vHk;0ysufokef;oGm;NyD;? zg&d&SJ0g'rSm acwfopf&AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;\ *sL;bmomtoGifjzifh qufvufwnf&Sdonf/ aygvkonf zdvdyÜd 3;4-6 wGif wuf<uaomzg&d&SJwpfa,mufjzpfcJh aomolUb0taMumif;azmf jyrItcsdKU&Sdonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / zg&d&SJ 1/þa0g[m&\rl&if;rSm atmufygwkdYteufwpfckckjzpfEdkifonf/

(u) ]]oD;oefYcGJjcm;xm;oljzpfonf/}} þtzGJUrSm ruúAD - Macaabean wkdYacwftwGif;jzpfay:onf/ (þtjrifudktrsm;qHk;vufcHxm;Muonf/)

(c) ]]cGJjcm;onf}} ¤if;rSm wlnDaoma[NAJrl&if;\ tjcm;t"dyÜg,fwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ wpfcsdKUu¤if;onf ]]pum;jyef}} [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf[kqdkMuonf (2wd 2;15)/

(*) ]]yg&Sef}} – Persian ¤if;ESifh wlnDaomtm&rdrI&if; pum;vHk;\ tjcm;t"dyÜg,fwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ zg&d&SJwkdY\ Mo0g'tcsdKUonf yg;&Sm;vlrsdK;wdkY\ Zl;½dk;pum; - Zoroastrianbmom0ifwkdY\ tqdk;ESifh taumif;t,l0g'D -dualism ESifh rsm;pGmwlonf/

2/ ruúAd - Macaabean wdkY\acwfumvtwGif;u Hasidim (oefY&Sif;pifMu,folrsm;)rS qif;oufvmonf/ Essenes

wkdYuJhodkYaomuGJjym;jcm;em;onfh tkyfpktawmfrsm;rsm;onfpwkw¬ajrmuftEÅDtkwfum;pf tayazed-–Antiochus

IV Epiphanes vufxuf*&dqefYusifa&;tiftm;pkrS ay:xGufvmonf/ zg&d&SJ[laompum;vHk;udk a,&Szwf-– Josephus \ Antiquities of the Jews 8.5.1-3 üyxrqHk;azmfjyonf/

3/ olwkdY\ t"duMo0g'wdkYrSm (u) ar&Sd,t&Sif<uvmjcif; tm;,HkMunfjcif;/ ¤if;udkor®musrf;jyify*sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\ tem*wdåpmayjzpf

onfh 1{Ekwfusrf; -1 Enoch uJhodkYaomusrf;rsm;vTrf;rdk;onf/ (c) xm0&bk&m;onfaeYpOfb0toufwmüvkyfaqmifaeonf/ ¤if;rSmZ'LuJwdkYESifh wdkuf½dkufqefY

usifbufjzpfonf/ zg&d&SJwkdY\ Mo0g'wdkYrSm Z'LuJwkdY\Mo0g'ESifh "r®oabmxm;tm;jzifh qefYusif onf/

(*) avmuDb0udktajccHum wrvGefb0udkOD;wnfcsufxm;onfhudk,fcEm/ ¤if;üqkvmbfESifh jypf'Pfay;jcif; yg0ifonf ('Ha,v 12;2)/

(C) "r®a[mif;usrf;ESifh EIwfwdkufa&S;½dk;pOfvmrsm; (Talmud) \tcGifhtmPm/ olwdkYonf *sL;ynmwwf rsm;\teufzGifhjcif;ESifh vufawGUusifhoHk;yHktwkdif;vkdufum "r®a[mif;usrf;udkbk&m;ocifrS vmjcif;tjzpfcH,lumemcHvdkufavQmufMuonf (*sL;usrf;wwfq&mBuD;rsm;ü Shammai *dkPf;rsm; rSma&S; ½dk;pGJ0g'D rsm;jzpfí HillelwdkYrSm vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:olrsm;jzpfonf)/ *sL;q&mBuD; (&AÁd) rsm;\teufzGifhjcif; onfuGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ &AÁdrsm;jzpfaom a&S;½dk;pGJolrsm;ESifh vGwfvyfpGmawG; ac:olrsm;\tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;rIay:tajcjyKonf/ or®musrf;pm\teuft"dyÜg,ftaMumif; þEIwfwdkufvufqifhurf;aom aqG;aEG;rIrsm;\ aemufqHk;wGifyHkpHESpfrsdK;jzpfonfh AmAkvkefwmrGwf- Babylonion Talmud ESifh tNyD; owfr[kwfaomygvufpwdkif;wmrGGwf- Palestinian Talmud wkdYudka&;om;jyKpkMuonf/ þEIwfwdkuf vufqifhurf;aom teufjyefqdkrI rsm;udk arma&Sonfodemawmifü vufcH&&Sdonf[k olwkdY ,HkMunf Muonf/ ordkif;0iftqdkygaqG;aEG;jcif;yHkpHudk {Z&ESifhBuD;rm;aom w&m;Z&yf Great Synagogue (aemufydkif; ü Sanhedrin- &Sefa['&if[kac:onf) rsm;utpjyKcJhMuonf/

(i) tvGefBuD;xGm;vmaom aumif;uifwrefqdkif&mt,l0g'/ ¤if;ütaumif;ESifh tqdk;aumif;uif wrefESpfrsdK;pvHk;yg0ifonf/ ¤if;rSm yg;&Sm;vlrsdK;\ ESpfrsdK;t,l0g'-dualism ESifh or®musrf;pmjyify *sL;pmayrsm;rS jzpfxGef;vmonf/

49

���� NASB ]]twdkif;xuftvGefign§Of;qJESdyfpufavh&SdyHk}} NKJV ]]ign§Of;qJESdyfpufcJhyHk}} NRSV ]]igMurf;wrf;pGmESdyfpufcJhonf}} TEV ]]igMuifemrIuif;pGm n§Of;qJESdyfpufcJhyHk}} NJB ]]¤if;udkigrnfrQysufpD;apcJhyHk}}

þ IMPERFECT TENSE VERB udkwrefawmf 9;4 üoHk;jcif;onf wrefawmf 8;1-3ç 22;20 ESifh 26; 10 (1aum 15;9/ 1wd 1;13) wdkYü a&;om;azmfjyonfh olxyfcgwvJvJjyKrlyHkudk&nfñTef;onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm rdrd\ oufaocHcsufudkaygvkajym&mü oHk;aomtvm;wl taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf/

]]twkdif;xuftvGef}} (t"dyÜg,fav;eufap&ef csJUum;aom - hyperbole) udkatmufygtxl;taMumif; t&mü Munfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ]]HUPER}} aygif;pyfpum;vHk;rsm;aygvkoHk;EIef;yHk tajccHtm;jzihf ]]tay:-over}} (odkY) ]]txuf- upper}} [lí t"dyÜg,f&Sdaom *&d0dbwf huper udk toHk;jyKum pum;vHk;opfrsm; xGifjcif;udk aygvk txl;0goemxHkonf/ ydkifqdkifrI oabmtwGuf okH;onfhtcg ]]bufü}} "in behalf of" [k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ]]taMumif;;}} (0g) ]]ESifhqdkifí}} [lívnf; t"dyÜg,f&SdEdkifonf/ (peri pum;vkH;uJhodkY- 2aum 8;23/ 2ouf 2;1)/ jyKvkyfjcif;cHoltjzpf (ACCUSSATIVE) okH;onfhtcg]]txufü above, over" (odkY) ]]wbufurf;ü^ tvGefü above, beyond [k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ (A.T. Robertson \ A Grammar of the Greek Neew Tesstament in the Light of Historical Research, pp. 625-633.) aygvkonf t,ltqwpf&yftm; tav;teufjyKvdkonfhtcg þ0dbufudk aygif;pyfpum;vkH; tjzpf (compound) okH;avh&Sdonf/ atmufygpm&if;rSm þ0dbuftm; aygif;pyfpum;vkH;rsm;tjzpf aygvktxl;wvnf tokH;jyK ykHjzpfonf/ (u) apax legomenon ("r®opfusrf;üom okH;onf) 1/ Huperakmos, b0 \ tawmufyqkH;tcsdefukefvGefonf 1aum 7;36 2/ HuperauxanŌ, tvGefw&mwdk;yGg; 2 ouf 1;3 3/ HuperbainŌ, ajcvSrf;ausmfonf? csKd;azgufonf 1ouf 4;6 4/ Huperkeina tvGefwGif 2aum 10;6 5/ Huperekteina, tvGeftuRHwdk;csJUonf 2 aum 10;14/ 6/ HuperentugchanŌ, Mum;0ifonf a&m 8;26/ 7/ HupernikaŌ, tjynfUt0atmifjrifonf/ a&m 8;37 8/ HuperpleonazŌ, tvGefw&m ayg<u,fonf 1wd 1;14 9/ HuperupsoŌ, tcsKyftcsmtjzpf csD;jrSifhonf zd 2;9 10/ HuperphroneŌ vlaejcKH? Mum;?pdwfaebHk zsm;[laom tawG;rsKd; a&m 12;3 (c) aygvk\ pmta&;tom;rsm;üom okH;aompum;vkH;rsm; 1/ Huperairomai, rdrdudk,fudk csD;ajrSmuf 2aum 12;7/ 2 ouf 2;4 2/HuperballontŌs, twdkifxuftvGef?tvGeftrif; 2aum? 11;23/ (þae&mütxl;jyK Mud,m (adverb) txl;jyKtjzpfokH;jyD;? Mud,mtjzpftokH;jyKonfrSm 2aum 3;10? 9;14? { 1;19? 2;7? 3;19)/ 3/ Huperbolē, tvGeftuRHypfjcif;? omrefxufvGefuJaom vufeufwyfqifjcif;- a&m 7;13? 1aum 12;31 2aum 1;8? 4;7?17? 22;7? *v? 1;13/ 4/ Huperekperissou twdkif;tqtm;vkH;udk ausmfvGefí- { 3;20? 1ouf 3;10? 5;13/ 5/ Huperlian tjrifhqkH;'D*&D (0g) tjcm;tm;vkH;xufykdí MuD;jrifhaom- 2aum 11;5? 12;11/ 6/ Huperochē, xif&Sm;aom? xl;jrwfaom? 1aum 2;1? 1wd 2;2/ 7/ HuperperisseuŌ, tvGefayg<u,fonf a&m 5;20/ vGefpGmjynfhaom MIDDLE VOICE 2aum 7;4) (*) aygvktokH;jyKjyD;? tjcm;"r®opfusrf;jyKolrsm;uvnf; tenf;i,fokH;Muonf/ 1/ HuperanŌ, txuft&yf\ tpGeftzsm;?{ 1;21? 4;10 ESifh a[jAJ? 9;5/

50

2/ HuperechŌ, xl;jrwfaom? tm;vkH;xufykdí MuD;jrifhaom? a&m? 13;1? zd? 2;3? 3;8? 4;7? 1ay? 2;13/ 3/ Huperēphanos [efaqmifjcif; (0g) armufrmjcif;- a&m? 1;30? 2wd? 3;2 ESifh vk 1;51? ,m 4;6 1ay? 5;5/ aygvkonf tvGefvdIufvdIufvSJvSJ&Sdwwfolwpfa,mufjzpfonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm; (0g) vlrsm;onf aumif;onfh tcg tvGefaumif;MujyD;? qdk;onfhtcgüvnf; tvGefqdk;oGm;Muonf/ tjypf? twÅ? c&pfawmfESifh {0Ha*vdw&m; rsm;taMumif; rdrd\tjrifhrm;qkH;aom pdwfwGif; cHpm;rIrsm;udk þ0dbwf wJGrsm;onf aygvktm; azmfjyEdkifpGrf; &Sdaponf/ ����•]]bk&m;ocif\toif;awmf}} Ekklesiᾱ rSm *&daygif;pyfpum;vHk;wpfckjzpfNyD; ]]txJrS}} –out of ESifh ]]ac:onf}}- call wdkYaygif;pyfonf/ ¤if;udk*&daeYpOfoHk;pum; Koine üpnf;a0;jcif;wpfckjzpfonfhNrdKUvHk;uRwf tpnf;ta0; ponfwkdYüoHk;onf(wref 19;32)/ toif;awmfonf þa0g[m&udkoHk;&efa&G;cs,f&jcif;rSm tD*spfEdkifiH tvufZjEm;NrdKU pmMunfhwdkufüxm;&ef 250 bDpDjynffhESpfrsm;\ tapmydkif;ü a&;om;jyKpkaom *&dbmomjyef "r®a[mif;usrf; jzpfonfh qyfwl&ifh-Septuagint \a0g[m&udkyifoHk;aom aMumifhjzpfonf/ þ*&dpum;vHk;udk a[NAJpum;vHk; qahal rSbmomjyefjcif;jzpfNyD; ¤if;\y#dnmOfw&m;qdkif&mpum;pk jzpfonfh ]tpöa&;vlpkvla0;} (the

assembly of Israel) ütoHk;jyKonf (awmvnf 20;4)/ "r®opfusrf;a&;om;jyKpkol rsm;onf rdrdwdkYrSm rddrdwdkYacwfumvü bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;jzpfaom ]bk&m;ocifac:xkwfjcif;cH&olrsm;} jzpfonf[k tcdkiftrm ajymMuonf/ a,½Ic&pfawmf\toif;awmfrSm acwfopf*sL;bmom q&mBuD;rsm;xHrS&aom tarGr[kwfbJ? "r®a[mif;usrf; tarGppfppfjzpfaMumif; tcdkiftrmqdk&rnfjzpfonf/ aygvkonf 1;2 ü a'oEÅ&toif;awmfrsm;udkajymNyD; wpfurÇmvHk;toif;awmfudk 1;13 üajymaMumif; owdjyKyg/ “"r®opfusrf;ütoif;awmf Church - pum;vHk;udkoHk;rsdK;oHk;pm;oHk;EIef;onf/ 1/ aetdrfü&Sdaom toif;awmf (a&mr 16;5) 2/ a'oEÅ&toif;awmf (1;2? 1aum 1;2) 3/ ajrBuD;ay:&Sd c&pfawmf\ udk,fcEmwpf&yfvHk; (1;13? róJ 16;18? {zuf 1;22? 3;21? 5;23-32) ����]]zsufpD;&efBudK;pm;}} þBud,mpum;pkrSm IMPERFECT TENSE jzpfNyD;? vGefcJhaomtwdwfumvü xyfcg wvJvJjyKvkyfaomvkyfaqmifrIjzpfonf/ 1;14 ]]igESifh &G,fwlrsm;pGmwdkYxuf *sL;bmomüydkíomvGef}} ¤if;onf a,½k&SvifNrdKUrS aygvk\&AÁdq&mjzpf ausmif;aezufrsm;udk&nfñTef;onf/ yxrESpf"r®wuúodkvfausmif;om;xufydkí pdwftm;xufoefolr&Sdacs/ *sL; bmom0ifrsm;\ ynwfw&m;ay:pdwftm;xufoefrIrSm a&S;umvüjzpfap? ,ckumvüjzpfapodem;vnfrIESifh or®mw&m;rygaomqufuyfjcif;? pdwftm;xufoefjcif;omvQifjzpfonf (a&mr 10;2)/ aygvkrSmrdrd\acwfNydKif vlrsm;\tm;&auseyfrI&ap&ef BudK;pm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ����]]ighbdk;bGm;rsm;\a&S;½dk;pOfvmrsm;üydkítvGeftrif;pdwftm;xufoef}} þae&mü ]]a&S;½dk;pOfvm}} [kqkd&mwGif ]]EIwfwdkufvufqifhurf;aoma&SU½dk;pOfvmrsm;}} udkajymjcif;jzpfonf/ *sL;vlrsdL;rsm;onfpmjzifha&;aom "r®a[mif;usrf;enf;wlEIwfjzifh vufqifhurf;aoma&S;½dk;pOfvmrSmvnf; bk&m;ocifonfarma&Sudk odemawmifay:ü ay;jcif;jzpfonf[k,HkMunfcJhMuonf/ EIwfwdkufvufqifhurf;aoma&S;½dd;pOfvmt,l0g'wdkYrSm pmaytu©&mjzifha&; aom"r®a[mif;usrf;udkNcH&H&ef? umuG,f&efESifhteufjyef&ef[laomt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ aemufydkif;wGifAmAkvkefESifh ygvufpwdkif;wmrGwf-Babylonian and Palestinian Talmud rsm;tjzpfpkpnf;onf/ ¤if;rSm ,HkMunfjcif;qkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfaom t&mjzpfvmjcif; xufyHkaopnf;urf;ESifh '@m&DyHkjyifoabmrsdK;jzpfoGm;onf (a[&Sm, 29;13? aumavm 2;16-23? 2wd 3;1-5)/ ]]a&S;½dk;pOfvmrsm;}} 2ouf 2;15 rSwfpküMunfhyg/ 1;15 NASB ]]odkYaomf ... bk&m;ocifonf ... onfhtcg}} NKJV ]]odkYaomf ... bk&m;ociftvdk&Sdonfhtcg}} NRSV ]]odkYaomf ... bk&m;ocifonf ... onfhtcg}} TEV ]]odkYaomf ... bk&m;ocif}}

51

NJB ]]NyD;vQif bk&m;ocif}} ,HkMunfpdwfcs&aom a&S;acwfvufa&;pmrlrsm;pGmwdkYü ]bk&m;ocif} [laoma0g[m&tpm; ykv’ifemrfpm;jzpf

aom –He – ]]ol}} [líoHk;EIef;onf (vufa&;rl&if; P46 ESifh B)/ Theos (bk&m;ocif) rSmvufa&;rl&if; א, A ESifh D

wdkYüryg&Sdacs/ ]ol} - He– rSmrl&if;trSefjzpfum? roJuGJaom ]ol} emrfpm;udk &Sif;vif;oGm;ap&ef usrf;ul;q&mrsm; onf aemufydkif;wGifrS theos-bk&m;ocif[líjznfhpGufMuonfESifh wlonf/ aemufqufwGJ ]ESpf} üMunfhyg/ ����•]]trd0rf;xJuyif ighudkoD;oefYcGJxm;írdrd\aus;Zlawmftm;jzifhighudkac:awmfrlol}} aygvkonf"r®a[mif; acwfya&mzuftcsdKU? txl;ojzifh a,&rdudk (a,&rd 1;4-5 odkYr[kwf YHWH \tapcHa[&Sm, 49;1-5)t&dyf t>rwfazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ aygvkonf trIawmfjrwftwGuf bk&m;ocifac:onf[kcHpm;onf (a&mr 1;1)/ ¤if;rSm ol\tcGifhtmPmESifh wrefawmf&mxl;rSmvlrsm;ay;jcif;r[kwfaMumif;tcdkiftrmajymjcif;wpfrsKd;jzpfonf (ti,f 1? 11? 12)/ bk&m;ocif\ ]ac:zdwfcH&onf} [laomoabmudk aygvkonf rdrd\oufaocHcsufrsm;ü tav;teufjyK onf (wrefawmf 9;1-19/ 13;2/ 22;1-16 ESifh 26;9-18)/ a&G;aumufjcif;taMumif; tcdkifrmqHk;or®musrf;pm\ usrf;ydk'ftcsdKUaygvka&;aompmrsm;üawGU&onf (a&mr 9 ESifh {zuf 1)/ aygvkoHk;aom ]]rdrd\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh}} qdkonfrSm ]]oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf}} ESifh qdkvdk&if;t"dyÜg,f wl jzpf[ef&Sdjcif;rSmpdwf0ifpm;p&mjzpfonf/ þa0g[m&rSmaygvka&;aompmrsm;ü ygaeusjzpfonf (a&mr 3;24/ 1aum 15;10? 2aum 6;1? {zuf 2;8)/ aus;Zl;awmfonf bk&m;ocif\rajymif;rvJaomp½dkufudkvnf;aumif;? 0dnmOfawmfurloefY&Sif;aom bk&m;&SifESifh tjypf&Sdaomvlom;tMum;qufoG,fay;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; ay:vGifapygonf (a,m 6;44? 65)/ 1;16 NASB, NKJV NJB ]]om;awmftm;ightxJzGifhjy}} NRSV, TEV ]]om;awmftm;ighxHzGifhjy}}

]zGifhjy} -to reveal [apocaluptō] udkti,f 12 ü ]zGifhjyjcif;} (0g) ]Asm'dwfawmf} [kbmomjyefqdkxm;NyD; xHk;pHtm;jzifh&Sif;vif;aomay:vGifxif&Sm;jcif; (0g) zGifhjyjcif;} [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm 'roufNrdKUoGm;&m vrf;ay:wGifjzpfyGm;NyD;? aemufydkif;wGifta&Asü jzpfonf (ti,f 17)/ ]ightxJ} [laompum;pktaMumif;tajctwifajymrIrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ tcsdKUu bk&m;ocifonfa,½IudkaygvkxH zGifhjyonf[k ,HkMunfMuNyD;? tjcm;olrsm;urlbk&m;ocifonf aygvkrSwqifha,½IudkzGifhjyonf[k,lqonf/ ESpfrsdK; vHk;rSefygonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf; Revised English Bible üjzpfEdkifacsESpfrsdK;aygif;onf (rdrd\om;awmfudkigh txJESifh ightm;jzifhzGifhjybdkY) trsm;pkü yxrpdwfBudKufrSm udkufnDrIt&SdqHk;ESifh wlaomfvnf; ti,f 16 ürI 'kwdwfpdwfBudKufrSmtaumif;qHk;udkufnDrIjzpfaeyHk&onf/ ����•]]om;awmftaMumif;wyg; trsdK;om;wkdYudkiga[majymrnftaMumif;}} pum;pk ]ightxJ} onf ]wyg;trsdK; om;rsm;txJ} -in Gentiles ESifh xyfwlusonf/ bk&m;ocifonfwyg;trsdK;om;wkdYudk ac:zdwf&eftvdkYiSgaygvkudk ac:onf (wref 9;15? 22;15? 26;16-18? a&mr 1;5? 11;13? 15;16? *vm 2;7?9? {zuf 3;8? 2wd 2;7)/ t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; ]]ethnic }} – vlrsdK;wl[laompum;vHk;udk wpfyg;trsdK;om;[laom*&dpum;vHk;rS&onf/

52

����• NASB ]]igonftaoG;tom;&SdolwdkYESifh csufjcif;rwdkifyif}} NKJV ]]igonftaoG;tom;&SdolwdkYESifh csufjcif;raqG;aEG;}} NRSV ]]igonfvlom;wpfa,mufESifhrQ raqG;aEG;}} TEV ]]igonftBuHay;rItwGufrnfolqDürQroGm;cJh}} NJV ]]igonfþtaMumif;udkvlom;wpfa,mufa,mufESifh aqG;aEG;&efr&yfwHhcJh}}

¤if;onfta&AsjynftwGif; (i,f 17) aygvk\udk,fydkifavhvmcsdefudk &nfñTef;[ef&Sdygonf/ olrnfrQMum atmifavhvmonf (odkY) ta&AsürnfrQMumMumaexdkifonfudkrod&acs/ ¤if;rSmta&SUawmifbufü&SdNyD;? 'roufNrdKU ESifh tvGefeD;aom ebwD,efEdkifiH -Nabatean Kingdom jzpfEdkifonf (2aum 11;32)/ ti,f 18t&oHk;ESpfcefYMum atmifaexdkifyHk&ygonf (odkYaomf¤if;rSmxdkodkYajym&efvdktyfcsufr&Sdacs)/ þtaMumif; azmfjy&jcif;ü (¤if;udkwrefawmf 0w¬Kücsefxm;onf) aygvk\t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm rdrd\{0Ha*vdw&m;udk a,½k&SvifNrdKU&Sdwrefawmfrsm;xHrS Mum;od&&Sdjcif;r[kwfaMumif; (odkY) a,½k&SvifNrdKUtoif;awmfonfolUudk vkyfief;oabmjzifhcefYtyfjcif;r[kwfbJ? bk&m;ocifxHawmfrS bk&m;ociftm;jzifh&&Sdjcif;jzpf aMumif;jyo &efjzpfonf (i,f 1? 11? 12)/

taoG;tom; -flesh pum;vHk;onf ]vdifrIudpö} a0g[m&\t"dyÜg,fyGm;jzpfonf/ atmufygtxl; taMumif; t&müMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / taoG;tom; (sarx) þa0g[m&udk*vmwdMo0g'pmESifh 4if;\"r®ynmqdkif&mwdk;wufjzpfay:rI jzpfaoma&mrMo0g'pmwdkYü aygvk trsm;qHk; oHk;onf/ 4if;a0g[m&\ t"dyÜg,fyGg;rsm; taMumif;udkusr;fpmq&mrsm;tjrifcsif;rwlacs/ 4if;üa0g[m& uGJt"dyÜg,frsm; us,fjyefYpGm&SdaMumif; od&Sdap&ef tm;xkwfrItjzpfatmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ rygbJausmfoGm;rdaom t"dyÜg,fuJtG csdKY&SdaerSmaocsmygonf/

u/ vlom;\udk,fcEm- a,m[ef1;14? a&mr2;28? 1aum5;5? 7;28? 2aum4;11? 7;5? 12;7? *vmwd1;16? 2;16?20? 4;13? zdvdyÜd1;22? aum1;22? 24? 2;5? 1wd3;16/ c/ vlom;rSqif;oufonf/ a,m[ef3;6/ a&mr1;3/ 4;1/ 9;3?5?8/ 11;14/ 1aum10;18/ *vmwd4;23?29/ */ vlom;\yk*¾dKvf- a&mr3;20? 7;5? 8;7-8? 1aum 1;29? 2aum10;3? *vmwd2;16? 5;24/ C/ vlom;uJhodkYpum;ajymjcif;- a,m8;15? 1aum1;26? 2aum1;12? 5;16? 10;2? *vmwd6;12/ i/ tjypfxJusqif;jcif;\tusdK;quftjzpfvlom;rsm;u bk&m;ociftm;&efvdkjcif;-a&mr7;14? 13;14? 1aum3;1? 3? {zuf2;3? aum2;18? 1ay2;11? 1a,m2;16/

1;17 ]ight&ifwrefawmfjzpfcJholrsm;} aygvkonf rlvwrefawmfwdkYudk aocsmtodtrSwfjyKaomfvnf; olwdkYESifh wef;wl&nfwljzpfaMumif;vnf;tcdkiftrmajymonf/

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;? 1;18-24 18NyD;vQifwpfq,foHk;ESpftMumwGif auzESifh&if;ESD;rI&&ef a,½k&SvifNrdKUodkY igwufumolESifhtwl wq,fhig;&ufae\/ 19odkYaomfigonf ocifbk&m;\ nD,mukyfrSvTJí tjcm;wrefawmf wyg;udkr rjrifcJhacs/ 20,ckoifwdkYudk iga&;om;aom taMumif;t&mü rkomrajymaMumif; bk&m;ocif\ a&SUarSmufawmfüigaocs\/ 21NyD;vQif½I&djynfESifh udvdudjynfrsm;odkY igoGm;\/ 22,k'jynf toif; awmfrsm;&Sd c&pfawmf txJ&Sdolrsm;onf

53

ighudkjrifí od&jcif;r&SdjzpfaeMuao;um? 23wpfcgu igwdkYudk n§Of;qJaom olonf wpfcgu olzsufqD;ypf&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom ,HkMunfjcif; w&m;udkyif ,ck a[majymaeonf[líomolwdkYMum;aeMu&qJjzpfonf/ 24odkYjzifholwdkYonf ighaMumifh bk&m;ocifudk csD;rGrf;Muonf/

1;18 ]] NyD;vQif oHk;ESpftMumwGif --- a,½k&SvifNrdKUodkYigwufum}} ola,½k&SvifodkYoGm;a&mufvnfywfcJh aMumif;aygvkyGifhvif;pGm0efcHonf/ þ0gus\t"duqdkvdk&if;rSm aygvkonfrdrdajymif;vJNyD;? wpfq,fhoHk;ESpf rwdkifrD a,½k&SvifNrdKUESifh jzpfap? wpfq,hfESpfyg;wdkYESifhjzpfaptquftoG,fr&SdcJh[líjzpfnf/ wrefawmf0w¬Küa, ½k&SvifNrdKUodkYaygvkig;BudrfoGm;cJhaMumif;rSwfwrf;wifaomfvnf;? *vmwdMo0g'pmürlESpfBudrfomvQifrSwfwrf; wifonf/ wref awmf0w¬KxJrSwfwrf;wifxm;aomoGm;a&mufrIrsm;teuf b,f[monf*vmwdxJrSwfwrf;wif aomoGm;a&mufrIrsm; ESifhqifwlaMumif; (odkY) aemufxyfoGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;&Sdr&Sdod&Sd&efrSm tvGefcufcJonf/ trsm;pkwdkYurlti,f 18üazmfjyaom þvnfywfrIonf wrefawmf 9;26-30 üazmfjyaomvnfywfrIESifh xyfwljzpfonf[k ,HkMunfMu onf/ ]]rdwfquf}} acgif;pOfatmufü&Sdaom ]]tcsdefumv}} ESifh ]]vufcH&&Sdolrsm; - *}} üMunfhyg/

����•]]&if;ESD;rI&&ef}} ¤if;rSmuRefawmfwkdY\t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;‘ history’ - (ordkif;) &&Sdvm&m*&dpum;pkjzpfonf/ aygvkoGm;cJhjcif;rSm (1) ayw½kESifh oduRrf;ap&ef odkYr[kwf (2) a,½I\oGefoifrIrsm;udk ayw½kxHoif,l&efjzpfay rnf/ odkYaomfayw½kESifh aecJh&onfhtcsdefudktjynfht0rajymcJhacs (wref 9;28-30)/ ayw½krSmxdka'owpf0dkufü w&m;a[maecJhonfjzpf&um; naecif;tcsdefrsm;ESifh OykofaeYrsm;ü olESifhtwlae&jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ þtcef;i,fü vnf;wpfq,fhig;&ufomvQifaecJhyHkudktav;teufxm;ojzifh aemufxyfavhvmoifMum;jcif; twGuf tcsdefrSmwdk awmif;vGef;vSonf/ odkYaomfaygvkoHk;aoma0g[m&rsm;ESifh "r®oabmw&m;taMumif;ayw ½kMo0g'pm 1 ESifh 2 wdkYüay:vGifpGm azmfjyyHkt&aygvkonfayw½kxHrSoif,l&jcif;xufayw½konf aygvkxHrSoif ,ljcif;ydkíjzpfEdkifonf/

���� NASB, NRSV NJB ]]auz]] NKJV, TEV ]]ayw½k}} auz (tm&rd-ausmufaqmif) udkvufa&;rl&if;rsm;jzpfaom P46, P51, א*, A, B wdkYüawGU&NyD;ayw½k (*&d-

&J&ifhol) udkvufa&;rl&if;rsm;jzpfonfh אc, D,F,G, K, I ESifh P wdkYüawGU&onf/ aygvkurl ]auz} udk 2;9?11?14 wdkYüoHk;onf/ 1;19 ]]odkYaomfigonfocifbk&m;\nD,mukyfrSvTJí? tjcm;wrefawmfwdkYudkwpfyg;rSrjrifcJhacs/}} þ*&d 0gusrSmtvGefroJruGJjzpfnf/ ,mukyfrSmwrefawmfwyg;jzpfaMumif;qdkvdk&ma&mufaomfvnf; qdkvkd&if; t"dyÜg,fr &Sif;vif;acs/ ]wrefawmf}onf ti,f 18 uayw½kudk&nfñTef;jcif;vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ ,mukyfudk ]wrefawmf} [kac:jcif;rSm AmeuJhodkY (wref14;4? 14) ta`EmedwfESifh ,ked (a&mr 16;7)? tmaygvk (2aum4;9)? {yajzm'dwf (zdvdyÜd 2;25)odkYr[kwfodvTmEk? wdarmao(1ouf 2;6? wref 18;5) wkdYenf;wljzpfEdkifonf/ þ,mukyfudk ocifbk&m;\wpf0ufnDtjzpfcGJjcm;ac:qdkonf (róJ 13;55/ rmuk 6;3)/ xdkodkYjyKjcif;rSm twGif;vloHk;OD; teuf wpfOD;jzpfNyD;? apmapmuyiftowfcHcJholjzpfaom wrefawmf,mukyfESifh (wrefawmf 12) uGJjym;jcm;em; ap&efjzpf onf/ a,½k&Sviftoif;awmf onfvlUcEmtm;jzifha,½IESifh trsdK;awmfol wpfOD;udkolwkdY\ acgif;aqmiftjzpf

54

ESpftawmfrsm;rsm;&SdcJhMuonf/ or®musrf;ydk'ftawmfrsm;rsm;ü (wrefawmf 12;17/ 15;13/ 21;18/ 1aum 15;7 ESifh ,mukyf 1;1) ,mukyfrSma,½k&Sviftoif;awmfütvGefta&;BuD;aom acgif;tjzpfazmfjyonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / a,½I\nDwpf0wfjzpfol ,mukyf2;9 ü½I&ef/ ]]wrefawmf}} twGuf txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ]]apvTwf}} 1;1 ü½I&ef/ 1;20 ]]igonfrkomrajymaMumif;bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfüigaocsm\/}} aygvkonf usdefqdkjcif;\ xda&mufrIudkod&SdNyD;? rdrdrSefuefrIudk usdefqdkjcif;jzifhcdkifcHhap&ef ta&;BuD;onf[k (a&mr 9;1/ 1wd 2;7) cHpm; aeqJjzpfonf/ aygvk onfrdrdrSefuefaMumif;\oufaotjzpfbk&m;ocifudkae&mwumü oHk;ygonf (a&mr 1;9/ 2aum 1;23/ 4;2/ 11;31/ 1ouf 2;5? 10)/ aygvkonf rdrda[maomw&m;\ rlvtpESifh yg0ifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm bk&m;ocif xHawmfrSjzpfaMumif;aocsmod&Sdxm;onf/ 1;21 ]]NyD;aemuf ½I&djynfESifh udvdudjynfrsm;odkYigoGm;\}} ½I&dd (Syria)jynfESifh udvDud (Cilicia) jynfwdkYrSma&mr MoZmcHe,frsm;jzpfNyD;? ydkrdkao;i,faomudvDudrSm t<uif;rJhrvGwfvyfacs (wrefawmf 15;41)/ þtaMumif;aMumifh udvDudonf aygvk\Zmwdwm½INrdKUwnf&Sd&ma'ojzpfNyD; xdka'oüaygvkyxrOD; qHk;tvkyfvkyfcJhNyD;? ouú&mZfpOftm;jzifh yxrjzpfaomfvnf;? ‘ 'kwd,ae&mü azmfjyjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ wrefawmf 9;30 üþtaMumif;rSwfwrf;wifxm; onfESifhwlonf/ aygvk\acwfumvwGif½I&dtm; a&mrMoZmcH ½I&de,f\NrdKUawmfjzpfonfh tEÅDtkwfESifh ,SOfwGJrSwf om;avh&Sdonf/ þumvtaMumif;wrefawmf 11;25-26 ürSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ 1;22]],k'jynf&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;onf ... ighudkrsufpdjzifhjrifíod&jcif;r&SdjzpfaeMuao;wm}} *&dpum; ]rod} – -unknownonftrsdK;wl t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; ]agnostic} üay:vGifaeonf/ þae&mü ]todynm} - knowledge (gnosis) [laompum;vHk;onf ALPHA PRIVITIVE jzpfNyD;? ¤if;ESifhqufpyfonf/ aygvkrSmtoif; awmfudkn§Of;qJí emrnfausmfoljzpfaomfvnf; olrnfoljzpfaMumif; toif;awmfrsm;tm;vHk; tukeftpifrod onfhtjyifrdrd\ trIawmftwGuf ygvufpwif; (Palestine) &Sd toif;awmfrsm;\ todtrSwfjyKrIr awmif;jcif;rSm tHhtm;oifh p&mjzpfonf/ ����•]]toif;awmfrsm;}} txl;taMumif;t&m/ / 1;2 ü-½I&ef/ 1;23-24 aygvkonf þueOD;*sL;toif;awmfrsm;\todtrSwfjyKrIrawmif;cJhaomfvnf; wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;txJ olUtrIawmftaMumif;Mum;od&Muonfhtcg todtrSwfjyKcJhMuonf (ti,f 24)/ aygvkü tcGifhtmPm r,fr,f&&r&Sd [laom*sL;c&pf,mef rSm;,Gif;aom q&morm;rsm;\pum;udk acsyjcif;twGuf ¤if;rSm tcsufwpfcsufjzpfonf/

����]],HkMunfjcif;}} –-the faith þa0g[m&ü uGJjym;jcm;em;aom t"dyÜg,fyGm;trsdK;rsdK;&SdEdkifonf/ ta&;BuD;onfrSm ]]the}} ygjcif;rsdK;onft"dyÜg,fydkí &Sif;vif;apEdkifjcif;r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/

1/ "r®a[mif;aemufcHt& ]],HkMunftm;xm;&jcif;}} (faithfulness) odkYr[kwf ]],HkMunfxkdufjcif;}} (trustworthiness) [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifhbk&m;ocif\,HkMunftm;xm;&jcif;tm; uRefawmf wkdY,HkMunftm;xm;jcif;twGufjzpfap? odkYwnf;r[kwfbk&m;ocif\ ],HkMunfxdkufjcif;} tm; uRefawmfwdkY,HkMunfjcif; (faith) twGufjzpfap oHk;EIef;onf/

55

2/ c&pfawmftxJbk&m;ociftcrJhay;prf;aomtjypfvGwfjcif;udk uRefawmfwkdYvufcHjcif; (0g) &&Sdjcif;/

3/ ,HkMunf&aom (opöm&Sdaom) bk&m;w&m;,HkMunfudkif;½dIif;aomtoufwmt"dyÜg,fjzifh/ 4/ a,½ItaMumif; c&pf,mefrsm;\,HkMunfjcif; (0g) a,½ItaMumif;or®mw&m;tm;NcHKiHkaom

t"dyÜg,fjzifh (wrefawmf 6;7/ ,k'i,f 3 ESifh 20)/ 2ouf 3;2 uJhodkYaomusrf;ydk'fawmfawmfrsm;ü aygvkpdwfxJrnfonfht"dyÜg,frsdK;&SdaMumif; odEdkif&efcufcJ onf/ þae&mürlpdwfBudKuf #4 rSm taumif;qHk;udkufnDonf/

aqG;aEG;jcif;ar;cGef;rsm; tcef;BuD;wpfcef;\ tqHk;owfar;cGef;rsm;ESifhwGJaom pmydk'fESpfydk'fudk -urÇmOD;rSjzpfap a&mrrS jzpfap ul;,l&ef/

1/ *vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;odkUaygvk\tzGifhed'gef;pum;wGifaygvktaMumif;rnfonfht&mtxl;w vnfyg&SdvJ/ 2/ ti,f 4 üc&pfawmf\yk*¾dKvfESifh tvkyftaMumif;a&;om;azmfjyaompum;pkoHk;ckwdkYudkazmfjyyg/ 3/ *vmwdtoif;awmf\jyKrIyHkwdkYonftb,faMumifhaygvkudktxdwfwvefYjzpfoGm;apvJ/ 4/ rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;wkdYrSm rnfolawGjzpfNyD; olwkdYa[maomw&m;\tajccHtaMumif;t&mrSm tb,fenf;/ 5/ ]]usdefqJjcif;cHonf}} [laoma0g[m&ürnfonfht"dyÜg,f&SdvJ/ 6/ rdrdrSmvlrsm;auseyfap&efvkyfolr[kwfaMumif;aygvkrnfodkY oufaojycJhvJ/ 7/ aygvkonf 1;1 ü tav;teufjyKNyD;t&mudk ti,f 11 ESifh 12 wdkYütb,faMumifhjyefjyKvJ/ 8/ rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;wdkYonf aygvk\twdwfumvb0udk taMumif;jyKNyD; olUudkrnfuJhodkY qefYusifcJhMuvJ/ 9/ aygvkta&Asjynfudk bmjzpfvdkYoGm;cJhvJ/ 10/ rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;onf aygvktm;qefYusifpGyfpGJrIrsm;teufjzpfEdkifacstcsdKUESifh ¤if;wdkYudk 1;10 üolrnfodkYtajzay;aMumif;&Sif;vif;yg/

56

*vmwd 2 acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;\ pmydk'fcGJrsm;

USB4 NKJV NRSV TEV NJB aygvkudktjcm; wrefawmfrsm;vufcH 2;1-10 tEÅDtkwfüayw½kudk aygvktjypfqdk 2;11-12

{0Ha*vdw&m;udkckcH umuG,fjcif; 2;1-10 ynwfw&m;odkY jyefvrf;r&Sd 2;11-21

aygvk\wrefawmf t&mudka,½k&Svifü todtrSwfjyK 2;1-10 tEÅDtkwfü ayw½k worwfwnf;rusifh rIay: aygvktjypfqdk 2;11-14 ed,rtaMumif;azmf jyrIwpfck 2;15-21

aygvkESifhtjcm; wrefawmf 2;1-5 2;6-10 aygvkonf ayw½kESifh jiif;cHk 2;11-14 2;15-16 2;17-21

a,½k&Svifü awGUqHkjcif; 2;1-10 tEÅDtkwfüayw½kESifh aygvk 2;11-13 2;14 aygvka[maom {0Ha*vdw&m; 2;15-21

ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;oHk; (pm 16 üMunfh) rl&if;usrf;jyKol\&nf&G,fcsuftm; pmydk'ftvdkufem;vnfjcif;

4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm;rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"ge tusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/

xdktcef;BuD;udk wpfxkdifwnf;ESifhzwfyg/ yg0ifonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;owfrSwfazmfjyyg/ rdrd\ taMumif;t&m cGJjcm;rIrsm;udk þacwfopfbmomjyef usrf;ig;ckwdkYESifh EIdif;,SOfyg/ pmydk'frsm;onf 0dnmOfawmf rIwfoGif;jcif; r[kwfaomfvnf; rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ &nf&G,fcsuf tm;em;vnf&ef aomhcsuf jzpfonf/ 4if;rSm teufzGifhjcif;\ t"du rPÖKdifjzpfonf/ pmydk'fwpfckonf taMumif;t&m wpfckjzpfNyD;? pmydk'fwpfydk'fü taMumif;t&m wpfckwnf;&Sdonf/ 1/ yxrpmydk'f 2/ 'kwd,pmydk'f 3/ wwd,pmykd'f 4/ --pojzifh

a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifhavhvmjcif; (u) þtydkif;onf 1;11 üpwifum 2;14 txdqufvufaom (rdrd\wrefawmft&mudk aygvkckcH

umuG,fjcif;)pmpkjzpfonf/ (c) 2;15-21 üaygvk\{0Ha*vdw&m;ü yg0ifaomtaMumif;t&mudk rdwfqufay;onhfMum;cHpmydk'f

wpf ckyg0ifNyD;? tcef;BuD; 3 ESifh 4 wdkYü aemufxyftus,fcsJUonf/ ¤if;rSm rdrd\wrefawmft &mESifh rdrd \{0Ha*vdw&m;udk umuG,f&efaygvkonf rdrd\tw¬KyÜwådudkazmfjyjcif;jzpfNyD;? bk&m;ocif\tvkd awmfudkzGifhjyjcif;ay:tajcjyKonf/ ¤if;onf vlom;\a&S;½dk;pOfvmwpfckudkrQ

57

ru wrefawmfwq,fh ESpfyg; ESifh a,½k&Sviftoif;awmf xHrS&&Sdaom tpOftvmwdkYudkyift ajcrjyKacs/

(*) þtydkif;rSm taMumif;&if;ESpfckaMumifh ausmfraumif;? Mum;raumif;teufjyef&efcufcJvSonf/ 1/ yxrtydkif; ti,f 1-10 twGif;vlyk*¾dKvfvkdufaomo'gydkif;qkdif&mxl;jcm;onfhoHk;

EIef;yHkrsm; yg&Sdonf/ aygvkonftaMumif;t&mwpfckudkti,f 1 ESifh 2 ütpjyKaomf vnf; ti,f 3-10 twGif; þtaMumif;t&mxJpum;yv’ifcHjcif;oHk;ckMum;0ifxnfhoGif; vsuf 0gusrsm;udk tydkif;ydkif;jywfawmufoGm;aponf/ ti,f 1-2 \taMumif;t&mudk ti,f 6-10 twGif; jyefaumufonf/ o'genf;usyHkazmf&efcufcJaomfvnf; NcHKiHkaom qdkvdk&if;rSmrl&Sif;vif;yg onf/

ti,f 1-10 twGif;pmtjzwftawmufvkyfyHkudk acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;ü EIdif;,SOfygu (uGif;? rsOf;wHk;? aumfrm? tpuf ... pojzifh) aygvk\pdwful;udkem; vnf&ef BudK;pm;jcif;ürnfuJhodkYjyóem&SdyHkudk jrifvmayrnf/

2/ aemufu@jzpfonfhti,f 11-21 rSmvnf;teufjyef&efcufcJonf/ taMumif;rSm aygvkESifh ayw½kwkdY\udpörnfonfhae&mütqHk;owfaMumif;raocsmacs/ NRSV, TEV

ESifh JB bmom jyefusrf;rsm;onf ti,f 14 üuefYowfMuNyD;? NASB urllti,f 21 ü tqHk;owfonf/ aygvkonf ayw½kudkajymaomrdrdpum;udkti,f 14 üed*Hk;csKyfNyD;? ,HkMunfol*sL;rsm;ESifh *sL; bmom0ifwdkYonf ynwådw&m;\taetxm;udkem;vnf oabmaygufyHktaMumif; ti,f 15 ü pwifNyD;? ti,f 21 txdqufvufonf [kuRefawmfxifygonf/

aygvkonf bk&m;ocif\tcrJhaus;Zl;awmfjzpfaomrdrd\{0Ha*vdw&m;ay: ar;cGef; xkwfrIrsm;? pGyfpJGrIrsm; (0g) em;vnfrIvTJrSm;rIrsm;udk ti,f 15 üpwifNyD;tajzay;&m ti,f 21 txdqufvufonf/ ar;cGef;rsm;rSmayw½kxHrSr[kwfbJ? ,k'bmom0ifrsm; ESifh ¤if;wkdYudk tm;ay;olzg&d&SJrsm;xHrS jzpfonf þar;cGef;rsm;tay:ol\wkHYjyefrlonf tcef;BuD; 3 ESifh 4 üqufvuftus,fcsJUonf/

pum;vHk;ESifhpum;pkavhvmjcif;

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf; 2;1-10

1xdkYaemufwpfq,fhav;ESpfMumNyD;vQif igonfAmeAESifh twlwdwkudkvnf;ac:oGm;um? a,½k&SvifNrdKUodkY aemufwcgwufonf/ 2Asm'dwfawmftm;jzifh igwufoGm;jcif;jzpfum? wyg;trsdK;om;wdkY txJiga[maom {0Ha*vdw&m;udk olwdkYtm;igwifjy\/ odkYaomfxifay:olrsm;xH omvQif igwdwfwqdwfjyKonf/ taMumif;rSm igaqmif&GufcJhNyD;aomt&mESifh aqmif&GufvwHhaom t&mrsm; tcsnf;ESD;rjzpfap&efwnf;/ 3odkYaomfigESifht wl&SdaomwdwkyifvQif *&dvlrsdK;jzpfaomfvnf; ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;? twif;t"r®rcHapMu/ 4odkYaomfc&pfawmfa,½I txJigwdkY&aomvGwfvyfrIudk vQdKU0Suf pHkprf;í igwkdYudkjyefvnf uRefcHapjcif;iSg? vQdKU0SufpGm0ifvmaom nDtpfudka,mifaqmifol rsm;aMumifhjzpf\/ 5odkYaomf{0Ha*vdw&m; qdkif&mor®mw&m;onf oifwdkYüNrJNrHap &eftvdkYiSg? xdkolwdkY\ MoZmudkigwdkY wpfem&DrQyifremcHcJhMuacs/ 6odkYaomftvGefxifay:aomolwdkYonf (olwdkYonfxl;jcm;rI bmrQjzpfapMuonfr[kwf/ bk&m;ocifonfrsufESmrvdkufwwf) rSefygonf? xifay:aom olwdkYonfightm;bmrQ taxmuftuljyKonfr[kwfacs/7xdkodkYjzpf&rnfhtpm;ayw½konfta&zsm;vDS;olwdkYtwGufjzpfonfenf;wl (taMumif;rSm ayw½konf ta&zsm;vSD;jcif; cHolrsm; twGufwrefawmfjzpf&ef xda&mufpGm vkyfolonfighudk wpfyg;trsdK;om;rsm; twGufjzpf&efvnf;xda&mufpGmvkyfonf)ighudkvnf;ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;rcHolrsm;twGuf{0Ha*vdw&m;udktyfaMumif;odvsuf 9axmufwkdifrsm;tjzpfxifay:olrsm;jzpfaom,mukyf? auzESifh a,m[efwkdYonf ighudkay;aom aus;Zl;awmfudk todtrSwfjyKvsufigESifhAmeAtm;wyg;trsdK;om;wdkYxHvnf;aumif;?olwdkYonfta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cHolwkdYxHvnf;aumif;oGm;apjcif;iSg? vusmfvufrdwfo[m,udkigwdkYtm;ay;Mu\/ 10qif;&Jom;wkdYudkowd&&efudkomigwdkYtm;ajymMu\/ ¤if;rSmigvnf;vkyf&ef pdwftm;xufaomt&myifjzpfonf/

58

2;1 ]]xdkYaemufwpfq,fhav;ESpfMumNyD;vQif}} wpfq,fav;ESpfumvtaMumif;ynm&Sifrsm;oabmxm; rnDñGwfrIBuD;rm;pGm&Sdonf/ þumvtaMumif;jzpfEdkifacswdkYrSm 1/ aygvk\ajymif;vJjcif; (1;15-16) 2/ aygvkta&AsjynfüaecJhcsdef (1;17) 3/ a,½k&SvifodkY yxrqHk;oGm;a&mufvnffywfcsdef (1;18)

þtcsdefumvrSm a,½k&Svif&Sd wrefawmfrsm;xHoGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;ESifh tquftoG,fjyKjcif;wdkYrSm tvGefaemufuspGmESifh jywfawmif;jywfawmif;jzpfaMumif;jyo&efjzpfonf[komt"dyÜg,fay:vGifonf/

����•]]a,½k&SvifodkYaemufwcgwufonf}} ]]aemufwpfcg}} onf'kwd,tBudrfodkYr[kwfaemufqHk;oGm;jcif;[kqdkvdk onf/ wrefawmf0w¬KxJwGif a,½k&SvifodkY aygvkoGm;aMumif; ig;BudrfrSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ þtaMumif;t&m twGufaemufydkif;oGm;jcif;ESpfBudrfwkdYrSm aemufusvGef;aomfvnf; tjcm;oHk;Budrf wdkYtaMumif;ol\ qdkvdkcsufrSm roJuGJacs/ uREfkyftaejzifhrl *vmwd 2onf wrefawmf 15 ESifh qufpyfonf[k,HkMunfygonf/ taMumif;rSm ESpfrsdK;pvHk;ü AmeAyg0ifNyD;? taMumif;t&mcsif;vnf;wlnDumayw½kESifh ,mukyfwdkY\emrnfwdkYvnf;yg&Sdonf/ þusrf;jyK ol\rSef;qrItjyiftjcm;ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfaom New International Commentary Series pmtkyfa&;om;ol F.F.Bruce ESifh Word Biblical Commentary Series pmtkyfa&;om;olRichard Longenecker wdkYuJhodkYaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf *vmwd 2 rSm tiwfab;udpöjzifh oGm;a&mufjcif;jzpfonfhwrefawmf 11;30 ESifh qufpyfonf[k,HkMunfMuonf/ ]]a,½k&SvifodkYwuf}} pum;pk\obm0rSm "r®oabmw&m;jzpfonf/ ¤if;ESifh qefYusifbufwpfck wrefawmf 11;27 üawGU&NyD; ]]tEÅDtkwfNrdKUodkYolwdkYqif;oGm;Muonf}} [líjzpfonf/ a,½k&SvifNrdKUudk oefY&Sif;aomNrdKUawmf tjzpfrSwf,lxm;jcif;aMumifh rnfonfhbufrSvmvm ]]wuf}}oGm;onf[k rSwf,lonf/ ����•]]AmeA ESifh twl}} AmeArSm qdkufy&yfuGRef;rSvmolav0dtrsdK;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; emrnfrSma,moyf (Joshep) jzpfaMumif; wrefawmf 4;6 rSod&onf/ wrefawmfwkdYonf olUudkAmeA – Barnabas [laomemrnfopfay;MuNyD; t"dyÜg,frSm ]ESpfodrfhjcif; (0g) cGeftm;&jcif;\om;}} [líjzpfonf/ olonfaygvk\ajymif;vJjcif;udkyxrOD;qHk; vufcHoljzpfonf (wrefawmf 11-24)/ olonfodvenf;wl (wref 15;22) a,½k&Sviftoif;awmf üacgif;aqmif wpfOD;jzpfaMumif;xif&Sm;onf/ olonftEÅdtkwfwGif trIawmfvkyfief;ü a&Smvkyg0if ulnDEdkif&efolYudk&SmbkdY wm½INrdKUodkY oGm;onf (wref 11; 19-27)/ olonfaygvk\yxrqHk;tBudrf omoemjyKc&D;pOfwGif tazmfjzpfonf (1aum 9;6)/ txl;taMumif;t&m 2;13 üMunfhyg/ ����•]]wdwkudkvnf;ac:oGm;um}} wdwkrSmaygvk\ opöm&SdaomaxmufrolwpfOD;jzpfonf (2aum 8;23)/ olonf olYudktxl;ojzifhcufcJaomae&mrsm;jzpfonhf aum&dEÅKESifh uk½kuRef;vdkae&mrsdK;üoHk;onf/ olonffwdarmaouJhodkY wyg;trsdK;om;wpfydkif;r[kwfbJ? wpfyg;trsdK;om;ppfppfjzpfonf/ a,½k&Sviftoif;awmfonf aygvktm;olYudk ta& zsm;vDS;&ef rawmif;qdkcJhacs (wrefawmf 15)/ xl;jcm;onfrSmwrefawmf0w¬Kü wdwkudkemrnfjzifh

razmfjybl;acs/ qm0DvQH&rfaq; - Sir William Ramsay ESifh atwDa&mbwfqif A.T. Robertson– wkdYrSef;qrIt &wdwkonfvkum\ nD tpfudk jzpfojzifh (vkumrSm wrefawmf0w¬Ka&;om;oljzpfojzifh rdom;pkudktrTef;wif&m ra&mufap&ef) olUudk emrnftm;jzifhrazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf¤if;rSmtwnfjyKcsufr&Sdacs/ rmwifvkom\rSef; qrIt&aygvkonf wdwk udktprf;oabmjzifha,½k&SvifodkYac:oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjcm;olrsm;urIaygvkonf wdwkudkac:oGm;aomfvnf; olonfwyg;trsdK;om;ppfppfwpfa,mufjzpfonfqdkíta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cH&ef a,½k&Svif toif;awmf\ awmif;qdkrI t"dyÜg,fudkaygvktaejzifh aemufydkif;rSoabmaygufonf[krSef;qMuonf (i,f 3)/

59

2;2 ]]igwufoGm;jcif;rSm Asm'dwfawmftm;jzifhjzpfum}} wrefawmf 15 üazmfjyonfhtacgufjzpfonf [k,lqygu wrefawmf 15;2 ESifh rudkufnDawmhacs/ odkYaomf tqdkygAsm'dwfawmfrSmtEÅDtkwfNrdKU ü&Sdaom ya&mzufig;OD;teuf wpfOD;OD;xHrSvmjcif;jzpfNyD; olonf¤if;udktoif;awmftm;ajymjcif;jzpfrnf[k,lq&onf/ xdkYaemuftEÅDtkwftoif; awmfonfa,½k&SvifodkYoGm;&efvdktyfaMumif;aygvkudkajymjyonf/ ����•]]wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;tMum; iga[maom{0Ha*vdw&m;taMumif;olwdkYtm;igwifjyonf}} þtcsufESifh ti,f 3-5 wdkYqufpyfyHkrSmtvGeft"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ aygvkonf rdrda[maom {0Ha*vdw&m;udk wrefawmfwkdYa&SUü tb,faMumifhwifjyoenf;? (1) olwdkYudkrdrdESifh oabmwlNyD; olajymaom{0Ha*vdw&m;udk twnfjyKapvdkí avm/ odkYr[kwf (2) rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;&SdaepOfolwdkYudk wHkYjyefrIjyKvdkufjcif;avm/ uGif;xJazmfjyonfh ti,f 4 ESifh 5 udkxnfhrwGufygu 'kwd,tjrifrSmudkufnDrIt&SdqHk;jzpfonf/ xdkwifjyrIrSm wrefawmf 15;12 yifjzpfonfESifh wlonf/

���� NASB ]]odkYaomfxifay:olrsm;xHomvQif igwdwfwqdwfjyK\}} NKJV ]]odkYaomfxifay:olrsm;xHomvQif igwdwfwqdwfjyK\}} NRSB (todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH&ol acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wdwfwqdwfawGUqHkjcif;omjzpf

aomfvnf;) TEV ]]acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wdwfwqdwf awGUqHk&mü}} NJB ]]igonf acgif;aqmifvkyfolrsm;a&SUü wdwfwqdwfwifjy\}} tpyxrü wdwfwqdwfawGUqHkrIwpfck&SdonfhtaMumif;wrefawmf 15 ü&SmonfhtcgpdwftaESmifht,Sufjzpf p&mawGU&onf/ rnfodkYjzpfapwrefawmf 15;2 ESifh i,f 6 wkdYonf xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGUqHkrIudk &nfñGef;Edkifonf/ toif;awmftwGif;*sL;bmom0ifrsm; (vlwpfa,mufu,fwifjcif;&&ef yxrOD;pGm*sL;wpf a,mufjzpf& rnf[kawmif;qdkrIrsm;)pdrfh0ifvmcJhNyDjzpfojzifh? toif;awmfwpfckvHk;ESifhcsufcsif;awGUqHkjcif;xuf acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh yxrqHk;awGUqHkjcif;aMumifh ydkrdkem;vnfoabmaygufrIjzpfap&ef aygvkxdkodkYjyKjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

aygvkESifh a,½k&Svif&Sdwrefawmfrsm;tMum;wif;rmrIudktvGeftuRHtom;ay;aom*smrPDEdkifiHrS wlbif *sif- Tübingen "r®ynm&Sifrsm;aMumifhjzpfEdkifaomtBuHjyKcsuftcsdKUrMumcifESpfumvrsm;ü "r®ynm&SiftcsdKUjyKcJhMu onf/ a,½k&Svifacgif;aqmifrsm;udk &nfñGef;onfhaygvk\ rBuHKpzl;awGU&onfh 2;2ç6 (ESpfcg) ESifh ti,f 9 wdkY&Sd pum;pk oHk;ckwdkYrSm oa&mfaompum;rsm;vdkvdkjzpfonf/ tcsufoHk;csufudk pdwfxJxm;&if;þpum;pkwdkYudk½Iwf csaom toHk; tEIef;rsm;tjzpf½IjrifEdkifonf/

1/ aygvkonf wpfq,fESpfyg;wdkYESifh wif;rmrIwpHkw&m&Sdír[kwfbJ? rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;wdkY onfaygvkudkwefbdk;csap&efrl&if;wpfq,fhESpfyg;wdkYudktvGeftuRHtav;teufjyKjcif;udkajymonf

2/ wrefawmf0w¬K 8;1 üawGU&onfhtwdkif;wrefawmftcsdKUüwpfurÇmvHk;omoemjyKvkyfief;udkppf rSefpGm oabmaygufrIr&Sdjcif;ESifh odkYr[kwf*vmwd 2;11-14 wkdYawGU&onfhtwkdif; a,½k&SvifNrdKU rS a&mufvmoltcsdKUaMumifh ayw½konf wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh twlxrif;pm;aeonfudk &Sufp&maumif;pGm &yfwHhz,fcGgoGm;jcif;ponfwkdYaMumifh aygvkudk,fwdkiftrSefyif olwdkYay: pdwfysufoGm;jcif;jzpfEdkif onf/

3/ tqdkygpum;pkwdkYonf wrefawmfwkdYudk r&nfñGef;/ odkYaomfolwdkYüvkyfydkifcGifhtmPm&Sdonf[kqdk aom tjcm;toif;awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk &nfñGef;onf/ odkYr[kwfxdkpum;pkwdkYonfwrefawmf tcsdKUudkomvQif &nfñGef;onf/

���� NASB, TEV ]]taMumif;rSmigaqmif&GufcJhNyD;t&mrsm;ESifhaqmif&GufvwHhaomt&mrsm;tcsnf;ESD; rjzpfap&ef}}

60

NKJV ]]igaqmif&GufcJhNyD;t&mrsm;ESifh aqmif&GufvwHhaom t&mrsm;rnfonfhenf;ESifh rQtcsnf;ESD; rjzpfap&ef/}}

NRSB ]]igaqmif&GufcJhNyD;t&mrsm;ESifh aqmif&GufvwHhaom t&mrsm;tcsnf;ESD; r[kwfaMumif; aocsmap&ef}}

NJB ]]igtwnfjyKcJhNyD;aomt&mESifhtwnfjyKvwHhaomt&monf cGifhjyKjcif; rcHjzpfoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfojzifh}}

¤if;rSmaygvkonfa,½k&Svifacgif;aqmifrsm;\ "r®oabma&;&m twnfjyKcsuf ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;udk

&nfñTef;jcif; r[kwfaMumif; ay:vGifonf/ odkYjzpfygutaMumif;t&mwpfckvHk;ESifh qefYusifbufjzpfoGm;ayrnf/ odkYaomfwyg; trsKd;om;rsm;txJomoemjyKaqmif&GufrIrSm ab;tEÅ&m,f&ifqdkifae&NyD; (2aum 7;14/ 9;9) aygvkonf tm;vHk;\ oabmwlnDrI& vdrfhrnf[karQmfvifhum? xdkodkYvnf;qkawmif;cJhojzifh xdkodkYvnf; &&SdcJhonfomjzpf\/ aygvkonf ae&mwumütvm;wlpdk;&drf&onf (zdvdyÜd 2;16/ 1ouf 3;5)/

2;3 ]]odkYaomfigESifhtwl&Sdaom wdwkyifvQif *&dvlrsdK;jzpfaomfvnf; ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;twif;t"r®rcH apMu}} þtwdkif;yifvQif ¤if;\qdkvdk&if;rSm ar;cGef;xkwfp&may:aygufonf/

1/ ti,f 5 ürl&if;vufa&;usrf;rsm;ü ]]r}} pum;csefxm;aom uGJjym;jcm;em;rIwpfcktaemufwkdif; rl&if; vufa&;usrf;rsm;ü txl;ojzifhvufa&;usrf; D üawGU&onf/

2/ ti,f 4 onf roJruGJjzpfojzifh aygvkonftwif;tMuyfjyKcH&ír[kwfbJ? ol\vGwfvyfrIudkjy &efwdwkudkta&zsm;vSD;jzwfaponf[kqdkMuonf/

rnfodkYjzpfap¤if;onf aygvktusdK;taMumif;&Sif;jyítjiif;tcHkvkyfrIwpf&yfvHk;zsufpD;ypfonf/ aygvkonf *sL;wpfydkif;jzpfolwdarmaoudkta&zsm;vSD;cHapjcif;aMumifh (wrefawmf 16;3)wkdufcdkufcH&NyD;jzpfum? wdwkudk ta&zsm;vSD;jcif; cHap&efukdrl wpfrdepfrQyifjzpfapemcHrnfr[kwfacs/ trSefpifppfþudpörSm ta&zsm;vSD;jcif; udpöomvQif r[kwfbJ (a&mr 2;28-29 ESifh *vmwd 6;15) vlwpfa,mufbk&m;ocifESifh rnfuJhodkY rSefuef&rnfenf;qdkonfh udpöjzpfonf/ *vmwdMo0g'pmüaygvkonf vkyfaqmifrIudkOD;wnf aom*sL;rsm;ESifh *sL;bmom0ifwdkYudk aus;Zl;awmftm;OD;wnfaoma,½I\{0H a*vdw&m;ESifh EIdif;,SOfjyoonf/

2;4 NASB ]]odkYaomfnDtpfudkrSefr[kwfaom? vQdKU0SufpGm0ifvmonfhol nDtpfudkrSefrsm;aMumifhjzpfonf/}} NKJV ]]odkYaomfvQdKU0SufpGm0ifvmaomnDtpfudkrSefr[kwfaomolrsm;aMumifh þt&mjzpfyGm;\}} NRSV ]]odkYaomfvQdKU0SufpGm0ifvmaomnDtpfukda,mifaqmifolrsm;aMumifh}} TEV ]]nDtpfudkrsm;[efaqmifí tkyfpkxJ0ifvmolrsm;}} NJB ]]xdkar;cGef;xkwfrIrSmnDtpfudkr[kwfbJ? cdk;aMumifckd;0Suf0ifvmolrsm;aMumifhomjzpf&onf}}

nDtpfudkrSefr[kwfaom þolrsm;taMumif;tjcm;ae&mrsm;üvnf; azmfjyonf (wrefawmf 15;1?5/ 2aum 11;13? 26 ESifh 1ouf 2;14-16)/ VERBALyHkpHwdkYrSmtjyKcHBud,m -PASSIVE jzpfNyD;? wpfpHkwpfa,muftm;jzifh ckd;0ifvmMuonf[kqdkvkdonf/ jzpfEdkifacs&Sdolrsm;rSm

1/ r,HkMunfaom*sL;rsm; 2/ ,k'bmom0ifrsm;[kac:aom,HkMunfol*sL;vlrsdK; *dkPf;wpf*dkPf; 3/ pmwefudk,fwdkif

61

]]nDtpfudkrSefr[kwf}} [laoma0g[m& (pseudadelphous) rSm ]]acgif;aqmifrSefr[kwf}} –false leadership

(pseudoprophētai and pseudodidaskaloi) [k&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfNyD; 2ay 2;1 üoHk;aomaygif;pyfa0g[m&rsm;ESifh qifwl onf/ *&daeYpOfoHk;pum;wGif þa0g[m&oHk;EIef;yHkrSm NrdKUwpfNrdKU\tumtuG,fjyKyHkudkMunfh&efNrdKUxJodkY &efolrsm;ckd; 0ifvmonfudkulnDaomopömazgufrsm;udk&nfñTef;onf/

teufjyef&mü tjcm;jyóemwpfckrSm tqdkygopömazgufrsm;0ifvm&mt&yfjzpfonf/ nDtpfudkrSefr [kwfol rsm;cdk;0if&mae&monf/

1/ a,½k&Sviftoif;awmf 2/ a,½k&Svif"r®nDvmcH 3/ tEÅdtkwftoif;awmf þtusOf;csKH;teufjyefusrf;ü taotcsmrajymEdkifojzifh ighpumEGm;&oabmajymcGifhr&Sdacs/

����•]]c&pfawmfa,½ItxJigwdkY&aomvGwfvyfrIudkvQdKU0SufpHkprf;íigwdkYudkjyefvnfuRefcHapjcif;iSg}} aygvk tav;teufjyKaom c&pfawmftxJvGwfvyfrIrSm ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf (wrefawmf 13;39? *vm 5;1?13)/ þae&mü*sL;acgif;aqmifrsm; a[maompnf;rsOf;? pnf;urf;rsm;udkqdkvdkNyD;? aemufydkif; tcef;BuD;rsm;xJ tus,fcsJUazmfjyaom t,l0g'jzpfonf/ igwdkYonf c&pfawmftxJppfrSefpGm vGwfajrmufMuonfrSefaomfvnf; igwdkY\vGwfvyfrIrSm tjypftukodkvfrsm; vkyfydkifcGifhr[kwfacs (a&mr 14;1-15;13 ESifh 1aum&dEÅK 8-10)/ {0Ha*vdw&m;ü yifudk,ftm;jzifhyg&Sdaom vGwfvyfrIESihf wm0ef0w¬&m;tMum;wif;rmrItaMumif;udk aum&dEÅK toif;awmftwGuf ]]wm0ef0w¬&m;}} udktav;teufxm;azmfjyrIESifh *vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;twGuf ]vGwfvyfrI} udktav;ay;azmfjyrIwdkYonf &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyonf/ ESpfckpvHk;rSefonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk o[Zmwjzpfatmif udkifpGJ&efjzpfonf/ 2;5 ]]odkYaomfigwkdYonf olwdkY\MoZmudkwpfem&DrQyifremcHMuacs}} ]]igwdkY}} qkdonfrSm aygvkESifh AmeA udk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpf&ayrnf/ wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;onf ,HkMunfajymif;vJNyD;onfhaemuf ta&zsm;vSD;&efvdktyfonf (arma&S\ynwådusrf;ay:wm0ef&Sdonf) [laomtcsufudkqefYusif&müolwdkYoabmwlnDñGwfMuonf/

]]r}} rSm vufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh P46, א, B, C, D1, F ESifhG (UBS4onf¤if;\yg&SdrIpHEIef;udk ]]A }} tqifh-aocsmowfrSwfonf) ¤if;rSmajcmuf&mpkESpfvufa&;rl D2 ESifh Old Latin Version wkdYudkjyifqifolrsm;\ csefxm;rIomvQifjzpfonf/ aygvkonf{zuf 5;21 ütcsif;csif;wpfa,mufudkwpfa,mufemcHMu&ef tav;teuf ajymaomfvnf; þudpöürlemcH&eftcdkiftrmqefYusif&jcif;rSmtqdkyg ]nDtpfudkrSefr[kwfolrsm;} onfc&pf,mef tppftrSefrsm;r[kwf[k ol,HkMunfaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuefaom&yfwnfrI twGufrdrdwdkYtm; xkwfrIrsm;udktajcjyKolwdkY onfppfrSefaomc&pf,mefr[kwf[laom rdrd,HkMunfcsufudkaygvktcdkiftrmjyKonf (*vm 1;8-9? 5;2-12? a&mr 10;2-5 ESifh 1ouf 2;14-16)/ tqHk;tjzwfay;aomar;cGef;rSm ]olwdkYonfrnfolYay:,HkMunf tm;xm;oenf;/ olwkdYudk,folwdkYay:rSmavm? odkYr[kwf c&pfawmfay:rSmavm? [líjzpfonf/ ����•]]{0Ha*vdw&m;\or®mw&m;onfoifwdkYüwnfNrJap&ef}} omoemyvlrsdK;rsm;tay:omoemvkyfief;quf vufa&;twGuf þtcsufrSmtajccHjzpfojzifh ao;i,faomudpör[kwfacs/ or®mw&m;qdkonfrSm "r®opfusrf;ü xdkrQta&;BuD;aompum;vHk;jzpfonf/ atmufygtxl;acgif;pOfüMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aygvka&;aompmrsm;&Sd ]or®mw&m;} þa0g[m&tm; aygvkoHk;EIef;jcif;ESifh ¤if;ESifhqufpyfonfh toHk;tEIef;rsm;onf "r®a[mif;usrf;ESifh t"dyÜg,fnDrQ aom emet rSvmjcif;jzpfNyD; ,HkMunftm;xm;xdkufonfU (0g) opöm&Sdonf[k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ (BDB 53)/ *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;\ or®musrf;pmqkdif&mta&;tom;rsm;ü¤if;udk trSm;ESifhqefYusifbuf jzpfaom or®mw&m;ESifhqdkifí

62

oHk;onf/ ¤if;ESifhteD;pyfqHk;tvm;wl toHk;tEIef;rSm the Dead Sea Scrolls ac:yifv,faoa'orS aemufqHk;awGY&Sdaom om;a&usrf; tvdyfrsm;ü yg0ifonfH ]]aus;Zl;awmf csD;rGrf;&m "r®a[mif;rsm;}} jzpfNyD;? ¤if;ü zGifhjycJhNyD;aom Mo0g'rsm;ESifhqdkifaom toHk;tEIef;rsm;jzifh a&;om;onf/ xdkvlUtzGJUtpnf;\ tzGJU0ifrsm;onf ]]or®mw&m;\ oufaorsm;}} jzpfvmonf/ aygvkonf xdka0g[m&tm; a,½Ic&pfawmf\ {0Ha*vdw&m;&Sd &nfnTef;&eftoHk;jyKrnf/ 2;6 NASB ]]odkYaomftvGefxifay:aomolwdkYxHrS}} NKJV ]]odkYaomfta&;BuD;oljzpf[ef&SdolwdkYrSm rnfolawGyifjzpfap}} NRSV ]]todtrSwfjyKcHacgif;aqmifrsm;qdkaomxdkolrsm;xHrS}} TEV ]]odkYaomfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh wlaomolwdkY}} NJB ]]todtrSwfjyKcHacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaomolwdkYonf}} þpum;pkonf (1) wpfq,fhESpfyg;wdkYteuf tcsdKU? odkYr[kwf (2) a,½k&Sviftoif;awmf&Sdacgif;aqmif tcsdKUwdkYjzpfayrnf/ aygvkt"duajymvdkonfrSmolwdkY\ qefYusifrIonf bk&m;ocif\ac:zdwfrIjzifholUudkay;aom tyfESif;aom{0Ha*vdw&m;udkxdcdkufjcif;r&Sd[líjzpfonf/ odkYaomf F.F. Brue onf War of the Jews [laom Josephus

\pmtkyf 3.453; 4.141, 159 udk ñTef;um ]][ef&Sdonf}} pum;\t"dyÜg,frSm tcgcyfodrf;ü uJh&Jjcif;oabmrouf a&muf[k&Sif;vif;onf/ ����•]]bk&m;ocifonfrsufESmrvdkufwwf}} "r®a[mif;usrf;\w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m wifpm;rI\ rlvt"dyÜg,frSm (w&m;a[m 10; 17/ 2&mZ0ifcsKyf 19;7) ]]rsufESmarmhonf}} [líjzpf\(0wfjyK 19;15/ w&m;a[m 1;17/ 16;19? wrefawmf 10;34)/ aygvkonfw&m;olBuD;rsm;pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufcs&mürsufESmvdkufrI (0g) pGyfpGJolbufrStxl; &yfwnfrIudk&nfñTef;onf/ bk&m;ocifürlxdkodkYrsufESmvdkufjcif;r&Sdacs (a&mr 2;11? {zuf 6;9? aum 3;25? 1ay 1;17)/ NASB, NRSV ]]ighudktaxmuftuljyKonfr[kwf}} NKJV ]]ightwGufbmrQjznfhpGufay;onfr[kwf}} TEV ]]ighudktBuHopfay;onfr[kwf}} NJB ]]iga[majymaomowif;aumif;twGufbmudkrQrjznfhpGuf}}

þae&müaygvkt"dutcdkiftrmajymonfrSmoludk,fwdkifESifh ol\{0Ha*vdw&m;onf wq,fhESpfyg;odkYr [kwf rdcifa,½k&Sviftoif;awmfESifh vGwfuif;aMumif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onfwpfq,fhESpfyg; (0g) a,½k&Sviftoif; awmfudk ao;odrfapjcif;r[kwfbJ? aygvk&&Sdaomac:zdwfjcif;ESifh zGifhjyawmfrljcif;\ oabmobm0udk tav;t euf jyKjcif;jzpfonf/

2;7 ]]xdkodkYjzpf&rnfhtpm; igudkvnf; ta&zsm;vDS;jcif; rcHaomolrsm;twGuf {0Ha*vdw&m;udk tyfaMumif;odvsuf}} aygvka&;aompmrsm;\ t"dutcsufwpfcktjzpf 1;10 üpcJhaom taMumif;t&mudk qufvufajym&efjzpfonf/ a,½k&SvifrS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf aygvktaMumif;jrif&Mum;&onfhtcg bk&m;ocifonf olYudkac:NyD; a&G;cs,faMumif; twnfjyKMuonf/ ]]olwdkY}} qdkonfrSm ti,f 9 üazmfjycJhNyD;aom wrefawmfwdkYudk yif&nfñGef;onf/ ]]ightm; tyfESif;cJhaMumif;}} rSm PERFECT PASSIVE VERBAL yHkpHjzpfNyD;? aygvkonf bk&m;ocif\ac:zdwfrIESifh 0dnmOfawmf\ cGeftm;ay;rIaMumifh {0Ha*vdw&m;\

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b@mpdk;tjzpfvkyfaqmifrI qufvufoGm;aMumif; tav;teufjyKjcif;jzpfonf (1aum 9;17? 1ouf 2;4? 1wd 1;11? wdwk 1;3)/ aygvkonfwyg; trsdK;om;rsm;twGufwrefawmfwpfyg;tjzpf ac:zdwfcH&aMumif; tjcm;aemufxyf usrf;ydk'frsm;onfvnf;axmufulay;onf (wref 9;15? a&mr 1;5? 11;13? 15;16? *vm 1;16? {zuf 3;8? 1wd 2;7? 2wd 4;17)/ ����•]]ayw½k ... enf;wl}} ti,f 7 ESifh 8 wdkYü ]ayw½k} [laompum;vHk;oHk;jcif;onf *vmwdMo0g'pmüroHk; pzl;jzpfonf/ *vmwdMo0g'pmwpfckvHk;ü ayw½kudkemrnfjzifhazmfjyonfhtcg tm&rdvdk ]ausmufaqmif} jzpfaom ]auz} [kac:onf (1;18/ 2;9? 11? 14)/ odkYaomf þae&mürl rl&if;rSm ]ayw½k} jzpf[ef&SdNyD;? ESpfckvHk;rSm t"dyÜg,f wlemrnfrsm;jzpfonf/ 2;8 o'gydkif;qdkif&m ½IyfaxG;aomtoHk;tEIef;rsm;teufti,f 1-10 &SdaemufxyfuGif;wpfckyg0ifNyD; wnfae&myx0D qkdif&m odkYr[kwfvlrsdK;qkdif&mwpfckckjzpfayrnf (ti,f 9)/ ayw½kESifh aygvkESpfOD;pvHk;ü bk&m;ocif\cefYtyfrIudk,fpD ESifh jzpfonf/ 2;9 ]]ighudkvnf; ta&zsm;vSD;jzwfolrsm;twGuf {0Ha*vdw&m;udk tyfaMumif; odvQufaxmufwdkif rsm;tjzpf xifay:olrsm;jzpfaom,mukyf? auzESifh a,m[efwdkYonfigESifh AmeAtm;...vusfmvuf rdwfo[m, udkay;Mu\/}} þ ]axmufwdkif} wkdYrSm a,½k&Svif&Sdc&pf,meftoif;awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ þbGJUemrudk a&mrNrdKUom;uvDrif; - Clement of Rome (at'D 95 üa&;onf) ESifh tdewD;,m;pf – Ignatius wdkYonf ]wrefawmf} the Apostles– ESifh qdkifíoHk;EIef;cJhMuonf/ Asm'dwf 3;12 üvnf;aocsmoHk;EIef;onf/ &AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;onf tmNA[H ESifh arma&SwdkYudka&;om;azmfjy&mü þpum;vHk;udkoHk;EIef;cJhMu&mu pwifvmcJhjcif; jzpfyHk&onf/ aygvkonf rdrdrSmvGwfvyf½Hkomrutenf;qHk;tm;jzifhwrefawmfrsm; (ayw½kESifh a,m[efwdkYrSm a,½I\twGif;vl tjzpfyg0if olrsm;jzpfonf) teuftcsdKUonf bk&m;ocifay;aom rdrd\ tcGifhtmPmudk todtrSwfjyKjyNyD;? vusmfvufrdwfo[m, ay;jcif;jzifhtwnfjyKMuonf[kqdkum rdrd\ tqdkudkaemufwpfcg xyfrHHjyKvdkufonf/ þ,mukyfrSm wpfq,fhESpfyg;xJur[kwfbJa,½I\ wpf0ufnDESifh a,½k&Svif toif;awmf acgif;aqmifjzpfonf (wrefawmf 15)/ ]]axmufwkdifrsm;tjzpfxifay:olrsm;}} [kqdk&mwGiftysufoabmjzifhac:qdkjcif;r[kwfbJ? q&morm;rSef r[kwfolrsm;onf aygvktm;pGyfpGJrIudk ñTef;qdkjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ þae&müaygvkonf þacgif;aqmifoHk;OD;udk avsmh wGufvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ rdrdESifh AmeAwkdY\ trIawmfvkyfief;udkolwdkYtay:wiftodtrSwfjyKaMumif; av;eufatmifajym jcif;jzpfonf/ ����•]]ighudkay;aomaus;Zl;awmf}} Bud,mrSm AORIST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ 1;15 ü ]aus;Zl;awmf} ESifh ]0dnmOfawmf} qufpyfyHkudkowdjyKyg/ ����•]],mukyf}} atmufygtxl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / a,½I\fnD,mukyf u/ olUudk ]]ajzmifhrSefol,mukyf}} [kac:NyD; aemufydkif;wGif ]ukvm;tkwf'l;} [kemrnfajymifjzifhac:Mu onf/taMumif;rSmolonf'l;axmufNyD;? tNrJwapqkawmif;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ (Hegesippus [k Eusebiusudk;um;azmfjyonf/) c/ a,½Ixíjyef&Sifonftxdwdkif ,mukyfrSm,HkMunfolr[kwfacs (rmuk 3;21? a,m[ef 7;5)/ jyef&Sifí xNyD;aemufa,½Iudk,fwdkifolYqDoGm;a&mufay:vmonf (1aum 15;7)/

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*/ txufcef;ü wynfhawmfwdkYESifh twlol&Sdonf (wref1;14)/ yifawukwåaeYwGif 0dnmOfawmfa&mufvmcsdefü vnf; ol&SdaeEkdifygonf/ C/oltdrfaxmifjyKonf (1aum 9;5)/ i/ aygvkonf olUudkaxmufwdkifBuD;wpfcktjzpfazmfjyaomfvnf; (*vm 1;19) wpfq,fhESpfyg;xJürl ryg0ifacs (*vm 2;9/ wref 12;17/ 15;13)/ p/ a,m&Szwf –Josephus onf Antiquites of the Jews, 20.9.1 üajymonfrSm Z'KuJwdkY\ omoemhcHk½Hk- Sadducees of the Sannedrin \trdefYjzifh olUudkat? 'D 62 ü ausmufwHk;ESifh ypfowfonf[kajym&m tjcm;qdk½dk;pOfvmwpfck('kwd,&mpkESpf pma&;q&mrsm;jzpfaom tvufZ`Em;NrdKUom;uvDrifh odkYr[kwf Hegesippus) urlAdrmefawmftkwfwHwdkif;ESifh aqmifhowfcH&onf[kqdkonf/ q/ a,½ItaocHNyD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmyifa,½I\trsdK;wpfa,mufudk a,½k&Sviftoif;awmfacgif;aqmif cefYtyfonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / KOINŌNIA ]]rdwfom[m&}} þa0g[m&(koinonia) \t"dyÜg,frSm 1/ vlyk*¾dKvfESifheD;uyfpGm oufqdkifonf/ (u) om;awmfESifh (1a,m 1;6? 1aum 1;9) (c) 0dnmOfawmfESifh (2aum 13;13? zdvdyÜd 2;1) (*) crnf;awmf? om;awmfESifh (1a,m 1;3) (C) y#dOmOfcH0iftjcm;nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;ESifh/ (1a,m 1;7? wref2;24? *vm2;9? zdav17) 2/ t&m0x¬Krsm; odkYr[kwf t&m0x¬Ktkyfpkrsm;ESifh eD;uyfpGmoufqdkifonf/ (u) {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;ESifh (zdvdyÜd 1;5? zdvdrkef6) (c) c&pfawmf\ taoG;awmfESifh (1aum 10;16) (*) arSmifrdkufESifh roufqdkif (2aum 6;14) (C) 'ku©qif;&JESifh (zdvdyÜd 3;10? 4;14? 1ay 4;13) 3/ &ufa&mpGmjyKaom vufaqmifodkYr[kwf tultnD/ (a&mr 12;13? 15;26? 2aum 8;4? 9;13? zdvdyÜd 4;15? a[NAJ 13;16) 4/ vlom;ESifh bk&m;ocif? vlom;ESifh ol\nDtpfudk armifESrrsm; tMum; rdó[m, jyefvnf azmfaqmifaom c&pfawmfrSwqifh bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfvufaqmif ¤if;onf vlom;\ a'gifvdkufqufqHa&; (vlom;ESifhzefqif;&Sif)tm;jzifh jzpfvmaom tvsm;vdkufqufqHa&;udk (vlom;tcsif;tcsif;) udk ajymonf/ xdkYjyif c&pf,mef vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGuf vdktyfcsufESifh0rf;ajrmufrItwGufudkvnf; tav;teufjyKonf/ Bud,mrsm;u vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; þtcsuftm; pwifcHpm;jcif;ESifh qufvufawGYMuHKcHpm;oGm;jcif;udk txl;jyKonf/ (1;3) (ESpfcg) 6?7)/ c&pf,mefqdkonfrSm tpktaygif;ESifhjzpfonf/

����•]]igwdkYonfwyg;trsdK;om;wdkYxHvnf;aumif;? olwkdYonf ta&;zsm;vSD;jcif;cH olrsm;xH oGm;&ef vnf;aumif;}} ¤if;onf rlvtm;jzifhh yx0Dae&ma'oudk ajymjcif;jzpfNyD;? vlrsdK;udkajymjcif; r[kwfacs/ ygvufpwdkif;jynfxJü wpfyg;trsdK;om;rsm;&SdNyD;? ygvufpwdkif;jyifywGifvnf; *sL;rsm;&Sdonf/ aygvk\ toif;awmfrsm;pGmwdkYü ESpfrsdK;pvHk;a&maESmonf/ taMumif;rSmNrdKUopfwpfckodkY aygvka&mufvmonfhtcg w&m;a[m&ef ,k'w&m;Z&yfodkY yxrOD;qHk; oGm;avh&Sdonf/ 2;10 ]]olwdkYonfqif;&Jom;rsm;udkowd&&efwpfckudkomigwdkYtm;ajymygonf}} a,½k&SvifNrdKUxJ&Sdqif; &Jolrsm; udktxl;tvSLaiGwpfcktEÅdtkwftoif;awmfrSydkY&ef[laom t,ltqwpfckaygvkyxrqHk;Mum; odcJhonf (wref 11;27-30)/ olonf ¤if;udkwpfyg;trsdK;om;toif;awmfrsm;odkYydkY&ef pDrHudef;wpfcktjzpf

65

qufvufonf (wrefawmf 27;17/ 1aum 16;1-2/ 2aum 8;9/ a&mr15;25-27)/*vmwd 2onf wrefawmf 15 ESifh wpfNydKifwnf; qdkvQifwrefawmf 15;23-29 udkrdwfo[m,qkdif&m pnf;urf;csufrsm; tjzpf tb,faMumifhr&Sif;vif; oenf;qkdonfhar;cGef;rSmydkrdkcufcJvmonf/ xdkYtjyifþwpfcga,½k&Svif odkYoGm;jcif;onfwrefawmf 11;27-30 ESifh NydKifwljzpfonf[laom tqdktwGufþtcef;i,fudk½Ijrifolrsm; pGm&Sdonf/

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 2;11-21 11odkYaomftEÅDtkwfodkYauza&mufvmonfhtcg olütjypfwifp&m awGU&ojzifh olUa&SUüyif igqefY usifbuf jyKonf/ 12taMumif;rSm ,mukyfxHrSvltcsdKUra&mufrDwyg;trsKd;om;rsm;ESifh oltwl xrif;pm; aomfvnf; olwdkYa&mufvmonfh tcgürlta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cHoltzGJUudkaMumufojzifh aemufqkwfí cyfwef; wef;aeonf/ 13usef*sL;vlrsdK;wkdYonf ol\[efaqmifrIudkvdkufjcif;aMumifh AmeAyifvQifolwdkY\ [ef aqmifrIaemuf ygoGm;onf/ 14odkYaomf{0Ha*vdw&m;\or®mw&m;twdkif;worwfwnf; rusifhaMumif; igjrifaomtcg tm;vHk;\ a&SUarSmufüyif auzudkigajymvsuf/ *sL;vlrsdK;jzpfaomoifonf wyg;trsdK; tjzpfaeNyD;? *sL;uJhodkY raecJhbl;qdkvQif? wyg;trsdK;om;wdkYudk *sL;vlrsdK;uJhodkYae&ef tb,faMumifh twif; jyKoenf;/ 15igwkdYonfZmwdtm;jzifh *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfNyD;? tjypf&Sdaomwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;r[kwfMuacs/ 16odkYaomf vlonfynwfw&m;ESifh qdkifaomtusifhtm;jzifhr[kwfyJ? c&pfawmfa,½Iudk ,HkMunfjcif;rS wpfqifhajzmifhrwf&modkY a&mufonfudkodvsuf? ynwfw&m;qdkif&m tusifhtm;jzifh r[kwfbJc&pfawmfudk ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwf&modkY a&mufapjcif;iSg? igwkdYyifvQifc&pfawmfa,½Iudk,HkMunfMuNyD/ ynwfw&m;qkdif&m tusifhtm;jzifhrnfolrQajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufrnfr[kwfacs/ 17odkUaomf c&pfawmftxJ ajzmifhrwfjcif;&&ef &SmazGaepOfrdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif tjypfom;rsm;jzpfaMumif;awGU &onfrSefvQifc&pf awmf onf tjypfw&m;udkjyKpkoavm/ xkdodkYrjzpfEdkif/ 18taMumif;rSm wpfcgrdrdzsufqD;cJhaomt&mudk igjyef vnfwnfaqmufonfqdkvQif igonfrdrdudk,frdrdtjypfusL;vGefoljzpfaMumif;jyonf/ 19taMumif;rSm ig onfbk&m;ocifü touf&SifEdkif&ef ynwfw&m;tm;jzifhynwfw&m;bufüaoqHk;\/ 20igonfc&pfawmf ESifhtwlvuf0g;uyfwdkifrSm ½dkufjcif;cHcJhNyDjzpfí touf&SifaeolrSm igr[kwfbJc&pfawmfonf ightxJt ouf&Sif\/cE©mudk,fü ig,cktouf&Sifaom toufonfighudkcspfí ightwGuf rdrdudk,frdrday;ol? bk&m; ocif\om;awmfudk,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhtouf&Sif\/ 21igonf bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmf udkry,f/ taMumif;rSmynwfw&m;tm;jzifhajzmifhrwfjcif;&onfrSefvQif?c&pfawmfonfrvdktyfbJtaocH&NyD/

2;11 ]]odkYaomftEÅDtkwfrS auza&mufvmonfhtcg}} tEÅDtkwfodkYauzoGm;onfhtcsdefrod&acs/ tcsdKUynm&Sifrsm;onf xdkvnfywfrIrsm;rSm a,½k&SvifnDvmcHHNyD;NyD;csif;jzpfonf[kqdkMuNyD;? tcsdKUurl ¤if;rwdkif rDjzpfrnf [kqdkMuonf/ ¤if;\tcsdefumvazmfjyyHkrSm ckESpfouú&mZftm;jzifh tpDtpOfrusacs/ xdkumvü vufawGUusifhoHk;rIydkif;qdkif&m jyóemrsm;rajz&Sif;&ao; aomumvjzpfojzifh wrefawmf 15 &Sd"r®nDvmcH aemufydkif;jzpfEdkifygonf/ rnfodkYjzpfap aygvkESifh ol\{0Ha*vdw&m;udk xdknDvmcHü twnfjyKNyD;aemufü ayw½kxdkodkYjyKrIonfrSm pOf;pm;&cufonf (2;9? wrefawmf 15;6-11)/ xdkYaMumifh¤if;onf wmrefawmf 11 &Sd½lyg½HkudkyifñTef;onf[k,lqp&maemufwpfrsdK;&Sdjyef onf/ ����•]]olUa&SUüyifigqefYusifbufjyKonf}} aygvkonf a,½k&Svif&Sdwrefawmfrsm;ESifh rdrdwlnDaMumif;? olwdkYESifh qdkifí vGwfvyfaMumif;tcdkiftrmjyK&ef þtcsufudkOyrmtjzpftoHk;jyKonf/ ¤if;rSmjyif;xefaom tD'D,H (pum;vHk; twdkif;t"dyÜg,frxGufaom) oHk;EIef;yHkjzpfonf ({zuf 6;13/ ,mukyf4;7)/

66

���� NASB ]]tjypfwifp&mawGU&ojzifh}} NKJV ]]tjypfwifbdkYjzpfaeojzifh}} NRSV ]]olUudk,foltjypfwifaeojzifh}} TEV ]]olaocsmpGmrSm;,Gif;ojzifh}} NJB ]]ol\rSm;,GifrIay:vGifojzifh}} þpum;pkrSm PERIPHRASTIC PLUPERFECT PASSIVE VERB jzpfNyD;jzpfysufcJhNyD;? twnfjzpfcJhNyD;aomt&m ESifh jyifyya,m*aMumifhjyKjcif;jzpfonf[k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ þpdwfaeoabmxm; twdkif;ayw½k qufvuf onf[krqdkvdkacs/ wrefawmfrsm;tkyfpk\acgif;aqmifyifvQifrSm;,Gif;onfudkowdjyKyg/ wrefawmfwdkYonf,HkMunf pdwfcs&aomxm0&pmrsm;a&;om;&ef0dnmOfawmf\rIwfoGif;cH&olrsm;jzpfaomfvnf;olwdkYtjypfrvkyf? tjcm;udpö rsm;ü nHhzsif;aoma&G;cs,frIrsm;rjyKvkyfcJhbl;Mu[laomoabmvHk;0r[kwfacs/ 2;12 ]],mukyfxHrSvltcsdKUra&mufrD}} xdk ]]tcsdKUaomvl}} wdkYrSm a,½k&Sviftoif;om;rsm;jzpfyHk&aomfvnf; olwdkYü vkyfief;oabmt&tmPm&Sdr&SdrSm raocsmay/ ,mukyfapvTwfjcif;r[kwfaMumif;rSmrIxif&Sm;onf/ taMumif;rSm wyg;trsdK;om;c&pf,mefrsm;ESifh qdkifíaygvk\taetxm;udk ,mukyfvHk;0oabmwlcJhonf (wref 15;13-21)/ olwdkYrSm rdrdwdkY\vkyfydkifcGifhabmifudkausmfvGefaomtjypf&SmwwfonfhtzGJUjzpfonfESifh wlonf/ olwdkYrSma,½k&Svif "r®nDvmcHqHk;jzwfcsufwdkYudk rnfrQvkdufemMuaMumif;ppfaq;&efjzpfEdkifonf(wrefawmf 15;20-21)/ ,HkMunfol*sL; vlrsdK;wpfa,mufjzpfolayw½konf EIwfwdkufynwådusrf; (Talmud- wmrGwf)udk wdkuf½dkufcsdK; azgufNyD;vQif? wpfyg; trsdK;om;wdkYESifhtwlxrif;pm;aMumif;olwdkYrdoGm;cJhMuonf/ ayw½konf þudpöudk,cifüvnf;awGUBuHKcJhNyDjzpfonf (wrefawmf 11;1-18)/ xdkudpöonf a,½I&SdpOfuyiftao;trTm; udpör[kwfcJhacs (róJ 9;11/ 11;19/ vkum 19;1-10/ 15;2/ wrefawmf 15;28-29)/ ����•]]ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cHoltzGJUudkaMumufojzifhaemufqkyfícyfwef;wef;aeonf/}} þti,f 12 ü IMPERFECT VERB

(vkyfaeqJjyBud,m)oHk;ckawGU&onf/ yxrwpfckonf ayw½krSmwyg;trsdK;om; ,HkMunfolrsm;ESifhtwl xrif;pm;aeus jzpfaMumif;jyonf/ 'kwd,ESpfckurI a,½k&SvifrSmvmaomtzGJU a&mufvmonfhtcg wyg;trsdK;om; ,HkMunfolwdkYESifh rdrd\vlrIa&;qufoG,frIudk jyefvnf½kyfodrf; aMumif;jyonf/ ¤if;rSmwpfOD; csif;\ta&zsm;vSD;jcif; rajymbJarma&S\ynwådusrf;ESifh wyg;trsdK;om; ,HkMunfol topfrsm;\ qufoG,frIt aMumif;jzpfonf/ 2;13 ]]usef*sL;vlrsdK;wkdYonf ol\[efaqmifrIudkvkdufojzifh AmeAyifvQifolwdkY\ [efaqmifrI aemufygoGm;onf}} ,k'bmom0ifrsm;\tqdyfyrmjzpfaom tm½HkcHOD;rSifrsm;onfopömt&SdqHk;aomolrsm; udkyifvQif vTrf;rdk;xdckdufonf/ aygvkonfAmeA\ tjyKtrIaMumifhtrSefyifpdwfysufrdonf/ AmeAonfwyg; trsdK;om;rsm; tm;owif;aumif; a[mcJhNyD;vQif? vGwfvyfjcif;owif;aumif;udkwrefawmf 15 ückcHumuG,foGm; cJhonf/ þae&müjyóemrSm arma&S\ ynwådusrf;awmif;qdkrI rsm;rSmwyg;trsdK;om;,HkMunfolrsm; uif;vGwf aMumif; r[kwfbJ? þuif;vGwfonf*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;twGuf [kwfr[kwfjyóemjzpfonf/ ayw½kESifh AmeAwdkYvnf; arma&S\ ynwådusrf;tm;teufjyefonfh a&S;OD;xHk;wrf;pOfvmwkdYudk jiif;qefEdkifatmifuif;vGwfMuygovm;/ arma&S\ynwådusrf;ay: ayw½k\tjrif 3;19 \ txl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg/

67

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / AmeA 1/ vludk,fwdkif

(u) uk½k (Cyprus)uRef;üarG;onf (wrefawmf4;36)/ (c) av0dtrsdK;jzpfonf (wref 4;36)/ (*) emrnfajymifrSm ]]ESpfodrfhrI\om;}} (wref 4;36/ 11;23)/ (C) a,½k&Sviftoif;om;wpfa,muf (wref 11;22)/ (i) ya&mzufESifh q&m0dnmOfqk&onf (wref 13;1)/ (p) wrefawmfwpfOD;[kac:jcif;cH&onf (wref 14;14)/

2/ ol\trIawmfvkyfief; (u) a,½k&Svifü (1) olUajruGufudka&mif;íaiGtm;vHk;qif;&Jom;rsm;udkulnD&efwrefawmfrsm;xHtyfonf (wref 4;37)/ (2) a,½k&Sviftoif;awmfü acgif;aqmif (wref 11;22) (c) aygvkESifh oufqdkifí (1) aygvkajymif;vJaMumif;yxrqHk;,HkMunfolrsm;teuf wpfOD; (wref 9;27)/ (2) aygvkudk&Sm&ef wm½INrdKUodkYoGm;NyD;? tEÅDtkwfNrdKU&Sdtoif;awmfopfudkulnD&efolUudkoGm;ac:onf (wrefawmf 11;24-26)/ (3)tEÅdtkwftoif;awmfonfa,½k&Svif;toif;awmf&Sdqif;&Jom;rsm;twGuftultnDydkY&efAmeA ESifh a&SmvkwdkYudkapvTwfonf(wrefawmf 11;29-30)/ (4) AmeAESifh aygvkwdkYyxrOD;qHk;omoemjyKc&D;xGufJMuonf (wref 13;1-3)/ (5) AmeA onf uk½kuRef;&Sd ol\ZmwdtzGJUacgifaqmif;jzpfaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGifayg vkudkacgif; aqmiftjzpfodMuonf (wrefawmf 13;13)/ (6) wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;tMum;rdrdwdkY\omoemjyKvkyfief;udk&Sif;vif;&efESifhrSwfwrf;wif&efa,½k&S viftoif;awmfudk olwdkYowif;ydkYonf (wrefawmf 15 udk a,½k&SvifaumifpD[kac:onf)/ (7) *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\ tpm;taomufqkdif&mynwfcsufESifh wyg;trsdK;om;wkdYESifh aygif;oif;jcif;udpöü AmeAESifh aygvkwdkY yxrOD;qHk;oabmwmuGJvGJMuonf (*vm 2;11-14)/ (8) AmeAESifh aygvkwdkYonf 'kwd,tBudrfomoemjyKc&D;pOftwGufpDpOfcJhMuaomfvnf; olwdkY\ yxromoemjyKc&D;pOfwGif (wref 13;13) jyefvSnfhoGm;aom AmeA\wla,m[efrmuk-John

Mark(aum 4;10) aMumifhtjiif;yGm;cJhMuojzifholwdkYvrf;cGJoGm;cJhMuonf/ 'kwd,ajrmufomo emc&D;pOfwGifolYudkac:oGm;&efaygvkjiif;qefcJhojzifhtzGJUuGJoGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf (wref 15;36- 41)/¤if;onftzGJUESpfzGJJjzpfay:aponf/ (AmeAESifh a,m[efac:rmuktzGJU? aygvkESifh odvtzGJU)/

3/ toif;awmf\EIwf&mZ0if (Eusebius-tlpbD;pf) (u) AmeAonf a,½IapvTwfaomckepfq,fwkdYüyg0ifonf (vkum 10;1-20)/ (c) olYrdcifuRef;uk½kü,HkMunfjcif;jzifh towfcHonf/ (*) Tertullian – wmwdk&if; (ueOD;toif;awmfordkif;ynm&Sif) onfa[NAJMo0g'pmudk AmeAa&; onf[kqdkonf/ (C) Clement of Alexandria(ueOD;toif;awmf zcifBuD;wpfOD;) ESifhtvufZE`Em;NrdKUom;wmwl&ifh onfAmeAMo0g'pm[kac:aomor®musrf;pmürygonfhusrf;wpfusrf;rSmola&;om;jcif;jzpf onf[k qdkMuonf/

68

2;14 NASB, NKJ ]]worwfwnf;r&SdaMumif;}} NRSV ]]wnDwnf;rjyKrIaMumif;}} TEV ]]ajzmifhajzmifhroGm;aMumif;}} ¤if;\vHk;aphywfapht"dyÜg,frSm ]]ajzmifhwef;pGmvrf;avQmufonf}} [líjzpf\/ ¤if;üwifpm;rIESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ 1/ ]]vrf;avQmuf}} jcif;onftouf&Sifjcif;yHkpHudkqdkvkdonf/ 2/ ]]ajzmifhrwf}} &Sif;vif;aomajzmifhrwfjcif;vrf;udkvdkufívkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ (Oyrm? ajzmifhwef;aomwdkif;wm p&mwkwfwH/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ajzmifhrwfjcif; 2;21 ü-½I&ef)

����]]{0Ha*vdor®mw&m;}} txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aygvka&;aompmrsm;yg ]]or®mw&m; 2;5üMunfh½I/}}

����•]]trsm;a&SUarSmufüyifauzudkigajymvsuf}} toif;awmfudpörsm;udk xHk;pHtwdkif; wdwfwqdwfudkifwG,f&ef vkdtyfaomfvnf;ayw½k\ tjyKtrIonf {0Ha*vdw&m;\toJESvHk;udkxdonf/ ¤if;wdkufyGJonftEÅdtkwft oif;awmf wpfckvHk;xdcdkufcJhojzifh? toif;awmf\pnf;vHk;nDñTwfrIysufjym;jcif;udk ajz&Sif;&eftay:wifajymqdk&ef vdktyfonf (1wd 5;20)/ ����•]]*sL;vlrsdK;jzpfaomoifonf ... cJhbl;qdkvQif}} yxrwef;pm;cRif;csuf0gus (pma&;ol\tjrifürSefonf[k ,lqaomt&m odkYr[kwfa&;aompmrI\&nf&G,fcsufonf) *vmwd 2;15-21 twGif;aygvkaqG;aEG;csuf\tpjzpf NyD;? "r®oabmqkdif&m tusOf;csHK;jcif;wpfrsdK;jzpfEdkifonf/ aygvkonfxdktwdkif;ayw½kudktwdtusajymonf[k ,lq&efrvdktyfacs/ ayw½k\[efaqmifrIESifh worwfwnf;r&Sdjcif;ay:wGifaygvk\tay:wif&ifqdkifrIrSm olUvGwfvyfa&;udk aemufxyftwnfjyKcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ ����•]]*sL;vlrsdK;tjzpfae}} aygvkonf emrfjzpfaom *sL;vlrsdK;udk INFINITEIVE (PRESENT ACTIVE) tjzpf ajymif;vJoHk;EIef;yHkudk "r®opfusrf;ü þae&müomvQifawGU&onf/ 2;15-21/ þtcef;BuD;\tp (a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifhavhvmjcif;-*)udkMunfhyg/ uRefawmfhtjrifü ayw½kudkajymaomaygvk\ pum;rSmti,f 14 ütqHk;owfonf/ taMumif;rSmti,f 15 -21 onfydkrdk us,fjyefYaom y&dowfudkajymjcif;jzpfonf (NRSV, TEV, NJB wkdYpmydk'fcGJyHkrsm;udk owdjyKyg)/ bmomjyefjcif; twGuf a&SUaemufpmtquf tpyfoabmcGJjcm; owfrSwf&eftrSwftom; oHk;EIef;yHkrsdK;r&Sdjcif;rSm jyóemjzpfnf/ ti,f 15-21 onf *vmwdc&pf,mefrsm;udkajymjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkodkYrSefcJhrnfqdkvQif xdkpmykd'fonf ayw½k? AmeA (ESifh tjcm;yg0ifol*sL;c&pf,mefrsm;) wdkY\roifhawmfaom tjyKtrIudkomvQif rqdkvdkbJ? {0Ha*vdor®m w&m;qkdif&m tusOf;csKHUazmfjycsufwpfck jzpfoGm;ayrnf/ ]]bmomjyefjcif;qdkif&mar;cGef;xkwfp&mrSm}} ti,f 15? 16? 17 &Sd ]]igwkdY}} - wepum;vHk;onf rnfol awGudk&nfñGTef;oenf;/ 1/ aygvk? ayw½kESifh tjcm;*sL;,HkMunfolrsm; 2/ aygvkESifh *vmwd,HkMunfolrsm;? (,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;\"r®oabmw&m;

ed,r/ i,f 16/ a&mr 2;28-29)/ 2;15 ]]igwdkYonfZmwdtm;jzifh*sL;vlrsdK;jzpfMuonf}} *sL;vlrsdK;wdkYü0dnmOfa&;&momvGefcsuftcsdKU&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;onf (a&mr 3;1?2/ 9;4?5)/ odkYaomf¤if;omvGefrIwdkYonf u,fwifjcif;ESifh rqkdifbJJ? bk&m;ocif\

69

vlrsdK;awmftaejzifh "r®a[mif;usrf;acwfy#dnmOfw&m;rsm;rSwqifh &&SdaomzGifhjyawmfrljcif;ESifh aygif;oif;&jcif; (rdwfo[m,jyK&jcif;) ESifh omqdkifygrnf/ odkYjzifh wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;odkYa[maomaygvk\ {0Ha*w&m;toJESvHk; rSm,HkMunfolwyg; trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh ,HkMunfol*sL;rsm;bk&m;ocif\ a&SUawmfüwef;wlnDMu jcif;jzpfonf (3;28? 1aum12;13/ {zuf 2;11- 3;13/ aum 3;11)/ ����•]]tjypf&Sdaomwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;r[kwf}} aygvkonf&AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;\*sL;bmomqdkif&m ESifh rppfrSefaom q&morm;rsm;oHk;onfhedrfhusaponfh pum;vHk;yif txift&Sm;oHk;EIef;cJhonf/ wyg;trsdK;om;wdkYrSm "r®a[mif; usrf;\ y#dnmOfw&m;rsm; jyifyü&Sdjcif;[laom*kPf j'yfoabmaMumifh tjypf&Sdolrsm;jzpfMuonf ({zuf 2;11-12)/ 2;16 ]]vlonfynwfw&m;ESihf qdkifaomtusifhtm;jzifhr[kwfbJ? c&pfawmfa,½Iudk,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifrwf&m odkYa&muf}} ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif; ({zuf 2;8-9)onf vlom;tm;vHk;twGufjzpfonf [laomMo0g'udk tav;teufjyKjcif;oHk;ck þti,füawGU&onf/ ]]igwdkYonf}} r[kwfbJ ]]vlonf}} jzifh tpjyKNyD; ]]rnfolrQ}} ESifh tqHk;owfonf/ þodkYoHk;BudrfoHk;cgxyfqdkjcif;onf xda&muf rIBuD;rm;onf/ vlom;tm;vHk; twGuf*sL;ESifh wyg;trsdK;rsm;,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif; or®mw&m;onf a&mrMo0g'pm 1-8 twGif;azmfjyNyD; a&mr 3;21-31 ütusOf;csKHUxm;aom aygvk\ "r®oabm w&m;qkdif&m tNyD;tydkifwifjyrI\tESpfom&jzpfonf/ ]]ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufapjcif;cH&onf}} –justified qkdonfrSm (ajzmifhrwfjcif; -righteousness) enf;wl wdkif;wm&musL;vHk;ESifh qdkifaom"r®a[mif;usrf;t,ltqjzpfonf (txl;taMumif;t&m/ / 2;21 üMunfh&I)/ YHWHonfþwifpm;rIudk rdrd\p½dkufvu©PmESifh udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mtqifhtwef;udkwifpm;azmfjy&efoHk; onf/ bk&m;ocifrSm 0dnmOfa&;&mwdkif;xGmrI\pHcsdefjzpfonf (róJ 5;48)/ "r®opfusrf;übk&m;ocifonf olUrSm&Sdaom ajzmifh rwfjcif;udkc&pfawmf\taocHjcif;rSwqifhuRefawmfwdkYudkay;vsuf (2aum 5;21) uRefawmfwdkYbufürdrdwdkYonf vlom;wpfa,muftaejzifh tjypfudkaemifw&jcif;ESifh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;udk vufcH &&Sdonf (rmuk 1;15 ESifh wref 3;16? 19? 20;21)/ ,HkMunfjcif;rS wqifhaus;Zl;awmfaMumifhajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;udk c&pfawmftxJuRefawmfwkdYY\ tae txm;tjzpf ti,f 16 ESifh 17 üwifjyxm;onf/ ¤if;rSmbk&m;ocif\arwåmtm;jzifh tpjyKjcif;? c&pfawmf\NyD; pD;cJhNyD;aomtvkyfESifh 0dnmOfawmf\ydk;yef;jcif;ay:vHk;0tajcjyKonf/ odkYaomfc&pfawmfESifh wlatmifuRefawmfwdkY touf&Sif&rnftaMumif;ti,f 21 üpHkvifpGmazmfjyxm;NyD;?uRefawmfwdkY\taetxm;(position) onfc&pf awmfESifh wlaomttouf&Sifjcif;udkjzpfay:aprnfjzpfonf (txl;taMumif;t&m/ / oefY&Sif;pifMu,fapjcif;/ 1ouf 4;3? a&mr 8;29? *vm 4;19? {zuf 1;4? 2;10? a,m 1;7)/ ¤if;wdkY\ t"dyÜg,f &SdrIudk aygvkrjiif;cJhacs/ ¤if;wdkYtm; vufcHawmfrljcif;&&Sd&eftajccHrsm;tjzpfjiif;qdkjcif;omvQifjzpfonf/ {zuf 2;8-10 onf aygvk\{0Ha*vdw&m; udk&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyonf/ bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfjzifhtpjyKonf/ vlom;onf,HkMunf jcif;rS wqifhwkHYjyefonf/ aumif;aomtvkyf tusifhrsm;jzpfay:aponf/ *vmwd 2;20 onfyifvQif uRefawmf wkdY\ oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;taMumif; tav;teufjyKoa,mif xif&aomfvnf; xdkpmydk'f\ pmtoGm;tvm oabmonf a,½I\ajzmifhrwfawmfrljcif;udk oGwfoGif;ay;jcif;jzpfNyD;? vlom;\xdkufwefaom touf&Sifjcif;yHkpH? odkYr[kwf vlrsdK;a&;vHk;0 ryg0ifaMumif;? Mo0g'\w&m;0ifrIESifh pdrfh0ifysUHESHYyHkudkoufaoxljcif;omjzpfonf/ aygvktav;teufjyKonfrSm ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&muf&efvdktyfrIonf atmufygwdkYteufwpfckckr[kwf[l í jzpfonf/

1/]]ynwfw&m; \tvkyf tusifh }} –tcef;i,f 16 (u) 2/ ]]ynwfw&m;qdkif&m tvkyf tusifh}} tcef;i,f 16 (c)

70

3/ ]]xdkYaMumifhynwfw&m;qdkif&mtusifh tvkyfjzifhrnfolrQajzmifhrwf&modkYra&muf}}tcef; i,f 16 (*) xdkYaemuftjypf&Sdaomvlom;onf ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&muf&efwpfckwnf;aomvrf;udk aygvkay;onf/

1/ c&pfawmfudk ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh (c&pfawmfa,½IESifh qdkifaom - of Christ Jesus ,HkMunfjcif;rSw qifh through [dia] ) tcef;i,f 16)/

2/ ]]c&pfawmfa,½IudkigwdkY,HkMunfcJhMuNyD «c&pfawmfa,½ItxJ -in [eis] igwkdY,HkMunfcJhMuonf/ [AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE] tcef;i,f 16 (c)»/ 3/ ]]c&pfawmfudk,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh «c&pfawmfESifh qdkifaom,HkMunfjcif;}} by (ek)/ tcef;i,f 16 (*)»/

þodkYoHk;BudrfoHk;cg xyfrHazmfjyjcif;onf &Sif;vif;ap&efESifh tav;teufjyK&efjzpfonf/ wpfckwnf;aom

jyóemrSmydkifqkdifjcif;jyyk'fjzpfonfh ]]of Christ Jesus }} - i,f 16 (u) ESifh ]]of Christ}} - ti,f 16(*)wdkYudk bmom jyefqkdyHHkomvQifjzpfonf/ bmomjyefusrf;trsm;pkonf xdkpum;pkudktjyifrSjrif&aomt&m OBJECTIVE

GENITIVE tjzpf ]]c&pfawmftxJ,HkMunfjcif;}} [kbmomjyefqdkMuonf/ odkYaomf¤if;onfpdwfoP²mefü&Sdaom t&m (SUBJEC -TIVE GENITIVE (NET BIBLE) vnf;jzpfEdkifNyD;vQif "r®a[mif;tD'D,HtoHk;tEIef; (pum;vHk;twdkif; t"dyÜg,frxGufaomtoHk;tEIef;) wpfckjzpfonfhcrnf;awmftay: ]]c&pfawmf\opöm&SdrI}} udkay:vGifapygonf/ o'gqdkif&mþar;cGef;onf a&mr 3;22? 26? *vm 2;20? 3;22? {zuf 3;12? zdvdyÜd 3;9 wdkYudkem;vnf&ef ulnDonf/ aygvk\&nf&G,fcsufonfb,f[myifjzpfapumrl ajzmifhrwf&müwnfapjcif;onf vlom;\tjyKtrI? xdkufwefrIodkYwnf;r[kwfemcHrItm;jzifhr[kwfbJ? a,½Ic&pfawmf\ tvkyfESifh emcHjcif;tm;jzifh omjzpfaMumif; ESpfrsdK;pvHk;onfjyo\/ a,½IomvQif ajrmfvifh&mjzpfonf/

���� NASB, NKJ ]] igwkdYyifvQif? c&pfawmfa,½Iudk,HkMunfMuNyD}} NRSV ]]igwkdYonf c&pfawmfudk,HkMunfjcif;odkYa&mufMuNyD}} TEV ]]igwdkYonfvnf; c&pfawmfa,½Iudk,HkMunfMuNyD}} NJB ]]igwkdYonfc&pfawmfudk,HkMunfolrsm;jzpfvmcJhMuNyD}} *&da0g[m&rsm;jzpfonfh pistis (NOUN) ESifh pisteuō (VERB) wdkYudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh “ trust,”“ believe”

odkYr[kwf “ faith” jzifhbmomjyefqdkEdkifonf/ (trust - tm;udk;tm;xm;onf/ “believe” ,HkMunf-“ faith” tm;udk;jcif;? tm;xm;jcif;)/ þa0g[m&onf rdrdwkdYESifh bk&m;ocif\qufqHjcif;rsufESmpmESpfbufudkajymjyonf/

1/ bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrsm;,HkMunfpdwfcsbG,f&mjzpfjcif;ESifh a,½I\NyD;pD;cJhNyD;aom tvkyfay:rdrdwdkY tm;vHk;tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKMuonf/ 2/ bk&m;ociftaMumif;? vlom;? tjypf? c&pfawmf\u,fwifjcif;ponfh (or®musrf;pm) taMumif;t&mwkdYudkuRefawmfwkdY ,HkMunfonf/ xdkYaMumifh¤if;onf {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;udk &nfñTef;Edkifonfenf;wl {0Ha*vdyk*¾dKvfay:uRefawmfwdkY\

,HkMunfudk;pm;rIudkvnf;&nfñTef;Edkifonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;[lonf BudKqdkvufcH&ef yk*¾dKvf (a,½Ic&pfawmf) ,HkMunf &efxdkyk*¾dKvf\taMumif;ESifh xdkyk*¾dKvfuJhodkYtouf&Sifaom toufwmjzpfonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ,HkMunf- 3;6ESifh 1ouf 5;9 ü- ½I&ef/

����]]ynwfw&m;}} (ESpfcg) NASB, NKJV, TEV ESifh JB bmomjyefusrf;rsm;tm;vHk;ü DEFINITE ARTICLE – the ESpfBudrfygonf/ *&dvufa&;usrf;ürI DEFINITE ARTICLE rygaomfvnf;aygvkonf arma&S\ynwådusrf;udk ñTef;&efþpum;pkudkyif qufvufoHk;oGm;ojzifh ygonf[krSwf,lxm;onf/ aygvk\pdwfxJürlvtm;jzifh þ

71

tcsuf&Sdaeaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuefaom &yfwnfrItwGuf tajccHtjzpfrdrd,lqonfh (vlrIa&;qkdif&mpH) vl\ tjcm;tm;xkwfrIwpfckckudkþae&müqdkvdkjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ ����•]]rnfolrQ}} –-no flesh onf ]]rnfonfhvludkrQ}} [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ aoG;om;-flesh (sarx) taMumif;txl; taMumif;t&m 1;16 ü- ½I&ef/

����•]] ... onfrSefvQif}} If onfyxrwef;pm;cRif;csuf0gusudktpjyKNyD; pma&;ol\tjrifürSefonf[k,lqaom t&m? odkYr[kwf ola&;aompm&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ aygvkESifhol\taygif;tazmfrsm;ukd (vlom;tm;vHk;twlwl yif) tjypfom;rsm;tjzpfrSwf,lonf (a&mr 3;9-18? 19? 23? 11;32? *vm 3;22)/ ����•]]igwkdYudk,fwkdiftjypfom;rsm;jzpfMuaMumif;awGU&onf}} þpum;pkudk teufjyef&efcufcJonfrSmaocsm onf/ jzpfEdkifaomoDtdk&D tawmfrsm;rsm; wifjycJhMuonf/

1/ teufzGihfusrf;a&;ol trsm;pkonf ¤if;udk a&mr 3;23 ESifh qufpyfNyD; ]igwkdYtm;vHk;tjypfjyK cJhMuNyD jzpfí igwdkYtm;vHk;onf wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;uJhodkYbk&m;ocif\ajzmifh rwfjcif;w&m;vdktyf Mu\} [kqdkMuonf/

2/ tcsdKUurl a&mr 6-8 twGif;&Sd qefYusifbuftjrifar;cGef;rsm;jzpfaomvlom;\tm;xkwfrIrygbJ? u,fwifjcif;&onfqdkvQif? bk&m;ocifonf igwkdYudkrdrdwdkY\tjypfESifh qufpyfNyD; tb,faMumifh w&m;pD&ifoenf; qdkonfhpum;pkrsm;ESifh qufpyfMuonf/

3/ þpum;pkonf tcef;BuD; 3 üynwfw&m;taMumif;aygvkaqG;aEG;jcif;twGuf BudKwifvrf; cif;jcif; jzpfEdkifNyD; bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuef&efynwfw&m;vdkufavQmufjcif;tm;jzifh jzpfEdkifacs&Sd orQudk u@tm;vHk;üz,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonf/ ,HkMunfol*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfaom ayw½k? aygvkESifh AmeAwdkYonf wm;jrpfaomtpmudkpm;jcif;jzifh ynwfw&m;udkcsdK;azgufcJhMuNyD/ þtjrifonf vwfwavmpm tquftpyfjzpfonfh ti,f 17 ESifh qufpyfrI&SdvdrfhrnfjzpfNyD;? w&m;0if pum;yv’ifcHrIudktajcjyKNyD; rrSefaomed*Hk;csKyfjcif;udkjiif;y,fonf/

4/ aygvkonf*sL;ESifh wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;c&pfawmftxJwvHk;0wwnf;jzpfaMumif; ñTef;qdkjcif;jzpf onf/ ¤if;rSmbk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfr[kwfygu? xdkaoG;pnf;rIonf *sL;vlrsdK;,HkMunfolwdkYudk tjypfom; rsm;jzpf oGm;apum? c&pfawmfudk olwdkYtjypfxJqGJoGif;jcif;jzpfoGm;apayrnf ({zuf 2;11-3;6)/

���� NASB ]]c&pfawmfonftjypfw&m;udkjyKoavm/ xkdodkYrjzpfEdkif&m}} NRSV ]]odkYjzpfvQif c&pfawmfonf tjypf\tapcHavm}} NKJV ]]xdkYaMumifhc&pfawmfonf tjypfw&m;udk jyKpkoavmh/ vHk;0r[kwf}} TEV ]]c&pfawmfonftjypfw&m;\tusdK;udkaqmifNyD[kqdkvkdoavm/ rnfonfhenf;ESifhr[kwf}} NJB ]]¤if;onfigwkdYudktjypfjyK&efc&pfawmfaoG;aqmifonfqkdaom &,fp&mpum;jzpfoGm; vdrhfrnf/}} em;vnf&efcufcJaomfvnf; aygvk\ usdK;aMumif;jyaqG;aEG;rIonfqufvufvdkufygvmonf/ ¤if;rSm (1) ayw½k\tjyKtrlay:wHkYjyefjcif; odkYr[kwf (2) rrSefaomq&morm;rsm;\tjypfwifrI (0g) oGefoifrIrsm;ay: wHkUjyefjcif;jzpf aMumif;xif&Sm;aomfvnf; rnfonfht&mESifh qufpyfaMumif; ra&r&myifjzpfvsuf&Sd\/ þusrf;ydk'fudkteufjyef&mü ]rnfodkYrQrjzpfEdkif} may it never be ESifh ]]bk&m;ocifwm;jrpfonf}} God

forbid [laom tjcm;pum;pk oHk;EIef;yHkrsm;ta&;BuD;onf (*vm 3;21/ a&mr 6;2)/ w&m;0ifaom

72

pum;yv’ifcHrIudk tajcjyKNyD;? rrSefaom ed*Hk;csKyfjyKjcif;udk jiif;qef&efaygvkonf &Sm;yg;onf þ OPTATIVE

yHkpHoHk;EIef;avh&Sdonf/ 2;18 ]]wpfcgrdrdzsufqD;cJhaom t&mudkigjyefvnfwnfaqmufonfqdkvQif igonf rdrdukd,frdrdtjypf usL;vGefoljzpf aMumif;jyonf}} ¤if;rSmyxrwef;pm cRif;csufyg0gus rsdK;jzpfNyD;? pma&;oltjriftm;jzifh rSefonf [krSwf ,lxm;jcif; (0g) ola&;aompm\ &nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ ynm&Sifrsm;onf þae&mü aygvkrnfonfh t&mudk ñTef;qkdaMumif;raocsmMuacs/ ¤if;rSmonf {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mjcif; taMumif;ajymjcif;avm(0g) ,cifu *sL;bmomü olusifvnfcJhyHkudkajymjcif;avm/ raocsmacs/ tvm;wl roJuGJrIrsdK;a&mr 7 üvnf;awGU&onf/ ]] jyefvnfwnfaqmuf }} ESifh ]]zsufqD;}} wdkYrSm &AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;\ a0g[m&jzpfEdkifum róJ 16;19 &Sd ]csnf aemifonf}} ESifh ]]jznfvGwfonf}} oHk;EIef;yHkrsdK;ESifh qifwlonf/ 2;19 ]]ynwfw&m;tm;jzifh ynwfw&m;bufü aoqHk;onf}} t"dyÜg,f&Sdaomþazmfjycsuf\ tm½Hkpl;pdkufrIrSm vQdKU0Sufqef;us,frIoabmr[kwfbJ? Oya'oabmjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYudk,fpm;a,½Iaoonfhtcg uRefawmfwkdY vnf; olESifh twlaoqHk;oGm;cJhMuonfrnfayonf (2;20? a&mr 6;6-7? 2aum 5;14-15)/ odkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh trdefYt& jzpfaomynwfw&m;ESifh uRefawmfwkdY\ qufpyfrIrSm? u,fwifjcif;w&m;ESifh qdkifíjywfawmuf oGm;onf/ c&pfawmf xHvGwfvyfpGmwdk;0ifcsOf;uyfEdkifMuNyDjzpf\/ þtcsufrSm ti,f 20 ESifh 21 \ pl;pdkuf aomt&mjzpfNyD;? a&mr 6;1-7;6 twGif;aygvkaemufxyfusdK;aMumif;jy&Sif;vif;csufESifh qifwlonf/ ����•]]igonf bk&m;ocifbufütouf&SifEdkif&ef}} aemufwpfcguRefawmfwdkY\ "r®oabmt&c&pfawmftxJ&yf wnfrI\rsufESmpmESpfrsdK;jzpfonfh c&pfawmftxJuRefawmfwdkY\taetxm;ESifh c&pfawmftwGufwnf;[laom trdefYt& uRefawmfwdkY\ touf&Sifjcif;yHkpH wkdYudktcdkiftrmazmfjyonf/ qefYusifaeoa,mif&Sdaomfvnf; nDñTwfrI&Sdaom þor®mw&m;udk trsdK;rsdK;azmfjyEdkifonf/

1/ tjzpftysufudkazmfjyaom INDICATIVE (uRefawmfwdkY\taetxm;) ESifh ckdif;aprIjzpfaom IMPERATIVE (taetxm;twdkif; touf&Sif&efawmif;qdkrI)

2/ jyifyrSjrif&aom OBJECTIVE ({0Ha*vdor®mw&m;) ESifh udk,fwdkiftm;xkwfrIjzpfaom SUBJE-

CTIVE ({0Ha*vdw&m;twdkif;touf&Sifjcif;) 3/ ]]igwkdYEdkifNyD}} (bk&m;ocifonf igwkdYudkc&pfawmftxJvufcHNyD)/ odkYaomf ]] igwdkUonfajy;Mu&OD;

rnf}} (aus;Zl;wifjcif;jzifh c&pfawmftwGuftouf&SifMu&rnf/) {0Ha*vdw&m;\ ESpfrsdK;aom obm0rSm - u,fwifjcif;onf vkH;0tcrJhjzpfonf/ odkYaomf¤if;onf

rdrdwdkYjzpforQESifh rdrdwdkYü&SdorQwefonf/ c&pfawmfuJhodkY touf&Sif&efac:zdwfjcif;rjyKrDtcrJhvufaqmifudkt&if yxray;jcif;oabmtwkdif; tqufrjywfjyefvkyf&ayrnf/ tjypfw&m;bufü uRefawmfwdkYaoqHk;cJhjcif;rSm bk&m;ocifudk tapcHEdkif&efjzpfonf (a&mr 6;10)/

2;20 ]]igonf c&pfawmfESifh twlvuf0g;uyfwdkifrSm ½dkufjcif;cHchJNyD}} *&drl&if;0gusü ]]c&pfawmfESifhtwl}} udktav;teufjyKjcif;jzifh 0gustpwGifxm;onf/ (USB4 \*&dusrf;ü ¤if;rSm ti,f 19 ü yg&Sdonf) þBud,m\ (PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE) twdwfujzpfcJhNyD;? ¤if;\tusdK;oufa&mufrI&SdaeqJjzpfum? xdkodkYjzpfysufjcif; rSmjyifyrSvmam ya,m*aMumifhjzpfonf[kqdkvdkonf/ ¤if;rSma&mr 6;1-11 ESifh 7;1-6 \pl;pdkufrIjzpfonf/ aygvkonf ]]vuf0g;uyfwdkifrSm ½dkufjcif;cH}} [laoma0g[m&udk*vm 5;24 ESifh 6;4 wdkYüoHk;EIef;NyD;? ,HkMunf olonfusqif;aeaomþavmuD,EÅ&m;ESifh rnfodkYqufpyfyHkudkajymjyonf/ rnfodkYjzpfap þae&mü rltav;teuf jyKvdkonfhtcsufrSm,HkMunfolESifh ynwfw&m;\qufpyfrIjzpfyHk&ygonf(3;13)/ owd&&efta&; BuD;tcsufrSm c&pfawmfESifh wpfcgaoqHk;oGm;cJhMuNyDqdkvQif? bk&m;ociftwGuftouf&Sif&efjzpfonf (ti,f 19/ a&mr 6;10)/ atmufygwdkYudk taMumif;jyKí þoabmudkxyfcgxyfcg tav;teufazmfjyonf/

1/ udk,fawmfavQmufvSrf;cJhonfhtwdkif; avQmufvSrf;&efrSm uRefawmfwdkY\0w¬&m;jzpfonf (1a,m 1;7)/

73

2/ uRefawmfwdkYudk ac:zdwfjcif;ESifh xdkufwefpGm uRefawmfwkdYavQmufvSrf;rSjzpfayrnf ({zuf 4;1? 17/ 5;2)/

tcrJhtjypfvGwfjcif;tm;jzifhc&pfawmfudkoduRrf;cJhMuNyDjzpfí? wm0efodaomtapcHb0jzifhtouf&Sif&ef ta&; BuD;ygonf (aum 2;12-14? 20? 3;1-4 ESifh 2aum 5;14-15)/ ����•]]odkYaomfightxJc&pfawmftouf&Sifaeonf}} a,½Iudk,HkMunfolrsm;txJusdef;0yftouf&Sifaeonf[k rMumcPajymavh&SdMuonf (róJ 28;20/ a,m[ef 14;23)/ «a,½IESifh crnf;awmf» a&mr 8;10/ aum 1;27)/ ¤if;onf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\trIawmfESifh qufpyfavh&Sdonf (a&mr 8;9?11/ 1aum 3;16/ 6;19/ 2wd 1;14)/ 0dnmOfawmf\tvkyfrSm om;awmfudk,HkMunfolrsm;txJcsD;jr§ifh&efESifh ay:vGifap&efjzpfonf (a,m 16;7-15/ a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm 4;19)/

����•]]cEmudk,fü ig,cktouf&Sifaomb0onf}}txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aoG;om; flesh (sary) 1;16 üMunfhyg/ ����•]],HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh igtouf&Sif\}}*&da0g[m&rsm;jzpfaom pistis (NOUN) ESifh pisteuō (VERB) wkdYudk –trustudk;pm;? ]]believe}} - ,HkMunfodkYr[kwf ]udk;pm;jcif;} – faith rsm;tjzpfbmomjyefqdkEdkifum rlvtm;jzifhbk&m; ocif\udk;pm;xdkufjcif;ay: uRefawmfwkdY\tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKjcif;? odkYr[kwfbk&m;ocif\,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI opöm&SdrIay: uRefawmfwkdY tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKrIudk tav;teufjyKonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / 3;6 üMunfhyg/ þudk;pm;rIonf bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrsm;ay: uRefawmfwkdY\tpjyKwHkYjyefrIjyKjcif;jzpfNyD;? tqdkyg

uwdawmfrsm; tm;jzifh qufvufvdkuf avQmufjcif;onf aemufüvkdufygvmonf/ "r®opfusrf;wGif “ faith”-udk;pm;jcif;udk t"dyÜg,foHk;rsdK;jzifh oHk;EIef;onf/

1/ vlyk*¾dKvftm;jzifh tm;xm;jcif; -trust 2/ ,HkMunftm;udk;xdkufpGmouf&Sifjcif;/ 3/ c&pf,mefMo0g'wpfckvHk;- wrefawmf 6;7? 13;8. 14;22? *vm 1;23? ,k' 3 ESifh 20/ ¤if;onf [AÁKukwf 2;4 udk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf (a&mr 1;17? *vm 3;11? a[NAJ 10;38)/

����•]]bk&m;ocif\om;awmf}} tvGefa&S;usaomvufa&;rl&if;rsm;jzpfonfh (Oyrm P46, B, D, F, G )wdkYü ]]bk&m;ocifESifh c&pfawmf}} [kyg&Sdonf/ odkYaomfaygvkonf þpum;pkudkroHk;EIef; (0g) bk&m;ocif udk,HkMunfjcif;onf u,fwifjcif;ay;onf[krajymacs/ ]]bk&m;ocif\om;awmf}} pum;pkudk rl&if;vufa&;

usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh א, A, C, D wdkYESifhueOD;toif;awmfzciftrsm;pka&;aompmrsm;üawGU&onf/ UBS4 onf¤if;pum;pkudk tqifhowfrSwfcsuf ]]A}} (aocsm) ay;onf/ ����•]]ighudkcspfí ightwGufrdrdudk,frdrday;ol}} ¤if;rSmudk,fpm;jyKtjypfajzay;jcif;\toJESvHk;jzpfonf (*vm 1;4? rmuk 10;45? a&mr 5;6?8?10? urÇm 3;15 a[&Sm 53;4-6)/ 2;21 ]]onfrSefvQif}} –-if ¤if;onf aemufxyfyxrwef;pm;cRif;csufyg0gusjzpfNyD;? pma&;ol\tjriftm;jzifh rSefonf[krSwf,laomt&m (0g) a&;aompm\&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ 'kwd,wef; pmcRif;csufyg0gus rsdK;arQmfvifhol&Sdí jzpfayrnf/ yxrwef;pm;cRif;csufyg 0gusonf rrSefuefaomt&mudk ajymjcif;jzpfaMumif; jyaomOyrmaumif;wpfckjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifxHawmfa&muf&efvrf;wpfvrf;omvQif &Sdonf/ ¤if;rSmynwfw&m; tm;jzifhr[kwfbJ? c&pfawmf\NyD;pD;cJhNyD;aomtvkyfudktm;udk;&mjyKjcif;omjzpfonf (3;21)/ ynwfw&m;onf u,fwifjcif;ay;EdkifcJhonfrSefvQif c&pfawmftaocHp&mtaMumif;r&SdawmhNyD/ ����•]]ajzmifhrwfjcif;}}atmufygtxl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg/

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,HkMunfjcif;tm; jzifhajzmifhrwf&m odkYa&mufjcif; 3;1-9 ynwfw&m;onf usdefqJjcif;,lvm 3;10-14 rajymif;vJaom uwdawmf 3;15-18 om;rsm;ESifh tarGcHrsm; 3;26-4;7

tawGUtBuHKudk awmif;qdkjcif; 3;1-5 or®musrf;xJ tNA[H\tawGUtBuHK udkawmif;qdk 3;6-9 3;10-14 tmjA[HESifh jyKaom y#dnmOfw&m;rS Oyrmwck 3;15-18 arma&S\ynwfw&m;\ ppfrSefaom&nf&G,fcsuf 3;19-20 3;21-22 3;23-36 a&ESpfr*FvmESifhtnD touf&Sif&efawmif;qdkrI 3;27-29

ynwfw&m; (0g) ,HkMunfjcif; 3;1-5 3;6-9 3;10-12 3;13-14 ynwfw&m;ESifh uwdawmf 3;15-18 3;19-20 ynwfw&m;\ &nf&G,fcsuf (3;21-4;7) 3;21-22 3;23-25 3;26-29

c&pf,meftawGUtBuHK 3;1-5 or®musrf;\oufao ,HkMunfjcif;ESifhynwf w&m; 3;6-9 ynwfw&m;onfusdefqJ jcif; ,lvm 3;10-14 ynwfw&m;onf uwdawmfudkry,f 3;15-18 ynwfw&m;\ &nf&G,fcsuf 3;19-22 ,HkMunfjcif;a&mufvm 3;23-29

ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;oHk; (pm ... üMunfh) rl&if;usrf;jyKol\&nf&G,fcsuftm; pmydk'ftvdkufem;vnfjcif; a&mr rS,l&ef 1/ yxrpmydk'f 2/ 'kwd,pmydk'f 3/ wwdw,pmydk'f 4/ ---pojzifh

79

a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifh avhvmjcif; (u) tcef;BuD; 3 ü 2;15-21 twGif;tpjyKcJhaom pmpkudkqufvufonf/ aygvkonf olU{0Ha*vdw&m;\

"r®oabmqkdif&m u@rsm;udk tcef;BuD; 3 ESifh 4 ü qufvufonf (¤if;udka&mrMo0g'pmüaemufxyfqufvuftus,fcsJUonf/)rrSefaomq&morm;rsm;onfolYw&m;udkwdkufcdkufjcif; enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpfolU udkyk*¾dKvfa&;jzifh wdkufcdkufMujcif;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/

(c) tcef;BuD; 3 \zGJUpnf;yHkudk vG,fulpGmcGJjcm;odjrifEdkifonf/ 1/ ti,f 1-5 ü*vmwd NrdKUom;wpfOD;csif;wdkY\u,fwifjcif;&aMumif;tawGUtBuHKudkayg

vkawmif;qdkonf/ rdrda[maom{0Ha*vdw&m;\ or®mw&m;taxmuftxm;wpfcktjzpf rdrd\oufaocHcsufudk 1;10-2;21 twGif;toHk;jyKcJhaomfvnf; þae&mürl olwdkY\t awGUtBuHKudktoHk;jyKoGm;onf/ olonf¤if;udk a[majymjcif;twwfynmqkdif&mar;cGef; av;ig;ckxkwfjcif;jzifhjyKvkyfonf/

2/ ti,f 6-18 twGif;u,fwifjcif;udpöü vlom;tm;vHk;\tawGUtBuHKtwGuf Oyrmtjzpf "r®a[mif;usrf; rStmNA[H\tawGUtBuHKudk jrifomatmifjyonf/ txl;ojzifh tmjA[H onf ta&zsm;vDS;jcif;rcHrDESifh ynwfw&m; rygbJ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwf&modkY a&mufapjcif;udk vufcH&&SdcJhaMumif;tm;txl;pl;pdkufonf/ þtcef;BuD;onf a&mrMo0g' pmtcef;BuD; 4 twGuf "r®oabmw&m;qkdif&m a&SUajy;jzpfonf/

(*) aygvkonf ti,f 6-18 twGif; "r®a[mif;usrf;ckepfBudrfñTef;onf/ 1/ i,f 6 – urÇm 15;6 2/ i,f 8 – urÇm 12;3 3/ i,f 10 – w&m;a[m 27;26 (28;58 vnf;jzpfEdkif) 4/ i,f 11 – [A 2;4 5/ i,f 12 – 0wfjyK 18;5 6/ i,f 13 w&m;a[m 21;23 7/ i,f 16 – urÇm 13;15 (22;18 vnf;jzpfEdkif) "r®a[mif;udktjyif;txefoHk;&jcif;\jzpfEdkifacstaMumif;&if;rsm;rSm- 1/ aygvkonf*sL;bmom0ifrsm;ESifh *vmwdNrdKUom;wkdYtm;rdrd\{0Ha*vdw&m;onf "r®a[mif;

udkygtajcjyKaMumif; odjrifapvdkonf/ 2/ *sL;bmom0ifwkdYonf "r®a[mif;udkoHk;Muojzifh aygvkvnf;oHk;onf/

aygvkonf (1) vuf&Sd*sK;"r®oabmw&m;ESifh (2) *sL;bmom0ifwkdYtav;teufjyKonfh taMumif; t&mwkdYudkrlwnfumwifjyjcif;jzpfaMumif;owdjyK&ygrnf/ *sL;bmom0ifwdkY\"r®oabm w&m;ESifh ¤if;udkolwdkYonfrnfodkYwifjyMuaMumif;owdjyK&ygrnf/ *sL;bmom0ifwkdY\"r®oabmw &m;ESifh ¤if;udkolwdkYrnfodkYwifjyMuaMumif; (toHk;jyKaomusrf;csuf&Sif;vif;csufay;yHk? wifpm;yHkrsm;) rod&ojzifhaygvk\usdK; aMumif;jywifjyyHkrSmvif;&Sif;jcif;r&Sdacs/ uRefawmfwdkYonf taMumif;t &m\wpf0ufcefYudkom zwf½Iod&Sd&jcif;jzpfonf/ wpfckaocsmonfrSm"r®a[mif;acwfvlwdkYonf "r®a[mif;usrf;udk bk&m;ocif\vufaqmifrGefESifh aumif;csD;r*FvmwpfcktjzpfjrifcJhMuaomfvnf;? *sL;bmompnf;urf;csufwdkYonf ¤if;udkyHkyef; ysufjym;oGm;aponf/

80

(C) *sL;bmom0ifrsm;onf ynwådusrf;udk teufjyefjcif;ESifh vufawGUtoHk;csjcif;ürSm;,Gif;rI ay:jyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufrIaMumifh aygvkonf arma&S\ynwådusrf;ESifh qdkifaompnf; urf;csufwkdY\ &nf&G,fcsufudkazmfjy onf (i,f 19-29)/ olonf¤if;udk ar;cGef;ESpfckjzifhjyK vkyfonf (i,f 19 ESifh 21)/ aygvkonf þae&mü ]ynwfw&m;} pum;vHk;udktvGefwd uspGmoHk;onf/ aygvkonf rrSefaomq&morm;wdkY\"r®oabm w&m;udk (ynwfw&m;onf u,fwifjcif;&&Sd&efjzpfonf a&mr 4;14) uefYuGufjcif;jzpfonf/ ynwfw&m;ESifh qdkifaomþ tjrifudk róJ 5;17-21 twGif;a,½IoHk;EIef;yHkESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfap&ygrnf/ ynwf w&m;rSmaumif;jrwfonf/ ynwfw&m;rSmbk&m;ocifxHawmfrS vmonf/ ynwfw&m;rSm xm0&jzpfonf (a&mr 7;7? 12-14)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / arma&S\ynwådusrf; ay:aygvk\tjrif 3;19 üMunfhyg/

(i) arma&S\ ynwådusrf;udkt"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK;jzifh vlyk*¾dKvfuJhodkYwifpm;onf (3;23-25/ 4;1-2)/ ¤if;udk

xdkacwf *&d-a&mrurÇmwGifem;vnfMuonf/ 1/ i,f 23 ]]igwdkYudk ynwfw&m;tm;jzifhcsKyfxm;onf/}}- ynwfw&m;rSmuav;\t

xdef;awmfjzpf onf/ 2/ i,f 24 ]]ynwfw&m;rSm igwdkY\txdef;jzpfonf}}- ynwfw&m;rSm uav;\t

xdef;awmfjzpfonf/ (u) ti,f 4;2 ]] txdef;rsm;}} –arG;zGm;csddefrS 14 ESpft&G,ftxduav; udkxdef;ausmif;ol/ (c) ti,f 4;2 ]]ttkyftcsKyf}} 14 ESpfrS 25 ESpf tMum;vli,fwpfa,mufudkxdef;

ausmif;ol/ pum;vHk;ESifh pum;pkavhvmjcif; NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 3;1-5 1rdkufrJaom*vmwdom;wdkY? vuf0g;uyfwdkifü½dkufjcif;cHoltjzpfa,½Ic&pfawmfudkoifwkdYrsufarSmufü trsm;a&SUrSmuGif;uGif;uGufuGufazmfjycJhNyD;jzpfojzifh? oifwkdYudkrnfoljyKpm;oenf;/ 2oifwkdYxHrSigodcsif aomt&mwpfckwnf;omvQif&Sdonf/ oifwkdYonf0dnmOf awmfudk&&SdMujcif;rSmynwfw&m;usifhjcif; aMumifhavm? odkYwnf;r[kwf,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhMum;em&jcif; aMumifhavm/3oifwdkYonfþrQavmufrdkuf rJMuoavm/ 0dnmOfawmfESifhtpjyKvmcJhMuNyD;? tckaoG;om;Zmwdtm;jzifhpHkvifjcif;odkYa&mufaeMuOD;rnf avm/4oifwkdYonf'ku©qif;&Jrsm;pGmudktusdK;rJhcHpm;cJhMuoavm/ wu,fyiftusdK;rJhjzpfcJh&NyDavm/5odkYjzpf vQif oifwkdYudk0dnmOfawmfay;NyD;? oifwkdYtv,fütHhMobG,f&mrsm;udkkjyKvkyfaom olonfynwfw&m; qdkif&mtusifhtm;jzifhjyKjcif;avm/ odkYr[kwf,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhMum;emjcif;aMumifhjyKoavm/

3;1?3

NASB, NKJV

NRSV, TEV ]]rdkufrJaom*vmwdom;wdkY}}

NJB ]]*vmwd&SdoifwkdYwawG½l;aeMuNyDavm}}

¤if;pum;vHk;rSm ALPHA PRIVATIVE ESifh wGJoHk;aom ]] pdwf}} -mind (nous)pum;vHk;jzpfNyD;? ]] rdkufrJ }} -foolish [komomjyefonf (vkum 24;25)/ aygvktav;teufajymonfhrSm olwdkYonf *sL;bmom 0ifwkdY\rSm; ,Gif;aomoGefoifrIrsm; (1;6) udkaumif;pGmpOf;pm;cJhMuNyDr[kwfavm[líjzpfonf/ xHk;pHwdkif;yiff xdkrrSefaom q&morm;wdkYrSmcdkifcHhaomolrsm;? uRrf;usifolrsm;? usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfrI&Sdaomyk*¾dKvfrsm; jzpfMuayrnf/

81

����•]]oifwkdYudkrnfoljyKpm;oenf;}} tenf;jyemrfpm;oHk;ojzifh ]]rnfol}} [kqdk&mwGifrrSefaomq&morm; wpfa,mufudkoD;oefY&nfñTef;&efaygvk\enf;vrf;jzpfEdkifonf (5;7?10)/ odkYaomf 5;12 ü trsm;jyudef; oHk;EIef;yHkudk axmufygu þodkYzwf&efrSm rsm;vGef;Ekdifygonf/

]] jyKpm;jcif;cHonf }} qkdonfrSmpdwfydkif;qkdif&m ½IyfaxG;jcif;udk wifpm;jcif;ESifhwlonf/ odkYaomfynm &Sif tcsdKUurI"r®a[mif;usrf;\ - evil eye toHk;tEIef;udk&nfñTef;jcif;tjzpf½IjrifMuonf (w&m;a[m 15;9? 28;54? okwHå 23;6? 28;22? róJ 20;15? rmuk 7;22)/

����•]]a,½Ic&pfawmfudk oifwdkYrsufarSmufü trsm;a&SUrSmuGif;uGif;uGufuGufazmfjy}} tD*spfEdkifiHüawGU &aomaeYpOfoHk;*&d (Koine Greek) aypmü (Moulton ESifh Milligan wdkYa&;onfh The Vocabulary of the Greek

Testament) ]]xdkpum;vHk;}} –portrayed \t"dyÜg,frSm (1) ay:vGifpGmuGif;uGif;uGufuGufazmfjyonf (2) trsm;jynfoljrifEdkif&efuyfxm;aom½Hk;awmf\ today;csuf[líjzpfonf/ þwifpm;rIudkaygvk\&Sif; vif;aomoGefoifrIESifh a,½Ic&pfawmf\yk*¾dKvfESifh tvkyftaMumif;a[majymrIrsm;&Sif;vif;ay:vGifaMumif; jyo&efoHk;onf/ *vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;onf aygvk\oGefoifrIrsm;rS *sL;vlrsdK;wdkY\ynwfw&m;t,l0g' odkYxif&Sm;pGmvrf;cGJoGm;cJhMuonf/ ����•]]vuf0g;uyfwdkifay: ½kdufjcif;cH&oltjzpf}} ]]vuf0g;uyfwdkifay:½dkufjcif;cH}} pum;pkonf PERFECT PASSIVE

PARTICIPLEjzpfNyD;a,½Ionf vuf0g;uyfwdkifay:½dkufjcif;cHoltjzpfqufvuf&Sd aeqJjzpfonf[kqdkvkdonf/ ¤if;rSm ]vuf0g;uyfwkdifay:½dkufjcif;cH&ol} [laombGJUemrwpfrsdK;jzpfEdkifonf (róJ 28;5? rmuk 16;6? 1aum 1;23? 2;2)/ udk,fawmfudk uRefawmfwkdYzl;awGU&onfhtcgolonf vuf0g; uyf\wdkifay:½dkufjcif;cH&aom trm&Gwfrsm;ESifh yifjzpfaeayrnf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ,cktcgolUatmifjrifrI\ trSwftom;rsm;jzpfaeonf/ tjyKcHBud,m (PASSIVE VOICE)onf om;awmftm;vuf0g;uyfwdkifay:½dkufoltppftrSefrSm crnf;awmf bk&m;jzpfonf[kajym jcif;jzpfEdkifonf (a[&Sm, 53;10? a,m 3;16? 2aum5;21)/ 3;2 ]]oifwkdYonf 0dnmOfawmfudk&&Sd}} 0dnmOfawmf&&Sdjcif;onf aus;Zl;awmf\'kwd,ajrmufvkyfaqmifrI r[kwfacs (wref 8;14-17)/ vlwpfa,mufc&pf,mefjzpfvmcsdefüjzpfay:onf (a&mr 8;9)/ 0dnmOfawmfr &aomolonf c&pf,mefr[kwfacs/ þae&mwGif0dnmOfawmfudk a,&rd 31;31-34 üajymaomacwfopf \edrdwfvu©Pm tjzpfjrif&onf/ ]]0dnmOfawmfudk vufcHyg}} qdkonfrSm ]] {0Ha*vdw&m;udkvufcHyg}} [kajymjcif;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ þae&m tjyif*vmwdMo0g'pmxJüaygvkonfoefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudkwpf q,fhajcmufBudrfazmfjyonf/ aygvkESifha,m[efwkdYonf tjcm;aom"r®opfusrf;a&;olrsm;xuf 0dnmOf awmfqdkif&m "r®oabmw&m;udkydkrdkay:vGifapMuonf/

���� NASB ]]ynwfw&m;qdkif&mtvkyfrsm;aMumifhavmh/ okdYr[kwf,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh Mum;em;&jcif;

aMumifhavm/}} NKJV ]]ynwfw&m;qdkif&maMumifhavmh? okdYr[kwf ,HkMunfjcif;w&m;udkMum;em;&jcif; aMumifhavm/}} NRSV ]]ynwfw&m;qdkif&mrsm;udkvkyfjcif;aMumifhavm?okdYr[kwfoifwkdYMum;cJhMuonfht&mudk

,HkMunfjcif;aMumifhavm/}} TEV ]]ynwfw&m;awmif;aomt&mjyKjcif;aMumifhavm? odkYr[kwf {0Ha*vdw&m;Mum;í,HkMunf

jcif;aMumifhavm/}} NJB ]]oifwkdYonf0dnmOfawmf&jcif;rSmynwfw&m;udkusifhjcif;aMumifhavm? odkYr[kwf oifwkdYxH

a[majymaomt&mudk,HkMunfMujcif;aMumifhavm/}}

82

]],HkMunfjcif;}} - faith (pistis) udk þtcef;BuD;xJxyfcgwvJvJoHk;EIef;NyD; ¤if;udk -“faith”

,HkMunfjcif; “trust” - udk;pm;onf (0g) ,HkMunfonf-believe [kbmomjyefEdkifonf/ "r®a[mif;ESifh "r®opfESpfckp vHk;ü,HkMunfjcif; pum;vHk;oHk;EIef;yHktxl;taMumif;t&m 3;6 ü-½I&ef/ t*FvdyftoHk;tEIef;ü believe ESifh trust

ESpfrsdK;rSmtvGefqifwlonf (2;26? 3;2? 6? 7? 8? 9? 11? 12? 14? 22 ESifh 26)/ 3;3 ]]oifwkdYonf þrQavmufrdkufrJMuoavm}} ¤if;rSm ti,f 1 xJJ&Sda0g[m&ESifhtwlwljzpfonf/

���� NASB ]]0dnmOfawmftm;jzifhtpjyKcJhMuNyD/ tckaoG;om;Zmwdtm;jzifhpHkvifjcif;odkYa&mufMuOD;rnfavm/}} NKJV ]]0dnmOfawmftxJtpjyKcJhMuNyD;? tckaoG;om;Zmwdtm;jzifhpHkvifjynfh0apMuOD;rnfavm/}} NRSV ]]0dnmOfawmfESifh pwifcJhMuNyD;? tckaoG;om;ZmwdESifh tqHk;owfMuOD;rnfavm/}} TEV ]]bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfjzifhtpjyKcJhMuNyD/ tckoifwkdY\pGrf;tm;jzifh NyD;pD;vdkMuoavm/}} NJB ]]0dnmOfawmftxJoifwdkYtpjyKcJhMuonfht&mudk jyifyapmifhxdef;rIrsm;tm;jzifh tqHk;owf&avmuf atmifoifwdkYrdkufrJMuoavm/}}

txufyg'kwd,pum;pkudk ESpfrsdK;em;vnfEdkifonf/ (1)MIDDLE VOICE (NRSV, TEV, JB) odkYr[kwf (2) PASSIVE VOICE (NASB, NKJV)/ MIDDLE VOICE onf*vmwdom;wkdY\ tjyKtrIudktav;t eufjyKNyD;? tjyKcH Bud,m PASSIVE urljyifyrSvkyfaqmifrIudk tav;teufjyKonf/ MIDDLE VOICE ESifhydkrdkqD avsmfonf/ *vmwdom;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY&aomu,fwifjcif;NyD;ajrmufap&ef arma&S\ ynwfw&m;twdkif;tm; xkwfMuonf/ uRefawmfwdkY \u,fwifjcif;ESifh &ifhusufjcif;ESpfrsdK;vHk;aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh ,HkMunfjcif;rSwpfqifhjzpf onf/ t"dyÜg,f&Sdaomþa0g [m&ESpfrsdK;vHk;zdvdyÜd 1;6 üvnf;twloHk;EIef;onf/ aygvk\usefaomtusdK;tjypf azmfjyaqG;aEG;rIwpfckvHk;\ pl;pdkufrIrSm ,HkMunfolrsm;onfa,½Ic&pfawmfESifh c&pfawmftxJüomvQif NyD;ajrmuf &ifhusufonf[laomtjzpfrSef jzpfayrnf/

ti,f 3 üaygvkqdkvdk&if;rSm ,HkMunfolrsm;onf rnfokdYtouf&Sif&rnfudk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifa&G;cs,fjcif; r[kwf[krqdkvdkacs/ u,fwifjcif;rSm bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftpjyKay;cJhjcif;tm; wkHYjyefrIjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkenf; wlc&pf,meftoufwmrSm 0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyrItm;aemifw&jcif;? ,HkMunfjcif;? emcHjcif;ESifh pGJNrJjcif;wkdYtm;jzifh qufvufíwkYHjyefrIjyKoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm c&pfawmfESifh wljcif;üqufvufjzpfxGef; oGm;jcif;jzpfonf (5;1-6;10)/

]]aoG;om;Zmwd}} – flesh udktxl;taMumif;t&m 1;16 üMunfhyg/ 3;4 NASB ]]oifwdkYonf 'ku©qif;&Jrsm;pGmudk tusdK;rJhcHpm;cJhMuoavm/}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYonf 'ku©qif;&Jrsm;udk tusdK;rJhcHpm;aeNyDavm/}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYonf bmrQr[kwfaomt&mtwGufrsm;pGmawGUBuHKcJhMuoavm/}} TEV ]]oifwkdYawGUBuHKcJhorQvHk;0t"dyÜg,fr&SdjzpfaeNyDavm/}} NJB ]]oifwkdY&cJhorQrsufESmom&rIrsm;toHk;rjyKbJ xm;cJhMuNyD}}

83

]]'ku©qif;&JcH}} suffer [kqkd&mwGif 1/ udk,fum,'ku©qif;&J (tm&Srdkif;em;a'oawmifydkif;&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;onf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;\n§Of;qJjcif;cHcJh

MuaMumif;rSwfwrf;udk wrefawmf 14;2? 5? 19? 22 wdkYüawGU&onf)/ 2/ olwdkY,HkMunfajymif;vJcsdefü pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIqkdif&m jyif;xefaom½kwfw&ufajymif;vJrI

3/ *&dpmayü xdka0g[m&onf ]]tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;}} udkvnf;ñTef;Edkifonf (Magill a&;aomNT Transline,

p.688)/

����•]]wu,fyif tusdK;rJhjzpfcJh&NyDavm}} ¤if;rSmwwd,wef;pm;cRif;csufyg0gusrsdK;jzpfonf/ þpum;pktaMumif; oDtdk&DESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ (1) 1;16 ESifh qufpyfEdkifonf (wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;odkY aygvk\trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;)/ odkYr[kwf (2) arma&S\ ynwfw&m;vdkufavQmufjcif;udk tm;udk;jcif;\0dnmOfa&;&mtusdK;rJhjcif; taMumif;ayg vk\ tusdK;tjypfazmfjyaqG;aEG;rIESifh qufpyfEdkifonf/ olwdkYonf vlom;\tm;xkwfrIbufodkYajymif;oGm;Muygu c&pfawmf\ aus;Zl;awmfonf olwdkYudkulnDvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs (4;11? 5;2-4? 1aum 15;2)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / pGJNrJ&efvdktyfjcif; c&pf,meftoufwmqdkif&m or®musrf;enf;usMo0g'rsm; ½Sif;vif;&efcufcJ&jcif;rSm ¤if;wdkYudk twGJvdkufusKd; aMumif; azmfjyaomyHkaqmifcsufrsm;jzpfonfh ta½SYwdkif;pmay[efrsKd;jzifh wifjyxm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tqdkyg twGJwdkYrSm qefYusifbufjzpfaeoa,mifxif&aomfvnf;? ESpfrsKd;pvHk; or®musrf;pmenf;usomvQifjzpfonf/ taemufwdkif;c&pf,mefrsm;onf xdkor®mw&m;twGJwpfwGJ\or®mw&m;wpfzufudka½G;cs,fum? tjcm;wbufu or®mw&m;wpfcktm; vpfvsL½I(0g)½IwfcsMuonf/ om"ujzifh ½Sif;vif;azmfjyyg &ap/ (u) u,fwifjcif;[lonf c&pfawmftm; ,HkMunfudk;pm;&ef tpjyKqHk;jzwfcsufwpfckavm(0g)wynfhawmftjzpf wpfoufwmqufuyfjcif;avm? (c) u,fwifjcif;[lonf tcsKyftcsmtmPmydkif bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh a½G;aumufjcif;avm(0g) bk&m;ocif\ay;prf;rItm; vlom;u ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh aemifwjzifh wHkYjyefjcif;avm/ (*) u,fwifjcif;[lonf wpfcgvufcHcJhNyDqdkvQif r½IH;qHk;Edkifaomt&mavm(0g)ZGJ½Sd½Sd qufvufoGm;&ef vdktyf oavm? pGJNrJjcif;jyóemonf toif;awmfordkif;wavQmufvHk; qufvufjzpfay:onf/ xdkjyóemrSm "r®opfusrf;xJ½Sd qefYusifae[ef½Sdaom usrf;ydk'frsm;aMumifh pwifjzpfay:onf/ (u) pdwfcsrItaMumif;usrf;ydk'frsm; 1/ a,½I\ajymMum;csufrsm; (a,m 6;37? 10;28-29) 2/ aygvk\ajymMum;csufrsm; (a&mr 8;35-39? {zuf 1;13? 2;5? 8-9? zd 1;6? 2;13? 2ouf 3;3? 2wd 1;12? 4;18) 3/ ayw½k\ajymMum;csufrsm; (1ay 1;4-5) (c) pGJNrJ&efvdktyfaMumif; usrf;ydk'frsm;/ 1/ a,½I\ajymMum;csufrsm; (róJ 10;22? 13;1-9? 24-30? 24;13? rmuk 13;13? a,m 8;31? 15;4-10? Asm 2;7? 17? 20? 3;5? 12? 21)/ 2/ aygvk\ajymMum;csufrsm; (a&mr 11;22? 1aum 15;2? 2aum 13;5? *vm 1;6? 3;4 5;4? 6;9? zd 2;12? 3;18-20? aum 1;23)/ 3/ a[NAJMo0g'pma&;ol\ ajymMum;csufrsm;(2;1? 3;6? 14? 4;14? 6;11)/ 4/ a,m[ef\ajymMum;csufrsm; (1a,m 2;6/ 2a,m 9) 5/ crnf;awmf\ajymMum;csufrsm; (Asm 21;7) or®musrf;pmvm u,fwifjcif;onf tcsKyftcsmtmPmydkif oHk;yg;wqlbk&m;\arwåmawmf? *½kPmawmfESifhaus;Zl;awmfrS xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ 0dnmOfawmf\tpjyKay;jcif;r½Sdygu rnfolrQ u,fwifjcif;r &Ekdifacs(a,m[ef 6;44? 65)/ bk&m;ocifonf yxrOD;qHk; <ua&mufvmum? tpDtpOfpwifonfrSefaomf vnf;? vlom;onf ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh aemifwjzifhwHkYjyefum? tpjyKjcif;ESifh qufvufoGm;jcif; ESpfrsKd;aygif;pyfyg 0ifonf/ bk&m;ocifonf y#dnOfw&m;tm;jzifh qufpyfrIjzifh vlom;ESifhtwl tvkyfvkyfonf/ ¤if;ü txl;tcGifh ta&;ESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;[lí½Sdonf/

84

u,fwifjcif;udk vlom;wdkif;tm; ay;prf;onf/ usqif;aomzefqif;jcif;\tjypf jyóemudk a,½I\t aocHjcif;u ajz½Sif;cJhonf/ bk&m;ocifonf vrf;aMumif;wpfckjyifqifay;um? rdrd\arwåmawmfESifha,½ItxJ rdrdjyifqifay;rItm;? rdrdo@mefawmftwdkif; zefqif;cJholvlom;wdkif;tm; wHkYjyefrIjyKapvdkonf/ þtaMumif;t&mudk uJvfAJift,l0g'r[kwfaom ½IapmifhrS ydkízwf½Iavhvmvdkygu atmufygpmtkyfrsm; üMunfhyg/ 1/ Dale Moody, The Word of Truth, Eerdmans, 1981(pp. 348-365) 2/ Howard Marshall, Kept by the Power of God, Bethany Fellowship, 1969 3/ Robert Shank, Life in the Son, Wescott 1961 or®musrf;pmonf þu@ü uGJjym;jcm;em;aomjyóemESpfrsKd;ajymonf/ (1) pdwfcs&rItm; toD;rJhaom? Zmwdudkvdkufaomtouf½SifrItwGuf cGifhjyKcsufvdkifpif yrmoabmxm;um? touf½Sifjcif;ESihf (2) trIawmfjrwf ESifh rdrdtjypfaMumifh ½kef;uef'ku©a&mufaeolrsm;udk tm;ay;tm;ajrmufjyKjcif;/ jyóemrSm rSm;,Gif;aomtkyfpk rsm;onf rSm;,Gif;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk&,lum or®musrf;pmusrf; ydk'frsm;ukd tuefYtowfjzifhzJh,lNyD;"r®o abmt,l0g'rsm; wnfaqmufMuonf/ tcsKdUc&pf,mefrsm; twGuf pdwfcs&rItcsuftvufrsm;ta&;wBuD;vdk tyfaepOf? tjcm;aomoltcsKdUtwGufrSmrl cyfwif;wif;owday;rIrsm; vdktyfaeMuonf/oifonf rnfonfhtkyfpk üjzpfoenf;?

3;5 ]]odkYjzpfvQif oifwdkYudk0dnmOfawmfay; ... aomol}} bk&m;ocifonf 0dnmOfawmfudkay;jcif;rSm u,fwif jcif;udktpjyK&efjzpfonf (3;14/ a&mr 8;9)/ ]]ay;aomol}} [laom Bud,memrfrSm ypöKyÜKefjyKvkyfol PRESENT

ACTIVE jzpfNyD; 2aum 9;10 üvnf; ]]ay;awmfrlaomol}} [kawGU&onf/ yxrtoHk;tEIef;rSm ]]ayg<u,fpGm ay;onf}} (0g) ]]tcrJh ay;oem;onf}} [k t"dyÜg,f&Sdygonf/

����•]]oifwkdYtv,fütHhMobG,f&mrsm;udkjyKvkyfaomolonf}} ¤if;onfvnf; ykpöKyÜefüjyKvkyfaomPRESENT

ACITIVE PARTICIPLE Bud,m jzpfonf/ 1/ thHMobG,ft&mjzpfaom olwdkY\u,fwifjcif;/ 2/ {0Ha*vdw&m;udk twnfjyKaom edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;ESifh tHhbG,ft&mrsm;vdkufygvmjcif;/

3/ 0dnmOfa&;&mqkaus;Zl;awmfrsm; (1aum&dEÅK 12)/ ¤if;wdkYrSm *vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;twGif;üvnf; jzpfay:aMumif;ay:vGifonf/ þpum;pkudk vlwpfOD;csif;tm;ajymjcif;tjzpf ]]oifwkdYtxJü}} (odkY) toif;awmfudk ajymjcif;tjzpf ]]oifwdkYtv,fü}} [kzwf&rnfhtay: bmomjyefq&mrsm;oabmxm;csif;rwlacs/

olwdkYonf arma&S\ynwfw&m;udk vdkufaomaMumifh bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\aumif;csD;r*FvmtvHk;pHkudk olwdkYtm;aus;Zl;BuD;pGmay;jcif;avm/xdkodkYr[kwfacs/ þtHhMobG,f&mrsm;rSm ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifholwdkYvufcH&&Sd aom ppfrSefonfh {0Ha*vdw&m;udkbk&m;ociftwnfjyKay;jcif;jzpfonf/

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 3;6-9 6odkYjzpfítmjA[Honf bk&m;ocifudk,HkMunfí? ¤if;udkolUtwGufajzmifhrwfjcif;tjzpfrSwf,lay;onf/ 7xdkYaMumifh,HkMunfjcif;&SdolwdkYrSmtmjA[H\om;rsm;jzpfaMumif;aocsmodMuavmh/8bk&m;ocifonfwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;udk,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwfaprnfudkor®musrf;pmonfBudKwifodjrifojzifh? tmjA[Htm;{0H a*vdw&m;udk a&SUrqGuyifa[mcJhNyD; ]vlrsdK;taygif;wkdYonf oifhtxJüaumif;csD;r*FvmcHpm;Muvdrfhrnf} [kajym\/ 9xkdYaMumifh,HkMunfjcif;&SdolwdkYonf ,HkMunfoltmjA[HESifh twlaumif;csD;r*FvmcHpm;Mu\/

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3;6 ]]odkYjzpfítmjA[Honf}} ti,f 6-9 onf *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\0dnmOfa&;ESifh vlrsdK;a&;yHkpHjzpfaom tmjA[H taMumif;tus,fcsJUonf/ rrSefaomq&morm;wdkYonf tmjA[Htm;bk&m;ocifudk ,HkMunfNyD;aemuf? ta&zsm; vSD; ol\OyrmtjzpftoHk;jyKcJhMujcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ aygvkonf a&mr 4 ü rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfhtwdkif; þae&mü razmf jy&jcif;taMumif;udk þtcsuftm;jzifh &Sif;vif;aponf/ tmjA[HrSm vlom;tm;vHk; bk&m;ocifxH rnfodkYwdk;0if;csOf; uyfaMumif;\Oyrmjzpfonf (*&dbmomjyef"r®a[mif;usrf;? LXX \urÇmOD; 15;6)/ u,fwifjcif;ESifh bk&m;ocif ESifhqkdifí ajzmifhrwfpGm&yfwnf&jcif;onf aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh jzpfonfrSm tNrJwrf;yifjzpfNyD;? topfaom owif;pum;r[kwfacs/ odkYjzpfí Curtis Vaunghan a&;aomA Study

Guide commentarypmtkyfü rSwfcsufcsonfrSm ]]þpum;pk\qdkvdk&if;rSm tmjA[H onfaus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuefapjcif;&onfenf;wl? *vmwdom;wdkYvnf; xdktwdkif;jzpfonf}} [kazmfjyonf (p.16)? ,HkMunfjcif;ed,ronf ti,f 7? 9? wGif,HkMunfjcif;&Sdoltm;vHk;twGuf jzpfum*vmwd om;wdkYtwGuf vnf;jzpfonf i,f 8/ vlwpfa,muf\tmjA[HESifh qufEG,frIudk (1) udk,fum,rsdK;½dk; (tpöa&;) tm;jzifh owfrSwfjcif;? odkYr[kwf (2) ukd,fum,trSwftom; (ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;a&mr 2;28-29)tm;jzifh owfrSwfjcif;r[kwfbJ (i,f 18) ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh tm;jzifh owfrSwfonf ({zuf 2;8-9)/

����•]],HkMunfcJhonf}}

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / "r®a[mif;usrf;xJu,HkMunfjcif;^udk;pm;jcif;? opöm&Sdjcif; - believe, trust, faith and faithfulness (gba) 1/ tzGifhazmfjycsuf "r®ynmqdkif&m þt,ltqtm;toHk;jyKjcif;onf "r®opfusrf;ütBuD;jrwfqHk;jzpfaomt&mjzpfum? "r® a[mif;usrf;ürlxdkodkY&Sif;vif;jcif;r&SdaMumif;azmfjy&efvdktyfonf/ 4if;rSm"r®a[mif;usrf;ü &SdonfrSefaomfvnf; a&G;cs,fxm;onfh aomhcsuf pmydk'frsm;ESifh yk*¾dKvfrsm;ü om&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf; xJa&mpyfyg0ifyHkrsm; (u) vlwpfOD;csif;ESifh vlrItodkif;t0dkif; (c) vlyk*¾dKvftm;jzifh awGUBuHK&jcif;ESifh y#dnmOfw&m;tm;emcHjcif;/ ,HkMunfjcif;onfvludk,fwdkifawGUBuHKjcif;ESifh aeYpOftouf&Sifjcif;yHkpHjzpfonf/ tu©&mpmom;rsm;tm;jzifha&; om; azmfjyjcif;xuf vlyk*¾dKvfwpfa,muftm;jzifh azmfjyjcif;rSmydkrdkvG,fulonf/ vlyk*¾dKvfüjrif&yHkudktaumif;qHk; &Sif;vif;azmfjyrIrsm;rSm- (u) tmNA[HESifh ol\tquftEG,frsm; (c) 'g0d'f ESifh tpöa&; þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf bk&m;ocifudkawGUBuHKMu&NyD;? olwdkY\b0rSmtNrJajymif; vJoGm;cJhonf/ (pHkvifjynfh0 aomtoufwmrsdK;r[kwfbJ? qufvuf,HkMunfoGm;aomtoufwmjzpfonf)/ prf;oyfcH&rIrsm;onfbk&m;ocif tm; awGUBuHKaomolwdkY\ ,HkMunfrItm;enf;csuftm;om;csufrsm;udkay:vGifapaomfvnf;&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifaom? ,HkMunfudk;pm;onfhqufqHa&;onfwpfa&SmufvHk;qufvufoGm;cJhonf/ 4if;onfprf;oyfjcif;ESifhaq;aMumrIrsm;cH& aomfvnf; olwdkY\qufuyfrIESifh touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHuouf aoxlonfhtwdkif;qufvufoGm;cJhonf/ 2/ toHk;jyKaomrl&if;pum;vHk; (u) γβα (BDB 52) 1/ Bud,m (u) Qal tajccH -axmufyHhonf? auR;arG;jyKpkonf (4"r®10;1?5? {owm2;7?"r®ynmESifh rqdkifaomt oHk;tEIef;) (c) Niphal tajccH- aocsmaponf (0g) twnfjzpfaponf? wnfaxmifonf? twnfjyKonf? ,HkMunf tm;xm;&onf/ (1) vlrsm;ESifh qdkifí-a[&Sm, 8;2? 53;1? a,&rd 40;14/

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(2) t&m0w¬Krsm;ESifh qdkifí- a[&Sm, 22;23/ (3) bk&m;ocifESihf qdkifí-w&m;a[m 7;9?12? a[&Sm, 49;7? a,&rd 42;5/ (*) Hiphil tajccH – cdkifcHh&yfwnfonf? ,HkMunfonf? udk;pm;onf/ (1) tmjA[Honf bk&m;ocifudk,HkMunfonf- urÇmOD; 15;6/ (2) tD*spfEdkifiHu tpöa&;vlrsdK;rsm;u,HkMunfcJhMum;onf- xGuf 4;31? 14;31(w&m;a[m 1;32ü y,fzsufonf) (3) arma&SrSwqifh pum;ajymaom YHWH udktpöa&;rsm;,HkMunf cJhMuonf/xGuf19;9? qmvH 106;12?24/ (4) tmcwfrif;onf bk&m;ocifudkr,HkMunf? a[&Sm,7;9/ (5) 4if;^olYtm;vHk;,HkMunfolwdkif;? a[&S,28;16/ (6) bk&m;ociftaMumif;or®mw&m;rsm;,HkMunf? a[&Sm, 43;10-12/ 2/ txD;jyemrf - opöm&Sdjcif; (w&m;a[m32;20? a[&Sm,25;1? 26;2)/ 3/ Bud,m -ppfrSefpGm? rSefuefpGm? uREfkyfoabmwlnDonf? xdkodkYjzpfEdkifonf(w&m;a[m27;15-26? 3"r® 1;36? 1&m16;36? a[&Sm,65;16? a,&rd11;5? 28;6/ 4if;rSm"r®a[mif;?"r®opfrsm;&Sdqkawmif;pmrsm;ü oHk;onf ]]tmrif}} jzpfonf/ (c) γµΤ (BDB 54) trjyemrf - cdkifrmjcif;? opöm&Sdjcif;? or®mw&m; 1/ vlrsm;ESifh qdkifí? a[&Sm,10;20? 42;3? 48;1/ 2/ bk&m;ESihf qdkifí? xGuf34;6? qmvH117;2? a[&Sm,38;18? 19? 61;8/ 3/ or®mw&m;ESifh qdkifí? w&m;a[m32;4? 3"r®22;16? qmvH33;4? 98;3? 100;5? 119;30? a,&rd9;4? Zmc&d8;16/ (*) (BDB 53) cdkifcHhjcif;? wnfNrJjcif;? opömapmifhjcif;/ 1/ vufrsm;ESifh qdkifí? xGuf17;12/ 2/ tcsdefumvESifh qdkifí? a[&Sm,33;6/ 3/ vlom;rsm;ESifh qdkifí? a,&rd5;3? 7;28? 9;2/ 4/ bk&m;ESifhqdkifí? qm 40;11? 88;12? 89;2?3?6?9? 119;138/ 3/ þ"r®a[mif;t,ltqudk aygvktoHk;jyKonf/ (u) aygvkonf YHWH ESifh "r®a[mif;usrf;tm; rdrdem;vnfoabmaygufrIudk'roufNrdKUoGm; &mvrf;ay: a,½IESifh yk*¾dKvftm;jzifhqHkawGUjcif;tay:tajcjyKonf(wrefawmf9;22/ 26)/ (c) olonfrdrd\topfem;vnfoabmaygufrltm;taxmuftuljyKonfh aomhcsufusaom"r®a[mif;

usrf;ydk'fESpfckawGU&NyD; 4if;wkdYürl&if; ◊∑ udktoHk;jyKonf/ (1) urÇm15;6 - bk&m;ocif tpjyKrIjzifhtmjA[Honf rdrdudk,fwdkif bk&m;ociftm;awGUBuHKrIonf

urÇm 12 ,HkMunfrIjzifh emcHaomtoufwmjzpfaponf/ (urÇm12-22) aygvkonfþtcsufudk a&mr4ESifh *vmwd3 wkdYü&nfñTef;onf/

(2) a[&Sm,28;16 - olukd,HkMunfolrsm;onf (bk&m;ocifuprfoyfNyD;cdkifrmpGmcsonfhwdkufaxmifh tkwfjrpfausmuf) rnfonfhtcgürQ

(u) a&mr 9;33 ]]&SufaMumufjcif;}} (0g) ]]pdwfysufjcif;}} rcHpm;ap&/ (c) a&mr 10;11 txufygtwkdif; (3) [AuúKwf2;4 - opömw&m;jynfh0ol bk&m;ociftm; oduRrf;olrsm;onfopöm&Sdaom toufwm&Sd &rnf/ (a,&rd7;28)/ aygvkonfþtaMumif;udkyif a&mr1;17 ESifh*vmwd 3;10 üutoHk; jyKonf/ (a[NAJ 10;38 udkrSwfom;yg)/ 4/ ayw½konf "r®a[mif;usrf;t,ltqtoHk;jyKyHk (u) ayw½konf atmufygwkdYudkaygif;pyftoHk;jyKonf/ (1) a[&Sm, 8;14 - 1ay2;8 (xdrdívJp&m) (2) a[&Sm, 28;16 - 1ay2;6 (wdkufaxmifhtkwfjrpf) (3) qmvH 111;22 - 1ay2;7 (jiif;y,fcHausmufwHk;)

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(c) olonftpöa&;tm; ]]a&G;cs,faomtrsdK;? rif;pnf;pdrf&Sdaom,Zfyka&m[dwfrsdK;? oefY&Sif;aomtaygif;t oif;}} [lía&;om;azmfjyonfh twktEdIif;uif;aompum;udkatmufygusrf; ydk'fwkdYrS&,lonf/ (1) w&m;10;15/ a[&Sm43;21 (2) a[&Sm61;6/ 66;21 (3) xGuf19;6/ w&m;7;6 4if;wdkYudkc&pfawmftm;,HkMunfaomtoif;awmftwGuftoHk;jyKonf/ 5/ xdkt,ltqudk a,m[eftoHk;jyKyHkrSm (u) "r®opfusrf;ütoHk;jyKyHk- ]],HkMunfonf (belived)}} pum;vHk;rSm*&dpum; pisteuõ rSvmNyD; ]],HkMunf}} (believe)]]udk;pm;}} (faith or trust) [lívnf;bmomjyefqdkEdkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh a,m[efc&pf0ifusrf;ü4if; pum;vHk;udkemrftjzpfrawGU&bJ Bud,mtjzpf omrMumcP oHk;onf/ emZ&uf NrdKUom;a,½Itm;ar&Sd,tjzpf vltkwfBuD;\ qufuyfrIrSm ppfrSefjcif;&Sdr&Sda,m[ef2; 23- 25 üraorcsmjzpfonf/ ]],HkMunf}} believeqdkaomþpum;vHk;tm; tay:,HtjzpftoHk; jyKjcif;\ tjcm;Oyrmrsm;rSma,m[ef8;31-59ESifh wrefawmf 8;13? 18-24 wdkYjzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmenf;us ppfrSefonfh,HkMunfjcif; (faith) rSmtpjyKrIxufydkrdkonf/ 4if;udk wjynhf awmfjzpfjcif; tqifhqifhu vdkufvm &rnfjzpfonf(róJ13;20-22?31-32)/ (c) 4if;tm;0dbufrsm;ESifh toHk;jyKjcif; (1) eis \t"dyÜg,frSmtxJodkY into jzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\udk;pm;^,HkMunfjcif;udk a,½ItxJxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ (u) ol\emrnfxJü (a,m1;12? 2;23? 3;18? 1a,m5;13)/ (c) ol\txJü (a,m[ef2;11/ 3;15? 18/ 4;39/ 6;40/ 7;5?31?39?48/8;30/ 9;36/ 10;42/ 11;45?48/ 17;37? 42/ róJ18;6/ wref10;43/zdvdyÜd1;29/ 1ay1;8)/ (*) ightxJü (a,m[ef6;35/ 7;38/ 11;25?26/ 12;44?46/ 14;1?12/16;9/ 17;20)/ (C) om;awmftxJü (a,m[ef3;36/ 9;35/ 1a,m5;10)/ (i) a,½ItxJü (a,m[ef12;11/ wref19;4/ *vmwd2;16)/ (p) tvif;awmfxJü (a,m[ef12;36)/ (2) en onf ]]txJ - in }}[k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ a,m[ef3;15/ rmuk1;15/wref 5;14/ (3) epi onf txJ tay: - in or upon [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ róJ 27;42/ wref9;42/ 11;17/16;31/ 22;19/ a&mr4;5? 24/ 9;33/ 10;11/ 1wd1;16/ 1ay2;6/ (4) 0dbwfrwGJbJtoHk;jyKaom DATIVE CASE usrf;ydk'frsm;rSm *vmwd3;6/ wref18;8/ 27;25/ 1a,m3;23/ 5;10/ 5/ hoti onf ]]aMumif;tm;,HkMunfonf}} [kt"dyÜg,f&SdNyD; ,HkMunf&rnfht&mwqufwnf;yg 0ifonf/ (u) a,½Ionf bk&m;ocif\oefY&Sif;oljzpfonf/ (a,m[ef6;69)/ (c) a,½Ionf ig—jzpfonfqdkoljzpfonf/ (a,m[ef8;24)/ (*) a,½Ionfcrnf;awmftxJ&Sdí? crnf;awmfonfolYtxJ&Sdonf/ (a,m[ef10;38)/ (C) a,½IrSm ar&Sd,jzpfonf/ (a,m[ef11;27/10;31)/ (i) a,½IrSm bk&m;ocif\om;awmfjzpfonf/ (a,m[ef11;27/ 20;31)/ (p) a,½Iudkcrnf;awmfuapvGwfonf/ (a,m[ef11;42/ 17;8?21)/ (q) a,½Ionf crnf;awmfESifh wpfvHk;wpf0wnf;jzpfonf/ (a,m[ef 14;10-11)/ (Z) a,½Ionf crnf;awmfxHrS<uvmonf/ (a,m[ef16;27?30)/ (ps) a,½Ionf crnf;awmf\y#dnmOfcHemrawmfjzpfaom ]]ig--jzpfonf}} ESifhrdrdudk,frdrdw xyfwnf;jyKonf/ (a,m[ef8;24/ 13;19)/ (n) igwkdYonfolESifh twlaexdkifMurnf/ (a&mr6;8)/ (#) a,½Ionf taocHí jyef&Sifxajrmufonf/ (1ouf4;14)/

88

6/ ed*Hk;csKyfjcif; or®musrf;enf;us,HkMunfjcif;rSm bk&m;ajympum;^uwdawmftm; vlom;uwHkYjyefjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;o cifonftpjyKavh&Sdaomfvnf; (a,m[ef 6;44?65) bk&m;&Sif\þqufoG,frIü vlom;\wHkYjyefrIvdktyfonf/ (u) tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKjcif; - trust (c) y#dnmOfcHvkdufemrI –covenant obedienceor®musrf;enf;us,HkMunfjcif;onf (1) yk*¾dKvftm;jzifh qufpyfrI (tpjyKaom,HkMunfjcif;) (2) or®musrf;enf;usor®mw&m;tm;twnfjyKjcif;/(bk&m;ocif\zGifhjyrItm; t,HktMunf&Sdjcif;) (3) 4if;tm;oifhavsmfvHkavmufaomemcHrIjzifh wHkYjyefjcif; (aeYpOf,HkMunfrI) or®musrf;enf;us,HkMunfjcif;[lonf aumif;uifbHka&muf&ef vufrSwf (oYdk) tmrcHpHepfwpf&yfr[kwfacs/ 4if;rSm yk*¾dKvfcsif;qufpyfrI awmfpyfrIjzpfonf/ 4if;rSm zefqif;jcif;\&nf&G,fcsufjzpfNyD;? vlom;rsm;udkbk&m;o cif\ oP²mefawmfESifh tnDbk&m;ocifuJhodkY zefqif;onf/ (urÇm1;26-27)/ 4if;aMumifh jzpfvmaomt&mrSm ]]&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifjcif;}} jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonfrdwfo[m,jzpfjcif;^taygif;tazmfjzpfjcif;udk vdkvm;jcif;jzpfNyD;? "r®ynmqkdif&mt&yfwnfrIwpfcktm;vdkvm;jcif;r[kwfacs/ odkYaomfoefY&Sif;awmfrlolbk&m;ocifESifh taygif;t oif;jzpfjcif;wGifom;jzpfolwkdYü ]]rdom;pk}} vu©Pmxif&Sm;ay:vGifae7efvdktyfonf/(OyrmoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;? 0wfjyK19;2/ róJ5;48/ 1ay1;15-16)/ tjypfxJusqif;jcif;onf uREfkyfwkdY\oifhavsmfvHkavmufpGm wHkYjyefrIpGrf; &nfudk xdcdkufonf/ xkdYaMumifhbk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYbufüaeum vkyfaqmifvsuf (a,Z36;27-38)]]ESvHk; topf}} ESifh ]]0dnmOftopf}} ay;onf/ 4if;onf uREfkyfwdkYtm;,HkMunfjcif;ESifh tjypfukdaemifw&jcif;tm;jzifh udk,fawmfESifh rdwfo[m,jzpfum oltm;emcHEdkif&ef wwfpGrf;Edkifaponf/ txufyg tcsufoHk;ckpvHk;rSm tjywfqHk;jzwfrIay;onfhta&;BuD; tcsufrsm;jzpfonf/ oHk;csufpvHk;quf vufxdef;xm;&ygrnf/ yef;wdkifrSmbk&m;ociftm;oduRrf;&ef (a[NAJESifh *&dtjrifESpfckpvHk;ü) ESifh ol\trSwft om;tm;uRefawmfwdkY\ toufwmü xif[yfay:vGifap&efjzpfonf/ ,HkMunfjcif;\ yef;wdkifrSm wpfaeYaomtcg aumif;uifbHka&muf&ef r[kwfbJ?c&pfawmfESifh aeYpOfwlae&efjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifESifhqufpyfESD;EG,frItwGufvlom;\opöm&Sdjcif;onftajccH("r®a[mif;)r[kwfbJ?&v'f ("r®opf) jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\opömw&m;tay:vlom;u,HkMunfonf/ bk&m;ocif\ ,HkMunfxdkufrIudkvlom; uudk;pm;jcif;jzpfonf/ u,fwifjcif;qdkif&m"r®opfusrf;tjrif\tESpfom&rSmc&pfawmftxJ&Sif; vif;pGmazmfjyxm; onfh bk&m;ociftpjyKay;cJhaom aus;Zl;awmfESifh*½kPmawmfudk vlom;utpjyKwHkYjyefum? qufvufwkHYjyef oGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ udk,fawmfonfuRefawmfwkdYudkcspfcJhygNyD/ om;awmfudkapvTwfcJhygNyD? uRefawmfwkdYudkaxmufr cJhygNyD/ uRefawmfwdkYonf,HkMunfjcif;ESifh opöm&SdrIjzifhwHkYjyefMu&ygrnf/ ({zuf2;8-9 ESifh 10)/ opöm&Sdaombk&m;ocifonf rdrdudk,frdrdtm;opömrJhaomavmuü zGifhjyrnfh? opöm&SdaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;t vdk&Sdaeygonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ /,HkMunfonf? udk;pm;onf FAITH, BELIEVE, OR TRUST, Pistis (emrf) PisteuŌ (Bud,m)Pistos (emr0daooe)/ (u) or®musrf;pmü ¤if;\ta&;BuD;yHkudk a[NAJ 11;1? 6 üawGU&onf/ ¤if;rSm a,½I\ueOD;a[m Mum;onfh taMumif;t&mjzpfonf/ (rm 1;15)/ y#dnOfw&m;opfü tenf;qHk; awmif;qdkrIESpfck½Sd&m aemifw &jcif;ESifh,HkMunfjcif;jzpfonf/ (1;15/ wrefawmf 3;16? 19/ 20;21)/ (c) ¤if;\rlvZpfjrpfrSm 1/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ü ]],HkMunfjcif;}}-faith \t"dyÜg,frSm opöm½Sdjcif; uwdopömapmifhjcif;(0g) ,HkMunf pdwfcs&jcif;jzpfNyD;? bk&m;ocif\obm0tm; a&;om;azmfjy&efoHk;onf/ vl\obm0tm; azmfjy &efroHk;acs/ 2/ ¤if;onf a[NAJa0g[m& (emun, emunal)rS qif;oufvmNyD;]]aocsmonf odkUr[kwf ckdifcHh onf}}[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ u,fwifjcif;ay;aom ,HkMunfjcif;(faith)onf pdwfykdif;qdkif&m or®mw&m;udpö&yf

89

rsm;? toufwmqdkif&m udk,fusihfw&m;ESifh rlvawmfpyfrI(vlwpfOD;tm;vufurf;BudKqdkjcif;)ESifh tqdkygvlyk*¾dKvfü pdwfqEtm;jzifh qufuyfrI(qHk;jzwfjcif;)jzpfonf/ (*) ¤if;a0g[m&tm; "r®a[mif;usrf;ü toHk;jyKyHkudk txl;azmfjy&efrSm tmjA[H\,HkMunfrIonf tem*wf ar½Sd,ü r[kwfbJ? olonf om;a,musfm;wpfa,mufxGef;um;NyD;? tquftEG,frsm;½Sdrnf[laom bk&m;ocif\uwdawmftm; ,HkMunfjcif;jzpfonf/ (urÇm 12;2/ 15;2-5/ 17;4-8/ 18;14)/ tmjA[H onf bk&m;ociftm; udk;pm;jcif;jzifh wHkUjyefrIjyKonf/ tqdkyg uwdawmftwdkif;jzpfvm&ef ESpfaygif; wq,fhoHk;ESpfwdkif Mumanmif;cJhojzifh olüvnf; oHo,rsm;ESifh jyóemrsm;½Sdonfomjzpf\/ rnfodkUjzpf ap ol\rpHkrvifaom,HkMunfjcif;udkyifbk&m;ocifvufcHawmfrlonfomjzpf\/ vlom;onf tjypft emtqmESifhjzpfaomfvnf;?bk&m;ocifonf rdrdESifhrdrd\uwdawmfrsm;tm; ,HkMunfjcif;jzifh wHkUjyefolrsm; ESifhtwl? tvkyfvkyfvdkNyD; olwdkU\,HkMunfjcif;onf rkefnif;apht½G,frQyifjzpfygap vufcHay;awmfrl\/ (róJ 17;20)/ (C) ¤if;tm; "r®opfusrf;ü toHk;jyKyHk ]],HkMunf}}-belief qdkaom a0g[m&onf *&da0g[m&(pisteuo)rSjzpfNyD;? ,HkMunfonf-beliefodkUr[kwf ]]udk;pm;onf}}-trust (0g)faith tjzpf bmomjyefEkdifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh emrfjzpfonfhfaithudk a,m[ef c&pf0ifusrf;ü roHk;aomfvnf; Bud,mjzpfonfh belief or trust udk rMumcPoHk;onf/ a,m[ef 2;23- 25üvltkyfBuD;onf emZ&ufNrdKUom;a,½Itay: ar½Sd,tjzpfqufuyfrIrSm tppftrSef[kwfr[kwf raocsmay/ þtay:,H]],HkMunf}}-belief a0g[m&twGuf tjcm;aomOyrmrsm;rSm a,m[ef 8;31- 59 ESifh wrefawmf 8;13? 18-24 wdkUjzpfonf/ or®musrf;tvdkt& ppfrSefaom,HkMunfjcif;onf tpjyK wHkUjyefvdkuf½Hkxuf ydkrdkonf/¤if;tm; wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;u vdkufygvm&ygrnf/ (róJ 13;20-22/ 31- 32)/ (i) ¤if;tm; 0dbwfrsm;ESifhwGJí oHk;EIef;yHk 1/ eis onf ]]txJodkU}}[kt"dyÜg,f½Sdonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkU\udk;pm;rI trust /faith tm; a,½ItxJ xm;½Sdonf[ktxl;jyKonf/ (u) emrawmfxJü (a,m 1;12/ 2;23/ 3;18/ 1a,m 5;13)/ (c) udk,fawmf\txJü (a,m 2;11/ 3;15? 18/ 4;39/ 6;40/ 7;5? 31? 39? 48/ 8;30/ 9;36/ 10;42/ 11;45? 48/ 17;37? 42/ róJ 18;6/ wref 10;43/ zd 1;29/ 1ay1;8)/ (*) ightxJü (a,m 6;35/ 7;38/ 11;25? 26/ 12;44? 46/ 14;1? 12/ 16;9/ 17;20)/ (C) om;awmftxJü (a,m 3;36/ 9;35/ 1a,m 5;10) (i) a,½ItxJü (a,m 12;11/ wref 19;4/ *vm 2;16) (p) tvif;awmftxJü (a,m 12;36) (q) bk&m;ociftxJü (a,m[ef 14;1) 2/ en onf a,m 3;15/ rmuk 1;15/ wref 5;14wdkUrSm enf;wl]]txJ-in}}[lí t"dyÜg,f½Sdonf/ 3/ epi onf róJ 27;42/ wref 9;42/ 11;17/ 16;31/ 22;19/ a&mr 4;5? 24/ 9;33/ 10;11/ 1wd 1;16/ 1ay 2;6 wdkUrSm enf;wl]]txJ}}odkUr[kwf tay:(upon)[lít"dyÜg,f½Sdonf/ 4/ 0dbwfrygbJ? uwåm;yk'f DATIVE CASE tjzpf awGU&onfrSm *vmwd 3;6/ wref 18;8/27;25/ 1a,m 3;23/ 5;10/ 5/ hoti \t"dyÜg,frSm ]]aMumif;tm; ,HkMunf}}[lít"dyÜg,f½SdNyD; ,HkMunf&rnfht&mrSm (u) a,½Ionf bk&m;ocif\oefU½Sif;awmfrloljzpfaMumif; (6;69) (c) a,½Ionf]]ig}}qdkoljzpfaMumif; (a,m 8;24) (*) a,½Ionf crnf;awmftxJü½SdNyD;? crnf;awmfonf a,½ItxJ½SdaMumif;(a,m10;38) (C) a,½IrSm ar½Sd,jzpfaMumif; (a,m 11;27/ 20;31) (i) a,½IrSm bk&m;ocif\om;awmfjzpfaMumif; (a,m 11;27/ 20;31) (p) a,½Iudk crnf;awmfapvTwfaMumif; (a,m 11;42/ 17;8? 21) (q) a,½Ionf crnf;awmfESifhwpfvHk;wpf0wnf;jzpfaMumif; (a,m 14;10-11) (Z) a,½Ionf crnf;awmfxHawmfrS <uvmaMumif; (a,m 16;27? 30) (ps) a,½Ionf crnf;awmf\y#dnOfcHemrawmfjzpfaom ]]igjzpfonf}}[laomemrawmfESihf olUudk,fol xyfwljyKaMumif; (a,m 8;24/ 13;19)

90

(n) igwdkUonf olESifhtwl touf½SifaexdkifMuvdrfhrnftaMumif; (a&mr 6;8) (#) a,½Ionf taocHí jyefxaMumif; (1ouf 4;14)

��]]¤if;udkolUtwGufajzmifhrwfjcif;tjzpfrSwf,lay;onf}} ¤if;rSm *&dbmomjyef"r®a[mif;usrf; -qyfwl&if; LXX (Septuagint) (urÇm 15;6) rSudk;um;jcif;jzpfonf/ ]]rSwf,l}} reckoned qdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;avmu oHk;a0g[m&jzpfNyD;? ]tjcm;vlwpfa,muf\aiGpm&if;xJaiGtyfay;onf}} [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf (a&mr 4;3? 9? 22)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ajzmifhrwfjcif; 2;21 ü - ½I&ef/ bk&m;ocif\cspfjcif;arwåmESifh tmjA[H\ ,HkMunfrIaMumifh bk&m;ocif\ajzmifhrwf jcif;udktmjA[HtwGufay;onf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&m;ocifonf olYudktarG qufcHcGifhudkyg ay;vdrfhrnf/ urÇmOD; 15;6 ygudk;um;csufrSmqyfwl&if;rSvmonf/ aygvkonf rdrd\tusdK;tjypf azmfjyrIckdifrmap&ef"r®a[mif;usrf;udk tawmfrsm; rsm;udk;um;onf (]]pmtquftpyfoabmjzifh avhvmjcif;}} * üMunfhyg)/ rrSefaomq&morm;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYtusdK;tjypfwifjyaqG;aEG;rItwGufynwfw&m;udkoHk;ojzifh aygvk onfvnf; olwdkYrSm;,Gif;aMumif;jyo&efxdkenf; udkyifoHk;onf/ yxr&mpkESpf*sL;bmomtwGufa[ NAJ"r®a[mif;usrf;xJrS arma&Sa&;aomusrf;rsm; (urÇmOD; -w&m; a[m) onftcGifhtmPmtxufqHk;jzpfonf/ 3;7 ]],HkMunfjcif;&SdolwdkYrSm tmjA[H\om;rsm;jzpfaMumif;aocsmodMuavmh}} þazmfjycsufonf þpm tkyfpktwGif;t"duwGef;tm;jzpfonf/ þausjimcsufonf *sL;vlrsdK;tajcjyKrSm;,Gif;aom q&morm;wdkYudk aMumuf&HGUwkefvIyfoGm;aprSmjzpfonf/ tvm;wlor®mw&m;udk (*sL;vlrsdK;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ vlrsdK;a&;udktajccHjcif; aMumifh bk&m;ocifESifh rrSefMu) ESpfjcif;q&ma,m[ef\w&m;a[mcsufüvnf; &nfñTef;NyD;vQif (vkum 3;8) txl; ojzifh a,m[ef 8;37-59 txJa,½Iajymaompum;rsm;onf ¤if;udk ñTef;qdkonf/ þ"r®oabmor®mw &m;udk yifaygvkonf 3;14? 29 ESifh a&mr 2;28-29 wkdYü xyfrHazmfjyonf/ tmjA[H\om;jzpfonf[k ajymEdkifolwdkYrSm-

1/ a,½IESifh yk*¾dKvfcsif; qufpyf awmfpyfrI&SdaMumif; od&Sdudk;pm;ol 2/ rdrdwdkY\ rdbrsm; (rsdK;½dk;) tm;jzifhr[kwfbJ? rnfuJhodkYtouf&SifaMumif;(c&pfawmfuJhodkY)

3;8 ]]bk&m;ocifonfwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;udk,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhajzmifhrwfaprnfudk or®musrf;pmonf BudKwifodjrifojzifh}} þa[NAJtD'D,Hpum;vHk;onf "r®a[mif;usrf;rSmtjynfht0rIwfoGif;awmfrlí a&;om;jcif; jzpf aMumif;twnfjyKonf/ þusrf;ydk'fü or®musrf;pmudk vltjzpfESpfBudrfwifpm;azmfjyonf/ 4;30 ‘ \rSwfpkü Munfhyg/ vlom;tm;vHku,fwifjcif;rSm bk&m;ocif\ tNrJwrf;tpDtpOf jzpfonf/ (urÇm 3;15/ 12;3/ xGuf 19;5-6)/ bk&m;wpfqlomvQif&SdNyD; vlom;tm;vHk; rdrdoP²mefawmfESifh tnDzefqif;jcif;jzpfonf/ (urÇm 1;26-27/ 5;1/ 9;6)/ xkdYaMumifh vlwdkif;udk olcspfawmfrlonf (a,Zausv 18;32/ a,m[ef 3;16/ 1wd 2;4/ 2ay 3;9)/ wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;tygt0if wpfurÇmvHk;udk bk&m;ocifcspfawmfrlaMumif; a[&Sm,usrf;ü &Sif;vif;pGm jrif&onf (2;2-4/ 45;21-25/ 56;1-8/ 60;1-3)/ tm;vHk;twGufu,fwifjcif; &Edkif&ef puf,EÅ&m;rSmbk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh 1/ c&pfawmf\ tvkyfrSwqifh 2/ 0dnmOfawmf\qGJaqmifrIrSwqifh 3/ vlom;\,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh wkHYjyefrIrSwqifh ({zuf 2;8? 9) 4/ c&pfawmfESifh wljcif;udkjzpfay:apjcif;rSwqifh (i,f 10)

91

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1. pro – rwdkifrD 2. eu - aumif;aom 3. angelia - owif;pum; -message/news 4. euangelizomai - a[majymonf 5. tm;vHk;aygif;\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]owif;aumif;udk wiful;a[majymonf}} [líjzpf\/ ¤if;udk]]"r®opfusrf;xJü þae&müomvQifawGU&onf/ bk&m;ocifonf vlom;tm;vHk;udkcspfaMumif;tm;

tmjA[HudktpjyKac:zdwfjcif;ü zGifhjycJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;jyoonf (urÇm 12;3)/ {0Ha*vdw&m; (euangelion)onf arm a&Sa&;aompmrsm;rSjrpfzsm;cHonf/

����•]]vlrsdK;taygif;onfoifhtxJü aumif;csD;r*FvmcHpm;Muvdrfhrnf}} þae&mwGifaygvkonfurÇm 12;3/ 18;18/ 22;18/ 26;4 ürSwfwrf;jyKxm;aomtmjA[Hudkay;onhfbk&m;ocif\uwdawmfudkudk;um;azmfjyonf/ a[NAJBud,myHkpH\jzpfEdkifacsrSm- 1/ tjyKcHBud,m ]]aumif;csD;ay;jcif;cH&rnf}} (urÇm 18;18/ 28;14)/ 2/ MIDDLE REFLEXIVE yHkpH ]]olwdkYudk,fwdkifudkaumif;csD;ay;vdrfhrnf (urÇm 22;16-18/ 26;4)}} rnfodkYjzpfap LXX ESifhaygvk\udk;um;rIü PASSIVE jzpfNyD;? MIDDLE r[kwfacs/

þusrf;ydk'füaygvkonfurÇm 12;3 ESifh 18;18 wkdYudkqufwl*sifhrS,líaygif;pyfonf/ bk&m;ocif\ oP²mefawmftwdkif;zefqif;xm;aomvlom;tm;vHk; u,fwif&efbk&m;ocif\tNrJpDpOfrIjzpfonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / usrf;jyKol\{0Ha*vdqdkif&mtjrif 1;7 ü-½I&ef/ 3;9 NRSB ]],HkMunfjcif;&SdolwdkYonf ,HkMunfoljzpfaomtmjA[HESifh twlaumif;csD;r*FvmcHpm;Mu\}} NKJV ]],HkMunfjcif;&SdolwdkYonf ,HkMunfaomtmjA[HESifh twlaumif;csD;r*Fvm cHpm;Mu\}} NRSV ]],HkMunfjcif;&SdolwdkYonf,HkMunfoljzpfcJhaom tmjA[HESifh twlaumif;csD;r*FvmcHpm;MuNyD}} TEV ]]tmjA[Honf,HkMunfcJhNyD;aumif;csD;r*FvmcHpm;cJhonf/ xdkenf;wl,HkMunfoltm;vHk;onf ol uJhodkYaumif;csD;r*FvmcHpm;Muonf/}} NJB ]]xdkYaMumifh,HkMunfjcif;ay:rSDcdkolwdkYonf ,HkMunfjcif;\vljzpfol tmjA[HuJhodkYaumif;csD; r*FvmtwlcHpm;Muonf}}

]]twlyg0ifonf}} [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdaom PREPOSITION “syn” onf bk&m;ocifudk,HkMunfoltm;vHk;ESifh tmjA[HwdkYtMum; eD;pyfaomwlnDrIudkjyonf/ ]]opöm&Sdaom}} faithfull (0g) ]]udk;pm;aom}} oltjzpftmjA[Hudkazmf jyjcif;rSm tmjA[Honfbk&m;ociftm;oljyKonfhuwdawmfrsm;udk udk;pm;-trust jcif;tm;jzifh,HkMunfonf[k tav;teufjyKonf/ rnfodkYjzpfaptmjA[HüpHkvifjynfh0aom ,HkMunfjcif;r&SdaMumif;owd&yg/ olonf[m*&ESifh obm0tm;jzifhom;wpfa,muf&onfudkaxmuf½Ijcif;tm;jzifh olonfvnf;bk&m;ocifay;aomuwdjynfhpHkap &efbk&m;ocifudkulnD&eftm;xkwfcJhaMumif;awGU&onf (urÇm 16)/ bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfjynfhpHkaponfrSm vl\,HkMunfjcif;pHkvifjynfh0ír[kwfbJ olwdkY,HkMunfaom olonfpHkvifjynfh0aomaMumifhjzpfonf/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom)bmomjyefusrf;/ / 1;10-14 10ynwfw&m;qdkif&mtusifhrsm;ESifh oufqkdifolrSeforQonf usdefqJcH\/ taMumif;rSm ]]vkyfaqmif&ef

92

ynwådusrf;üa&;orQtm;vHk;ürNrJaomol&SdorQwdkYonfusdefqJjcif;cHMu\}} [líusrf;pmvm\/ 11,ckynwf w&m;tm;jzifh rnfolrQbk&m;ocifa&SUarSmufíajzmifhrwf&modkYra&mufaMumif;xif&Sm;onf/ taMumif;rSm ajzmifhrwfolonf ]],HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhtouf&Sifvdrhfrnf}} [kqdk\/ 12rnfodkYjzpfapynwfw&m;awmf onf,HkMunfjcif;ESifh rqdkif/ xdkodkYjzpf&rnfhtpm; ]]¤if;wdkYudkusifhaomolonf ¤if;wkdYtm;jzifhtouf&Sif vdrfhrnf}} [kqdk\/ 13c&pfwmfonfigwkdYudk,fpm;usdefjcif;jzpfvmumigwdkYudkynwfw&m;\ usdef;jcif;rSa&G; EIwfcJhonf/ taMumif;rSm ]]opfwdkifay:qGJjcif;cHolrSeforQusdefqJcH&oljzpf\}} [kusrf;pmvm\/ 14tmjA[H \ aumif;csD;r*Fvmonfc&pfawmfa,½ItxJü wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;odkYa&mufvmum 0dnmOfawmfqkdif &muwdawmfudk ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh&ap&efjzpfonf/

3;10 NASB ]]ynwfw&m;qkdif&mtusifhrsm;ESifh oufqdkifolrSeforQonfusdefqJcHMu\/}} NKJV ]]ynwfw&m;qkdif&m tusifhrsm;ESifh oufqdkifolrSeforQonf usdefqJcHMu\/}} NRSV ]]ynwfw&m;qkdif&mtusifhrsm;ay:rSDcdkoltm;vHk;usdefqJcHMuonf/}} TEV ]]ynwfw&m;emcHjcif;udktm;udk;olrsm;onfusdefqJjcif;atmufütouf&SifMu\/}} NJB ]]ynwfw&m;apmifhxdef;jcif;ay:rSDcdkolwdkYrSm usdefqJcHolrsm;jzpfonf/}}

aygvkonfqufvufí tusdK;tjypfazmfjyaqG;aEG;&mwGif tmjA[HtaMumif;rS arma&S\ynwåd usrf;qkdif&m Muyfwnf;aomawmif;qkdrIrsm;bufodkYOD;vSnfhonf/ *sL;bmom0ifrsm;\ qdk;aom"r®oabmw&m; udkpdefac:onf/ ynwfawmfudk apmifhpnf;jcif;ay:tm;udk;jcif;onf a,½I\acwfumvzg&d&SJwkdY\ xl;jcm;rIudk azmfjyonf (a&mr 10;2-5) rSefuefaom&yfwnfrItwGufZmwdoabmjzifhtm;xkwfjcif;onf jypf'PfcH&mvrf;jzpf aMumif;aygvktckdif trmajymonf (2;16)/ aygvkonfrlvtm;jzifharma&S\ynwfw&m;udk&nfñTef;jcif; jzpfaomfvnf; jyifyudk,fusifh w&m;qdkif&mtqifhtwef;wpfcktwGufvlom;\tm;xkwfrI (0g) a,bk,synwf csuf (law -Oya')udkajymjcif;jzpfonf/ rnfonfhynwfcsufjzpfapxl;jcm;onfr[kwfbJ toufwrQta&;BuD;ao mor®mw&m;rSm tjypfxJuscJhNyD; aomvlom;onf rdrdwdkY\udk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&mvkyfaqmifEdkifrItm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\vufcHjcif;cHxkdufonf[k rawmif;qdkEdkif[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ ¤if;udk Zmwdtm;jzifh ajzmifhrwfjcif; Oya'o0g' (self- righteous legallism) [kac:onf/ ¤if;0g'onfbmoma&;orm;rsm;tMum; touf&Sifítqifajyaeum? pnfyifvsuf&Sdaeygonf/

����•]]taMumif;rSm - vkyfaqmif&efynwådusrf;üa&;orQtm;vHk;ürNrJaom ol&SdorQonfusdefqJjcif; cHMu\[lí usrf;pmvm\/}} ¤if;onf w&m;a[m 27;26 ESifh 28;58 udk&nfñTef;onf/ w&m;a[m 27;26 ü ]]tm;vHk;}} rygaomfvnf; 28;58 üygonf/ ynwfw&m;\usdefjcif;udk a,m[ef 7;49 üt&dyft>rufazmfjyonf/ vlwpfa,mufonf ynwfw&m;udkwpfenf;wpfvrf;jzifhusL;vGefygu (Bar Mitzvahaemufydkif;) wpfcgom vQifjzpfap? ynwfw&m;\jypf'PfpD&ifjcif;cH&onf (,mukyf 2;10/ *vm 5;3)/ "r®a[mif;ynwfw&m;awmfonf vlom;tm;vHk;twGufao'PfpD&ifcsufjzpfvmonf (aum 2;14)/ bk&m;ocifajymonfrSm ]] jypfrSm;aom0dnmOf onf trSefao&vdrfhrnf}} [líjzpfonf (a,Z 18;4?20) tm'H\ om;orD;rsm;tm;vHk;tjypfusL;vGefcJhMuNyD;? bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuef&ef ynwfw&m;vrf;aMumif;rSm tjypfusL;vGefcJhbl;oltwGufomjzpfonf/ þudpöüjyóem rSm tm;vHk;aomolwkdYonf tjypfusL;vGefcJhMuNyD;? bk&m;ocif\ bkef;awmfudkrrSDEdkifjcif;jzpfonf (a&mr 3;9- 18? 22? 23/ 11;32)/ 3;11 NASB ]]taMumif;rSmajzmifhrwfaom (righteous) olonf,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh touf&Sifvdrfhrnf/}}

93

NKJV ]]ajzmifhrSefaom (just) olonf,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzihftouf&Sifvdrfhrnf/}} NRSV ]]ajzmifhrwfolwpfa,mufonf ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh touf&Sifvdrhfrnf/}} TEV ]]bk&m;ocifESifh rSefatmifaeolonf,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifhtouf&Sifvdrfhrnf/}} NJB ]]ajzmifhrwfolonf ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifhtoufudk&SmazGawGU&Sdvdrfhrnf/}} þae&mwGif [AuúKwf 2;4 (a&mr 1;17 ESifh a[NAJ 10;38) udkaygvkudk;um;onf/ roJruGJjzpfaeaom þ[AuúKwf 2;4 udk trsdK;rsdK;em;vnf&onf/ 1/ Masoretic usrf;ü ]]ajzmifhrwfolonf rdrd\,HkMunfjcif;^opöm&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh touf&Sifvdrfhrnf}} 2/ qyfwl*sifh –Septuagint ü ]] ajzmifhrwfaomolonf ig (\bk&m;ocifh) opömw&m;ay:tajcjyKum touf &Sifygvdrfhrnf}} 3/ arma&S\ ynwfw&m;rSwqifh (i,f 12 rSm 0wfjyK 18;5 rS,ljcif;jzpfonf/) tusifhudktajcjyKaomajzmifh rwfjcif;ESifh NydKifbuftjzpf,HkMunfjcif;udk tajcjyKaomc&pfawmfrSwqifhajzmifhrwfjcif;udkaygvkydkrdkESpf oufonf/

urÇm 15;6 tm;ray:rvGif&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm [A 2;4 ESifh urÇm 15;6 wkdYüt"duaomhcsufpum;rsm;jzpfonhf ]],HkMunfjcif;}} ESifh ]] ajzmifhrwfjcif;}} ESpfrsdK;vHk;ygaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / "r®a[mif;usrf;xJu ,HkMunf-believe? tm;udk;- trust ç ,HkMunfjcif; - faith ESifh

opöm&dSjcif; - 3;6 üMunfhyg/

3;12 NASB,NKJV ]]ynwfw&m;awmfonf ,HkMunfjcif;ESifhrqdkif}} NRSV ]]ynwfw&m;awmfonf ,HkMunfjcif;ay:rwnfrSD}} TEV ]]ynwfw&m;awmfonf ,HkMunfjcif;ay:rrSDcdk}} NJB ]]ynwfw&m;awmfonf ,HkMunfjcif;ay:yifvQif tajcrjyK}}

¤if;rSm tajccHt,l0g'jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuefaom&yfwnfrI (u,fwifjcif;) udpöü a&G;cs,fp &mrSm ,HkMunfjcif; (0g) ynwfw&m;jzpfNyD;? ]],HkMunfjcif;ESifh ynwfw&m;}} r[kwfacs/ *sL;bmom0ifrsm;onf bk&m;ociftxJ ,HkMunfjcif;rS bk&m;ocifay;aom pnf;urf;csufrsm;odkYvSnfhoGm;cJhMuonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;xJü yifvQif tpöa&;vlrsdK;wpfOD;csif;onf YHWH txJvludk,fwdkif,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwfaomoljzpfcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ tmjA[HrSqif;oufolrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tpöa&;tm;vHk;ajzmifhrwfMujcif;r[kwfcJhbl;acs (a,m[ef 8;31-59)/

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94

3;13 ]]c&pfawmfonf igwkdYudk a&G;EIwfcJhonf}}þae&mwGif aygvk&nfñTef;onfrSm c&pfawmf\ tpm;xdk;aom tjypfajzay;jcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYtwGuf rdrdwdkYra&G;0,fEdkifcJhaomt&mudk ola&G;0,fay;cJhonf (a[&Sm, 53/ rmuk 10;45/ 2aum 5;21)/ ]]a&G;EIwfonf}} (0g) ]] a&G;EIwfcay;acsonf}} qdkonfrSm uRefcHol(0g) ppfoHkYyef;jzpfolwpfa,mufudk jyefí0,f,ljcif;}} [lít"dyÜg,f&Sdonf (wref 20;28? 1aum 6;20/ 7;23/ 1ay 1;18-19)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / a&G;EIwfonf - RANSOM/ REDEEM 1/ "r®a[mif;usrf; (u) þoabmaqmifaom w&m;Oya'qdkif&m rlva[NAJa0g[m& ESpfvHk;½Sdonf/ 1/ Ga'al (BDB 145,1)¤if;\rlvt"dyÜg,frSm ]]wef&mwefbdk;ay;ívTwfonf}}[líjzpfonf/ aygif;pyf aoma0g[m&\t"dyÜg,frSm rdom;pk0ifwpfOD;OD;\(aqGrsKd;om;csif;?a½G;EIwfol) Mum;0ifaqmif½Guf rIoabmudkjyonf/ "avhxHk;pHt&0w¬Kypönf;rsm;? wd&pämefrsm;? ajr,mrsm;(0wf 25?27)odkUr[kwf aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;tm; (½ko 4;15/ a[½Sm 29;22) a½G;EIwfydkifcGifhudk"r®oabmw&m;tm;jzifh t½Sifxm0&bk&m;ocifYHWH utpöa&;tm; tD*spfEdkifiHrS u,fEIwfjcif;tm; azmfjyajymqdk&mü ajymif;vJtoHk;jyKonf/ (xGuf 6;6/ 15;13/ qmvH 74;2/77;15/ a,& 31;11)/ bk&m;ocifrSm ]]a½G;EIwfaomt½Sif}}jzpfvmonf/ (a,mb 19;25/qmvH 19;14/ 78;35/ okwåH 23;11/ a[½Sm 41;14/ 43;14/ 44;6?24/ 47;4/ 48;17/49;7? 26/ 54;5? 8/ 59;20/ 60;16/ 63;16/ a,& 50;34)/ 2/ Padah (BDB 804)/ ¤if;\tajccHrSm ]]u,fvTwfonf}}-]]to deliver}}odkUr[kwf]]u,fq,fonf}} - rescue[lít"dyÜg,f½Sdonf/ (u) om;OD;tm;a½G;EIwfjcif; (xGuf 13;13? 14/ awm 18;15-17) (c) udk,fcEma½G;EIwfjcif;rSm 0dnmOfa&;&ma½G;EIwfjcif;ESihfrwl uJGjym;jcm;em;onf/(qm 49;7? 8? 15) (*) YHWH onf tpöa&;tm; olwdkUtjypfESihf awmfvSefykefuefrIrsm;rS a½G;EIwfvdrfhrnf(qmvH 130;7-8) c/ "r®oabmw&m;t& qufpyfaomt,ltqtawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifonf/ 1/ vdktyfcsufwpf&yf? uRefcHrIwpfck?odrf;,lcHjcif;wpf&yf tusOf;uscHjcif;wpfck½Sd&ef vdktyfonf/ (u) udk,fum,ü (c) vlrIa&;ü (*) 0dnmOfa&;ü (qmvH 130;8) 2/ vGwfvyfjcif;? jznfvTwfjcif;ESifhe*dkaejyefjzpfapa&;twGufwef&mwefbdk;wpfckckay;qyf&ef vdktyfonf/ (u) tpöa&;trsKd;om;rsm;ESifhqdkifí (w&m; 7;8) (c) vlwpfOD;csif;ESihfqdkifí (a,mb 19;25-27/ 33;28) 3/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomolonf Mum;0ifaqmif½GufolESihfaus;Zl;jyKol apwem½Siftjzpfaqmif ½Guf&efvdkonf/ Gaal [laoma0g[m&t& þwpfpHkwpfa,mufaomolonf rdom;pk0ifwpf a,muf(0g) eD;pyfaomaqGrsKd;wpfa,mufjzpfavh½Sdonf/ (Oyrm? go'el BDB) 4/ YHWH onf rdrdudk,frdrd rdom;pkqdkif&m a0g[m&rsm;jzifh azmfjyavh½Sdonf/ (u) zcif (c) vifa,musfm; (*) eD;pyfaomaqGrsKd;om;csif;^jypf'Pfay;ol/ (Avenger)a½G;EIwfjcif;tm; YHWHudk,f wdkif\ udk,fpm;vS,ftvkyftm;jzifh&avh½Sdonf/ wef&mwefbdk;udkay;acsum? a½G;EIwf jcif;tm; aqmif½GufNyD;pD;aponf/ 2/ "r®mopfusrf; (u) þtaMumif; "r®oabmw&m;tm;jzifh azmfjyaom a0g[m&tawmfrsm;rsm;oHk;onf 1/ Agorazo (1aum 6;20/ 7;23/ 2ay 2;1/ Asm 5;9/ 14;3-4)/ ¤if;onf ukefonfoHk;a0g[m &jzpfNyD; wpfpHkwpf&m\wefbdk;tm; ay;acsjcif;udk xif[yfay:vGifaponf/uREfkyfwdkUonf

95

rdrdwdkUb0udk rdrdrxdef;csKyfaomol?taoG;tm;jzifha½G;0,fjcif;cHolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ uRefawmf wdkUudk c&pfawmfuykdifqdkifonf/ 2/ Exagorazo (*vmwd 3;13/ 4;5/ {zuf 5;16/ aum 4;5)/ ¤if;onfvnf; ukefonfoHk; a0g [m&jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf uRefawmfwdkUudk,fpm; a,½I\tpm;xdk; taocHjcif;udk ay:vGifap onf/ a,½Ionf ynwfw&m;\aqmif½GufrIwpfrsKd;jzpfaom ]]usdefqJjcif;}}udk xrf;cJhonf/ (arma½S\ynwådusrf;/ {zuf 2;14-16/ aum 2;14)/ ¤if;rSm tjypf½Sdolvlom;rsm;raqmif ½GufEkdifaomt&mjzpfonf/ olonf xdkusdefqJjcif;udk(w&m; 21;23) uRefawmfwdkUtm;vHk;t wGuf(rmuk 10;45/ 2aum 5;21)xrf;ay;onf! bk&m;ocif\w&m;rQwrIESifhcspfjcif; arwåmonf a,½ItxJü tjynfht0tjypfvTwfjcif;? vufcHESifhcsOf;uyfjcif;tjzpfodkUajymif;vJ oGm;onf/ 3/ Luo ]]vTwfajrmufaponf}} (u) Lutro]]ay;acsxm;aomwefbdk;}}(róJ 20;28/ rmuk 10;45)rdrdrwifonfh tjypfa<u; tm;qyfay;jcif;jzifh? avmu\u,fwif½Sifjzpfvm&ef rdrd<uvmjcif;\&nf½G,fcsufESifh qdkifvsuf a,½I\EIwfrSxGufvmaom wefcdk;BuD;pum;vHk;rsm;jzpfonf/ (a,m1;29) (c) Lutroo ]]jznfvTwfonf}} (1) tpöa&;udk a½G;EIwf&ef (vk 24;21) (2) vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;tm;a½G;EIwf&ef rdrdudk,frdrday;qyfum oefUpifap&ef (wdwk2;14) (3) tjypfuif;pifaom tpm;xdk;&mtjzpf (1ay 1;18-19) (*) Lutrosis ]]a½G;EIwfjcif;}} ]]u,fEIwfjcif;}} (0g) ]]vGwfajrmufapjcif;}} (1) a,½ItaMumif; Zmc&d\ya&mzufpum;? vkum 1;68 (2) a,½IaMumifh tEéu bk&m;ociftm; csD;rGrf;jcif;/ vkum 2;38 (3) wpfcgwnf;ESifhtjywfjzpfaom? ydkíomvGefonfh a,½I\,ZfylaZmfjcif;? a[NAJ9;12 4/ Apolytrois (u) 'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmcsdefü a½G;EIwfjcif; (wrefawmf 3;19-21) (1) vkum 21;28 (2) a&mr 8;23 (3) {zuf 1;14/ 4;30 (4) a[NAJ 9;15 (c) c&pfawmftaocHjcif;ü a½G;EIwfjcif; (1) a&mr 3;24 (2) 1aum 1;30 (3) {zuf 1;7 (4) aumavmoJ 1;14 5/ Antilytron (1wd 2;6)/ ¤if;onf wdwk 2;14 uJhodkU tvGefta&;BuD;aomusrf;csufjzpf&molonf vufoifhcHEkdifbG,f&mwpfckwnf;aom ,ZfylaZmf&mjzpfol ]]cyfodrf;aomolwdkY}}twGuftaocHol jzpfonf/ (a,m 1;29/ 3;16-17/ 4;42/ 1wd 2;4/ 4;10/ wdwk 2;11/ 2ay 3;9/1a,m 2;2/ 4;14) c/ "r®opfusrf;rS "r®oabmw&m;tjrifrSm 1/ vlom;onf tjypf\uRefjyKjcif; cHaeonf (a,m 8;34/ a&mr 3;10-18/ 6;23) 2/ vlom;onf tjypf\aus;uRefjzpfjcif;tm; "r®a[mif;u arma½S\ynwådusrf;ESihf(*vmwd 3) a,½I\awmifay:a'oemawmf (róJ 5-7)tm;jzifh ay:vGifxif½Sm;aponf/ vlom;\aqmif ½GufrIonf ao'PfpD&ifcsufjzpfvmonf/ (aum 2;14) 3/ tjypfESifhuif;pifaom bk&m;ocif\odk;oli,fa,½Ionf uRefawmfwdkU\ae&mü tpm;xdk;t aocH&ef <uvmcJhNyD/ (a,m 1;29/ 2aum 5;21)/ uRefawmfwdkUonf bk&m;ocifudktapcHEkdif &eftvdkUiSg? tjypfvufatmufrS a½G;0,fjcif;cHcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ (a&mr 6) 4/ YHWH ESifh a,½IwdkUrSm uRefawmfwdkUbufrSaeum aqmif½Gufay;ol]]eD;pyfaomaqGrsKd;om; csif;}} jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;ukd rdom;pkqdkif&m wifpm;aoma0g[m&rsm;jzifh qufvufazmfjyonf/

96

(zcif? vifa,musfm;? om;? nDtpfudk? eD;pyfaomaqGrsKd;om;csif;)/ 5/ a½G;EIwfjcif;[lonf pmwefxHay;acsonfh usoifhaomwefbdk;r[kwfbJ(tv,facwf"r® ynm) bk&m;ocif\EIwfxGwfpum;awmfESifh bk&m;ocif\w&m;rQwrIwdkUtm; bk&m;ocif\ arwåmawmfESihf c&pfawmf\tjynfht0axmufyHhrIwdkYjzifh o[mZmwjzpfapjcif;jzpfonf/ vuf0g;uyfwdkifü Nidrfoufjcif;jyefvnf&½Sdonf/ vlom;\awmfvSefykefuefrIrsm; tjypfvTwf onf/ vlom;txJu bk&m;ocif\o@mefawmfonf &if;ESD;aomrdwfo[m,tm;jzifh wzefjyefí tjynfht0½Sifoefvmonf/ 6/ uRefawmfwdkU\ ½Sifjyefxajrmufaom udk,fcEmrsm;tm;jzifh oHk;yg;wpfqlESifhyk*¾dKvfcsif; &if;ESD; uRrf;0ifrI yg0ifaomtem*wfa½G;EIwfjcif;[lí ½Sdaeygao;onf/ (a&mr 8;23/ {zuf 1;14/4;30)/½Sifjyefxajrmufaom uRefawmfwdkU\udk,fcEmrsm;onf ocifbk&m;\udk,f cEmawmfuJhodkUjzpfvdrfhrnf/ (1a,m 3;2)/ olü ½kyfcEm½Sdaomfvnf; twdkif;tqrSm xl;uJonf/ qefUusifbufoabmESpfrsKd;tm; azmfjyaom 1aum 15;12-19ESifh 1aum 15;35-58wdkUtm;owfrSwfcsufay;&ef cufcJonf/ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m ajrBuD;cEmwpfckESifh aumif;uifqdkif&m0dnmOf cEmwpfck½SdonfrSm xif½Sm;onf/ a,½Iü ESpfrsKd;vHk;½Sd\/

����•]]igwkdYudk,fpm;usdefjcif;jzpfvmum? ynwfawmf\usdefjcif;rS}} þusrf;csufudk w&m;a[m&m 21;23 rSudk; um;NyD;? owfypfjcif;cHumtay:wif½Iwfcsonfhtaejzifhvltrsm;a&SUüqGJxm;jcif; (0g) xkwfcsif;cwfxdk;jcif;jzpf onf/ rawmfroifhjzpfaom þoN*ØKvfjcif;udkbk&m;ocif\usdefqJrItjzpfem;vnfMuonf (a[&Sm, 53;4? 10)/ tjypf uif;pifNyD;? udk,fpm;jyKvsuf vuf0g;uyfwdkifay:a,½I½dkufjcif;cH&rIonf ynwfw&m;awmf\ usdefqJjcif;udk igwdkY udk,fpm;olYtay:wifonf [lít"dyÜg,f&Sdonf (2aum 5;21/ zdvdyÜd 2;8)/ olonfigwdkYudk,fpm; usdefqJjcif;jzpfvm onf [laomor®mw&m;rSmBuD;rm;vSonf/ oludk,fwdkifonfynwfw&m;udk jynfhpHkaponf rSefaomfvnf;xdkynwf w&m;\usdefqJjcif;atmufü igwkdYudk,fpm;taocHjcif;tm;jzifh (a[&Sm, 53) ¤if;\ wefcdk;udkolzsufqD;onf (aumavm 2;14)/ 3;14/ ti,f 14 &Sd&nf&G,fcsufESpfckygaom pum;pkonf tmjA[Hudkac:jcif;ü bk&m;ocif\&nf&G,fcsufudk azmfjyonf/

1/ tmjA[Hudkay;aomaumif;csD;rSwqifhtpöa&;cHpm;aomaumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;xH ydkYaqmifay;&ef (urÇm 12;3/ *vm 3;8-9)/

2/ acwfopfuwdawmf\ edrdwfvu©Pmjzpfaom 0dnmOfawmfudkvlwdkif;onf ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh &&Sdap&ef/

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tcsdKUaoma&S;a[mif; *&dvufa&;usrf;rsm;ü þtcef;i,fwGifodompGm½IyfaxG;aompum;vHk; ESpfvHk;½Sdonf/ (1) tmNA[H\aumif;csD;r*Fvm(eulogiau) (2) 0dnmOfawmfESifhqdkifaomuwdawmf (epaggelian) a½S;a[mif;aypmvufa&;usrf;P46(at'D200cefYwGifa&;onf)ESifhtjcm;pmvHk;BuD;vufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh(D

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97

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 3;15-22 15nDtpfudkwdkY vlom;csif;qufqHrIa0g[m&rsm;tm;jzifhigajymonfrSm vlwpfa,mufjyKaomy#dnmOf yifjzpfap? twnfjyKvufrSwfxkdk;NyD;ygu¤if;udkrnfolrQry,fzsufEdkif? odkYr[kwf pnf;urf;csufrsm;rjznfh pGufEdkifacs/ 16,ckþuwdpum;rsm;onftmjA[HESifh olUtquftEG,fudkajymonf/ olonf ]]tquft EG,frsm;}} qdkNyD;trsm;udk r&nfñGef;bJ? wpfOD;wnfudkomvQif&nfñGef;í ]]oif\tquftEG,f}} [kqdkNyD;? ¤if;rSmc&pfawmfjzpfonf/ 17igajymaeonfrSmþodkYjzpfonf/ aemifESpfaygif;av;&mESifh oHk;q,fMumrS a&mufvmaomynwfw&m;onf xdkuwdawmfudky,fzsufa&;twGuf ,cifubk&m;ociftwnfjyK cJhNyD;aom y#dnmOfw&m;udkrckdifrvHkrjzpfoGm;apay/ 18taMumif;rSmtarGqufcHjcif;onf ynwfw&m;udk tajcjyKygu uwdawmfay:tajcjyKjcif;r[kwfawmhacs/ odkYaomfbk&m;ocifonfxdktarGudkuwdawmftm; jzifhay;cJhNyD/ 19odkYjzpfvQifynwfw&m;udktb,faMumifhay;oenf;/ ¤if;udktjypfvGefusL;jcif;rsm;ESifh qdkifí xyfrHay;jcif;jzpf NyD;?uwdawmfjyK&molwnf;[laomtquftEG,fra&mufrDumvtwGuf aumif;uifwref rsm;rSwqifhMum;cHwpfOD;tm;jzifhcsrSwfawmfrl\/ 20Mum;cH[lonfwzuftwGufomvQifr[kwf/ bk&m;ocif omvQifwpfqlwnf;jzpfawmfrl\/ 21odkYjzpfvQifynwfw&m;onf bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfESifh qefYusifo avm/ xdkodkYrjzpf&/ taMumif;rlum;toufudkay;Edkifaomynwfw&m; (rsdK;) ay;cJhonfrSefvQif? Ajzmifh rwfjcif;w&m;onfynwfw&m;udktajccHjcif;jzpfayrnf/ 22odkYaomfa,½Ic&pfawmftxJ,HkMunfjcif;tm; jzifhjyKaomuwdawmfudk ,HkMunfaomolwdkYudkay;Edkif&eftvdkYiSg? or®musrf;pmonfvlwdkif;udktjypfatmuf ücsKyfxm;\/

3;15-17 NASB, NKJV ]]vlwpfa,muf\y#dnmOf}} NRSV ]]yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\y#dnmOf}} TEV ]]xdky#dnmOf}} NJB ]]tu,fí aowrf;pmwpfck}}

aygvkonf rdrd\tusdK;tjypfjyajymqdkrIudk jzpfaeus vlom;a&;&m udpöwpfckjzifh&Sif;vif;onf/ oloHk;EIef; aomaeYpOfoHk;*&dpum;vHk;udk vlwpfa,muf\tarGqufcHydkifcGihfESifh qufpyfíjyKaom ]]aowrf;pm}} will/

testament [kbmomjyefEdkifonf/ tqifhjrifh*&dpmürl ¤if;udk ]]y#dnmOf}} - covenant [kbmomjyefonf/ qyfwl*sif; (*&dbmom jyef"r®a[mif;usrf;) ürl¤if;udkbk&m;ocifESifh vlom;tMum;jyKaom y#dnmOfw&m;wpf rsdK;tjzpfoHk;EIef;avh&Sdonf/ þuJhodkYroJruGJjzpfaejcif;aMumifh aygvkonfw&m;Oya'qdkif&m þwifpm;rIudk bk&m;ocifonfrdrdESifh tmjA[HESifh olUtquftEG,frsm;tMum;jyKaom y#dnmOftwGufOyrm tjzpftoHk; EIef;onf/ þpmcsKyfudkajymif;vJjcif; rjyKEdkifacs/ aowrf;pmoabmudkoHk;aom þyHkpHajymqdkrIrsdK; a[NAJ 9;15-20 üawGU&onf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / y#dnOfw&m; "r®a[mif; a0g[m& berith (BDB 136) rS qif;oufaom y#dnOfw&m; pum;vkH;rSm t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf&ef rvG,fulacs/ ¤if;ESifh wJGbufBud,m a[NAJpum;vkH; r&Sdacs/ þpum;vkH;\ Zpfjrpfudk t"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;&eftm; xkwfrI tm;vkH; &Sif;vif;jcif;r&Sdonf csnf;jzpf\/ rnfodkY jzpfapwpfckaocsmonfrSm xdkpum;vkH;rnfodkY tvkyfvkyfaMumif; qkH;jzwfEdkifa&;twGuf xdkpum;vkH;okH;EIef;ykHudk avhvm&ef jzpfonf[k ynm&Sifrsm;em;vnfxm; Muonf/

98

y#dnOfw&m;rSm ppfrSefNyD;? wpfqlwnf;aom bk&m;ocifonf rdrdzefqif;onfh vlom;tm;qufqHykHenf; vrf;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmawmfvmzGifhjyawmfrIjcif;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&efrSm y#dnOfw&m;?oabmwlpmcsKyf (0g) oabmwlnDrI pum;vkH;wdkY\ oabmw&m;rSm ta&;BuD;onf/ bk&m;ocif\ tcsKyftcsmtmPmESifh vlom;\ vGwfvyfrIwdkYtMum; wif;rmrIudk y#dnOf oabmw&m;ü &Sif;vif;pGm jrif&onf/ tcsKdUy#dnOfrsm;rSm bk&m;ocif\ oabmESifh vkyfaqmifrI oufoufay: tajcjyKonf/ 1/ zefqif;jcif; (urÇmOD; 1;2) 2/ tmjA[Htm; ac:zdwfjcif; (urÇmOD; 12) 3/ tmjA[HESifh y#dnOf jyKjcif; (urÇmOD; 15) 4/ aem{tm;vkHNcHKpGm xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh uwdawmf (urÇmOD; 6;-9) rnfodkYjzpfap y#dnOfjyKjcif;\ oabmobm0rSm wkHUjyefrI vdktyfonfomjzpf\/ 1/ tm'Honf ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh bk&m;ocifudk emcHum? {'ifO,smOf tv,f&Sdopfyifudk rpm;&ef jzpfonf/ 2/ tmjA[Honf ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh rdrd\ rdom;pkudk pGefYcGgum? bk&m;ocifudk vkdufvsuf? ol\ tem*wf tquftEG,frsm; taMumif;ü ,kHMunfrI&Sd&ef vdktyfonf 3/ aem{onf ,kHMunfjcif;tm;jzifh BuD;rm;aom avSBuD;wpfpD;tm; a&ESifh a0;&mt&yfü wnfaqmufum? wd&pämefrsm;udk pkaqmif;&ef jzpfonf 4/ arma&Sonf tpöa&;vlrsKd;udk tD*spfEdkifiHrS odemawmifodkY ,kHMunfjcif;jzifh ac:xkwfum? uwdawmf rsm;ESifhusdefqJjcif;rsm; ygaom bmoma&;ESifh vlrIa&;b0twGuf wdusaom vrf;nTef;rIrsm; vu©& &Sdonf/(w&m;a[m 27-28) bk&m;ocifonf vlom;tm; qufqHa&; yg0ifonfh tvm;wlwif;rsmrIrsKd; ]]y#dnOfw&m;topf}} üazmfjyyg &Sdonf/ a,Zausv 18udk a,Z 36;27-37 (YHWH \vkyfaqmifrI) ESifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmyguþwif;rmrIudk &Sif;vif;pGm jrif&onf/ þy#dnOfw&m;onf bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmf vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ay:tajcjyKaejcif;avm (0g) vlom;tm; wkHUjyefrIjyK&ef trdefYawmf csrSwfjcif;avm/ ¤if;rSmy#dnOfw&m;ta[mif;ESifh topfü tvGefta&;BuD;aom taMumif;t&mjzpfonf/ ESpfckpvkH;\ yef;wdkifrsm;rSm twlwlyifjzpfNyD; (1) YHWH onf urÇmOD; 3 u ½ªH;qkH;cJh&aom rdwfo[m,udk jyefvnf&&Sd&efESifh (2)bk&m;ocif\ oabmudk xif[yfaprnfh ajzmifhrwfaom vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; xlaxmif&ef jzpfonf/ a,Z 31;31-34 &Sd topfaom y#dnOfw&m;onf vufoifhcHrI&&Sd&ef enf;vrf;tjzpf vlom;\aqmif&GufrItm; z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh tqdkyg wif;rmrIudk ajz&Sif;vdkufonf/ bk&m;ocif\ ynwfawmfrSmvl\ jyifyw&m;pD&ifa&; Oya'tpm; vl\txJrS qEawmifhwrI wpfrsKd;jzpfvmonf/ yef;wkdifjzpfonfhbk&m; w&m;&dkaoav;pm;aom? ajzmifhrwfaom vlrsKd;[lonf ,ciftwdkif;yif jzpfaomfvnf;?enf;pepfajymif;vJ oGm;onf/ usqif;aom vlom;onf bk&m;ocif\ o@mefawmftm; xif[yfapoljzpfvm&ef oifhavsmfvkH avmufrIr&SdaMumif; olYudk,fol twnfjyKcJhayNyD/ bk&m;ocif\ y#dnOfw&m;ü jyóem&Sdír[kwfbJ? vlom;\ tjypfjynfhrIESifhtm;enf;rIrSm jyóemjzpfonf/ (a&mr 7/ *v wd 3)/ "r®a[mif;\ cRif;csufrJhESifh cRif;csufyg y#dnOfw&m;rsm;tMum; wif;rmrIonf "r®opfusrf;üqufvuf&Sdaeonf/ u,fwifjcif;onf a,½Ic&pfawmfNyD;pD;cJhNyD;aom tvkyfü vkH;0tcrJhjzpfaomvnf;?aemifwESifh ,kHMunfjcif; (tpjyKjcif;ESifh qufuyfoGm;jcif; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;) awmif;qdkonf/ ¤if;rSm w&m;Oya't&trdefYausnmrIESifh c&pfawmfESifh wlnD&ef ac:zdwfrI ESpfrsKd;pvkH;jzpfonf/ vufoifhcHaMumif; tjzpfrSeftm;azmfjyrIESifh oefY&Sif; pifMu,f&ef apcdkif;rIjzpfonf/ ,kHMunfolwdkYrSm olwdkY\ vkyfaqmifrIaMumifhu,fwifjcif;&&Sdonfr[kwfaomfvnf; emcH&ef u,fwifcH&jcif;jzpfonf/ ({zuf 2;8-10)/ bk&m;w&m;ESifhnDaom touf&Sifjcif;onf u,fwifjcif;\ taxmuftxm;jzpfNyD;? u,fwifjcif;&&ef enf;vrf;r[kwfacs/rnfodkYjzpfap xm0& toufü jrifEkdifaom Muiftifvu©Pmrsm;&Sdonf/ þwif;rmrIudk a[NAJMo0g'pmü&Sif;vif;pGm jrif&onf/

99

3;15 NASB ]]twnfjyKvufrSwfxdk;NyD;ygu¤if;udkrnfolrQrzsufpD;Edkif? odkYr[kwfpnf;urf;csufrsm; rjznfhpGuf Edkifacs/}} NKJV ]]twnfjyKNyD;ygu ¤if;udkrnfolrQry,fzsufEdkif/ odkYr[kwfrjznfhpGwfEkdifacs/}} NRSV ]]vlwpfa,mufwdkYonf\aowrf;pmudk wpfcgtwnfjyKvufrSwfxdk;NyD;ygu ¤if;udkrnfolrQr jznfhpGwfEdkif/ odkYr[kwfry,fzsufEdkifacs/}} TEV ]]vlESpfa,mufudpöwpfckoabmwlNyD;? y#dnmOfwpfckudkvufrSwfxdk;ygu xdky#dnmOfudkrnf olrQazgufzsufír&/ odkYr[kwfrnfonfhtcsufrSrjznfhpGuf&acs/ NJB ]]jzpfoifhonfhtwdkif;a&;NyD;om;udkr½dkraojyK&ef odkYr[kwf jznfhpGuf&efrnfoludkrScGifhrjyKacs/}}

arma&S\ynwfw&m;onf tmjA[Hudkay;aom uwdawmfudky,fzsufí tpm;oGif;onf [laomtqdkudk aygvkwkHYjyefjcif;jzpfonf/ urÇmOD;usrf; 15 ü bk&m;ocif\uwdawmf (xGufajrmuf&musrf;)ESifh tmjA[HjyKaom ,ZfylaZmfrIwdkYtm;jzifh twnfjyKcJhNyD;jzpfum? xdky#dnmOfütmjA[Htaejzifh,HkMunfjcif;rSvTJí rnfonfhwm0ef 0wå&m;r&Sdacs/ (cRif;csufrJh pnf;urf;csufrJhaom bk&m;qdkif&my#dnmOf/ urÇmOD; 15;12-21)/

3;16 ]]uwdawmfrsm;}}[laompum;vHk;trsm;jyudef;jzpf&jcif;rSm bk&m;ocifonf tmjA[Hudkay; aomuwd awmfudk tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm xyfrHjyKaomaMumifhjzpfonf (urÇmOD; 12;1-3/ 13;14-18/ 15;1-5/ 12-18/ 17;1-14/ 22;9-19)/

����•]]ol\trsdK;tEG,f}} tquftEG,ftwGufvSnfhywfupm;íoHk;EIef;aomtD'D,H(pum;vHk;twdkif;t"dyÜg,f rxGufaom)wpfckjzpfonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifhtenf;jyudef;jzpfaomfvnf; t"dyÜg,frSmtenf;udef;jyESifh trsm;udef;jy ESpfrsdK;pvHk;jzpfEdkifonf/ þtaMumif;t&mü aygvkonf¤if;udk£Zufr[kwfbJ? a,½Iudk&nfñTef;íoHk;EIef;onf/ odkYjzifh bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrSmarma&SESifh jyKaomy#dnmOfw&m;ESifh rqufpyfacs/ ]]trsdK;tEG,f}} [kqdk&mwGif tmjA[Henf;wl,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;jzpfvmolwkdYudkwpfpkwpfaygif;wnf;ac:aom t"dyÜg,ftjzpfem;vnfEdkifonf (a&mr 2;28-29)/ 3;17 ]]aemufydkif;ESpfaygif;av;&moHk;q,fMumrSa&mufvmaomynwfw&m;awmf}} aygvkonftmjA[Hudk ay;aom uwdawmf\ydkrdkBuD;jrwfrItwGufaemufxyftaMumif;&if;wpfcktjzpf¤if;onf arma&S\ynwfw&m; awmfxuf ydkrdkt&ifusaMumif;azmfjyonf/ ESpfaygif;av;&moHk;q,fqdkaomudef;* Pef;taMumif;aqG;aEG;rItrsm; tjym;&Sdonf/ xdkeHygwfrSmxGufajrmuf&m 12;40-41 rSvmjcif;jzpfNyD; tD*spfjynfüuRefcHjcif;ESifh qufpyfonf/ tcsdKUynm&Sif wkdYonf qyfwl*sif;bmomjyefusrf;ESifh &Smrm&dynwådusrf;wdkYüxGufajrmuf&m 12;40 udk ]]ESifh cgeef jynfxJü}} [laompum;pkjznfh pGufyHkudktoHk;jyKMuonf (F.F. Bruce, Answers to Question, p. 170) urÇmOD; 15;13 ESifh wrefawmf 7;6 wkdYütpöa&;wdkYtD*spfEdkifiHü ESpfaygif; 400 uRefjyKcH&onf[krSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ tcsdKUu rlxdkuwdawmfudktmjA[HwpfOD;wnf;udkomvQifjyKonfr[kwfbJ? trsdK;\ueOD;zcifBuD;rsm;tm;vHk;udk xyfcgwpfvJvJay;cJhonfjzpf&um;? xdkeHygwf&nfñTef;onfrSm ynwfw&m;awmfudkarma&SvufcHonfhtcsdef&Sd ueOD;zcifBuD;rsm;tm; aemufqHk;xyfrHjyKaomtcsdefumvudk&nfñTef;onf[kqdkMuonf/ taMumif;t&moabm t&Munfhygu aygvk&Sif;vif;aeonfrSm tcsdefumvrnfrQMumaMumif;r[kwfbJ? tmjA[Hudkuwday;jcif;ESifh ynwfawmfudkarma&SrS wqifhay;jcif;wdkYtMum;umvMum&Snf aMumif;omvQifjzpfonf/

100

����•]]xdkuwdawmfudky,fzsufa&;twGuf}} þpum;vHk; (katargeō)udk trsdK;rsdK;bmomjyefMuNyD; t"duqdkvdk&if; rSmwpfpHkwpfckudk oHk;r&jzpfoGm;aponf? y,fzsufonf? wdrf;a&Smifonf? tusdK;oufa&mufrIr&Sd? wefcdk;pGrf;tm;r&Sd [lít"dyÜg,f&Sdaomfvnf; rwnf&Sdawmhacs (0g) tpazsmufjcif;cH&onfqdkonfht"dyÜg,fr&Sdacs/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ysufjy,fíqdwfokef;oGm;aom (NULL & VOID - KARTARGEŌ) þpum;vHk; ( katargeo)onf aygvkESpfoufaompum;vHk;rsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonf/ olonf ¤if;udk ESpfq,fhig; BudrfcefY oHk;cJhaomfvnf;? tvGefus,fjyefUaoma0g[m& (semantic)jzpfonf/ (u) ¤if;\'@m&DyHkjyifqdkif&m tjrpfrSm argos [líjzpfNyD; t"dyÜg,frSm 1/ rvIyf½Sm;? rwuf<u 2/ ysif;&d 3/ toHk;rjyK 4/ toHk;r0if 5/ tusKd;roufa&muf (c) aygif;pyfpum;vHk;tjzpf kata ESihfwGJaomtcg t"dyÜg,frSm 1/ rvIyf½Sm;? rwuf<ujcif; 2/ toHk;r0ifjcif; 3/ y,fzsufaomt&m 4/ azsmufzsufypfaomt&m 5/ tusKd;oufa&mufjcif; vHk;0r½Sdaomt&m (*) ¤if;udk vkumxJü toD;rJhjcif;tm;azmfjy&ef wpfcgoHk;onf/ xdkUaMumifh toHk;r0ifaomtyif[lí jzpfonf/ (vkum 13;7)/ (C) aygvkonf ¤if;tm; wifpm;jcif;tjzpf t"dutm;jzifh toHk;jyKjcif;ESpfrsKd;½Sdonf/ 1/ bk&m;ocifonf vlom;tm; &efbufjyKaomt&mrsm;udk tusKd;roufa&mufap&efvkyfjcif; (u) vlom;\tjypf½Sdjcif; obm0 a&mr 6;6 (c) ]]trsKd;tEG,fawmf}}(the seed)ESifhqdkifaom bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrsm;ESihfpyfqdkifonfh arma½S\ynwfusrf;- a&m 4;14/ *vmwd 3;17/ 5;4?11/ {zuf 2;15/ (*) txGuftjrwftmPmwefcdk;rsm; (spiritual forces)- 1aum 15;24 (C) t"r®vl 2ouf 2;8 (i) cEmudk,faoqHk;jcif; - 1aum 15;26/ 2wd 1;16/ (a[NAJ 2;14) 2/ ta[mif; (y#dnmOfw&m;? acwfumv) udk topfjzifhtpm;xdk; (u) arma½S\ynwfcsufqdkif&mrsm; - a&mr 3;3?31/ 4;14/ 2aum 3;7?11?13?14/ (c) xdef;jrm;vufxyfjcif;taMumif;jzifh ynwfw&m;tm; ½Sif;vif;jcif; - a&mr 7;2? 6/ (*) ,ckacwfumvESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm; - 1aum 13;8?10?11 (C) þudk,fcEm - 1aum 6;13 (i) ,ckacwfumvacgif;aqmifrsm; - 1aum 1;28/ 2;6 þpum;vHk;udk trsKd;rsKd;bmomjyefMuaomfvnf; ¤if;\t"dut"dyÜg,frSm wpfpHkwpfcktm; oHk;r&jzpfoGm;aponf/ y,fzsufí uif;rJhoGm;aponf/ tusKd;oufa&mufjcif;r½Sd jzpfoGm;aponf/ wefcdk;rJhjzpfoGm;aponf[líjzpfonf/ odkUaomf rwnf½Sdjcif;? zsufqD;jcif;(0g)tpazsmufypfvkdufjcif; oabmum;roufa&mufacs/

����•]]bk&m;ocif}} -by God ¤if;rSmtaumif;qHk;a&S;a[mif;vufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh (p46,א, A, B, C, P) wdkYrS jzpfNyD;? UBS4 onftqifh ]]A}} (aocsm)ay;onf/ odkYaomf&Sdygao;onf/ or®musrf;vufa&;rl&if;rsm;qkdif&m tuJjzwfrItrsdK;rsdK; ay:aygufonf/

101

1/ tjyKoabmbufü u/ ydkíwdkaom 0gusrsm;udkrdkrdkOD;pm;ay;Muonf (usrf;a&;ul;olwdkYonf rz,f&Sm;bJ? jznfhpGuf NyD;&Sif;vif; apvdkavh&SdMuonf)/ c/ ae&ma'otrsm;qHk;üydkrdkysHUESHUygurl&if;jzpfEdkifacs&Sdonf/ ydkrdk&Snfvsm;aom0gusrsdK;udkvuf a&;rl&if; D (ajcmuf&mpk) üyxrqHk;pwifawGU&onf/

2/ tjcm;wzufü u/ rBuHKpzl;a&;om;rIrsdK;rSm rl&if;jzpfEdkifonf/ aygvkonf ]]c&pfawmftxJ – in Christ (en

Christō) oHk;avh&SdNyD; ]]c&pfawmftxJodkY – into Christ (eis Christon) udkoHk;avhr&Sdacs/ c/ pma&;ol\yHkrSefoHk;EIef;yHkonf rluGJwpfckudkrnfodkY½Ijrif&rnfudkay:vGifapavh&Sdonf/ odkYaomaygvkonf *vmwd 2;16 ESifh 3;24 wdkYürBuHKpzl;oHk;EIef;yHkwlnDaeonf/

aemufqufwGJESpf/ / ]]rl&if;vufa&;usrf;qkdif&mtuJjzwfrI}} üMunfhyg/ 3;18 NASB ]]odkYaomfbk&m;ocifonf ¤if;udktmjA[Htm;uwdawmftm;jzifhay;oem;awmfrlNyD/}} NKJV ]]odkYaomfbk&m;ocifonf ¤if;udktmjA[Htm;uwdawmftm;jzifhay;onf/}} NRSV ]]odkYaomfbk&m;ocifonf ¤if;udktmjA[Htm;uwdjyKcJhNyD;jzpfojzifholUudkay;onf/}} TEV ]]¤if;udkbk&m;ocifonfrdrd\vufaqmiftjzpftmjA[Htm;ay;jcif;rSmuwdjyKjcif; yHkpHtwdtusjzpfonf/}} NJB ]]bk&m;ocifolYvufaqmifudktmjA[Hudkay;jcif;rSm twdtusuwday;jcif;yHkpHjzpfonf/}}

PERFECT MIDDLE (deponent - usrf;usdefíxGufqdkaomoufao) INDICATIVE yHkpH0gusjzifhtav; teuf jyKonfrSmbk&m;ocifudk,fwdkiftwdwfujyKonfht&monf ypöyÜKefumvütusdK;oufa&mufonf[líjzpf \/ ay;oem;-granted (charizomai) \rl&if;rSm ]]vufaqmif}} odkYr[kwf grace (charis) jzpfonf/ ar&Sd,jyKaomtvkyfrSwqifhjzpfaomrdrd\tusifhp½dkufay:vHk;0tajcjyKvsuf(vl\tusifhay:tajcrjyK) vGwfvyf pGmjyKrIavh&Sdaom bk&m;ocif\oabmobm0udktav;teufjyKonf/

3;19 NASB, NRSV ]]odkYjzpfvQif ynwfw&m;udktb,faMumifh}} NKJV ]]odkYjzpfvQifynwfw&m;onfrnfonfh&nf&G,fcsuftwGufvkyfoenf;}} TEV ]]odkYjzpfvQif ynwfw&m;awmf\&nf&G,fcsufrSmb,ft&menf;/}} NJB ]]odkYjzpfvQifynwfw&m;awmfudkjznfhpGufjcif;rSm rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufenf;/}}

aygvkonf ti,f 1-5 twGif;rSmenf;wlw&m;a[mjcif;twwfynmudkjyefoHk;onf/ bk&m;ocif\pDrH csufü arma&S\ynwfw&m;udkay;&jcif;\&nf&G,fcsufudk &Sif;jy&efBudK;pm;&müar;cGef;ESpfckudkoltpjyKonf (i,f 19 ESifh 21)/ þuGJjym;jcm;em;aomt&mrsm;tm;jzifh csOf;uyfrIudkoltoHk;jyK&jcif;rSmapmapmuolusdK; aMumif;jzifhazmf jyaqG; aEG;&mwGif ynwfw&m;awmf\&nf&G,fcsufudktvGefysufqD;oGm;ap&avmufatmifjyK cJhojzifh? Oya'ousifhoHk;aom 0g'udkolqefYusifonf[k tcsdKUpm½Iolrsm;xifoGm;EdkifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ "r® a[mif;usrf;\vkyfaqmifyHkonfoefY&Sif;pifMu,fapjcif;taMumif;t&momjzpfNyD;ajzmifhrwfapjcif;r[kwf (rnfonfh tcgürQxdkodkYr[kwf)acs/

102

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / arma&S\ynwfw&m;ay:aygvk\tjrif ¤if;rSm bk&m;ocifxHrS jzpfí aumif;jrwfonf (a&mr 7;12-16) (u) ¤if;rSm ajzmifhrwfjcif;twGufESifh bk&m;ocif\ vufcHrI&Sd&efr[kwfacs/ (tr*Fvmwpf&yfyifjzpf Edkif onf/*vwd3) (c) ¤if;rSm bk&m;ocifrdrdudk,frdrd zGifhjyjcif;jzpfojzifh ,HkMunfolrsm;twGuf bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmf jzpf aeygao;onf/ (aygvkonf tjypfudk azmfjy&ef odkYr[kwf ,HkMunfolrsm;udk tm;ay;&ef "r®a[mif; usrf;udkudk;um;avh&Sdonf/) (*) "r®a[mif;usrf;onf ,HkMunfolrsm;udk pum;ajymonf/ (a&mr 4;23?24? 15;4/ 1aum 10;6?11)/ odkY aomf"r®a[mif;usrf;tm;jzifh u,fwifjcif;r&acs/ (wref 15? a&mr 4? *vmwd 3? a[NAJMo0g'pm) (C) y#dOmOfw&m;opfü ¤if;\ tvkyfvkyfyHkrSm- 1/ tjypf&SdaMumif;jyonf/ (*vm 3;15-29) 2/ a&G;EIwfjcif;&&Sdolrsm;udk vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif;vrf;jyonf/ 3/ c&pf,mefrsm;\ udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;twGuf vrf;jyonf/ arma&S\ ynwfawmfusrf;tay: aygvk\ tjrifudk em;vnf&ef BudK;pm;jcif;rSm usdefqJjcif;ESifhusdefqJ jcif;qdkif&m "r®oabmw&m;\ aemufqufwGJtaMumif;pHkESifh ¤if;udk jzwfausmfí aumif;BuD;r*FvmESifhtNrJxm0& qDodkY jzwful;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ James Stewart onfol\pmtkyf A Man in Christ pmtkyfxJü aygvk\ qefYusifbufjzpfae[ef&Sdaom awG;ac:yHkESifh ta&;tom;udk þodkYazmfjyonf/ ]]tawG;tac: ajrmfjrifrIpepfESifh Mo0g'wpf&yftm; rdrdudk,fwdkifwnfaxmifolwpfOD;onf rdrd oHk; aoma0g[m&rsm;\ t"dyÜg,fudk wduspGm owfrSwfvdrfhrnf[k obm0tm;jzifh arQmfvifhMurnfom jzpfonf/ olonfrdrd\t"dutBuHtpnfrsm; qdkif&mpum;vHk;toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk wdusEdkiforQ wdusap&ef &nf&G,fvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhMurnfomjzpfonf/ oD;jcm;t"dyÜg,fwpfrsdK;twGufwpfcgoHk; cJhNyD;aom pum;vHk;wpfvHk;tm;wa&SmufvHk; xdkt"dyÜg,fjzifhyif oHk;&efjzpfonf[k qdkMurnfom jzpfonf/ odkYaomf aygvkürl xdkodkYr[kwfaMumif;pdwfysufbG,f&m awGY&Sd&onf/ olYtoHk;tEIef;trsm; tjym;rSm wnfNidrfwdusrI r&Sdacs/ ]]ynwfw&m;onfoefY&Sif;\/...igonftwGif;vltm;jzifh bk&m; ocif\ ynwfw&m;awmfudk ESpfouf\}} [lí (a&mr 7;12-22) üa&;om;cJhaomfvnf; ¤if;rSm ynwfw&m;awmf\ tjcm;rsufESmpmwpfzuf omvQifjzpfum? tjcm;wpfae&mwGifoluyif ]]c&pfawmfonf igwdkYtm; ynwfw&m;awmf\ usdefqJjcif;rS a&G;EIwfawmfrlcJhonf}} qdkjyefacsonf/ (*v 3;13) (p. 26)

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103

zdvdyÜd 3;6 ESifh a&mr 7;7-11 onf qefYusifbufoabmaqmifonfh udkufnDrI&dSaomyHkpHparadox oabmrsdK; jzpfonf/ aygvkonf olUtoufwmüynwfw&m;\awmif;qdkrIrsm;udkjynfhpHkapcJhonf[kcHpm;onf/ odkYaomfaemuf ydkif;üol&Sif;vif;pGmem;vnfoabmaygufvmonfh remvdkpdwfonfolYudktjypfom;wpfa,mufjzpf aMumif;ESifh rdrdonf 0dnmOf u,fwifjcif;vdktyfaMumif;jyoonf/ ynwfw&m;udkay;&mü Mum;cHyk*¾dKvfrsm;tjzpf aumif;uifwrefrsm;tcef;u@mqdkif&m*sL;&AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;\tjrifudkqyfwl*sif;bmomjyefusrf;\w&m;a[m&musrf; 33; 2 üawGU&onf/ ynwfawmfay;jcif;üaumif;uif wref (rsm;)\yg0iffrItaMumif;wrefawmf 7;38? 53/ a[NAJ2;2/ Josephus a&;onhfAntiquities of the Jews 15.5.3 wkdYESifhor®musrf;pmjyifyusrf;wpfusrf;jzpfonfh Book of Jubilee, 1: 27-29 wkdYüawGU&onf/ rdrdvlwdkYESifh twl YHWHqufvufr<uoGm;onfhtcgvlrsdK;awmfESifhtwl qufvuf<uoGm;awmfrlol xm0&bk&m;\aumif;uif wreftaMumif; (xGuf 23;20-33/ 32;34/ 33;2) aygvkpdwfxJ&SdaeEdkifonf/ 3;20 NASB ]]Mum;cHjyKay;ol[lonf wzuftwGufomvQifr[kwf/ bk&m;ocifomvQif wpfqlwnf;jzpf awmfrl\}} NKJV ]]Mum;cHjyKay;olonfwpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf; twGufomMum;cHjyKay;onfr[kwf/ odkYaomfbk&m; ocifonf wpfqljzpfawmfrl\}} NRSV ]]Mum;cHjyKay;olonfwpfzGJUtwGufomvQifr[kwf/ odkYaomfbk&m;ocifrSmwpfqljzpfawmfrl\}} TEV ]]vlwpfa,mufwnf;jzpfonfhtcgMum;0ifay;olrvkdtyfbJjzpf&m? bk&m;ocifrSmwpfqljzpf awmfrl\}} NJB ]]ESpfzGJUtMum;üomMum;0ifjzefjzpfol&SdEdkifonfrSefaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifrSmwpfqljzpfawmfrl\}}

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104

2/ aemufydkif;pmvHk;ao;jzifha&;aomvufa&;usrf; rsm;ü (104, 459) ]]c&pfawmf\}} - of Christ [lí yg&Sdonf/

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105

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106

NRSV ]]ynwfw&m;onfc&pfawmfa&mufvmonftxdigwkdYudkpnf;urf;Muyfrwfoljzpfonf/}} TEV ]]odkYjzifh ynwfw&m;awmfonf c&pfawmfa&mufvmonftxdigwdkYq&morm;jzpf\/}} NJB ]]ynwfw&m;onfc&pfawmfa&mufvmonftxd igwkdYudkapmifhMuyfrnfholjzpfonf/}}

����•]]igwdkYonf ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwfapjcif;&Edkif}} ]],HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwfapjcif;&}} qdk onfrSm toif;awmfjyefvnfjyKjyifa&;acwfü rmwifvlom;\xif;&Sm;aom a<u;aMumfoHjzpfonf/ ynwfawmf onf c&pfawmftxJbk&m;ocif\tcrJhaqmif&GufrItcef;u@mwpfcküyg0ifonf/ ¤if;onf{0Ha*vdowif; aumif;twGufvdktyfaomBudKwiftajctaewpfckjyifqifay;&m? 4if;rSm igwdkYüvkdtyfaomt&m[líjzpfonf/ u,fwifjcif;udkay;aom,HkMunfjcif;üt&moHk;ckyg0ifavh&Sd&m (1)odjrifwwfjcif;/ (2)pdwfqE&Sdjcif;ESifh (3) quf pyfrl? awmfpyfrIrsm;jzpf onf/

0dbwfygpum;pkjzpfaom ]]c&pfawmfxHodkY}} - to Christ– udkESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;bmomjyefEdkifonf/ (1) NASB,

NKJVEESifh NIVwdkYrSmenf;wligwdkYudk c&pfawmfxHydkYaqmif&efodkYr[kwf (2) NRSV, TEVESifh JB wdkYrSmenf;wl c&pfawmf<ua&mufvmonftxd[líjzpfonf/

3;25 ]] okdYaomf,ck,HkMunfjcif;w&m;a&mufvmNyDjzpfojzifh igwdkYonf enf;jyvufatmufür&Sdawmhacs/}} ,HkMunfolwdkYonf uav;tqifhr[kwfawmhbJ om;tjynfht0? tarGcHtjynfht0rsm;jzpfvmMuNyD/ þt&m tm;vHk; bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmf? c&pfawmfpD;cJhNyD;aomtvkyfESifh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhjyKaomigwkdY\ wHkYjyefrIrsm; rS wqifhjzpfay:onf/ 3;26 ]]c&pfawmfa,½ItxJ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifhoifwdkYtm;vHk;onf bk&m;ocif\om;rsm;jzpfMu\}} ]]bk&m; ocif\om;rsm;jzpfMu\}} [laompum;pkonfc&pfawmfudk,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhvufcHNyD;oltm;vHk;udk&nfñGef; onf (a,m[ef 1;12/ 3;16/ a&mr 8;14-17)/ þtcef;i,fonf vlom;tm;vHk;u,fwifjcif;t vdkvdk&rnf[kqdkvdk jcif;r[kwf/ a&mr 5;18 odkYr[kwf 11;32 onfvn;xdkodkYrqdkvdkacs/ u,fwifjcif;udk vlom;tm;vHk;odkYay;prf; (offer - vufcHygu &Edkif&efay;onf/) jcif;udkajymygonf/ rl&if;*&dü ]]tm;vHk;}} pum;vHk;udk txl;jyKonfhtaejzifh a&SUqHk;rSxm;onf/ 3;27 ]]taMumif;rlum; c&pfawmftxJESpfjcif;cH&oloifwkdYtm;vHk;}} ¤if;onfu,fwifjcif;&&efenf;vrf; tjzpf ESpfjcif;r*Fvmudktav;teufjyKjcif;r[kwfacs/ *sL;bmom0ifwdkYonf ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;ESifh twlxdktwdkif; t"dyÜg,f aumuf,lMuonf/ c&pf,mefESpfjcif;r*FvmrSm ti,f 2? 3? 5? 14 (1aum 12;13) wdkYü azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif;0dnmOf awmf\vkyfaqmifrItrSwftom;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 0dnmOfawmftxJrSm (in)? tm;jzifh (by)?ESifh (with) ESpfjcif;cHonf[k qdk&mwGifc&pf,mefwpfa,mufjzpfvmjcif;tm;wifpm;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ a&ESpfr*FvmrSm c&pfawmftxJ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh ¤if;tm;vdkufygvmaomtwGif;pdwfoabmajymif;vJjcif;wdkYudk vltrsm;a&SUütay:wif0efcHjcif;twGuf ½dk;pif; aomazmfxkwfrIjzpfonf/ u,fwifjcif;&&efESpfjcif;r*Fvmudk a&SUwef;wifjcif;rSm acwfopf*sL;bmom0ifyHkpHwpfrsdK; jzpfonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ESpfjcif;r*Fvm Curtis Vaughan \ Acts pmtkyfü pdwf0ifpm;p&matmifajcrSwfpkwpfck p.28 ü½Sdonf/]]AdwåZHjyKjcif;cHonf}}p um;vHk;\*&dpum;vHk;rSm third person imperative ac:apcdkif;jcif; toHk;tEIef;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ]]aemifw}}[laom pum;vHk;rSmsecond person imperative ac:tvm;wl oHk;EIef;rIrsKd;jzpfNyD; ydkrdkwdkuf½kdufajymjcif;oabmaqmifonf/ AdwåZHjyKjcif;cH&onf qdkonfhtoHk;tEIef;rSm ydkrdkaysmhajymif;rI½SdNyD;ayw½ku xdkpum;vHk;tm;oHk;&mü t"duawmif; qdkrIrSm aemifw&&efjzpfonf/

107

þoabmudkyif ESpfjcif;q&ma,m[ef (róJ 3;2)ESifh a,½I (róJ 4;17)wdkY txl;jyKa[majymrIrsm;ü awGY&onf/ aemifw&jcif;onf 0dnmOfa&;&maomhcsufjzpfNyD;? a&ESpfr*Fvmonf 0dnmOfa&;&majymif;vJrItm; jyify o@mefü azmfjyrIjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;ü ESpfjcif;rcHaom,HkMunfol[lí r½Sdacs/ ueOD;toif;awmfü ESpfjcif; r*Fvmonf ,HkMunfjcif;tm; vlod½SifMum; 0efcHrIjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf u,fwifjcif;twGuf,EÅ&m;r[kwfbJ? c&pfawmftxJ ,HkMunfjcif;tm; tay:wif0efcHonfhtjzpftysufjzpfonf/ ayw½k\ 'kwd,ajrmufw&m; a'oemü aemifw&jcif;tm;azmfjyaomfvnf;? a&ESpfr*FvmudkrlrajymcJhaMumif; owd&&efvdkonf/ (3;19/ vkum 24;17)/ ESpfjcif;r*FvmrSm a,½Iudk,fwdkif erlemjycJhonfht&mwpfckjzpfonf/ (róJ28;19)/ ,ckacwfü u,fwifjcif;&&ef a&ESpfr*Fvmvdktyfonf[laom ar;cGef;xkwfrIudk "r®opfusrf;ü rajymacs/ ,HkMunfoltm;vHk; a&ESpfr*FvmcH,l&ef arQmfvifhonf/ odkYaomf toif;awmfqdkif&m ,EÅ&m;wpf&yf tjzpfusifhoHk;jcif;udkrl qefYusif&rnfomjzpfonf/ u,fwifjcif;onf ,HkMunfjcif;udpöjzpfNyD; ae&mrSefuefjcif;?rSefuefaompum;vHk;? rSefuefaomtoif;awmf\usifh0wfqdkif&m udpör[kwfacs/

����•]]c&pfawmfudkoifwkdYudk,fwdkif0wfqifxm;MuNyD}} ¤if;rSmAORIST MIDDLE INDICATIVE jzpfNyD;? uRefawmfwkdYtydkif;ü &nf&G,fcsufjzifhjyKrIjcif;udk tav;teufjyKonf/ ¤if;rSmbk&m;ocifESifh qdkifaomrdom;pk\ xljcm;rIrsm;udk (t0wftpm;uJhodkY) uRefawmfwdkY ]]0wfqifjcif;}} oabmudkajymygonf/ þodkYt0wftpm;0wf qifjcif;ESifh wifpm;rI udkaygvkrMumcPoHk;EIef;onf (a&mr 13;14/ {zuf 4;22? 24? 25? 31/ aum 3;10? 12? 14)/ ¤if;onfa&mr vlrsdK;a,musfm;av;onf rdrduav;t0wftpm;udkvJívlBuD;0wf½Hk0wfqif&aomtcrf;t em;udk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkYusif;yNyD;ygu tqdkyga,musfm;uav;rSm a&mrEdkifiHom;tjynfht0 (*sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\ Bar Mitzvahtcrf; tem;vdkt&mrsdK;)jzpfvmonf/ odkYjzifhuRefawmfwdkYrSm t&G,fa&mufolrsm;jzpfvm NyDjzpfaMumif;\trSwftom;jzpfum? tarGqufcHolwpfa,muftjynfht0jzpfvmMuonf/ 3;28 *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;tav;teufjyKMuonfhuGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;,cktcg c&pfawmfxJvHk;0z,f&Sm;cH&NyDjzpfonf/ c&pf ,mefjzpfvm&efrnfonfhtwm;tqD;rSr&Sdawmhacs/ *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;ay:? aus;uRefrsm;ay:ESifh trsdK; orD;rsm;ay: b0ifjrifhaerIrsm;t<uif;rJhz,f&Sm;cHcJhNyDjzpfonf/ uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;onf u,fwifjcif;&&ef tusHK;r0ifacs (a&mr 3;22/ 1aum 12;13 ESifh aum 3;11)/ odkYaomfuRefawmfwkdYrSm a,musFm;? rdef;r[lír[kwfawmh? aus;uRef? vlvGwf? *sL; odkYr[kwf *&dvlrsdK;r[kwfawmh[kqdkvdkjcif;r[kwfacs/ xdkuGJjym;jcm; em;rIrsm;qufvuf&Sdaeum? xdkuGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;udkvdkufíjyK&aomu@rsm;vnf;qufvuf&SdaeqJjzpfaomf vnf; c&pf,mefjzpfvm&aom u@ürl xdktwm;tqD;rsm;r&Sdawmhacs/ rdrdukd,frdrdajzmifhrwfonf[kcH,lí vlvlcsif;cGJjcm;rIrsm;udkc&pfawmfonf wpfcgwnf;ESifh tNyD;tydkifzsufqD;ypfcJhygNyD/ [mavvk,/

Manfred T.Brauch onfrdrd\pmtkyfAbusing Scripture, p.68 (F.F Bruce \The Epistle to the Galation,

p. 187 ü)tcdkiftrmajymonfrSm a&S;acwf*sL;w&m;Z&yfrsm;ü *sL;vlrsdK;a,musmF;rsm;qkawmif;onfhtcg olwdkYudk rddef;r tjzpf? aus;uReftjzpfESifh wyg;trsdK;om;tjzpfrzefqif;jcif;twGuf bk&m;ocifudkaus;Zl;wifpum;ajym MuNyD;? ¤if; onfcGJjcm;aomtkyfpkoHk;rsdK;udkxif[yfay:vGifaponf[kqdkonf/ c&pfawmftxJtopfaomtjzpfrSef onf yxr&mpk acwf*sL;bmom\wzufpD;eif;jyKaom pdwf"gwfudky,fzsufícGJxkwfypfvdkufonf/ ]]c&pfawmft xJ}} onf t&mcyfodrf;udkausmfvGefonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ /vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g' 1/ ed'gef; (u) ¤if;udk usqif;aomvlom; vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGif; wpfurÇmvHk;ü awGU&onf/ ¤if;onf olwpfyg;\ ausmukef;ay: wufpD;aomvlom;\twåjzpfonf/ vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'tm; enf;vrf;rsm;pGmjzifhacwf opfumvü awGUjrif&NyD;? trsKd;om;a&;0g'(odkUr[kwf vlrsKd;pk0g')rSmrl ydkía½S;usaom toHk;tEIef;jzpf onf/

108

(c) trsKd;om;a&;0g'onf AmAkvkefü tpjyKcJhNyD;(urÇm? 11)rlvtm;jzifh aem{\om;a,musfm;oHk;a,muf ESifhqufpyfum? ¤if;wdkUrS rsKd;EG,fpkqkdolrsm; pwifxGef;um;vmcJhonf/(urÇm? 10)/ rnfodkUjzpfap vlom;rsKd;EG,f[lonf rsKd;½dk;wpfckwnf;rS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfaMumif; or®musrf;pmrSxif½Sm;pGm od½Sd& onf/ (urÇmOD;? 1;-3/ wrefawmf? 17;24-26) (*) vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf rsufESmvdkufjcif;trsKd;rsm;pGm teufwpfrsKd;omvQifjzpfonf/ tcsKdUwdkUrSm (1) ynma&;udktaMumif;jyKNyD; rsufESmBuD;vdkufjcif; (2) vlrIa&;? "eOpömrme (3) rdrdomvQif rSef onfqdkaombmoma&; t,lonf;0g'ESifh (4) EdkifiHa&;t,l0g'qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm; 2/ or®musrf;vmtcsufrsm; (u) "r®a[mif;usrf; (1) urÇmOD; 1;27/ a,musfm;? rdef;rwnf;[laomvlom;tm; bk&m;ocif\o@mefawmftwdkif;?bk&m; ocifESifhwlatmif zefqif;onfjzpfí? olwdkUrSm twktEIdif;uif;olrsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf olwdkUwpf OD;csif;pD\wefbdk;ESifh *kPfodu©mudkvnf; azmfjyonf/ (a,m[ef 3;16) (2) urÇmOD; 1;11-25/ ]]trsKd;tvdkuf}}qdkaompum;pkwpfq,fBudrf rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ ¤if;tm;vl rsKd;cGJjcm;a&;twGuf taxmuftxm;tjzpf toHk;jyKavh½Sdonf/ odkUaomf usrf;pum;tquftpyfudk Munfhonfhtcg wd&pämefrsm;ESifhtyifrsm;udk nTef;qdkjcif;omjzpfNyD;? vlom;ESifhrqdkifaMumif; xif½Sm; onf/ (3) urÇmOD; 9;18-27/ ¤if;tm; vlrsKd;BuD; pdk;rdk;a&;0g'twGuf taxmuftxm;tjzpf toHk;jyKolrsm; ½Sdonf/ bk&m;ocifonf cgeeftm; rusdefqJcJhaMumif; owd&&efvdktyfonf/ olYtm;tzdk;jzpf olaem{uom t&ufrl;rl;jzifhEdk;vmonfhtcg usdefqJvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf þusdefqJ rItm;twnfjyKaMumif; or®musrf;pmü rSwfwrf;r½Sdacs/ bk&m;ocifonfxdkodkUjyKonf qdkOD;awmh ¤if;onf tom;rJaomvlrsKd;EG,ftm; xdcdkufjcif;r½Sdacs/ cgeefonfygvufpwdkif;a'oae vlrsKd;rsm; jzpfvmum? olwdkUonf tom;rJolrsm;r[kwfaMumif; tD*spfvlrsKd;rsm;\ tkwfeH&Hyef;csDum;rsm;u azmfjyonf/ (4) a,½I 9;23/ ¤if;tm; rsKd;EG,fwpfckonf tjcm;rsKd;EG,fwpfcktm; tapcH&jcif;udk axmufjy&eftoHk;jyK vmcJhMuonf/ odkUaomf usrf;pum;qufpyfrIu azmfjyonfrSm *daAmiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf *sL;vlrsKd;uJh odkUaom rsKd;EG,f0ifrsm;jzpfonf/ (5) {Z&? 9-10ESifh ae[rd13/ þusrf;ydk'frsm;udk vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifjzifh oHk;vmcJhMuaomfvnf;xdef;jrm; vufxyfjcif;tm; tjypfwif&jcif;rSm rsKd;EG,faMumifhr[kwfbJ (olwdkUonf aem{rSqif;oufolcsif; rsm;jzpfMuonf/ urÇmOD;? 10) bmoma&;taMumif; jycsufaMumifhjzpfonf/ c/ "r®opfusrf; (1) c&pf0ifusrf;rsm; (u) vlrsKd;cGJjcm; rkef;wD;jcif;onf roifhawmfaMumif; jyo&ef a,½Ionf *sL;rsm;ESifh½Srm&drsm;tMum; rkef;wD;rItaMumif; rMumcPtoHk;jyK ajymMum;avh½Sdonf/ (1) aumif;aom½Srm&d Oyrm (vkum? 10;25-37) (2) a&wGif;u trsKd;orD; (a,m[ef? 4) (3) aus;Zl;odaom temBuD;a&m*gonf (vkum? 17;7-19) (c) c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;onf vlom;xkwpf&yfvHk;twGufjzpfonf/ (1) a,m[ef 3;16 (2) vkum 24;46-47 (3) a[NAJ 2;9 (4) Asm'dwf 14;6 (*) EdkifiHawmfü vlom;xkwpf&yfvHk; yg0ifvdrfhrnf (1) vkum 13;29 (2) Asm'dwf 5 2/ wrefawmf0w¬K

109

(u) bk&m;ocifonf wpfurÇmvHk;tm; cspfawmfrlaMumif;ESifh {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;onf wpf urÇmvHk;twGufjzpfaMumif; wrefawmf 10 rSm wdusaomusrf;ydk'fjzpfonf/ (c) ayw½konf wrefawmftcef; 11u rdrdtjyKtrlaMumifh wdkufcdkufcHvmcJh&m?wrefawmf 15ü a,½k½SvifaumifpDtpnf;a0;ü tajz&vmcsdefwdkifatmifjzpfonf/ yxr&mpktwGif; *sL;vlrsKd;ESifh*sL;r[kwfolrsm;tMum; wif;rmrItvGefjyif;xefcJhonf/ 3/ aygvk (u) c&pfawmftxJü tydkif;tjcm;r½Sd (1) *vmwd 3;26-28 (2) {zuf 2;11-22 (3) aum 3;11 (c) bk&m;ocifonf vludkrsufESmvdkufjcif;r½Sd (1) a&mr 2;11 (2) {zuf 6;9 4/ ayw½kESifh ,mukyf (u) bk&m;ocifonf vludkrsufESmvdkufjcif;r½Sd/ 1ay? 1;17 (c) bk&m;ocifonf bufvdkufjcif;r½Sdojzifh olUvlrsKd;onfvnf; bufvdkufjcif;r½Sd/ ,mukyf? 2;1 5/ a,m[ef (u) ,HkMunfolrsm;\wm0eftaMumif; tjyif;xefqHk; azmfjyrIwpfck 1a,m 4;20 ü awGU&onf/ 3/ ed*Hk;csKyf (u) vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;rIESifh rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm;jzpfap rsufESmvdkufjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm; ESifh roifhavsmf acs/ 1964 ckESpfwGif New Mexico jynfe,f Glorieta NrdKUüusif;yonfh]]c&pf,mef toufwm wm0ef0wå&m;}}nDvmcHü Henlee Barnettee \rdefUcGef;xJrS aumufEkwfcsuf wpfck½Sdygonf/ ]]vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf or®musrf;pmESifhrudkufnD? c&pf,mefoabmr[kwfojzifh ¤if;rSm rdpäm0g'jzpfonf/ odyÜHenf;rusojzifh azmfjyajymqdkoifhaomt&mr[kwfacs}}[líjzpf\/ (c) þjyóemonf c&pf,mefrsm;taejzifh vrf;aysmufaeaomurÇmBuD;tay: c&pfawmfenf;wl cspf jcif;arwåm? cGifhvTwfrIESifh em;vnfrI½SdaMumif;jyo&ef tcGifhaumif;jzpfonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;onf þu@tm; jiif;qefonfhtcg ,HkMunfol\,HkMunfjcif;? pdwfcs&rIESifhBuD;xGm;rItm; [efYwm;aESmifh aES;ap&efrm&fewftwGuf tcGifhaumif;jzpfaponf/ ¤if;onf vrf;aysmufolrsm; c&pfawmfxH vm&ef twm;tqD;vnf;jzpfaeayrnf/ (*) uREfkyfbmvkyfEdkifrnfenf;/ (þu@tm;]]c&pf,meftoufwm wm0ef0wå&m;}}tzGJU\]]vlrsKd;csif;quf qHa&;}}ac:pmapmifrS ,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf/) ]]wpfOD;csif;tqifh}}

� vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&mjyóemrsm; ajz½Sif;&mü rdrdudk,fwdkifü wm0ef0wå&m;½SdaMumif; vufcHyg/ � vlrsKd;a½G; rsufESmvdkufrItm; rdrd\toufwmrS z,f½Sm;ypf&ef qkawmif;jcif;? or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;ESifh

tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;tm;jzifh tm;xkwfyg/ � vlrsKd;a&;rkef;wD;rIvSKHUaqmfolrsm; pdrfac:jcif;rcH&&mae&mrsm;ü? vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m rdrd\em;vnfoabm

aygufrItm; azmfxkwfjyoyg/ ]]rdom;pk toufwmü}}

� tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: pdwfaeoabmxm; wdk;wufrItm; rdom;pktaejzifh jyoay:vGifap&ef ta&;BuD;yHktm; todtrSwfjyKyg/

� rdom;pkjyifyü vlrsKd;a&;taMumif; rdrdwdkUMum;cJh&jcif;rsm;tm; om;orD;rsm;ESifhrdbrsm; twlajymqdkjcif;jzifh

110

rdrdwdkU\c&pf,mefpdwfoabmxm;tm; zGHUNzdK;ap&ef BudK;pm;yg/ � tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;taMumif;? vlrsm;ESifhajymqdk&mü rdbrsm;onf c&pf,mefyHkoufaojyo&ef*½kpdkuf&rnf/ � tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh rdom;pkcsif;? rdwfaqGjzpf&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;½SmazGyg/

]]oif\toif;awmfü}} � vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m or®musrf;pmyg or®mw&m;a[majym? oifMum;jcif;tm;jzifh toif;awmfonfrdrdwdkU\t

odkif;t0dkif;wpfckvHk;ü yHkoufaojyoEdkifonf/ � toif;awmfwGif; 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;? rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;ESifh trIaqmif½Gufjcif;rsm;ü "r®opftoif;

awmfrsm;ü vlrsKd;cGJjcm;rIrjyKcJhMuonfenf;wl vlwdkif;twGuf vrf;zGifhay;jcif;½Sdr½Sdaocsmapyg/ ({zuf? 2;11-22/ *vmwd? 3;26-29)

]]aeUpOftoufwmü}} � urÇmay:tvkyfvkyfudkif&mü vlrsKd;cGJjcm;jcif; udpö&yftm;vHk; atmifjrifausmfvTm;Edkif&ef ulnDyg/ � wdkufcdkuf&efrSmvlrsKd;a&;jyóemjzpfNyD;? vlyk*¾dKvfr[kwfaMumif; owd&vsuf vlrItzGJUtpnf;rsKd;pHkü tvkyf

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111

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112

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113

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114

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2/ ti,f 12-20 (odkYr[kwf 8-20) onfolwkdY\udk,fwdkiftawGUtBuHKrsm;udk tudk;t um;jy jcif;jzpfonf (3;1-5)/

3/ ti,f 21-31 ütmjA[H\om;ESpfa,mufudktajccHaom"r®a[mif;usrf; OyrmESpfrsdK; yg0if onf/

(c) "r®a[mif;usrf;ynwfw&m;awmf\&nf&G,fcsufESifh "r®opfusrf;,HkMunfolwdkY\ qufpyfrI

taMumif;tav;teufjyK&ef xHk;wrf;pOfvmESifhqdkifaomOyrmwifpm;rIESpfrsdK;toHk;jyKonf/ 1/ uav;rsm;ESifh txdef;rsm;qdkif&mOya' 2/ tmjA[H\ b0toufwmESifh qdkifí*sL;usrf;wwfq&mBuD;rsm;enf;wlazmfjyjcif;

(*) þtcef;BuD;onfom;awmfa,½IESifh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfwdkYtMum;eD;uyfaomqufpyfrIudkvnf; azmfjyonf (4;6)/

1/ a,½Ionfcrnf;awmfxHqkawmif;ícrnf;awmfonf0dnmOfawmfudkapvGwfonf/ (u) 0dnmOfawmfudka,½IapvGwfonf a,m 15;26/ 16;7/ ( c) 0dnmOfawmfudkcrnf;awmfapvTwfonf a,m 14;26/ ( *) crnf;awmfESifh om;awmfESpfyg;pvHk;- vkum 24;49/

(C) a,½Ionfcrnf;awmfESifhol\wpfvHk;wpf0wnf;jzpfrIudkxkwfazmfajymqdk onfenf; wl0dnmOfawmfonfvnf;rdrdESifh xdkESpfyg;pvHk;wdkYwpfvHk;wpf0 wnf;jzpfaMumif;xkwf azmfajymqdkonf/

2/ ]]wlnDaomtrsdK;tpm;aemufwpfck}} 0dnmOfawmf\taumif;qHk;emrawmfrSm ]]tjcm;aom a,½I}} jzpfonf/ (u) ESpfyg;vHk;udk crnf;awmfapvTwfonf/

1) om;awmf - *vm 4;4 2) 0dnmOfawmf - *vm 4;6

(c) ESpfyg;vHk;udk ]]or®mw&m;}} [kac:onf/ 1) om;awmf- a,m 14;6 2) 0dnmOfawmf - a,m 14;17/ 15;26/ 16;13/

(*) ESpfyg;vHk;udk ]]OyZösm,fq&m}} [kac:onf/ (Paraclete) 1) om;awmf – 1a,m 2;1 (trIaqmif - Paraclete) 2) 0dnmOfawmf a,m 14;16? 26/ 15;16/ 16;7 (C) 0dnmOfawmfudka,½I\emrjzifhac:onf (NASB)

1) wrefawmf 16;7 -a,½I\0dnmOfawmf 2) a&mr 8;9 - bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmf ... c&pfawmf\0dnmOfawmf 3) 2aum 3;17 - ocifbk&m;onf0dnmOfjzpf\ ... ocifbk&m;\

0dnmOfawmf

116

4) 2aum 3;18 - ocifbk&m;\0dnmOfawmf 5) *vm 4;6 - om;awmf\0dnmOfawmf 6) zd 1;19 - a,½Ic&pfawmf\0dnmOfawmf 7) 1ay 1;11- c&pfawmf\ 0dnmOfawmf

(i) ESpfyg;pvHk;,HkMunfolrsm;txJ usdef;0yfonf/ 1) om;awmf - róJ 28;20/ a,m 14;20? 23/ 15;4/ 17;23/

a&mr 8;10/ 2aum 13;5/ *vm 2;20/ {zuf 3;17/ aum 1;27/ 2) 0dnmOfawmf -a,m 14;16-17/ a&mr 8;11/ 1ay 1;11/ 3) crnf;awmf - a,m 14;23/ 17;27/ 2aum 6;16/

(p) ESpfyg;pvHk; ]]oefY&Sif;onf}} [ka&;om;azmfjy 1) 0dnmOfawmf -vkum 1;35 2) om;awmf - vkum 1;35/ 14;26/

(C) yHkyrmwifpm;jcif;Allegory ESifh trsdK;tpm;cGJjcif; - Typology wkdY\t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif; (4;21-31)

1/ yHkyrmwifpm;jcif; - allegory onftaMumif;t&mwdkif;\zHk;uG,faeaom ydkrdkeufeJaom t"dyÜg,fudk&SmazGonf/ rl&if;usrf;jyKoljzpfap? olUacwfumvjzpfap? or®musrf;pm wpfckvHk;\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufwdkYESifh jzpfapqufpyfrIvHk;0r&Sdaom t"dyÜg,fudk oGif;onf/

2/ yHkaqmifjcif; - Typology onf or®musrf;pm\pkpnf;nDñTwfrI? usrf;jyKol bk&m;wpf qlwnf;ESifh pDrHawmfrIcsufwpfcktwGuf jzpfonf[laomt&mudk pl;pdkufonf/ "r®a[mif;ESifh "r®opfusrf;ESpfckMum;qifwlrI? or®mw&m;rsm;\BudKwiftoGifoP²mef rsm;jzpfonf/ þqifwlrIrsm; (a[ma&S 11;1) onfor®musrf; pmwpfckvHk;zwf&mrS olUtvdkvdkay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ (a&mr 15;4/ 1aum 10;6?11/ 1ay 1;12)/

pum;vHk;ESifhpum;pkavhvmjcif;

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 4;1-7 1,ckigajymonfht&mrSm tarGqufqHrnfholonfuav;jzpfaeao;oa&GU? t&mcyfodrf;ydkifqkdifol jzpfaomfvnf;olonfuRefwpfa,mufESifh rjcm;em;acs/ 2zcifowfrSwfaomaeYtxdolonftxdef;rsm;ESifh uGyfuJolrsm;vufatmufü&Sd\/ 3xdkenf;wligwkdYonfvnf;uav;rsm;jzpfcJhMupOf avmuDw&m;Ekrsm;\ xdef;csKyfrIatmufücsKyfxm;jcif;cHMuonf/4odkYaomftcsdefufvaphonfhtcgynwfw&m;awmfatmufüarG;í? rdef;rtm;jzifharG;zGm;aomom;awmfudkapvTwfawmfrlcJhonf/ 5¤if;rSmigwdkYonfom;tjzpf arG;pm;jcif;cHEdkif &eftvkdYiSg? ynwfw&m;awmf\ vufatmufü&SdcJholwdkYudka&G;EIwf&efjzpf\/ 6oifwkdYonfomrsm; jzpfMuojzifh ]]tAÁ? tz[katmfac:aomolUom;awmf\0dnmOfawmfudkigwdkY\pdwfESvHk;xJodkYbk&m;ocif apvGwfawmfrlcJhNyD/ 7xkdYaMumifhoifwdkYonfuRefr[kwfawmhbJ? om;jzpfMu\/ om;jzpfcJhNyDqdkvQifbk&m; ocifaMumifhtarGcHjzpfMu\/

4;1 NASB, NKJV ]],ckigajymonfrSm}} NRSV ]]igajymvdk&if;tcsufrSm}} TEV ]]odkYaomf qufvufzdkY}} NJB ]]wpfrsdK;ajymyg&ap}}

117

aygvkonf,ciftaMumif;t&mudk tus,fcsJU&efed'gef;pum;tjzpftqifhjrifhaom þpmayuRrf;usifrIudk oHk;onf (3;17/ 5;16)/

����•]]tarGqufcHrnfhol}} ,HkMunfolwdkYonf c&pfawmftxJübk&m;ocif\ tarGcHrsm;jzpfMuonf [laomBuD;rm; onfhor®mw&m;rSm *vmwd 3;7? 16? 24-26? 29 (a&mr 8;17) wdkY\t"dupl;pdkufrIjzpfonf/ tvm;wl tav; teufjyKrIrSm *vm 4;1? 5? 6? 7? 28-31 wkdYüqufvufoGm;onf/ tmjA[H\ ppfrSefaom tarGqufcHolrsm;rSm vlrsdK; r[kwfbJ? ,HkMunfolrsm;jzpfonf (a&mr 2;28 -29/ zdvdyÜd 3;3/ aum 2;11)/

����•]]uav;jzpf}} ¤if;rSm*&dpum;ü arG;uif;puav; (infant)jzpfNyD;oHk;EIef;yHkt"dyÜg,frSm 1/ 0dnmOfa&;&marG;uif;puav;rsm; (babies) 2/ w&m;Oya'qdkif&mta&;rBuD;aomt&mrsm; (legal minors)

a&S;acwfajrxJyifv,f0ef;usifa'o\½dk;&m"avhrsm;üuav;t&G,frSvlBuD;t&G,fodkYul;ajymif;usif;yyHkrSm touft&G,ftrsdK;rsdK;jzpfNyD; t"duta&;BuD;aom½kd;&m"avh bmoma&; tcsdeftcgwpfckjzpfonf/

1/ *sL;½dk;&m"avhü ¤if;rSm 13 ESpft&G,fjzpfonf/ 2/ *&d½dk;&m"avhü ¤if;rSm 18 ESpft&G,fjzpfonf/ 3/ a&mr½dk;&m"avhü ¤if;rSm 14 ESpft&G,fjzpfonf/

4;2 ]]txdef;rsm;ESihf uGufuJolrsm;vufatmufü&Sd\}} *vmwd 3;22-25 üuRefawmfwkdY ]]ynwfw&m;vuf atmufü}} &SdcJhMuyHkudka&;om;azmfjy&mü (1) tumtuG,fay;aom tkyfxdef;oltjzpfuRefawmfwkdYudk xdef;odrf;aom axmifrSL;tjzpf (3;22-23)? odkYr[kwf (2) tysdK^vlysdKjzpfvmoludkapmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;oltjzpf (3;24-25)/ odkYaomf tcef;BuD; 4 ürlwifpm;yHkrSm ]]apmifha&Smufoltxdef;}} rS ]]tarGxdef;vlBuD;}} odkYajymif; vJoGm;onf/ a&mr Oya'ü a,musmf;uav;rsm;onf arG;zGm;csdefrS 14 ESpftxd w&m;Oya'qdkif&mt xdef;vufatmufü&Sd&onf(3;23-25)/ touf 14 ESpf rS 25 twGif; tarGxdef;vlBuD;onf olwdkY\ydkifqdkifrIudk BuD;Muyfonf (4;2)/ aygvkonf wdusaompum;vHk;rsm;udkoHk;NyD;a&mrxHk;wrf;pOfvmudk&nfñTef;udk;um;onf/

����•]]zcifowfrSwfaomaeYtxd}}a&mrzcifrsm;onf rdrdom;uav;b0rSvlBuD;b0odkYul;ajymif;aomumv udkowfrSwf&mü csifhcsifhcsdefcsdefjyKMuaMumif; þpum;pkrSmaemufxyftaxmuftxm;wpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm a&mrOya'\xl;jcm;rIjzpfonf/ crnf;awmfbk&m;onf uRefawmfwdkY\&ifhusufa&;üol\om;awmfyg0if& rnfhtcsdefumvudka&G;cs,fay;onf[kqdkvkd&ma&mufygonf (i,f 4)/ 4;3 ]]igwdkYonfuav;rsm;jzpfcJhMupOf}} emrfpm; ]]uRefawmfwdkU - we }} \ jzpfEdkifacs&nfñTef;csufrSm 1/ arma&S\ ynwfw&m;xdef;ausmif;rIatmufüaecJhMuol*sL;rsm;? 2/ {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;rwdkifrDumva[mif;üyg0ifaom*sL;ESifh wyg;trsdK;rsm;ESpfckvHk; 3/ wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;\ rdpäm'd|dbmoma&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh tcrf;tem;rsm; a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmt&¤if;onf ]]tarGcHrsm;}} (tcef;i,f 1) udk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifojzifh pdwfBudKuf # 2 rSmtoifh awmfqHk;jzpfonf/

���� NASB ]]avmuDw&m;Ekrsm;\xdef;csKyfrIatmufü csKyfxm;jcif;cHMu&onf/}} NKJV ]]avmuDw&m;Ekrsm;\xdef;csKyfrIatmufü&SdcJhMuonf/}} NRSV ]]avmuDw&m;Ek 0dnmOfrsm;\uRefjyKjcif;cHcJhMuonf/}}

118

TEV ]]pBuFm0|mudk tkyfpdk;aom0dnmOfrsm;\uRefrsm;jzpfcJhMuonf/}} NJB ]]þavmuDw&m;Eked,rrsm;\aus;uRefaumif;rsm;uJhokdYjzpfcJhMu\}}

þpum;pkrSmPERIPHRASTIC PLUPERFECY PASSIVE PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ þpum;pk\ zGJUpnf;yHk onfuav;rsm;taejzifh uRefawmfwkYd\owfrSwfxm;aom *kPfj'yftqifhtwef;udktav;teufjyKonf/ ]]avmuD w&m;Ek – elemental thing}} (stoicheia)\rl&if;t"dyÜg,frSm ]]ab;csif;,SOfítwef;jzifhrwfwyf&yfonf}} [líjzpf\/ ¤if;onfaygvk\acwfumv *&d-a&mrurÇmü us,fjyefYaomteuft"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/

1/ uav;wpfa,mufudkavhusifhay;jcif;\ oifcef;pmrsm; (a[NAJ 5;12/ 6;1) 2/ ½kyfavmupBuFm0|m\tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfonfh av? a&? rD;? ajr (2ay 3;10?12)

wkdYjzpfNyD;? ¤if;udk*&dvlrsdK;rsm;tHwkavh&SdMuonf/ 3/ rdkCf;aumif;uif&Sd eu©wfwm&mrsm; (1{Ekwf 52;8-9)/ ueOD;toif;awmf zcifBuD;rsm;onf

aumavmoJ 2;8? 20 ü&Sdaom þpum;vHk;udkteufjyef&mü ¤if;udkoHk;cJhMuonf/ # 3 ESifh t"dyÜg,feD;uyfpGmowfrSwfcsufrSm oG,f0dkuft"dyÜg,ftm;jzifhjzpfNyD;? rdkCf;aumif;uifeu©wfwm &mrsm;aemufuG,fü 0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;&Sdonf[laom t,ltqjzpfNyD;? *vmwd 4;3? 8-10 (aumavmoJ 2;18-20 ESifh *vmwd 3;19 wdkY&Sdaumif;uifwrefrsm;) udkbmomjyefrltm; vTrf;rdk;onfhoHk;aeustoHk;tEIef;jzpf onf/ odkYaomf Hendrik Berkhof onfrdrda&;aom Christ

and Powerspmtkyfüxdk power –wefcdk;wdkYrSmusqif;aomuRefawmfwkdY\obm0urÇmü&Sdonf oufrJhrsm;jzpfNyD; vlom;udkbk&m;ocifESifh a0;uGmoGm;ap&ef&nf&G,fonfh (EdkifiHa&;? 'Drdkua&pDta&;? vlrIa&;tqifhtwef;? ½dk;&m"avhrsm;? tm;upm;? ynma&;? vlxkazsmfajza&;? aq;0g; ... pojzifh) udpö&yfrsm;jzpfonf[kqkdygonf/ (pm -32) þbmomjyefrIonf or®musrf;enf;ESifh udkufnDonf/ aygvkonfynwfw&m;awmfudktysdKayguf? vlysdKaygufwdkYudk xdef;ausmif;olESifh (3;22-4;7) uRefacgif; stoicheia wdkYtjzpf (4;3/ 4;8 \rSwfpkü - ½I) EdIif;,SOfjyjcif;jzpfonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / KOSMOS(urÇm? avmu -world ) udkaygvkoHk;EIef;yHk aygvkonf kosmos (world ) pum;vHk;udk trsdK;rsdK;oHk;EIef;onf/ 1/ zefqif;orQt&mtm;vHk; (a&mr 1;20/ {zuf 1;4/ 1aum 3;22/ 8;4?5) 2/ þurÇmN*dKvf (2aum 1;17/ {zuf 1;10/ aumavm 1;20/ 1wd 1;15/ 3;16/ 6;7) 3/ vlom;rsm; (a&mr 3;6? 19/ 11;15/ 1aum 1;27-28/ 4;9? 13/ 2aum 5;19/ aumavm 1;6) 4/ bk&m;ocifrygaom vlom;tzGJUtpnf;ESifh vkyfaqmifrI (1aum 1; 20-21/ 2;12/ 3;19/ 11;32/ *vm 4;3/ {zuf 2;2? 12/ zdvdyÜd 2;15/ aumavm 2;8? 20-24)/ ¤if;rSm a,m[ef\ oHk;EIef;yHk ESifh tvGefwlonf (1a,m 2;15-17)/ 5/ acwftvdkuf urÇmhtzGJUtpnf;rsm; (1aum 7;29-31/ *vm 6;14 onf zdvdyÜd 3;4-9 ESifh qifwlum? aygvkajymonfrSm *sL;vlUtzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf)/ tcsdKUae&mrsm;ü þteuft"dyÜg,frsm;xyfaeojzifh þtoHk;tEIef;wdkif;udk trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;&ef cufcJonf/ þpum;vHk;udkaygvk\awG;ac:yHkenf;wl teuft"dyÜg,fBudKwifowfrSwfjcif;rjyKbJ? a&SUaemuf pum;tquftpyf tm;jzifht"dyÜg,fowfrSwf&ygrnf/ aygvk\pum;vHk;oHk;EIef;yHkrSm t&Sifjzpfonf (James

Stewart a&;aom A Man in Christ)/ olonf"r®oabmw&m;wpf&yfcsrSwf&efBudK;pm;aejcif;r[kwfbJ? c&pfawmfudka[majym&efjzpfonf/ t&m&mwdkif;udkolajymif;vJypfvdkufonf/

119

4;4 ]]odkYaomf tcsdefumvaphonfhtcg}} bk&m;ocifonfordkif;udkxdef;csKyfvsuf&SdaMumif;ESifh c&pfawmfonf bk&m;ocifowfrSwfaomtcsdefumvü<uvmjcif;jzpfonf[kqdkvkdonf (rmuk 1;15/ {zuf 1;10/ 1wd 2;6/ wdwk 1;3)/ teufzGifhusrf;a&;om;oltrsm;tjym;wdkYonf þpum;pkudk atmufygwdkYESifh qufpyfMuonf/ 1/ a&mrvufatmufNidrf;csrf;rI 2/ a&mrta0;ajy;vrf;rBuD;rsm;? oabFmjzifho,f,lydkYaqmifjcif; 3/ a'owpfckvHk; bHkpum;wpfckoHk;jcif; 4/ ajrxJyifv,fa'owpfckvHk;onf ppfrSefaombk&m;udkvnf;aumif;? xdkbk&m;ESifh rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;

twGufvnf;aumif; bmoma&;ESifh rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;twGufvnf;aumif; bmoma&;ESifh udk,f usifhw&m;qdkif&mwdkYüpl;prf;awmifhoaeMujcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ þtcsufonf ]]zcifowfrSwfaomaeYwdkifatmif}}qdkonfhti,f 2 ESifh qufpyfonf/ acwfopfumv

udkbk&m;ocif\tcsdefawmfusa&mufonfhtcg c&pfawmf<uvmjcif;jzifhzGifhvSpfvdkufonf/ y#dnmOfw&m; opfa&muf &SdvmcJhNyD; y#dnmOfw&m;a[mif;rSm (u,fwifjcif;\enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf) c&pfawmftxJukef vGefcJhNyDjzpfonf/

����]]bk&m;ocifonf rdrdom;awmfudkapvTwf}} *&dpum;vHk;apostellō rS ]]apvTwf}} -sent pum;vHk;qif;oufvm jcif;jzpfNyD;¤if;udkyif ]]wrefawmfrsm;}} [kjrefrmvdkbmomjyefygonf/ tvm;wlp um;pkwpfckti,f 6 üawGU&NyD; crnf; awmfonfoeYf&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudk apvTwfonf[kajym&müoHk;onf/ ti,f 4-6 twGif oHk;yg;wpfql\ yk*¾dKvfoHk;ygwdkYudkazmfjyaMumif;owdjyKyg/ or®musrf;pmü ]]oHk;ygwpfql}} [laompum;vHk;wdkuf½dkufroHk;aomfvnf; xdkoabmrSm xyfcgwvJvJyg&Sdonf/ atmufygtxl;taMumif; t&müMunfhyg/ bk&m;ocifonf om;awmfudk apvTwfonf[kqdk&mwGif om;awmfonfaumif;uifbHküa&S;rqGu &SdaecJhonf [kqdkvkdNyD;? xdkenf;tm;jzifh om;awmfrSm bk&m;jzpfaMumif;jyoonf (a,m 1;1-3? 14? 18/ 1aum 8;6/ zdvdyÜd 2;6/ aumavm 1;15-17/ a[NAJ 1;2)/ þae&mütpöa&;\bk&m;wpfqlwnf;t,l0g'ESifh qefYusifbufjzpfonf (w&m; a[m 4;35? 39/ 6;4? 33;26/ a[&Sm, 43;10-11/ 45;21-22/ 46;9/ a,&rd 10;6-7)

txl;taMumif;t&m/ /oHk;yg;wpfql oHk;yg;wpfql\yk*¾dKvfoHk;yg;pvHk; aygif;pyfvkyfaqmifaomusrf;ydk'frsm;ukd rSwfom;yg/ ]]oHk;yg;wpfql}} a0g[m&udk Tertullian-wmwlvsef;qdkol yxrqkH; xGifvdkufjcif;jzpfum? or®musrf;pm\pum;vHk; twdtus r[kwfaomfvnf;? xdktaMumif; or®musrf;pmwpftkyfvHk;üysHUESHYonf/ (u) c&pf0ifusrf;rsm; 1/ róJ 3;16-17/ 28;19(ESifhtvm;wlusrf;ydk'frsm;) 2/ a,m[ef 14;26 (c) wrefawmf0w¬K-wref 2;32-33/ 38-39 (*) aygvk 1/ a&mr 1;4-5/ 5;1? 5/ 8;1-4? 8-10 2/ 1aum 2;8-10/ 12;4-6 3/ 2aum 1;21/ 13;14 4/ *vmwd 4;4-6 5/ {zuf 1-3-14? 17/ 2;18/ 3;14-17/ 4;4-6 6/ 1ouf 1;2-5 7/ 2ouf 2;13 8/ wdwk 3;4-6

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(C) ayw½k - 1ay 1;2 (i) ,k' - i,f 20-21 bk&m;ocifrSm trsm;jyudef;jzpfaMumif; "r®a[mif;usrf;ü t&dyft>rwfazmfjyonf/ (u) bk&m;ociftm; trsm;jyudef;jzifh azmfjyjcif; 1/ a[NAJpum;vHk; {avm[Jrf-Elohim rSm A[k0kpf(trsm;jyudef;)jzpfaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifüoHk;onfh tcg tenf;jyudef;jzihfoHk;avh½Sdonf/ 2/ ]]igwdkY}}- urÇm 1;26-27/ 3;22/ 11;7 (c) bk&m;ocif\aumif;uifwrefonf bk&m;\jrifEkdifaomudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf/ 1/ urÇm 16;7-13/ 22;11-15/ 31;11? 13/ 48;15-16 2/ xGuf 3;2? 4/ 13;21/ 14;19 3/ w&m;olBuD; 2;1/ 6;22-23/ 13;3-22 4/ Zm 3;1-2 (*) bk&m;ocifESifh olY0dnmOfawmfwdkYudk oD;jcm;cGJxm;onf/ urÇm 1;1-2/ qm 104;30/ a[½Sm 63;9-11/ a,Z 37;13-14 (C) bk&m;ocif(YHWH)ESifh ar½Sd, (Adon)wdkYudk oD;jcm;cGJonf/ qm 45;6-7/110;1/Zm 2;8-11/ 10;9- 12 (i) ar½Sd,ESifh 0dnmOfawmfukd oD;jcm;cGJonf/ Zm 12;10 (p) oHk;yg;pvHk;udk a[½Sm 48;16/ 61;1wdkYüazmfjyonf/ a,½Ionf bk&m;jzpfjcif;ESifh 0dnmOfawmfonf yk*¾dKvfjzpfjcif;wdkYaMumihf bk&m;wpfqlwnf; ½Sdonf[laomt,ludk usyfwnf;pGm udkifpGJolueOD; ,HkMunfolrsm;twGuf jyóemjzpfcJhonf/ 1/ wmwl;vsef; (Tertullian)-om;awmfonf crnf;awmf\vufatmufcHjzpfonf/ 2/ atmf&D*sif(Origen)-om;awmfESifh 0dnmOfawmfwdkY\ tESpfom&rSm vufatmufcHbk&m;rsm;jzpfonf/ 3/ {&D;,m;pf (Arius)-om;awmfESihf0dnmOfawmfwdkY bk&m;r[kwf[k jiif;qefonf/ 4/ armfemcsm0g' (Monarchianism)-bk&m;ocifonf crnf;awmftjzpf? om;awmftjzpfESifh aemufqHk;ü 0dnmOfawmftjzpf qufwdkufay:vGifxif½Sm;onf[k ,HkMunfonf/ oHk;yg;wpfqlrSm or®musrf;pmygtaMumif;t&m rsm;\ajymjyrIt& &mZm0ifESifhtnD wdk;wufjzpfaomwduspGm azmfjyrIwpfckjzpfonf/ 1/ a,½Ionf tjynfht0bk&m;jzpfaMumif;? crnf;awmfESifh wef;wljzpfaMumif;tm; at? 'D 325Edkif;½Sm;aumif pD(Nicea Council)wGif twnfjyKonf/ 2/ 0dnmOfawmfonf yk*¾dKvftjynfht0ESifh bk&m;jzpfaMumif;? crnf;awmfESifhom;awmfESifh wef;wljzpfaMumif; wdkYtm; uGefpwifwDEdky,faumifpD (Constantinople) onf twnfjyKcJhonf/ (at? 'D381) 3/ oHk;yg;wpfql t,l0g'udk atmf*pfpwif;\ De Trinitate pmtkyfü tjynfhtpHkazmfjyonf/ ¤if;rSm trSefyif eufeJqef;us,fonf/ odkYaomf xm0&yk*¾dKvfoHk;yg;jzifh ay:vGifxif½Sm;aom bk&m;wpfql\ tESpfom&udk "r®opfusrf;u twnfjyKonf[kqdk&ayrnf/

����•]]rdef;rtm;jzifh arG;zGm;aom}} aygvkonfa,½Ic&pfawmfrSm vlom;tjynfht0jzpfaMumif;tav;t eufjyK&jcif; rSma,½Ionf bk&m;jzpfaMumif;twnfjyKaomfvnf; vlom;jzpfaMumif;udkjiif;qefaom aemhpfwpf -Gnostics Mo0g' aMumifhjzpfEdkifonf ({zuf? aumavmoJ? oif;tkyfMo0g'rsm;ESifh 1a,m[ef)/ odkYaomf *vmwdMo 0g'pmudka&;om;&müþrdpämt,l0g'\vTrf;rdk;rI&Sdonf[kqdk&efrl taxmuftxm;tenf;i,frQom&Sdonf (i,f 3)/ ]]rdef;rtm;jzifh arG;aom}} pum;pkonf *sL;bmom0ifwdkYtm; urÇm 3;15 ESihf a[&Sm, 7;14 wkdYudk aocsm aygufowd&apvdrhfrnf/ a[NAJMo0g'pma&;olonf þtcsufudk rdrd"r®oabm\t"dutcsuftjzpfxm; &Sdonf (a[NAJ 2;14?17)/ tvGefqifwlaompum;pkwpfckonfa&mr 8;3/ zdvdyÜd 2;7 wdkYüa,½IrSm vljzpfaMumif; tav;teufjyKaomfvnf; tjypfobm0ryg[líjzpfonf/ xdka,½Ionf bk&m;tjynfht0 (a,m[ef 1;1-14)

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ESifh vlom; tjynfht0jzpfaMumif;rSm toif;awmf yxr&mpkESpf{0Ha*vdw&m;\t"duor®mw&m;wpfckjzpfonf (1a,m 4;1-3)/ thHMop&maumif;pGmyif tysdKunmrS a,½IarG;zGm;jcif;tm; róJESifh vkum c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;rSty tav; teufjyKcJhjcif;r&SdcJhMuonfomru azmfjyjcif;yifr&SdcJhacs/ þtcsufudkvG,fvifhwulem;vnfrIvTJrSm;oGm;cJhMuum rdpämt,lrsm;\ tdkvHyD&mawmifbk&m;rsm;\pdwful;rQomjzpfaom vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh qufpyfMujcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

����•]]ynwfw&m;vufatmufüarG;í}} a,½Ionf *sL;ynwfw&m;atmufwGif *sL;xHk;wrf;pOfvmtxJarG;zGm;cJh jcif;jzpfaMumif; þtcsufjzifhjyoonf (a&mr 1;3)/ ]]ynwfw&m;}} –- law ü the rygaomfvnf;pm tquftpyfoabmt&arma&S\ ynwfw&m;udk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfNyD;? a,½IrSm ]]avmuDw&m;Ek}} -stoicheia jzpfaomxdkynwf w&m;vufatmufüarG;zGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ a,½Ionfa&mr Oya'atmufüvnf;&Sdonf/ þpum;pkonf vlom;ay: ]]ynwfw&m;\usdefqJjcif;}} udkygajymjcif;jzpfEdkifNyD;? a,½Ionf ¤if;udkyifrdrd qEjzifhcH,lcJhonf (3;10-13)/ 4;5 ]] ynwfw&m;vufatmufü&SdcJholwkdYudk a&G;EIwf&ef}} þpum;vHk; ]]a&G;EIwf}} (AORIST ACTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVE)udk 3;13 üoHk;jcif;rSm (AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE) c&pfawmf\touf&Sifjcif;? taocHjcif;ESifhjyef&Sifxajrmufjcif;rSwqifh (1) vlom;tm;vHk;udktjypf\uRefjyKrIrS bk&m;ocifjyefvnf0,f,ljcif;? odkYr[kwf (2) *sL;wdkYudk arma&S\ynwfw&m;rSvnf;aumif;? wyg;trsdK;om;wdkYudk avmuDw&m;Ek (stoicheia)rSvnf;aumif; a&G;EIwfjcif;udkajymjcif;jzpfonf/ þtcsufonf vlom;\ ulnD&mrJhjzpfaeyHkESifh (a&mr 1;18-3;31/ {zuf2;1-3) bk&m;ocif\<u,f0aomaus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh axmufrulnDrI (rmuk 10;45/ {zuf 2;4-6) wkdYudkazmfjyygonf/ þae&müaygvkajymonfh arma&S\ynwfw&m; 3;19 udkajymjcif;avmh/ odkYr[kwf a,bk,sed,rw&m; (law) oabmjzifhvl\*kPf&nf (3;21) udkajymjcif;avm[kem;vnf&efcufcJonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / a&G;EIwfcH a&G;EIwfonf 3;13 üMunfhyg/

����• NASB, NKJV ]]igwdkYonf om;tjzpfarG;pm;jcif;cHEdkif&ef}} NRSV ]]igwdkYonf om;orD;rsm;tjzpfjcif;cHEdkif&ef}} TEV ]]igwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\ om;rsm;jzpfvmEdkif&ef}} NJB ]]igwdkYonf om;rsm;tjzpfarG;pm;cHEdkif&ef}}

,HkMunfolrsm;onf tmjA[H\tarGqufcHoltjynfht0rsm;c&pfawmfrSwqifhjzpfvmjcif;\ tcGifhxl; taMumif;aygvkqufvufaqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkY\u,fwifjcif;twGufaygvkonf rdom;pkqdkif&mwif pm;rIjzpfonfh ]]arG;pm;jcif;}} pum;vHk;oHk;onfhenf;wl a,m[efESifh ayw½kwkdYonf rdom;pkqdkif&mwifpm;rIyifjzpf aom ]]jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;}} – born again pum;vHk;oHk;Muonf/ a&mrxHk;wrf;pOfvmü arG;pm;jcif;wifpm; rIudkt"du tm;jzifhtajctaeESpfrsdK;jzifhoHk;onf/ a&mrOya'üarG;pm;jcif;udpörSmtvGefcufcJonf/ &Snfvsm; íwefbdk;BuD;rm;aomOya'ydkif;qdkif&mvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;yg0ifonf/ om;tjzpfarG;pm;jcif;udkwpfcgjyXmef;cJhNyDqdkvQif txl;tcGifhta&;tcsdKUjzpfay:aponf/

1/ ta<u;tm;vHk;y,fzsufonf/ 2/ jypfrIpGyfpGJrItm;vHk;avQmhcsonf/ 3/ zciftopfonfw&m;0ifowfydkifcGifhr&Sd/ 4/ zcifopfonf tarGrjzwf&/

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w&m;Oya't&olwdkYrSm vlopfrsm;vHk;0jzpfvmMuonf/ aygvkonf þa&mrOya'vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udktoHk;jyKNyD;? ,HkMunfolrsm;&&Sdaomc&pfawmftxJvHkNcHKrIudk&nfñGef;jcif;jzpfonf (a&mr 8;15?23)/ zcifwpfOD;onf om;wpfa,mufudkw&m;0ifarG;pm;onfhtcgolonfrdrd\ tNrJtarGqufcHoljzpfvmonf/ þwifpm;rIudkyifESpfpOf rwfv17&ufaeYüusif;y&aoma,musFm;uav;wpfa,mufvlBuD;jzpfvmjcif;w&m; 0iftcrf;tem;tjzpfjzifhvnf; oHk;ygonf/ 4;6 ]]oifwdkYonf om;rsm;jzpfMuojzifh ... olUom;awmf\0dnmOfawmfudkoifwdkY\pdwfESvHk;xJodkYbk&m; ocifapvGwfawmfrlcJhNyD}} a&mr 8;14-17 ESifhqifwlpGmyifbk&m;ocifonf rdrdom;awmfESifh rdrd0dnmOfawmf (topfaomapmifhxdef;olrsm;) udkapvGwfjcif;\aus;Zl;BuD;rm;vSaomvkyfaqmifrIudkaygvkxyfrHajymqdkonf/ *&d pum;pk\ t"dyÜg,ftwdtusrSmr&Sif;vif;acs/ 0dnmOfawmfonfom;t&m\om"uavmh (0g) tusdK;qufvm;/ *vmwd 2;15-4;31 \t"duaqmifyk'frSm ]]igwdkYonf ol\om;awmfrSwqifhom;rsm;jzpfvmMuonf}} [líjzpf\/ tcef;BuD; 3 üigwdkYc&pf,mefrsm;jzpfvmMujcif;udk&nfñTef;&mü 0dnmOfawmfudkrMumcPazmfjyjcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm; bkdYaumif;onf (i,f 2? 5? 14)/ olYudk,ck ]] olUom;awmf\0dnmOfawmf}} [kac:onf/ ¤if;onf 0dnmOfawmf\tvkyfESpfrsdK;udkjyonfrSm (1) c&pfawmfxHodkYydk;yef;ydkYaqmifjcif; (2) 0dnmOfawmf\tvkyfoHk;rsdK; (a,m 14-16)tm;jzifh c&pfawmfudkigwdkYtxJazmf aqmifjcif;jzpfonf (a,m 16;7-15)/ eHygwfoHk;rSm ,HkMunfolrsm;udkc&pfawmftxJESpfjcif; (AwåZHay;jcif;) jzpfonf (1aum 12;13)/ om;awmfESifh 0dnmOfawmf\ trIawmfudkeD;uyfpGmxyfwljyKavh&Sdonf (þtcef;BuD;\ rdwfquf 8 )/

����•]]pdwfESvHk;rSm}} atmufygtxl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / pdwfESvHk; Septuagint (LXX) *&d"r®a[mif;usrf;ESifh "r®opfusrf;ü okH;aom?*&da0g[m&kardiaukd a[NAJa0g[m& leb (BDB523) \ t"dyÜg,fxif[yfay:vGifapaompum;vkH;jzpfonf/ ¤if;ukd tokH;jyKykHtawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdonf/ (Bauer, Arndt, Gingrich ESifhDarker wkdY\ A Greek-English Lexicon, pp. 403-404) 1/ ½kyfcEmtouf\ A[kd? vlyk*¾dKvftm; wifpm;ac:a0:jcif;wpfrsdK; (w? 14;17/ 2 aum? 3;2-3/ ,mukyf 5;5) 2/ 0dnmOftouf\A[kd (Oyrm – udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhqdkifaom) (u) bk&m;ocifonf pdwfESvkH;ukd odonf/ (vk? 16;15/ a&m? 8;27/ 1 aum? 14;25/1 ouf? 2;4/ Asm? 2;13) (c) vlom;\ 0dnmOfa&;&m toufESifhqkdifí okH;onf/ (r? 15;18-19/ 18;35/ a&m?6;17/ 1 wd? 1;5/ 2 wd 2;22/ 1 ay? 1;22)/ 3/ pOf;pm;jcif; toufwm\ A[kd (Oyrm - todOmPf/ r? 13;15/ 24;48/ w? 7;23/16;14/ 28;27/ a&m? 1;21/ 10;6/ 16;18/ 2 aum? 4;6/ {? 1;18/ 4;18/ ,m?1;26/ 2 ay? 1;9/ Asm? 18;7/ 2 aum? 3;14- 15 ESifh zd? 4;7 wkdYü ESvkH;onf pdwfESifht"dyÜg,fwlonf/ 4/ pdwfqE´ apwem\ A[kdXgejzpfonf (Oyrm - pdwftvkd? w? 5;4/ 11;23/ 1 aum?4;5/ 7;37/ 2 aum? 9;7) 5/ pdwfvIyf&Sm;jcif;\ A[kdXge (r? 5;28/ w? 2;26? 37/ 7;54/ 21;13/ a&m? 1;24/ 2aum? 2;4/ 7;3/ {? 6;22/ zd? 1;7) 6/ 0dnmOftvkyfvkyf&m (a&m? 5;5/ 2 aum? 1;22/ *v? 4;6/ (Oyrm - uRefawmfwkdYESvkH;xJ c&pfawmf&Sdonf/ {? 3;17) 7/ ESvkH;onf vlyk*¾dKvfwpfckvkH;tm; &nfnTef;onfh wifpm;rI wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ (r? 22;37/w&m;? 6;5 ukd ,lonf)/ pOf;pm;jcif;? &nf&G,f&if;ESifh jyKrljcif;rsm;onf ESvkH;yifjzpfonf[laom oabm&SdNyD;? ¤if;onf vlwpfa,muftm; rnfuJhokdYyk*d¾KvfrsdK;jzpfaMumif; tjynfht0 azmfjyonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ü xl;jcm;rSwfom; avmufaom a0g[m& tokH;tEIef;rsm; &Sdonf/

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����•]]tAÁ?tb[katmfac:}} þpum;ü zcifpum;vHk;twGuf*&dESifh tm&rdpum;ESpfrsdK;vHk;yg0ifonf/ tAÁrSm zcifESifh olUuav;wdkYtMum;&if;ESD;aomrdom;pkqufqHa&;pum;jzpfNyD;? (rmuk 14;36/ a&mr 8;15) t*Fvdyfpum; -Daddy azazESifh tvGefqifwlonf/ þuJhodkYaomrdom;pkqdkif&mazmfjyrIonfa,½IESifh crnf;awmftMum;&if;ESD; uRrf;0ifrIudktav;teufjyKonf/ c&pfawmftxJuRefawmfwdkYudkay;prf;aomt&mudk wkHYjyefrIjyKjcif;tm;jzifh uRefawmfwdkYonfzcifxHawmfodkYtvm;wl&if;ESD;rIrsdK;jzifhwdk;0ifcGifh&SdMuonf (a&mr 8;26-27)/ uRefawmfwdkYonf om;rsm; tjzpftrSef pifppfarG;pm;jcif;cHMuygonf/ 4;7 ]]xdkYaMumifhoifwdkYonf uRefr[kwfawmhbJ? om;jzpfMu\/ om;jzpfcJh&NyDqdkvQif bk&m;ocifrSwqifhtarGcHjzpfMu\/}} ¤if;rSmyxrwef;pm;cRif;csufyg0gusjzpfNyD; ]]oifwkdYonfom;rsm;jzpfMu onfESifhtnD jzpfMu&um;}} [lí TEV, NIV wdkYüawGU&onf/ 0dnmOfawmfonf igwdkY\ uRefcHrI? csKyfaESmifcHrIwdkY udkz,f&Sm;íuRefawmf wdkY\om;t&mudkxlaxmifay;onf (a&mr 8;12-17)/ ¤if;onfuRefawmfwdkY&rnfhtarGudk aocsmcdkifvHkaponf (1ay 1;4-5)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ,HkMunfolrsm;\tarG or®musrf;pmonf ,HkMunfolrsm;&½Sdaom tarGajrmufrsm;pGmwdkYtaMumif; ajymygonf/ (wref20;32/ 26;18/ { 1;4/ aum 1;12/ 3;24)/ taMumif;rSm olwdkYonf t&mcyfodrf;tm; tarGcHol a,½IESifhrdom;pkawmfpyfum (a[NAJ 1;2) olwdkYonf tarGcHazmfcHbufrsm;jzpfMu\/ (a&mr 8;17/ *v 4;7)/ olwdkYqufcH&½Sdonfh tarGrsm;rSm - bk&m;ocif\EkdifiHawmf (róJ 25;34/ 1aum 6;9-10/ 15;50/ {zuf 5;5/ - xm0&touf (róJ 19;29/ a[NAJ 9;15) - bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrsm; (a[NAJ 6;12) - uwdawmftwdkif; bk&m;ocif\umuG,frI (1ay 1;4-5)

����•]]bk&m;ocifrSwqifh}}KJV bmomjyefusrf;ü ]]c&pfawmfrSwqifh}} [kawGU&onf/ ydkrdkoufwrf;&ifhaom *&dvufa&;usrf;rsm;ü ]]bk&m;ocifrSwqifh}}[líjzpfonf/ aus;Zl;awmf\rl&if;ESifh¤if;udktpjyKoltjzpf bk&m;ocifudktav;teufjyK jcif;jzpfonf (a,m[ef 6;44? 65 ESifh *vm 4;9)/ vufa&;usrf;awmfawmfrsm;

rsm;ürwlaomfvnf; P46, א, A, B, ESifh C*wdkYü ]]bk&m;ocifrSwqifh}} –through God jzpfonf/ rwlnDrIrsm;tm;vHk;teufþwpfckrSm rBuHKpzl;jzpfNyD; tjcm;tm;vHk;wdkYt&if;cH&mjzpfedkifygonf/ UBS4 onf¤if;udk A tqifh (aocsm)owfrSwfonf/

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 4;8-11 8odkYaomfoifwdkYonfbk&m;ocifudkrodrDxdkumvü oifwdkYonfobm0tm;jzifh bk&m;rsm;r[kwf olrsm;\ uRefrsm;jzpfcJhMu\/ 9odkYaomfoifwdkYonf,cktcgbk&m;ocifudkodvmcJhMuNyD[krqdkbJ? bk&m;ocif\odjcif; cH&olrsm;jzpfvmcJhMuNyDjzpfojzifh? tm;enf;ítusdK;rJhaomxdkavmuDw&m;Ekrsm;bufodkY jyefvSnfYum aemufwzef ¤if;wdkYüuRefcHvkdMujcif;rSmtb,fodkYenf;/10oifwdkYonfaeYrsm;? vrsm;? Owk&moDrsm;ESifh ESpfrsm;udk apmihfMuygNyDwum;/ 11oifwkdYtaMumif;rSmigtm;xkwfcJhorQcsnf;ESD;jzpfoGm;rSmudkigpdk;&drfonf/

4;8 ]]odkYaomfoifwdkYonf bk&m;ocifudkrodrDxdkumvü}} ¤if;rSmPERFECT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE jzpfNyD;? twnfjzpfaomtajctaeudk ajymygonf/ acwfopfteufzGifhq&mtcsdKUonf ¤if;udk *sL;aemufcHtjzpf qdkcsifMuaomfvnf;? bk&m;ocifESifh pdrf;um;aomwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;tjzpf,lq&efydkrdkqDavQmfonf ({zuf 2;12-

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13/ aum 1;20)/ vlom;tm;vHk;onf zefqif;aomt&mrsm;rSjzpfap (qmvH 19;1-5 ESifh a&mr 1;19-20) rdrdtwGif;pdwf\udk,fusifh w&m;qdkif&moufaocHrI? odwwfrI (a&mr 2;14-15) ESpfrsdK;pvHk;tm;jzifh bk&m; ocifudkodEdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf/ þtod w&m;udk ]]obm0tm;jzifhzGifhjyrI}} – natural revelation [kac:aomfvnf; or®musrf;pmurl *sL;ESifh wyg;trsdK;om;rsm; ESpfrsdK;pvHk;onf þtodw&m;udk jiif;qefcJhMuNyD[kqdkygonf (a&mr 3;23)/ ]]od}} know pum;vHk;udka[NAJt"dyÜg,fjzifh vlwpfOD;csif;Mum;? &if;ESD;aomrdom;pkqufqHa&;ESifh *&dt "dyÜg,fjzifhtrsdK;wlyg0ifrIESpfrsdK;pvHk;twGufoHk;aomfvnf; tcef;i,f 9 üa[NAJt"dyÜg,fESifh jzpfonfenf;wl þae&mürl*&d t"dyÜg,fudkpl;pdkufonf/

����•]]oifwkdYonfobm0tm;jzifhbk&m;r[kwfolrsm;\uRefcHcJhMu\}} ½kyfwkudk;uG,fjcif;onftcsnf;ESD;jzpfí? tusdK;r&Sdacs (wrefawmf 17;29 ESifh 1aum 8;4-5)/ tewåjzpfaom ½kyfwkqif;wkudk;uG,frI\aemufuG,fü 0dnmOf qdk;rsm; tvkyfvkyfaMumif;aygvktcdkiftrmajymygonf (1aum 10;20/ Asm 9;20)/ 1aum 12;2 \Bud,mrSm vlom;wkdYonf0dnmOfqdk;rsm;\aus;uRefrsm;jzpfonf[kvnf;qdkvkdonf/ aygvkonf atmufygjzpfEdkif acswdkYrSwpfckudk&nf ñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

1/ ti,f 3 ESifh 9 \avmuDw&m;Ek – -stoicheia 2/ rdpäm 'dXd½kyfwkrsm; 3/ rdpäm'dXd ½kyfwkrsm;aemufuG,fu0dnmOfqdk;rsm; 4/ ynwfcsufrsm;ESifh bmoma&;yGJvrf;obifrsm;tm;jzifh YHWH udktpm;xkd;aom *sL;ynwfw&m;

4;9 ]]odkYaomfoifwkdYonf bk&m;ocifudkodvmcJhMuNyD[krqdkbJ? bk&m;ocif\odjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfvmcJhMu NyD}} ti,f 8 \tcsdefumvonf ti,f 9 \tcsdefumvESifh qefYusifbufjzpfonf/ aygvkonf 3;1-5? 19? 21 ESifh 4;15 wdkYrSmenf;wltm;ygaomw&m;a[mjcif; twwfynmqdkif&mtjcm;ar;cGef;wpfckxkwfvdkufonf/ ti,f 9 \ ]]od}} (ginōskō) rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;aomtjcm;pum;vHk;wpfckjzpfNyD;? ti,f 8 üoHk;aom (oida) xufydkrdktrsdK; awmfpyfrIjyaom*&dpum;udka&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/ rnfodkYqdkap *&dtrsm;oHk;pum;jzpfonfh Koine Greekü þ pum;vHk;ESpfvHk;\uGJjym;jcm;em;rIudk&Sif;vif;&efcufcJonf/ þpum;vHk;onf "r®oabmt&wpfOD;csif;\qufqH rI tm;jzifh (urÇm 4;1/ a,&rd 1;5) oduRrf;jcif;\a[NAJpum;vHk;yGg;t"dyÜg,fudkyifaqmifonf/ olwdkY\topf aomqufqHrIonf bk&m;ociftaMumif;tjzpfrSefay:tajcrjyKbJ? pdrf;um;oGm;cJhNyD;jzpfaomolrsm;ESifh ({zuf 2;11-3;13) qdkifíc&pfawmfrSwqifh topfaoy#dnmOfw&m;wpfckudkbk&m;ocifudk,fwdkiftpjyKjcif; ay:tajcjyK onf/

����• NASB ]]tm;enf;ítusdK;rJhaomxdkavmuDw&m;Ekrsm;bufodkYjyefvSnfh...oGm;Mujcif;rSmrnfokdYenf;/}} NKJB ]]tm;enf;íEkef;eJYvSaom avmuDw&m;Ekrsm;bufodkYjyefvSnfh oGm;Mujcif;rSmrnfodkYenf;/}} NRSV ]]tm;enf;íEkef;eJvSaom0dnmOfw&m;Ekrsm;bufü rnfodkYjyefvSnfhoGm;EkdifMuoenf;/}} TEV ]]tm;enf;íoem;p&m0dnmOftkyfpdk;olrsm;bufodkYjyefvSnfhoGm;Mujcif;rSmrnfodkYenf;/}} NJB ]]bmrQrvkyfEdkif? bmrQray;Ekdifaomþt&mrsm;uJhodkYaomw&m;Ekrsm;bufü oifwdkYrnfuJhodkYjyef oGm;EkdifMuoenf;/}}

¤if;rSm ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfNyD;? tjypfrSaemifw&jcif; (jyefvSnfhjcif;) qdkif&m"r®a[mif;t,ltq (Shuv, BDB 996) udkxif[yfapaom *&dpum;vHk;wpfckjzpfonf/ þti,fü 4;3 rSmenf;wl stoicheia pum;vHk;ygonf/ olwdkYonf u,fwifjcif;&&eftwGuf *sL;bmom\aus;uReftjzpfESifh rdpäm'dXdt,l0g'\

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aus;uRefjzpf&jcif;udk tvJtvS,fjyKvkdufMujcif;jzpfonf/ *sL;bmomESifh rdpäm'dXdt,l0g'ESpfrsdK;vHk;tm;enf; vSaom avmuDw&m;stoicheia udkemcHvdkufemMuonf (ti,f 8 \rSwfpkü - ½I)/ usqif;cJhNyD;aom avmuD t&mrsm;onf u,fwifjcif; ay;Edkif&efvHk;0oifhavsmfvHkavmufjcif;r&Sdacs/

]]Stoichea}} pum;vHk;\ t"dyÜg,fudk ]]tm;enf;íwefbdk;rJhaom}} [kaumuf,lNyD;? aumavm 2;15? 20 ESifh twlwljzpfonf/ 4;10 ]] oifwdkYonf aeYrsm;? vrsm;? Owk&moDrsm;ESifh ESpfrsm;udkapmifhMuygNyDwum;?}} ¤if;onfqufvufjzpf ay:aeaomtjyKtrIudkazmfjyonfh PRESENT MIDDLE INDICATIVE jzpfonf/ t,lonf;aombmom a&;apmifhpnf;rIudkajymjcif;jzpfNyD;? *sL;bmoma&;jyu©'defudk&nfñTef;onf (aumavm 2;16)/ þ*vmwdvlwdkYonf bmoma&;jyu©'defwpfckudk (rdpäm'dXd) tjcm;bmoma&;jyu©'defwpfck (*sL;) jzifhvJvdkufMujcif;jzpfonf/ aygvkonf {0Ha*vd w&m;udkoabmaygufjcif;aMumifh þor®mw&m;udkuGJjym;jcm;em;aomtajctaersm;ütoHk;csEdkifaponf/ *vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;\ tajctaeonfaygvktm;ynwfw&m;ESifh vkyfaqmifrItm;jzifhajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m; udkqefY usif&efzefwD;onf/ odkYaomfa&mr 14 üaygvkonf tcsdKUaeY&ufrsm;udk½dkaool? tm;enf;aom ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;pD &ifcsufrcs&eftm;aumif;aom,HkMunfolrsm;udktm;ay;wkdufwGef;onf (a&mr 14;5-6)/ *vmwdMo0g'pmonf {0Ha*vdw&m;tm;aumif;pGmem;vnfoabmaygufjcif;qdkif&mudpöjzpfNyD;? a&mrMo0g'pmrSm rIc&pf,mefrsm;\aygif; oif;qufqHa&; (rdwfo[m,ESifhqdkifonf/ 1aum 8?10)/ 4;11 NASB ]]oifwdkYtaMumif;rSmigtm;xkwfcJhorQtcsnf;ESD; (in vain)jzpfoGm;rSmudkigpdk;&drfonf}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYtwGuf igtcsnf;ESD;tm;xkwfcJhjcif;jzpfoGm;rSm igaMumufonf}} TEV ]]oifwdkYaMumifhigxdefvefYrdonf/ oifwdkYtwGufigvkyfcJhorQtvum;jzpfukefEdkifonf}} NJB ]]oifwkdYay:igtcsdefjzKef;wD;&ma&mufoGm;NyD[kighudkoifwdkYcHpm;apMuonf/}}

acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;onfþtcef;i,ftm;*vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;twGif;aygvk\BudK; yrf;tm;xkwfrIudk&nfñTef;jcif;tjzpfbmomjyefqdkMuonf (JB ESifh Revised English Bible)/ odkYaomf þtcef;i,f onf*vmwd,HkMunfolrsm;twGufaygvk\pdk;&drfaMumifhusrIESifh qufpyfjcif;jzpfEdkifonf (TEV)/ jzpfEdkifacsESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/

1/ aygvkonf olwdkY\u,fwifjcif;ay:oHo,0ifjcif;r[kwfbJ? tjywfvGwfvyfrIay;aom {0Ha*vd w&m;ysHEHSUa&; twGufolwdkY\toHk;0ifrI? ¤if;twdkif;touf&Sifjcif;ESifh ¤if;\tusdK;udk&&SdcHpm;a&; ponfhwdkYtwGufpdk;&drfjcif;jzpfonf/

2/ vlom;\vkyfaqmifrItwGufaus;Zl;awmfudkolwdkYjiif;y,fMuonfhtwGuf aygvkxdwfvefYrdonf (3;4/5;2-4)

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 4;12-20 12nDtpfudkwdkY igonfvnf;oifwdkYuJhodkYjzpfvmcJhNyDjzpfonfhtwGuf oifwdkYonfvnf;iguJhodkYjzpfvmMu&ef igawmif;yef\/ oifwdkYonfightay:rjypfrSm;cJhMu/ 13odkYaomf oifwdkYxHyxrtBudrf{0Ha*vdw&m;ig a[mcJhpOfig\udk,fum,usef;rma&;raumif;ojzifh 14ig\ukd,fum,tajctaeonfoifwdkYtwGufppf aMumrIjzpfonfudkoifwkdYonftxifrao;? r&GHU&SmcJhMubJ? ighudkbk&m;ocif\aumif;uifwref wpfyg; uJhodkY? c&pfawmfa,½Iudk,fwdkifuJhodkYvufcHcJhMu\/ 15odkYjzpfvQif xdkpOfuoifwdkY&cJhaomaumif;csD;r*Fvm onfb,frSmenf;/ jzpfEdkifcJhrnfqdkvQif oifwdkYonfrdrdwdkY\ rsufvHkrsm;udkyifazgufxkwfí ightm;ay;cJh MurnfudkoifwdkYtaMumif;igoufaocHonf/ 16odkYjzpfíoifwkdYudkigor®mw&m;ajymjcif;aMumifh igonf

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oifwdkY\&efoljzpfvmcJhNyDavmh/17olwdkYonfoifwkdYudk pdwftm;xufoefpGm&SmMuonfrSm ESpfoufbG,f&m r[kwfbJ? oifwkdYonfolwkdYudk&SmapbdkY&ef? oifwdkYudkz,fxkwfvdkaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ 18oifwdkYESifhtwl ig&SdaeonfhtcsdefüomvQifr[kwfbJESpfoufbG,f&m[efjzifh tNrJwrf;&Sm&efrSmaumif;rGefygonf/ 19oif wdkYtxJc&pfawmfyHkay:vmonftxdom;zGm;jcif;a0'emaemufwpfcgigcH&mom;orD;wdkY 20oifwdkYt aMumif;igem;vnf&cufcJojzifh þtcsdefüoifwdkYESifh twl&SdNyD;? ighavoHudkajymif;vdkonf/

4;12 ]]nDtpfudkwdkYigonfvnf;oifwdkYuJhodkYjzpfvmcJhNyDjzpfonfhtwGuf oifwdkYonfvnf;iguJhodkYjzpfvmMu &efigawmif;yef\/}} þBud,mrSmPRESENT MIDDLE (deponent) IMPERATIVE jzpfonf/ ÿþBud,mudk bmomjyef yHkuGJjym;jcm;em;onf/

1/ Williams \bmomjyefusrf;ü ]]ightjrif,lMuyg}} [kqdkonf/ aygvkonf ,HkMunfjcif; tm;jzifhajzmifh rwf&modkYa&mufjcif;olUtjrifudk vufcH&efarwåm&yfcHonf/ tb,faMumifh qdkaomfolonf ,cif uolwdkY\vuf&Sd wdrf;,drf;rIjzpfaomvkyfaqmifrIjzifh ajzmifhrwf&modkY a&mufjcif; (*sL;bmom) udk vufcHcJhonf/

2/ tcsdKUurl ]]igonfvnf;oifwdkYuJhodkYjzpfvmcJhNyD}} [kqdk&mwGif 1aum 9;19 -23 udk&nfñTef;NyD; ¤if;üigonfvltcsdKUyifjzpfap&&eftvdkUiSg t&mcyfodrf;ücyfodrf;aomolwdkYuJhodkYjzpfvm\[k aygvk ajymygonf/ olonf*sL;vlrsdK;wdkYESifh &Sdonftcg*sL;vlrsdK;uJhodkYjyKonf/ wpfyg;trsdK; om;rsm;ESifh &Sdonfhtcg? olonfwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;uJhodkYjyKonf/ ynwfw&m;udk u,fwifjcif;vrf;tjzpf oltrSefpGefYvGwfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ olonfenf;vrf;udk vdktyfovdk ajymif;vJaomfvnf; owif; pum;ürlxdkokdYrjyKacs/

]]nDtpfudkwdkY}} pum;pkonftaMumif;t&mtopfwpfckaygvkul;ajymif;awmhrnfudkjyonf/ olwdkYudk ]]nDtpfudkrsm;}} [kac:jcif;aMumifhol\cyfememxdk;ESufcsufwdkYudk aysmhajymif;oGm;apjcif;vnf;jzpfonf (i,f19/ 1;11/ 3;15)/

����•]]oifwdkYonfightay:rjypfrSm;cJhMu}} þpum;pkonf ]]twdwfüoifwdkYonf ighudkremusifapaomfvnf; ,ckürloifwdkyonfighudkemusifapMuonf}} [kqdkvdkjcif;oabmjzpfonf[k,lqMuonf/ odkYaomf tjcm;olrsm;urI e*dküolESifh olUowif;pum;udk *vmwdvlrsm;vufcHcJhMujcif;udk ta&;xm;aMumif;tm; jyojcif;tjrif? tjyKoabm jzifh emvnfMuonf/ þpum;pkudk ti,f 13-15 ESifh twlzwf&ygrnf/ 4;13 ]]oifwkdYxHyxrtBudrf {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mcJhpOf? ig\udk,fum,usef;rma&;raumif;ojzifh}} ]]yxr tBudrf}} [kqdk&mwGif þMo0g'pmra&;rD tacgufjzpfonfh'kwd,ajrmuftBudrfudkqdkvkdonf/ odkYaomf xdkpum;pk onf 1wd 1;13 rSmenf;wl ]],cifu}} [lívnf;t"dyÜg,f&SdEdkifonf/ *vmwd toif;awmfrsm;odkY aygvkoGm;cJhonfrSm 1/ zsm;em;jcif;rSjyefvnfaeaumif;vmap&ef/ 2/ emrusef;rIaMumifh&yfwHhum? wpfcPwmae&ef/ taMumif;rSm (1) ti,f 14-15 aMumifh (2) 6;11 ESifh a&SUqifhaemufqifhjzpfaeonf/ (3) 2aum 12;1-10/ aygvkonfudk,fum,emrusef;rIjzpfaom ]]olUudk,fudkpl;aomql;}}udk&nfñTef;onf[kuRefawmf,HkMunfonf/ þtcef;i,frsm;udkaygif;pyfygu 'roufNrdKUoGm;&mvrf;ay:tawGUtBuHK (wrefawmf 9) aMumifhpwifcJhaom rsuf vHk;raumif;jcif;ykHpHwpfrsdK;jzpf[ef&Sdonf[kuRefawmfjrifygonf/ ¤if;onfyifyxr&mpka&m*grsm;aMumifh qdk;0g;oGm; cJhonf/ rowDp&mrsufpda&m*gaMumifh aygvkrSm rsufuef;wpfydkif;jzpfoGm;cJh&onf/ ]]emrusef;jcif;}} (udk,fum,tm;enf;rI) taMumif; 1;16 \txl;taMumif;t&mü- ½I&ef/

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4;14 NASB ]]ig\udk,fum,tajctaeonfoifwdkYtm;ppfaMumrIjzpfaponfudkoifwkdYonftxifrao;? r&GHU&SmcJhMu}} NKJV ]]ig\udk,fum,ü&SdaomigcH&onfh ppfaMumrIudkoifwkdYtxifrao;rjiif;qefcJhMu}} NRSV ]]ig\tajctaeonfoifwdkYudkprf;oyf&ma&mufaomfvnf;oifwdkYonfighudkruJh&JU txifrao;cJhMu}} TEV ]]ig\udk,fum,tajctaeonf oifwkdYtm;BuD;rm;pGmppfaMum&mjzpfcJhaomf vnf;oifwdkYonf ighudktxifrao;cJhMu? jiif;qefjcif;rjyKcJhMuacs/}} NJB ]]oifwkdYtm;ppfaMum&mjzpfaomig\a&m*gaMumifhoifwkdYonf bufuefjcif;? &GHU&Smjcif;tpt erQyifrjyKcJhMubl;acs/}}

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131

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(1) xdkawmifa&SUü us,fjyefYaomvGifjyifwpfck&Sdonf/ (2) w&m;a[musrf; 1;2 üodemawmifrS uma'&SAmemodkY wpfq,fhwpf&ufc&D;a0;onf[kodonf/ (3) odem -Sinai pum;vHk;rSma[NAJpum;r[kwfacs/ ¤if;onf&Sdemawm –wilderness of sin ESifhquf

pyfrI&SdEdkifNyD;? ao;i,faomoJuEÅ&csKHykwfudk&nfñGef;onf/ awmiftwGufa[NAJpum;vHk;rSm Horeb -a[m&yfjzpfonf (awmacgifacgif -wilderness)

(4) odemawmifrSmav;&mpkat'DrS pítpOftvmjzpfvmonf/ ¤if;onfrd'sefjynfxJü&SdNyD;? qdkif;Edkif; uRef;qG,f\BuD;rm;aome,fajrESifh ta&aAsyg0ifonf/

(5) xGufajrmuf&musrf;xJazmfjyaomNrdKUtcsdKU (Elim, Dophkah, Rephidim)wkdYonfqdkif;Edkif;uRef; qG,ft aemufzufü &SdaMumif;a&S;a[mif;ordkif;ypönf;avhvmrIonf twnfjyKay;aeonfESifh wlonf/

*/ *sL;vlrsdK;wkdYonf odemawmif\yx0D0ifwnfae&mtaMumif;pdwfr0ifpm;cJhMubl;acs/ bk&m;ocifonf urÇmOD;15;12-21&SduwdawmfjynfhpHkap&efolwkdYudkynwfw&m;ay;cJhaMumif;,HkMunfMuonf/ ]]b,fae &mü}}ay;aMumif;rSm ta&;rBuD;ojzifh xdkae&modkYbk&m;zl;oGm;&efolwdkYr&nf&G,fcJhMuacs/ (ESpfywfvnf bk&m;zl; c&D;oGm;jcif;rsdK;) (C) at'D 385-8 umvcefYü a&;om;aom &SDvAm\bk&m;zl;c&D;oGm;pmtkyf – Pilgrimage of Silviar

xkwfrD txdodemawmif\ae&mudk rowfrSwfcJhacs/ (F.F. Bruce, Commentary on the Book of the

Acts, p.151)

����•]]vuf&Sda,½k&SvifESifh wl\/ taMumif;rSmxdkrdef;ronfolUom;rsm;ESifhtwluRefcHvsuf&Sd\}} þae&mü wifpm; rIrSma,½k&SvifudkA[dkjyKaomvuf&Sd *sL;bmomESifh tem*wfwGifay:xGef;rnfha,½k&SvifNrdKUopf wkdYjzpfonf/ vufESifh vkyfjcif;r[kwfaom NrdKUawmfonf aumif;uifbHküxm0&wnf&Sdonf (a[NAJ11;10/ 12;22/ 13;14 ESifh Asm121;2? 10)/ aygvkonftxuft&yf&Sd a,½k&Svifudktoif;awmfae&mrSmxm;&SdaMumif;owdjyKyg/ "r®opfusrf;jyKolrsm; onf"r®a[mif;\pl;pdkufrI (*sL;rsm;wzuf? *&drsm;wzuf) ,HkMunfolrsm;wzuf? r,HkMunfolrsm;wzufodkYajymif; vJypfMuonf/ "r®opfonf "r®a[mif;usrf;\ajrjyifyx0Dqdkif&muwdawmfrsm;udkygvufpwdkif;rSaumif;uifbHk (ajrBuD;a,½k&Svifwpfzuf? aumif;uifa,½k&Svifwzuf)odkYajymif;vJonf/ ¤if;rSmAsm'dwfusrf;\&nfñGef;csuf udkajymif;vJapaomtajccHpl;pdkufrIjzpfonf/ (1) ,HkMunfolrsm;jzpfNyD;*sL;rsm;r[kwf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh (2) pBuFm0|mqdkif&mEdkifiHawmfjzpfNyD;? *sL;EdkifiHawmfr[kwf[líjzpfygonf/

133

4;26 ]]vGwfajrmuf}} þae&müvGwfajrmufjcif;onf ,k'bmom (usdefqJjcif;rSvGwfajrmufjcif; 3;13) ESifh rdpäm'dXd (avmuDw&m; e-stoicheia rSvGwfajrmufjcif;)ESpfrsdK;pvHk;\0wå&m;rSvGwfapjcif;udk &nfñGef;onf/ vGwfajrmuf jcif;onf,HkMunfolrsm;udktwåbufodkYOD;wnfroGm;apbJ

1/ uRefawmfwkdYonfbk&m;udktapcH&efvGwfajrmufMuonf (a&mr 6)/ 2/ usqif;aomaMumufrufbG,f&mtwå\pdk;rdk;rIrSvGwfajrmufMuonf/ wpfrsdK;ajym&ygu,HkMunfolwdkYonf ]]tapcHjcif;}} ESifh ]]twå}} rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/

¤if;rSmESpf `rTmaomvGwfajrmufrIjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf aus;uRefrsm;ESifh tapcHrsm;tjzpfr[kwfbJ? om;rsm;? orD;rsm; tjzpfjzifhzcifESifh rdom;pkudk vdkvm;pGmtapcHMuonf/

4;27 ¤if;rSma[&Sm, 54;1 rSudk;um;csufjzpfonf/ AmAkvkefuRefcHjcif;tNyD;ü a,½k&SvifNrdKUawmfjyefvnf xlaxmif jcif;taMumif;txl;ojzifh tcef;BuD; 65 ESifh 66 wkdYüajymygonf/ aygvkonf tem*wfüjzpfysuf rnfht&mrsm;qdkif &mrdrd\em;vnfyHkudkoljyKaomtrsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;xJxnfhoGif;onf/ 4;28 *vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;onf olwkdY\,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh tmjA[H\ppfrSefaomtquftEG,frsm;jzpf Muonf (a&mr 2;28-29)/ 4;29 aygvkonf a,½I\ppfrSefaomaemufvdkufoltm;vHk;wkdYudkbk&m;ocif\uwdawmfrsm;rS wqifh£Zuf\ ppfrSef aomtquftEG,frsm;tjzpfqufpyfonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;onf n§Of;qJjcif;udktxl;wvnfazmfjyjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; (*sL;a&S;a[mif;pOfvmü) tNrHKrjzpfaom pm&may:[m*&\armufrmaompdwfaeoabmxm; (urÇmOD; 16;4-5) udkvnf;aumif;? pm&monf[m*&tm; ESdyfpufrIudkvnf;aumif; (urÇmOD; 16;6) azmfjyonf/ *sL;&AÁdq&mBuD;rsm; onfurÇmOD; 21;9 udkteufjyef&mü £&Sarvonfpm&mESifh olUom;udkajymifavSmif uJh&JUonf[kqdkMuonf/ a[NAJ pum;vHk;\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]upm;aeonf}} (0g) ]]&,farmaeonf}} [líjzpf\ (BDB

850, KB 1019) aygvkonf*sL; ESifhwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;tMum;&efNidK;udk&nfñGef;[ef&Sdygonf/ ti,f 29 \aemufqHk;pum;pkjzpfonfh ]],cküvnf;xdkenf;wl}} [kqdk&mwGif tmjA[H\obm0tquf tEG,f(arma&S\y#dnmOfw&m;\ om;orD;rsm;) rsm;onf tmjA[H\0dnmOfa&;om;orD;rsm; (,HkMunfjcif; om;orD; rsm;) udkn§Of;qJvsufyif&Sdaeao;onf[kqdkvdkonf/ xdkawmifESpfvHk;wdkYMum;wif;rmrI&Sdaeygonf/ 4;30 ]]odkYaomfor®musrf;pmonf rnfodkYajymoenf;/ uRefrudkolr\om;ESifh twlarmif;xkwfyg}} ¤if;rSmurÇmOD; 21;10 rS udk;um;jcif;jzpfonf/ (pm&mudk udk;um;azmfjyonf/ Peil IMPERATIVE, BDB 176, KB 204) *&dBud,mrSm AORIST ACTIVE IMPREATIVE jzpfNyD; ]]uRefrudkarmif;xkwfvkdufyg}} [líjzpfNyD; *vmwdwdkYudkvnf; ]]*sL;bmom 0ifwkdYudkarmif;xkwfvkdufyg}} [kqdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmudk vlyk*¾dKvftjzpfwifpm;azmfjyonf (a,m[ef 7;42/ a&mr 9;17/ *vm3;8/ 4;36/ ,mukyf 2;23/ 4;5)/ ajymqdkolrSm crnf;awmf (0g) 0dnmOfawmfjzpfonf[kwifpm;azmfjyjcif;jzpfEdkifNyD;? ¤if;rSm ]]rIwfoGif;jcif;}} - inspiration (róJ5;17-19) udk&nfñTef;jcif;wrsdK;vnf;jzpfayrnf/ 4;31 ]]xdkYaMumifh nDtpfudkwdkYigwkdYonf uRefr\om;rsm;r[kwfMubJ? vGwfvyfaomrdef;r\om;rsm; jzpfMuonf}} ¤if;rSmtaMumif;t&m\tusOf;csKH;jzpfonf/ a,½Ic&pfawmfudk,HkMunfoluRefawmfwdkYrSmtm jA[Hudkay;aomuwdawmfudktjynfht0tarGqufqHolrsm;jzpfMuum? rsdK;½dk; (0g) obm0tpöa&;rQomr[kwfMu acs/ þtvm;wlor®mw&m;udka&mr 9-11 üazmfjyonf/

134

aqG;aEG;jcif;ar;cGef;rsm; 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/ 1/ aygvkonfc&pfawmftxJuRefawmfwkdY\ om;t&mtaMumif;tb,faMumifh qufvufítav;teufjyK oenf;/ 2/ a,½I\ yk*¾dKvfESifh qufpyfaomtcef;i,f 4 ütav;teufjyKonfhtcsufoHk;rsdK;rSmtb,fenf;/ 3/ rdrdwdkYonfbk&m;ocifudkoduRrf;jcif; (0g) bk&m;onfuRefawmfwkdYudk oduRrf;jcif;wkdYtaMumif;ESifhqdkifí tcef;i,f 8 ESifh 9 wdkYtMum;rnfodkYqufpyfrI&Sdoenf;/ 4/ ]]avmu\tMurf;xnftjrif}} (the world’s crude notion) odkYr[kwf ]]avmuDw&m;Ek}} (stoicheia) pum;pk\ t"dyÜg,fudk&Sif;jyyg/ 5/ ti,f 14-15 üay:vGifpGm&nfñGef;aomaygvk\ udk,fcEmudk pl;aomql;rSmtb,fenf;/ 6/ yHkyrmwifpm;rI - allegorical enf;jzifhteufjyefrIudk tb,faMumifh owdjyK&rnfenf;/ a,½IESifh aygvkwkdY

oHk;cJhMuonfqdkvQiftb,faMumifh uRefawmfwdkYroHk;&oenf;/ 7/ ti,f 9 onfti,f 6 ESifh 7 wdkYESifh rnfodkYqufpyfyHktm;rdrdpum;vHk;jzifh&Sif;jyyg/

135

*vmwd 5 acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;\ pmydk'fcGJrsm;

USB4 NKJV NRSV TEV NJB

4;21-5;1 c&pf,mefvGwfvyfrI 5;2-6 5;7-12 5;13-15 0dnmOfawmftoD; ESifh Zmwdyuwd\ tvkyf 5;16-21 5;22-26

c&pf,mefvGwfajrmufrI 5;1-6 cspfjcif;onfynwf w&m;udkjynfhpHkap 5;7-15 0dnmOfawmfxJ avQmufvSrf;jcif; 5;16-26

aemufqHk;om"u (4;21-5;1) c&pf,mefvGwfajrmufrI\oabmobm0 5;2-6 5;7-12 5;13-15 5;16-21 5;22-26

oifhvGwfvyfrI udkxdef;odrf;yg 5;1 5;2-6 5;7-10 5;11-12 5;13-15 5;16-18 5;19-26

c&pf,mefvGwf ajrmufrI 5;1 5;2-6 5;7-12 vGwfajrmufjcif; ESifharwåmw&m; 5;13-15 5;16-24 5;25-26

ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;oHk; (pm ... üMunfh) rl&if;usrf;jyKol\&nf&G,fcsuftm; pmydk'ftvdkufem;vnfjcif; 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/ 1/ yxrpmydk'f 2/ 'kwd,pmydk'f 3/ wwdw,pmydk'f 4/ ---pojzifh

136

a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifhem;vnf&jcif; (u) ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh aus;Zl;awmftm;jzihfajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;tay: aygvk\vufawGUusaomtqHk;

tjzwfay;onfhtjrifudktcef;BuD; 5 üyDjyifpGmazmfjyonf/ *sL;bmom0ifwkdYonf arma&S\bk&m; w&m;qkdif &mrdrdwdkYt,ltqudk wyg;trsdK;om;c&pf,mefwdkYrvdkufavsmrnfudkpdk;&drfMuojzifh "r®a[mif; \pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;wkdYudk olwkdYtm;twif;tMuyfvkdufap&ef BudK;pm;Muonf/ odkYaomfaygvkonfvnf; olwdkYenf;wl bk&m;w&m;twGufpdk;&drfum? ¤if;udpörSmtay:,Hpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;aMumifhjzpfay: onfr[kwfbJ? pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJjcif; (twGif;pdwf\vrf;jyrI a,&rd 31;33/ a,Zausv 36;26?27)jzpf onf[ktcdkiftrmjyKonf/ *sL;bmom0ifwkdYonfvnf; ppfrSefaomu,fwifjcif;\taMumif;t&mtm;vHk; ajymonfomjzpfonf[k qdkygurSefuefaomfvnf;? olYwdkY\pDpOfyHkrSmajymif;jyefjzpfonf/ vlom;\aqmif &GufrIonf bk&m;ocif\ vufcHEdkifbG,f&mtaetxm;udkay;onf (0g) a&mufaponf[k cHpm;Muonf/ odkYaomfvuf0g;uyfwdkifay: wifjcif;cH&olc&pfawmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;url,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh c&pfawmfESifh yk*¾dKvfcsif;qufpyfrI&Sdjcif;onf aus;Zl;wifjcif;rSwqifh bk&m;w&m;ESifh nDaomtouf&Sifjcif;udkjzpfyGm; aponf[kazmfjyonf/ c&pfawmf txJtopfaomb0toufwmrSm bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuefaom&yfwnf rI\tajccHr[kwfbJ? ¤if;\oufaoom"ujzpfonf/ aygvkonfvnf; bk&m;ocif\om;orD;rsm;t aejzifhudk,fusifhw&m;tm;jzifh wnfhrwfrSef uefítapcHjcif;udk a&S;½Iaom touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHrsdK;twGufpdk; &drfylyefonfomjzpf\/ þudk,fusihfw&m;qkdif &mapcdkif;rItaMumif;tcef;BuD; 5 üolajymjyygonf/

(c) vGwfajrmufrI\OD;wnfcsufudktcef;BuD; 5 wGifuajymif;ujyefjzpfrIESpfrsdK;jzifhazmfjyonf/

1/ ti,f 1-12 onfynwfcsuf (vlom;\xdkufwefrI) udktajccHjcif;onf vGwfajrmufrIESifh ajymif; jyefjzpfaMumif;azmfjyonf/

2/ ti,f 13-15 (bk&m;w&m;rJhjcif; -lawlessness) onfvGwfajrmufrIESifh ajymif;jyefjzpf aMumif;azmfjyonf (a&mr 14;1-15;13/ 1aum 8/ 10;23-33)/

(*) þusrf;udk vHk;0tcrJhjzpfaomaus;Zl;awmfw&m;[kac:qdkEdkifonf/ aygvkonfrdrd[mrdrdBudK;yrf;tm;

xkwf&müjzpfvmaomjyóemrsm;udkrnfolxufrqdkydkrdkoabmaygufem;vnfonf(ti,f 1-12)/ ol\ {0Ha*vd w&m;onfvGwfajrmufa&;odkYac:zdwfjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; vGwfajrmufrIudktvGJoHk;pm;jyK&efr [kwfbJ (i,f 13-15) arwåmtm;jzifhtapcHjcif;odkYOD;wnfoGm;aponf/ uRefawmfwdkY\,aeYacwfum vwGif vdktyfaeonfrSm,HkMunfolrsm;onf c&pfawmftxJtrSefpifppfvGwfvyfoGm;MuonfrSefaomf vnf;ynwfw&m;\vufrSvGwf ajrmufoGm;jcif;onf bk&m;ociftcrJhay;aomarwåmawmfudkoifhavsmf vHkavmufpGmwHkYjyefEdkif&ef vGwfajrmufoGm;Mujcif;jzpfonf[laomtcsufjzpf\(a&mr 6)/ vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh wm0ef&Sdjcif;ESpfckwkdYMum;or®musrf; enf;uscsdefcGifhvQmnDaejcif;\ BuD;rm;aomOyrmwpfckrSm a&mr 14;1-15;13 enf;wl 1aum&dEÅK 8-10 üvnf;tvm;wlazmfjyonf/ 0dnmOfawmfonf uRefawmfwdkYudkbk&m; w&m;ESifh tnDtouf&SifEdkif&efcGeftm; wefcdk;ay;onf/

(C) ti,f 16-26 onfc&pf,mefvGwfvyfajrmufrI\obm0vGefpGrf;tm;rSmoefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfjzpf

aMumif;jyonf/ u,fwifjcif;onf c&pfawmfrSwqifh bk&m;ocif\arwåmawmfonf tcrJhvkyfaqmif ay;jcif;jzpfonfh enf;wlc&pf,meftoufwmrSmvnf; 0dnmOfawmfrSwqifharwåmawmf\ tcrJhvkyfaqmif ay;rIjzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf tjypfudkaemifw&jcif;ESifh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhu,fwifjcif;tm; 0efcH&onfenf;wl oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\qufvufOD;aqmifrIudk rdrdwdkYaeYpOfb0toufwmwGif aemifww&m;ESifh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhqufvuf0efcHoGm;&ayrnf/ ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;onf vkyfief;pOfwpf&yfudktpjyKvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onfolY[mol &yfwHh ed*Hk;csKyfvkdufonfr[kwfacs/

137

pum;vHk;ESifh pum;pkavhvmjcif;

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 5;1 1c&pfawmfonf igwdkYudkvTwfjcif;rSmvGwfajrmufrItwGufjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhckdifcHHhpGm&yfwnfíuRefcH&m xrf;ydk;udkaemufwzefrxrf;MuESifh/

5;1]]vGwfajrmufrItwGufjzpfonf}} 5;1 \yxrpum;pkonf 4;21-31 ESifh qufpyf&efodkYr[kwfpmydk'ftopf wpfckp&efjzpfEdkifygonf/ ¤if;onf 4;30? 31 u ]]rdef;rvGwf}}? ESifh 5;1 u ]]vGwfajrmuf}} wdkYudkpum;vHk;vSnfhywf upm;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ (NKJV, TEV, NJB) {0Ha*vdw&m;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm vlrsm;udkarma&S\ ynwfw&m;usdefqJrIrSvGwfajrmufap&efESifh xdkodkYjyKjcif;tm;jzifh tmjA[Hudkay;aomuwdawmfyHkpHrsdK;jzifh bk&m; ocifudkvdkvm;pGmESifh oifhavsmfvHkavmufpGmwkHYjyefEdkif&efjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh,HkMunfolwdkYrSmtjypfrjyKbJae&efESifh bk&m;ociftwGuf touf&SifEdkifa&;twGufvGwfajrmufrI&&Sdap&efjzpfonf (2;4 ESifh a&mr 6/ txl;ojzifh ti,f 11)/ ]]vGwfajrmufrI}} pum;vHk;udk a&SUüxm;NyD;? wlnDaomBud,myHkpHoHk;jcif; (]]freed-vGwfajrmufoGm;aponf/}} rSm AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE) onfxdkoabmudkav;eufap&efjzpfonf/

����•]]c&pfawmfonfigwkdYudk vGwfajrmufapjcif;rSm}}c&pf,mefwdkYonfc&pfawmftxJtppftrSefvGwfajrmufMu onf (a,m 8;32? 36/ 2aum 3;17)/ rmwifvlomu ]]c&pf,mefvlonfrnfolUvufatmufcHrSr [kwfaomvlom; tm;vHk;teufvGwfajrmufrIt&SdqHk;aomocifjzpfonf/ aemufwzefc&pf,mefvlrSm vlom; tm;vHk;ay:wm0eft&SdqHk; vlom;tm;vHk;udktapccH&olvnf;jzpfonf}} [kqdkjcif;rSmvGefpGmqDavsmfonf/ ,HkMunf olwdkYonf (tm'H\)usqif;jcif;rSvGwfajrmufonf/ twå\pdk;rdk;rIrSvGwfajrmufum? bk&m;ocifESifh tjcm;aom olrsm;udk tapcH&efwpfcgvGwf ajrmufMujyefonf/

���� NASB ]]xkdYaMumifhcdkifcHhpGm&yfwnfí? uRefcHjcif;xrf;ydk;udkaemufwzefrxrf;MuESifh}} NKJV ]]xdkYaMumifhc&pfawmfonfhigwkdYudkvGwfajrmufapcJh&m vGwfajrmufjcif;ückdifchHpGm&yfwnfMuNyD; vQif? uRefcH&mxrf;ydk;ESifh aemufwzefrNidpGef;MuESihf}} TEV ]]vGwfajrmufaomvlrsm;tjzpf? rdrdudk,frdrdaemufwzefuRefrjzpfoGm;apMuESifh/}} NRSV,JB ]]xdkYaMumifhcdkifcHhpGm&yfwnfum? uRefcH&mxrf;ydk;udkaemufwzefcH,la&;udkjiif;qefMuavmh/}}

c&pfawmftxJ,HkMunfolrsm;&aomppfrSefonfhvGwfajrmufjcif;\tvif;tm;jzifhaygvkonftBuHjyKcsufESpfrsdK;wifjyonf/

1/ olwdkYpGJNrJpGmaeMu&ef (a&mr 5;2/ 1aum 16;13/ *vm 3;4 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I)/ 2/ ynwfw&m;yHkpHuGJrsm; (0g) rdrd\tm;xkwfrIrsm;bufodkYjyefvSnfhoGm;jcif;udk&yfwhH&ef/ ¤if;wdkYESpfrsdK;pvHk; ypöyÜKefcdkif;aprIPRESENT IMPERATIVE jzpfNyD;? 'kwd,Bud,mü r[kwfjyyk'fjzpfaom

NEGATIVE PARTICLE yg&Sdvsufqufvufjzpfay:aecJhNyD;aomtvkyfwpfcktm;&yfwHh&ef[lít"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ]]uRefcH&mxrf;ydk;}} qkdonfhtoHk;tEIef;\tvm;wlwpfckwrefawmf 15;10 üawGU&onf/ a,½Iüvnf;

xrf;ydk; &Sdonfomjzpfaomfvnf; olYxrf;ydk;rSmrlxrf;&vG,fulonf (róJ 11;29-30)/ &AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;onf xrf;ydk;udkynwfw&m;\tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;udkwifpm;&efoHk;Muonf/ c&pfawmf\ynwfw&m;awmfrSmrl *sL;bmom (0g) vlom;\xdkufwefrIbmomESifh tvHk;pHkuGJjym;jcm;em;onf (,mukyf 1;25 ESifh 2;8?12)/

138

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 5;2-12 2MunfhMuavmh/ igaygvkonfoifwkdYudkajymonfrSmoifwkdYonfta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cHMuygu c&pfawmf onf oifwdkY twGuftusdK;rJhjzpfoGm;&ygNyD/ 3ta&zsm;vDS;jcif;cHolwdkif;udkigaemufwzefoufaocHonfrSm xdkol onfynwf w&m;tm;vHk;tukefapmihf&efwm0ef&Sd\/ 4ynwfw&m;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;iSg tm;xkwfaom oifwkdYonfc&pfawmfESifh tqufjywfoGm;cJh&NyD/ aus;Zl;awmfudkvufvGwfoGm;cJhMu&NyDjzpf\/ 5taMumif;rSm igwdkYonf 0dnmOfawmfrSwqifh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;ESifh qdkifaomajr§mfvifh jcif;udk apmifharQmfaeMu jcif;jzpfonf/ 6taMumif;rSmc&pfawmfa,½IxJwGifta&zsm;vSD;jcif;? ta&zsm;rvSD; jcif;onf ta&;rBuD;? cspfjcif;arwåmtm;jzifhjyKaom ,HkMunfjcif;uomta&;BuD;onf/ 7oifwkdYaumif;rGef pGmajy;cJhMuNyD/ or®mw&m;remcHap&efrnfolwm;qD;oenf;/ 8þaoG;aqmifrIonfoifwkdYudkac: awmfrlolxHawmfyg;rSr[kwfacs/ 9waq;tenf;i,fonfe,fNyD;aomrkefYvHk;wpfckvHk;udkazmif;<uaponf/ 10tjcm;aomtjrif udkvufcHMurnfr [kwf[kocifbk&m;tm;jzifhoifwkdYudk? ig,HkMunfrI&Sd\/ odkYaomfoif wkdYudkaESmifh,Sufaomolonfrnfolyifjzpfap? w&m;pD&ifjcif; cH&vdrfhrnf/ 11odkYaomfnDtpfudkwdkY? igonf ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;w&m;udka[maeqJqdkvQif? Igonf tb,faMumifhn§Of;qJcH&ao;oenf;/ odkYjzpfvQifvuf 0g;uyfwdkif tm;jzifhwdkufrdívJp&m taMumif;onf zsufodrf;cHcJh&NyDjzpf\/ 12oifwdkYudkaESmifh ,SufaomolwdkY onfudk,fht*Fgudkudk,fjzwfypfvdkufapvdkonf/

5;2 NASB ]]MunfhMuavm/ igaygvkonfoifwkdYudkajymonfrSm}} NKJV ]]igaygvkonfoifwkdYudk trSefajymonfrSm}} NRSV ]]em;axmifMuygOD;? igaygvkonfoifwkdYudkajymonfrSm}} TEV ]]em;axmifMuygOD;? igaygvkonf þt&mudkajymonfrSm}} NJB ]]þt&mudkajymonfrSm igaygvkjzpfonf}}

¤if;rSm ]]Munfhavmh}} [laomcdkif;apjcif;yHkpH -IMPERATIVE FORM ESifh jyif;xefaomemrfpm; -ig (ego) jzpfonf/ ]]igaygvk}} toHk;tEIef;onf tcGifhtmPm&Sdjcif;udk jyaomaygvk\rSwfcsufjzpfonf/ wyg;trsdK;om;rsm; twGufwrefawmfjzpfolaygvkonf tajctaerSefudkvSpf[jyvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/

���� NASB ]]oifwkdYonf ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;udkcH&ygu}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYonfta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfvmygu}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYonf rdrdukd,frdrdta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cHoljzpfapygu}} TEV, NJB ]]oifwdkYonf rdrdudk,frdrdta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cHoljzpf&efcGifhjyKygu}}

¤if;onfwwd,wef;pm;cRif; csufyg0gusrsdK;jzpfNyD;? jzpfEdkifacs&SdaomtjyKtrIjzpfonf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ¤if; \azmfjyvdk&if;rSm*vmwdvlwdkYonfta&zsm;vSD;jcif;rcH&ao;aMumif;ESifh? olwkdYonfu,fwifjcif;&&Sd&ef (xdkodkYr[kwf yguvnf;jynfhpHkjcif;&Sdap&ef 3;1) *sL;bmom0ifwdkY\topfawmif;qdkrIudk emcH&efBuHpnfaeMuonf [líjzpf\/ odkYaomft"dutaMumif;t&mrSm ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;taMumif;r[kwfacs (i,f 6/ 1aum 7;18-19)/ ta&zsm;vDDS;jcif;rSm ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufap&ef tvkyfESifhqdkifaom*sL;bmom\rsufESmpmwpfckvHk;\ tydkif;wpfydkif;omvQifjzpfonf/ wdarmaoonf *sL;vlrsdK;wdkYMum;xJtrIawmfaqmif&GufEdkif&efaygvkonf olYudkt a&zsm;vSD;ay;cJhaMumif; wrefawmf 16;3 üawGU&onf/ odkYaomfppfrSefaomta&zsm;vSD;jcif;[lonfcE©m udk,fta&zsm;vSD;jcif;r[kwfbJ (a&mr 2;28-29/ aum 2;11) pdwfESvHk;ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;jzpfaMumif; xyfrHí

139

t"dyÜg,fjyefqdkonf (w&m;a[m 10;16/ a,&rd 4;4)/ ajymonfhtaMumif;t&mrSm ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;udpör [kwfbJ? vlwpfa,mufbk&m;ocifESifh rnfodkYrSefuef apEdkifaMumif;jzpfonf (i,f 4)/

����•]]c&pfawmfonfoifwkdYtwGuftusdK;rJhjzpfoGm;&ygNyD}} aygvkonfbk&m;ocifESifh rSefuefjcif;enf;vrf; ESpfrsdK; jzpfaom (1) vlom;\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIESifh (2) tcrJhaus;Zl;awmfwdkYudk EdIif;,SOfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ þpmydk'f wpfckvHk;\OD;wnfcsufrSm þenf;vrf;ESpfrsdK;wdkYonf tjyeftvSefyifwpfckESifh wpfckoD;jcm;? oyfoyfjzpfaeonf/ vlom;\tm;xkwfrIudk a&G;cs,fjcif;onftcrJhaus;Zl;awmfudkjiif;y,fjcif;jzpfNyD;? tcrJhaus;Zl;awmfudka&G;cs,fjcif; onf vl\tm;xkwfrIudkjiif;y,fjcif;rnfayonf/ *vmwd 3;1-5 ü&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyonfenf;wl u,fwifjcif;\ tajccHtjzpf¤if;wkdYudk a&mpyfír&acs/ 5;3 ]]xdkolonfynwfw&m;tm;vHk;tukefapmifh&efwm0ef&Sdonf}} vl\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIudka&G;cs,fcJhrnfqdk vQif? udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m0wå&m;&SdonfhtcsdefrSpí (bar- mitzvah, a,musfm;uav;rsm; 13 ESpfom; bath-

mitzvahrdef;uav;rsm; 12ESpf orD;t&G,f) ynwfawmfudkaoqHk;onfhtcsdefwdkiftjynfht0pGJNrJpGmvdkufem&rnf (w&m;a[m 27;26/ *vm 3;10/ ,mukyf 2;10)/ rnfolwpfa,mufurS (a,½IrSty)þtwdkif; rjyKvkyfcJhbl;ojzifh vlom;wkdif; onfynwfw&m;csdK;azgufaom? tjypf&Sdolrsm;pm&if;ü yg&Sdonf[kor®musrf;pm onftcdkiftrmqdkygonf (a&mr 3;9-18? 22-23/ 6;23/ 5;8 ESifh 11;32)/ 5;4 ]]ynwfw&m;tm;jzifhajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;iSg? tm;xkwfaomoifwdkYonf}} tcef;BuD; 3 ESifh 4 wdkY\ "r®oabmw&m;OD;wnfcsufrSm bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfwdkYudkvufcHjcif;rSm udk,fawmf\tusifhp½dkuf ay:üvnf;aumif;? 0dnmOfawmf\tcGifhtmPmay;rIESifh t&Sifar&Sd,vkyfay;cJhaom t&may:vHk;vHk;tajcjyKonf/ þonfrSm aus;Zl;awmfrSwpfqifh,HkMunfjcif;oufouftm;jzifh ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;wnf;[laom? aygvk\ topfpufpuf jzpfaom? tjrpfygvSefíajymif;vJypfvdkufaomaygvka[monfh {0Ha*vdw&m;\tESpfom &jzpfonf (a&mr 4-8)/

���� NASB ]]oifwdkYonf c&pfawmfESifh tqufjywfapjcif;cHcJh&NyD;}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYonfc&pfawmfESifh pdrf;um;oGm;apjcif;cHcJh&NyD}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYonf c&pfawmfESifh udk,fhudkudk,ftqufjzwfchJMuNyD}} NJB ]]oifwdkYonf oifwkdYudk,foifwkdY c&pfawmfESifh oD;jcm;cGJxkwfcJhMuNyD}}

þ*&dBud,myHkpH VERB (an AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE- kartargeō) udktrsdK;rsdK;bmomjyef Muonf (1) toHk;r&jzpfoGm;aponf/ (2) wefcdk;rJhjzpfoGm;aponf/ (3) roD;ryGifhjzpfoGm;aponf/ (4) tusdK;r&Sd jzpfoGm;aponf/ (5) Avm^tvGwf (6) y,fzsufonf/ (7) wefzdk;r&Sd? bmrQr&Sd (8) tqHk;owfoGm;aponf/ (9) tpazsmufypfonf odkYr[kwf (10)... rStqufjywfonf/ þpum;vHk;udk aygvktBudrfaygif;ESpfq,f ausmfoHk;onf/ txl;taMumif;t&m 3;17 ü-½I/ ¤if;\tjcm;aomt"dyÜg,fudk *vm 3;17 (zsufodrf;onf) ESifh 5;11 (wefbdk;r&SdjzpfoGm;) wkdYüawGUEdkifonf/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufonfvl\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrItm;jzifh bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuef&efBudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhyg uu,fwifjcif;\vrf;jzpfaom aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifhajzmifhrwfjcif;rS rdrdudk,frdrdt qufjzwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf (5;12)/ ¤if;rSm

1/ u,fwifjcif;jzifhtpü (*vmwdvlwdkYonf {0Ha*vdw&m;udk yxrvufcHcJhMupOf) 2/ tvkyfudkOD;wnfaomb0toufwm (*vmwdvlwdkYonfarma&S\ynwfw&m;udkvkdufpm;&ef,ck

pOf;pm;Muonfhtcg)

140

���� NASB,NKJV ]]aus;Zl;awmfudkvufvGwfoGm;cJhMu&NyD}} NJB NRSV ]]aus;Zl;awmfESifh a0;&modkYa&mufoGm;cJhMu&NyD}} TEV ]]bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfjyifyü&SdMu\}}

vl\vkyfaqmifrItm;jzifh bk&m;ocifudk&SmolwdkYonfvuf0g;uyfwkdifay:wifjcif;cHol ar&Sd,\NyD;pD;cJh aom tvkyfaMumifh&onfh tcrJhaus;Zl;awmftm;jzifhcsOf;uyf&jcif;udk qHk;½IH;oGm;cJhMuonf/ ¤if;onfacwfopf"r® oabm w&m;ar;cGef;jzpfonfhu,fwifjcif;&cJhNyD;rS,ck qHk;½IH;oGm;EdkifyHktaMumif;ESifh rqkdifbJ? vlonfu,fwifjcif; rnfodkY& aMumif;udkajymonf/ odkYaomfu,fwifjcif;ü tpjyKjcif;ESifh qufvufwHkYjyefrIjyKoGm;jcif;[lí yg0ifaMumif;owdjyKyg/ ¤if;rSmtcsufwpfcsufESifh vkyfief;pOfwpfckjzpfonf/ odkYaomfESpfckpvHk;ü aus;Zl;awmfESifh ,HkMunfjcif;yg0ifonf/ ESpfckpvHk;rSmtNyD;tjywfqHk;jzwfcsufay;aomt&mjzpfonf (ti,f 7)/

aygvkonf þMo0g'pmüynwfw&m;ESifh u,fwifjcif;\qufpyfrIudkajymjcif;jzpfonf/ ,aeYtrsm; pkaom ynwfcsufrsm;onf c&pf,meftoufwmESifh qkdifonf (*vmwd 3;1-3)/ ynwfw&m;0g'Dc&pf,meft rsm;pkrSm a&mr 14;1-15;13ü ajymaom ]]tm;enf;olnDtpfudkrsm;}} ESifhwlonf/ olwdkYonf {0Ha*vdw&m;\ vGwfajrmufrIESifh vGwfjcif;taMumif;udk vufrcHEdkifatmifjzpfMuonf/ olwdkYonf u,fwifjcif;twGuf olwdkY\aqmif&GufrIudktm;udk; tm;xm;jcif;rjyKMuaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifudkwpfenf;wpfvrf;jzifhjypfrSm;&m a&mufrnfudk pdk;&drfaMumuf&GHUMuonf/ þpdwfaeoabmxm;onftjcm;,HkMunfolrsm;udk pD&ifcsufcsía0zefjypf wifjcif;jyKaponf/ rdwfo[m,udkacsrIef;ysufpD;apaomþudpöonf *vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;üjzpfay:cJhNyD;vQif? uRefawmfwdkYacwfumvtoif;awmfrsm;üvnf;tvm;wljzpfay:vsuf&Sdaeao;onf/

����•tjynfht0tcrJhjzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;\wefbdk;rSm t&mcyfodrf;jzpfaomu,fwifjcif;taMumif;aqG;aEG;jcif;\ þtqifhütxl;acgif;pOfoHk;ckuRefawmfazmfjyvkdygonf/ yxrtcsufrSm u,fwifjcif;[lonfvkyfief;pOfwpfckjzpf aMumif;ESifh'kwd,tcsufrSm u,fwifjcif;[lonf tqHk;wkdifatmifqufpyfrI qufoG,frI -relationship&Sdaom t&mjzpfNyD;? wwd,ajrmufrSm,HkMunfjcif;udkpGefYy,fjcif;qdkif&m"r®oabmw&m;jzpfonf/ 1ouf 5;9 &Sdu,fwif jcif; twGufoHk;aomumvjy*&dpum;vHk;Bud,mrsm;aMumif;? txl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / pGJNrJjcif;/ a&mr 8;25 rS ul;,l&ef - oifonfrnfonftkyfpküygoenf;/ (txdul;,l&ef)¤if;aemufatmufygwdkYESifh quf&ef/

"r®oabmw&m;qdkif&mordkif;0iftjiif;yGm;rIwpfck&SdNyD; ¤if;ü Mo*wfpwifESifh yJv*D;pfwdkYtMum;wpfrsdK;ESifh uJvfAifESifh tmrD;em;pfwdkYtMum;aemufwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ taMumif;t&mrSmu,fwifjcif;jzpfonf/ vlwpfa,muf onf ppfrSefpGmu,fwifjcif;&ygu,HkMunfjcif;üpGJNrJum? toD;tyGifh&Sd&ygOD;rnfavm[líjzpfonf/

uJvfAJif0g'Drsm; (Calvinists)onf bk&m;ocif\tcsKyftjcmtmPmESifh xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufrI wefcdk;twGuf þusrf;ydk'frsm;udk udk;um;Muonf/ (a,m 10;27-30/ a&mr8;31-39/ 1a,m 5;13? 18/ 1ay 1;3-5) ESifh {zuf 2;5?8 \ PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE (tjynfht0tjyKcHBud,m) jzpfaomumvjyBud ,mrsm;udktudk;tum; jyKMuonf/

tmrD;em;pf (Arminians)wkdYonf]]qufvufpGJudkifyg}} ]]wnfNrJaeyg}} (0g)]]qufvufyg}} ponfh,HkMunf olrsm; udkowday;pum;rsm;jzpfonfhþusrf;ydk'frsm;udk tudk;tumjyKMuonf/ (róJ 10;22/ 24;9-13/ rmuk 13;13/ a,m[ef 15;4-6/ 1aum 15;2/ *vm 6;9/ Asm 2;7? 11? 17? 26/ 3;5? 12? 21/21;7)/ uRefawmfudk,fwdkifurl a[NAJ 6 ESifh 10 wkdYudktoHk;jyKEdkifonf[kr,lqaomfvnf;? tmrD;em;pftrsm;

141

tjym;wdkYurl,HkMunfjcif;w&m;udkpGefYy,fjcif;udpötay:owday;rItjzpfoHk;Muonf/ róJ 13 ESifh rmuk 4 wdkY&SdrsdK;aphBuJol OyrmwGifa,m[ef8;31-59 rSmenf;wl,HkMunfoltaMumif;ajymonfrSmxif&Sm;onf/ uJvfAJif0g'D rsm;onf u,fwifjcif;taMumif;ajym&mü PERFECT TENSE VERB wdkYudkoHk;Muonfenf;wl? tmrD;em;pfwdkYonf 1aum 1;18/ 15;2/ 2aum 2;15 wkdYuJhodkY aom PRESENT TENSE rsm;udkoHk;Muonf/

¤if;rSm "r®oabmw&m;a&;&mpHepfüusrf;csufwpfcsuf\ a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmudkrnfodkY rnfyHkvTJrSm;pGmtoHk;jyKMuaMumif;\jynfhpHkaomOyrmwpf&yfjzpfonf/ OD;aqmifed,r (0g)yifrusrf;csufwpfck wnf;udk tjcm;usrf;csufrsm;tm;vHk;tm;½Ijrifaom"r®oabmw&m;qdkif&muGef,ufwpfck (grid) wnfaqmuf&eft oHk;jyKavh&SdMu onf/ rnfonfhae&m^yk*¾dKvfqDuyifjzpfap "r®oabmmw&m;qkdif&muGef,ufrsm; (grids) udkowdxm;yg/ ¤if;wdkYonfzGifhjyawmfrljcif;r[kwfbJ? taemufwkdif;wuúaA'tjrif (western logic) rSvm jcif;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmrSm ta&SUwdkif;usrf;jzpfonf/ ¤if;üor®mw&m;udk twGJvdkufqefYusifbufjzpfae [ef&Sd aomwif;rmrIESifh jynfhonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;jzifhwifjyonf/ c&pf,mefwdkYrSmESpfrsdK;pvHk;udkpGJudkifvsuf? Tqdkyg wif;rmrItwGif;touf&Sif&efjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;onf,HkMunfolrsm;\vHkNcHKrIESifhtwl ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh bk&m;w &m;üqufvufarGUavsmfoGm;&efawmif;qdkrIESpfrsdK;pvHk;wifjyonf/ c&pf,mefjzpf&jcif;rSmaemifwESifh ,HkMunfjcif; jzifhtpjyKwHkUjyefjcif;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;aemufüaemifwESifh ,HkMunfjcif;jzifhyifqufvufwkHYjyefrIjyKoGm;jcif;onf vdkufygvm\/ u,fwifjcif;[lonfxkwfvkyfvdkufonhft&m (aumif;uifbHka&muf&efvufrSwf odkYr[kwfrD;tmrcH pHepfrsdK;) rsdK;r[kwfbJ? qufoG,frI (relationship) jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmqHk;jzwfcsufESifh aemufvdkufwjynfhjzpf jcif;jzpf onf/ u,fwifjcif;udk"r®opfusrf;üumvjyBud,mrsdK;pHkjzifhazmfjyonf/

AORIST (jynfhpHkNyD;aomvkyfaqmifrI)/ wref 15;11/ a&mr 8;24/ 2wd 1;9/ wdwk 3;5/ PERFECT (jynfhpHkcJhNyD;? tusdK;oufa&mufrIqufvuf&SdaeaomvkyfaqmifrI)/ {zuf 2;5?8/ PRESENT (qufvufaeaomvkyfaqmifrI)/ 1aum 1;18/ 15;2/ 2aum 2;15/ FUTURE (tem*wfodkYr[kwf aocsmaomtjzpftysuf)/ a&mr 5;8?10/ 10;9/ 1aum 3;15/ zdvdyÜd 1;28/ 1ouf 5;8-9/ a[NAJ 1;14/ 9;28/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ /,kHMunfjcif;udk pGefYy,fjcif; (Aphistēmi) *&da0g[m& aphistēmi rSm t"dyÜg,f us,fjyefYaom pum;vkH;wpfckjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfa0g[m& apostasyonf þa0g[m&rS qif;oufvmNyD;? acwfopfpm½Iolrsm;twGuf ¤if;\ okH;EIef;ykHrSm xifaMu;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/MudKwifí t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufay;rIrsm;tm;jzifhr[kwfbJ? usrf;pum;tquftpyfoabmuomvQif t"dyÜg,fem;vnfEdkif &ef aomhcsufjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm aygif;pyf a0g[m&wpfckjzpfum ]]rS}} (0g) ]]ta0;}}[lí t"dyÜg,f&Sdaom apo ESifh ]]xdkifonf}} ]]xonf}} odkYr[kwf ]]wyfqifonf ix (owfrSwfonf? pJGNrJaponf)[kt"dyÜg,f&aom histēmi tm;aygif;pyfjcif; jzpfonf/ "r®oabmr[kwfaom atmufygtokH;tEIef; wdkYudk Munfhyg/ 1/ ½kyf0w¦Ktm;jzifh z,f&Sm;jcif; (u) AdrmefawmfrS? vkum 2;37 (c) aetdrfrS? rmuk 13;34 (*) vlwa,mufrS rmuk 12;12/ 14;50/ wrefawmf 5;38 (C) t&mtm;vkH;rS róJ 19;27?29 2/ EdkifiHa&;t&z,f&Sm;jcif;? wref 5;37 3/ qufpyfrIz,f&Sm;jcif;? wref 5;38/ 15;38/ 19;9/ 22;29 4/ w&m;Oya't& z,f&Sm;jcif; (vifr,m;uGm&Sif;jcif;) w&m; a[m 24;1?3 (LXX) ESifh "r®opf róJ 5;31/19;7/ rmuk 10;4/ 1aum 7;11/ 5/ ta<u;z,f&Sm;jcif; róJ 18;24 6/ xGufcGgoGm;jcif;tm;jzifh roufqdkifaMumif; jyojcif;? róJ 4;20/ 22;27/ a,m 4;28/ 16;32 7/ rxGufoGm;bJ aejcif;jzifh oufqdkifrIjyojcif; a,m 8;29/ 14;18

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8/ cGifhjyKonf/ róJ 13;30/ 19;14/ rmuk 14;6/ vkum 13;8/ "r®oabmw&m;tm;jzifh ¤if;\ Mud,mudkvnf; us,fjyefYpGm okH;onf/ 1/ tjypf&Sdjcif;udk z,fzsufonf? cGifhvGwfonf? tjypfvGwfonf/ xGuf 32;32 (LXX )/ awmvnf 14;19/a,mb 42;10 ESifh "r®opfü róJ 6;12?14-15/ rmuk 11;25-26 2/ tjypfudk a&SmifMuOfjcif;? 2wd 2;19 3/ xGufoGm;jcif;tm;jzifh vpfvsL½Ijcif; (u) ynwfw&m;awmf? róJ 23;23/ wref 21;21 (c) ,kHMunfjcif;w&m;/ ay 20;8 (LXX )/ vkum 8;13/ 2ouf 2;3/ 1wd 4;1/ a[jAJ 2;13 acwfopf,kHMunfolrsm;onf "r®opfa&;om;olrsm; pOf;pm;cJhbl;jcif;&Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfaom "r®o abmw&m; ar;cGef;rsm;pGmar;Muonf/ 4if;wdkYteufwpfckuyif acwfopfumvwGif ,HkMunfjcif;rS z,fcGm oGm;vdkpdwfjzpfay: apvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\ vlrsm;txJ0ifygu? olwdkYüwpHkw&m jzpfyGg;cJholrsm; or®musrf;pmxJ&Sdonf/ (u) "r®a[mif;usrf; (c) axmufvSrf;olwpfq,fha,mufwdkY\ owif;ydkYcsufMum;&olrsm;/ awmvnf 14? a[NAJ 3;16-19/ (*) aum&? awmvnf 16 (C) {vd\om;rsm;? 1"r2?4 (i) a&Smvkrif;? 1"r11-31 (p) ya&mzuftwkrsm; (\Oyrmrsm;) (1) w&m;a[m 13;1-5/ 18;19-22 (ya&mzuftwkjzpfaMumif;od&ef enf;vrf;rsm;) (2) a,&rd 28 (3) a,Zausv 13;1-7 (q) ya&mzufrtwkrsm; (1) a,Zausv 13;17 (2) ae[rd 6;16 (Z) qdk;oGrf;aomtpöa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; (\Oyrmrsm;) (1) a,&rd 5;30-31/ 8;1-2/ 23;1-4 (2) a,Zausv 22;23-31 (3) rdum 3;5-12 2/ "r®opfusrf; (u) þ*&da0g[m&rSm (apostasize) jzpfonf/ c&pfawmf 'kwd,tMudrfjyefvnf r<uvmrDjyif; xefaomqdk;oGrf;rIESifh rSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifrIrsm;jzpfay:rnftaMumif; "r®opfusrf;ESpfckpvkH;u twnfjyKonf/ (róJ24;24/ rmuk 13;22/ wref 20;29?30/ 2ouf 2;9-12/ 2wd 4;4) þ*&d[m&onf roJ 13/ rmuk 4ESifh vkum8 wdkYü awGU&aom rsKd;aphMuJjcif; Oyrmyga,&Iajym onfh pum;vkH;rsm;udk xif[yfjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ tqdkygrSm;,Gif;aom q&morm;wdkYrSm c&pf,mefr [kwfMuaMumif;aocsmaomfvnf; (toif;awmf) txJrSyifjzpfMuonf/ (wref 20;29-30/ 1a,m 2;19) rnfodkYjzpfapolwdkYonf r&ifhusufaom ,kHMunfolrsm;udkjzm;a,mif;zrf;pm;EdkifpGrf;&SdMuonf/ (a[jAJ 3;12)"r®oabmw&m;t& ar;cGef;rSm xdkrSm;,Gif;aom q&morm;wdkYonf ,kHMunfol rsm;jzpfcJhMubl;oavm[ljzpfonf/ a'oEÅ&toif;awmfrsm;xJyif rSm;,Gif;aom twkta,mifq&m orm;rsm;&Sdaeojzifh þar;cGef;rSmajzqdk&cufcJonf/ (1a,m 2;18-19)/ rdrdwdkY\ "r®oabmw&m; ESifh *dkPf;*e tpOftvm wdkYonfþarcGef;ar;cJhMuaomfvnf; wdusaom usrf;taxmuft xm;rygacs/ (rdrd\ wzufapmif;eif; t,l0g'tm;twnfjyK&ef usrf;csufwcsuftm; 4if;\ usrf;p um;tquftpyfudk r,lbJ? udk;um;jcif;jyKMu&kHom&Sdonf) (c) jrifomaom ,kHMunfjcif; 1/ ,k'? a,m17;12

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2/ ewfq&m&Sdrkef? wrefawmf 8 3/ róJ 7;13-23 u ajymaomolrsm; 4/ róJ 13/ rmuk 4/ vkum 8 xJuvlrSm; 5/ a,m[ef 8;31-59u *sL;rsm;/ 6/ 1wd 1;19-20 u [kareJESifh tmavujEK 7/ 2wd 4;10 xJu 'dr 8/ 2wd 2;19-22/ ,k' 12-19 u q&morm;twkta,mifrsm; 9/ tEDÅc&pf 1a,m 2;18-19 (*) toD;rJhaom ,kHMunfjcif; 1/ 1aum 3;10-15 2/ 2ay 1;8-11 þudpöuRefawmfwdkYpOf;jcif;jyKavhr&SdMuacs/ taMumif;rSm uRefawmfwdkY\ enf;pepfus "r®oabmw&m; systematic theology onf nTefMum;xm;onfh tajzrsm; (uJvfAift,l0g'? tmareD t,l0g'-pojzifh)udkom tm&kHaqmifoifay;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ uREfkyftm;þudpöudk wifjyvmjcif;aMumifh tjypfwifrapm&efarwÅm &yfcHyg&ap/ uRefawmf\ qErSm oifhavsmfvkHavmufaom teufzGifhjcif;vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;jzpfapvdkrIjzpfonf/ uREkfyf\qErSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrdwdkYudk pum;ajymcGifhjyK&efESifhwiful;csrSwfxmaom "r®oabmw&m;wpfckt wGif; 4if;udk ykHpHoGif;&ef rMudK;pm;Mua&;twGufjzpfonf/ 4if;rSmtcH&cufum? xdwfvefYMuonf/ tb,faMumifh qdkawmf uRefawmfwdkY\ "r®oabmw&m; theology onf*dkPf;*e? xkH;wrf;pOfvm (0)) awmfpyfrI? qufpyfrI (rdbrsm;? rdwfaqGrsm;? oif;tkyfq&m) rsm; tm;jzifhomvQifjzpfum or®musrf;enf;r[kwfacs/ bk&m;ocif\ vlrsm;txJ vltcsKdUwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;txJryg&ef&SdMuonf/ (a&mr 9;6)

5;5 ]]taMumif;rSm igwkdYonf0dnmOfawmfrSwqifh,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh}} þpum;pkwGifuRefawmfwdkY\ u,f wifjcif;üyg0ifaomvdktyfonfh t&nftcsif;ESpfrsdK; (y#dnmOfw&m;) azmfjyonf/ 1/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\qGJiifrI ydk;yef;rI (a,m 6;44? 65/ 16;7-13) 2/ vlom;\wkHYjyefrI (rmuk 1;15/ wref 3;16? 19/ 20;21) *&d0gusü þpum;pkwkdYudk tav;teufjyK&ef a&SUüxm;onf/

����•]] ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;ESifh qdkifaomajrmfvifhjcif;udk apmifharQmfaeMuonf}} "r®opfusrf;wGif ajrmfvifhjcif; tm;'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmjcif;tjzpfoHk;avh&Sdonf/ 'kwd,tBudrfjyef vnf<uvmjcif;rSm ,HkMunf olrsm;tjynfh t0u,fwif jcif;cH&rnfh tcsdefjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;onf uRefawmfwdkY\u,fwifjcif; udka&;om;azmfjyyHkwdkYrSm –

1/ jynfhpHkcJhNyD;aomvkyfaqmifrIwpfcktjzpf 2/ jzpfaeqJtqifhwqifhtjzpf 3/ vkyfief;pOfwpf&yftjzpf (process) 4/ tem*wfütqHk;owfrnfht&mwpfcktjzpf

u,fwifjcif;\þ*kPft*Fgav;&yfwkdYteufwpfckckrygvQifrjzpfacs/ uRefawmfwdkYu,fwifjcif;cHaeMuonf/ u,f wifjcif;cHcJhMuNyD/ u,fwifjcif;cHaeqJjzpfMuNyD;? u,fwifjcif;cHMuOD;rnfvnf;jzpfonf/ tem*wfu,fwifjcif; onf 'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmcsdefü,kHMunfolrsm;? bkef;BuD;apjcif;cH&rIyifjzpfonf (1a,m 3;2)/ tem*wf u,fwifjcif;taMumif;azmfjyaomtjcm;usrf;ydk'frsm;rSm a&mr 8;23/ zdvdyÜd 3;21 ESifh aumavmoJ 3;3?4 wdkYjzpfonf/ txl; taMumif;t&m/ / u,fwifjcif;twGufoHk;aom*&dumvjyBud,mrsm; 1ouf 5;9 ü-½I/

144

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ajrmfvifhjcif; aygvkonf þa0g[m&ukd uGJjym;jcm;em;rI tawmfrsm;rsm;jzifh oHk;aomfvnf; t"dyÜg,frSm wpfckESifhwpfckquf pyfonf/ ¤if;onf ,HkMunfol\,HkMunfrItqHk;ESifh tawmfrsm;rsm;qufpyfonf/ (Oyrm 1wd1;1)/ ¤if;udkyifbkef; BuD;jcif;? xm0&touf? tqHk;pGefaomu,fwifjcif;? 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;...pojzifhvnf; azmfjyEkdifonf/ þtqHk;a&mufjcif;rSm aocsmaomfvnf; tcsdefumvrSm tem*wfjzpfNyD;? rod½Sd&acs/¤if;a0g[m&onf ]],HkMunfjcif;}}]]cspfjcif;arwåm}}pum;vHk;wdkYESifh vnf; qufpyfavh½Sdonf/ (1aum 13;13/1ouf 1;3/ 2ouf 2;16)/ aygvkoHk;EIef;yHktcsKdUwdkYrSm- 1/ 'kwd,<uvmjcif;/ *v 5;5/ {zuf 1;18/ 4;4/ wdwk 2;13/ 2/ a,½Ionf igwdkY\ajrmfvifhjcif;jzpfonf/ 1wd 1;1 3/ ,HkMunfolonf bk&m;ocifxH qufocH&rnf 1aum 1;22-23/ 1ouf 2;19 4/ ajrmfvifhjcif;udk aumif;uifbHkü odkxm;onf/ aum 1;5 5/ {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;udk ,HkMunfudk;pm;onf/ aum 1;23/ 1ouf 2;19/ 6/ tqHk;pGefaom u,fwifjcif;? aum 1;5/ 1ouf 4;13/ 5;8 7/ bk&m;ocif\bkef;wefcdk;awmf/ a&mr 5;2/ 2aum 3;12/ aum 1;27 8/ c&pfawmftm;jzifh wpfyg;trsKd;om;rsm;tm; u,fwifjcif;? aum 1;27 9/ u,fwifjcif;pdwfcsrI? 1ouf 5;8 10/ xm0&touf? wdwk 1;2/ 3;7 11/ c&pf,mef&ifhusufrI\&v'f? a&mr 5;2-5 12/ zefqif;aomt&mtm;vHk; a½G;EIwfjcif;? a&mr 8;20-22 13/ om;t&mü csD;ajr§mufjcif;\tqHk;pGefa&mufjcif; a&mr 8;23-25 14/ bk&m;ocif\bGJYemrawmf? a&mr 15;13 15/ ,HkMunfolrsm;twGuf aygvk\awmifhwrI 2aum 1;7 16/ "r®opf,HkMunfolrsm;tm; vrf;nTefonfh"r®a[mif; a&mr 15;4

����•]]ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;}}2;21 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I/ 5;6 þtcef;i,fü *vmwdMo0g'pm\ OD;wnfcsufudktusOf;csKyfazmfjyonf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuefrI&jcif;rSm,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhjzpfonf/ vlom;jyKaombmoma&; qif,ifusif;yyHk (0g) ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;? tpm;tpmqdkif&mynwfcsufrsm;?touf&Sifjcif;qdkif&mudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;tygt0ifvlom;\vkyfaqmifrIr[kwf acs/ þtcef;i,f\tqHk;owfpum;pkudk PASSIVE odkYr[kwf MIDDLE t"dyÜg,fjzifhem;vnfvmcJhMuonf/ (Barbara and Timothy Friberg wdkYa&;aom Analytial Greek New Testment, p.584; Harold K. Moulton (ed)

a&;om;aomThe Analytucal Greek Lexicon Revised, p.139)/ a&mrumodkvpft,l0g'udkkifpGJolrsm;onf ¤if;udk PASSIVE tjzpfteuf jyefavh&SdMuNyD;? cspfjcif;arwåmonf,HkMunfjcif;\ rlv&if;jrpfonf[k"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ odkYaomf a&mrumodkvpfr[kwf oltrsm;pkurl¤if;udk MIDDLE t"dyÜg,fjzifhem;vnfxm;MuNyD;? ,HkMunfjcif;rS cspfjcif;arwåmjzpfay:onf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf (1ouf 1;3)/ þpum;vHk;onf "r®opfusrf;wGifMIDDLE

tjzpfyHkrSefoHk;EIef;onf/ (a&mr 7;5/ 2aum 1;6/ {zuf 3;20/ 1ouf 2;13 ESifh 2ouf 2;7)/ ,HkMunfjcif; rSmrlvjzpfonf/ c&pfawmftxJtcrJhvufcHjcif;&&Sdolomoemyvlrsm;\touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHESifh qkdifírrSefaomq&mo rm;rsm; udkaygvkay;aomtajzrSm þtcsufjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm 0dnmOfawmftm;jzifhjzpfaom cspfjcif;arwåm (u,fwifjcif;&NyD; aemuf) jzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf,HkMunfolrsm;\udk,fusifhw&m;tqifhudkcsrSwfay;um? emcHEdkifaom pGrf;tm;ay;onf/ þ onfrSm topfaomy#dnmOfw&m;? topfaomESvHk;om;ESifh topfaompdwfjzpfonf (a,&rd 31;33/ a,Zausv 36;26-27)/

145

5;7]]rnfol}}tenf;udef;jyemrfpm;oHk;jcif;onf rrSefaomq&morm;wpfOD;udk&nfñTGef;NyD;? þtoHk;tEIef;udkti,f 7 ESifh ti,f 10 üESpfcgawGU&onf/ odkYaomftrsm;jyudef;jzifhti,f 12 üawGU&onf/ ¤if;rSm SINGULAR tenf;udkyif tpkvdkufoHk;EIef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYaomf 3;1 t&tenf;jyudef;oHk;EIef;jcif;\ jzpfEdkif acstaMumif;&if;rSm-

1/ *sL;bmom\tjrifjzifhajymif;vJvmNyD;? xdka'oüaexdkifoltwdkuftcHacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfNyD;? ,ck tcgtoif;awmfudk olUbufodkYqGJoGif;aeol

2/ *sK;bmom0ifjzpfNyD;? qGJaqmifrI&Sdaom {nfhonfacgif;aqmif

���� NASB ]]oifwkdYaumif;pGmajy;aecJhMuNyD/ or®mw&m;remcHap&efrnfolwm;qD;oenf;/}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYaumif;pGmajy;cJhMuNyD/ or®mw&m;remcHap&efrnfolwm;qD;oenf;/}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYaumif;pGmajy;cJhMuNyD/ or®mw&m;remcHap&efrnfol[efYwm;oenf;/}} TEV ]]oifwkdYaumif;pGmajy;cJhMuNyD/ or®mw&m;emcHjcif;rSrnfol&yfwHhapoenf;/}} NJB ]]oifwkdYonfrdrdwdkYtajy;NydKifyJGudkaumif;pGmpcJhMuNyD/or®mw&m;emcH&efaMumifh usrIavsmhenf;oGm;ap&efrnfolvkyfoenf;/}}

]]oifwkdYaumif;rGefpGmajy;aecJhMuNyD}} rSmIMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfonf/ *vmwdtoif;awmf rsm;onfumvtwdkif;twmwpfcktxd c&pf,mef&ifhusufrItawmf&SdcJhMuonf[k t"dyÜg,f&Sd onf/ aygvkonf tm;upm;NydKifyGJjzifh wifpm;oHk;EIef;avh&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh tajy;NydKifyGJudkoloabmusvSonf (2;2/ 1aum 9;24-26/ zdvdyÜd 2;16/ 3;12-14/ 2wd 4;7)/

]]wm;qD;}} (0g) ]][efwm;}} Bud,mrSm (AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE) ppfa&;ESifh tm;u pm;NydKifyGJqdkif&m toHk;tEIef;jzpfonf/ ppfa&;t"dyÜg,frSm csDwufvmaom&efolwyf\a&SU&Sd vrf;udk zsufqD;onf [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ tm;upm;NydKifyJGt"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onfhtcgtjcm;tajy;orm;wpfa,mufa&SUüjzwfajy;onf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifhESpfa,muf pvHk;tajy;NydKifyGJü½IH;Muonf/

aygvkonf ]]or®mw&m;emcHonf}} [laompum;vHk;ti,f 2 ESifh ]]qGJaqmifjcif;}} [laompum;vHk; ti,f 8 ESpfvHk;Mum;pum;vHk;upm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkYjzifh *vmwdvlwdkYüwm0ef&Sdonf[krqdkvdkbJ vTrf;rdk;jcif;cH Muonf[k qdkvdkonf/

aygvkonf ]]or®mw&m;emcHjcif;}} ]]{0Ha*vdw&m;emcHjcif;}} oHk;EIef;yHktwdkif; oHk;EIef;onf/ 2;5 &Sdtxl; taMumif;t&m/ / aygvka&;aompmrsm;üygonfhor®mw&m;ü-½I/ 5;8]]oifwkdYudkac:awmfrlol}}emrfpm;a&SUrSvdkufvmaompum;vHk;rsm; t"dyÜg,froJruGJjzpfavh&Sdonf/ *vmwd 1;6 rSmenf;wll þpum;pkudkcrnf;awmfbk&m;tm; a&G;cs,fjcif;jyKoltjzpf oHk;EIef;avh&Sdonf/ 1ouf 2;12 rSwfpk udkMunfhyg/ 5;9]]waq;tenf;i,fonf}} or®musrf;pmüwaq;rSm"r®opf\okwåHpum;vHk;wpfckjzpfNyD;? tysufoabmjzifh oHk;avh&Sdonf (róJ 16;6/ rmuk 8;15/ 1aum 5;6)/ odkYaomftNrJwrf;r[kwfacs (róJ 13;33)/ tvkyfjzifh ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;\ysHUESHYpdrfh0ifrIpGrf;tm;udkwifpm;azmfjyjcif;jzpfEdkifonf (róJ16;6?32)/

146

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / waq; ]]waq;}} –-leaven (zumē) udk "r®a[mif;? "r®opfESpfrsdK;vHk;ü t"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ 1/ ysufqD;azgufjyefjcif;t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf/ xkdYaMumif raumif;rI\trSwftom;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ u/ xGuf 12;15/ 13;3?7/ 23;18/ 34;25/ 0wfjyK 2;11/ 6;17/ w&m;a[m 16;3/ c/ róJ 16;6? 11/ rmuk 8;15/ vkum 12;1/ *vm 5;9/ 1aum 5;6-8/ 2/ uaZmfaygufjcif;t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf/ xdkYaMumifhvTrf;rdk;jcif;oabmjzifhoHk;EIef;jcif;jzpfNyD;? raumif;rI\ trSwftom;tjzpfr[kwfacs/ u/ 0wfjyK 7;13/ 23;17/ tmrkwf 4;5/ c/ róJ 13;33/ vkum 13;20-21/ a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfuomvQif pum;vHk;\t"dyÜg,fudkqHk;jzwfEdkifonf/ (pum;vHk;wdkif;xdkenf;wljzpfonf!)/

5;10 ]]oifwkdYudkig,HkMunfrI&Sd\}} ¤if;rSm RERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfNyD;aygvkonf *vmwdc&pf,mefrsm;udkvGefcJhaomtcsdefumvrsm;ü,HkMunfcJhNyD;? qufvuf,HkMunfaeonf[k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf (2aum 2;3/ 2ouf 3;4/ zdvdrkef 21)/

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���� NASB ]]odkYaomfoifwkdYudk aESmifh,Sufaomolonfrnfholyifjzpfap? w&m;pD&ifjcif;cH&vdrfhrnf}} NKJV ]]odkYaomfoifwdkYudk 'ku©ay;aomolonfrnfolyifjzpfap? w&m;pD&ifjcif;cH&vdrfhrnf}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYudk ½IyfaxG;apolrnfolrqdk jypf'Pfjzifhay;qyfvdrfhrnf}} TEV ]]oifwkdYudkaESmifh,Sufaomolonf rnfolyifjzpfapbk&m;ocif\'Pfcwfjcif;cH&vdrfhrnf}} NJB ]]oifwkdYudk'ku©ay;olonf rnfoljzpfjzpf tem*wfüjypf'PfpD&ifjcif;cH&vdrfhrnf}}

,HkMunfolwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\a&SUawmfüwm0ef&SdMuonfrSefaomfvnf;? olwdkYonf vGrf;rdk;cHjcif;rsdK; vnf;&SdEdkifonf (1;7/ wref 15;24)/ bk&m;ocif\topfaom,HkMunfolrsm;udk vrf;rSm;apolrsm;cH&rnfh jyif;xefaom'Pf cwfjcif;taMumif; róJ 18;6-7 üawGUEdkifonf/

5;11 ]]igonfta&zsm;vDS;jcif;w&m;udka[maeqJqdkvQif}} ¤if;rSmyxrwef;pm;cRif;csuf0gusrsKd;jzpfNyD; pma&; ol\tjrifrSrSefonf[krSwf,lxm;aomt&m (0g) ola&;aompm\&nf&G,fcsufudkazmfjyonf/ (þtoHk;tEIef;onf tppftrSef[kwfavhr&SdaMumif; 0guswnfaqmufyHkujyaeonf)/ aygvkonfoloHk;aeusr[kwfaom o'gwnf aqmufyHkwpfckoHk;jcif;omjzpfNyD; ]]olwdkYonfigtm;ta&zsm;vDS;jcif;taMumif;a[monf[kpGyfpGJaeMuonfjzpfí}} [k ajymvdkjcif;jzpfum? ol&nfñGef;vkdonfrSm – 1/ wdarmaoudkta&zsm;vSD;jcif;ESifh (wref 16;3) wdwkudkta&zsm;rvSD;jzwfapvdkjcif; (2;2-5)/ 2/ 1aum 7;18-19 &Sd ol\azmfjyrI/ aemufcHtaMumif;t&mrnfodkYjzpfap? olonfworwfwnf yHkaor[kwfaMumif; *sL;bmom0ifwdkYudk aMunmvdkuf jcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm olonfta&zsm;vSD;bkdYa[mygu olwdkYtm;&yg;&vufcHMurnfjzpfaomfvnf;? olYudkn§Of; qJaeMuojzifh olonfwpfyg;trsdK;om;wkdYudk ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cH&ef rajymaMumif;twGuf taxmuft xm;aumif; wpfckjzpfonf/

147

����•]]odkYjzpfvQifvuf0g;uyfwdkiftm;jzifhwdkufrdívJp&mtaMumif;onf zsufodrf;cH&NyD;}} ]]cvkwfwkdufap aom twm;tqD;}} (0g) ]]t[efYtwm;}} (skandalon) \t"dyÜg,frSm ]]wd&pämefzrf;&efoHk;aomig;rQm;pmygonfh axmif acsmufwkwfacsmif;}} jzpfonf (a&mr 9;33/ 1aum 1;23)/ vuf0g;uyfwdkifw&m;onf *sL;bmom0ifrsm; tjyif; txeftm;xkwfaomt&mudk tcrJhay;ojzifh? ¤if;w&m;onf olwdkYtwGufvJp&mtaMumif;jzpfonf (a&mr 10;2-5)/

����•]]zsufodrf;cHcJhNyD;}} ¤if;rSm PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE jzpfonf/ 3;17 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I/ 5;12 NASB ]]oifwdkYudkaESmifh,SufaeaomolwdkYonf udk,fht*Fgudkudk,fjzwfypfapvdkonf}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYudkaESmifh,SufaomolwdkYonfolwdkYudk,folwdkYjzwfypfvdkufapvdkonf}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYudk pdwfrNidrfroufjzpfapaomolwdkYonfolwdkYudk,folwdkYoif;uGyfMuapvdkonf}} TEV ]]oifwkdYudkaESmifh,SufaomolwdkYudkvrf;qHk;wdkifatmifoGm;apvdkygonf/ olwdkYudk qufvuf oGm;apum? olwkdYudk,folwdkYoif;uGyfMuygavap}} NJB ]]igonf "m;udk&yfwef;u&yfapvdkaMumif;oifwkdYudk aESmifh,SufaeolwkdYudkajymjyMu}}

]]udk,fht*Fgudkudk,fjzwfonf}} [kqdk&mü ]]oif;uGyfjcif;}} oabmjzifhoHk;EIef;jcif;jzpfonf/ *vmwde,fü&SdcJh onf Cybele ac:rdpämt,l0g'wpfrsdK;onf rdrdwdkY\ ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm; (bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;) tm;vHk;udk oif;uGyfapMuonf[kordkif;üod&Sd&onf/ aygvkonf ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;taMumif;t"dyÜg,fav;eufap&ef? csJUum;apmif;ajrmif; aompum;vHk;oHk;EIef;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ (zdvdyÜd 3;2 ü olwdkYudk ]]acG;rsm;}} [kac:onf)/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 5;13-15 13oifwkdYudkvGwfajrmufap&efac:zdwfcJhjcif;jzpfonfnDtpfudkwdkY/oifwkdY\vGwfajrmufjcif;udkaoG;om;twGuftcGifhaumif;rjzpfapbJ? cspfjcif;arwåmtm;jzifhtcsif;csif;tapcHMuavmh/ 14taMumif;rSmynwfw&m; awmfwpfckvHk;onf ]]rdrdudk,frdrdcspfonfhtwdkif;oifhtdrfeD;csif;udkcspfyg}} [laomazmfjycsufpum;vHk;wpf vHk;üjynfhpHkonf/ 15odkYaomf oifwdkYonf wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf udkufpm;0g;NrdKMuygu? wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf rzsufqD;rd&ef owdjyKMuavmh}}

5;13 ]]oifwkdYudkvGwfajrmufap&efac:zdwfjcif;jzpfonf? nDtpfudkwdkY/}} þpum;pkrSmtaMumif;t&mopf wpfck \tpjzpfonf/ ]]nDtpfudkwdkY}} [laompum;vHk;rSm taMumif;t&majymif;vJoGm;jcif;\trSwftom;jzpf avh&Sdonf/ ti,f 1-12 onfynwfw&m;ESifh qefYusifbufjzpfNyD; ti,f 13-15 onf *dkPf;*e0g'ESifh qefYusifbufjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\vGwfajrmufrIudkusqif;cJhNyD;aomvlUobm0\tjypf&SdaomawmifhwrIrsm; tvdkodkY vdkuf&efvkdifpiftjzpftoHk;rjyK&yg (a&mr 14;1-15;13)/

���� NASB ]]oifwkdY\vGwfajrmufjcif;udkaoG;om;twGuftcGifhaumif;rjzpfapbJ}} NKJV ]]vGwfajrmufjcif;udkaoG;om;twGuftcGifhaumif;tjzpfroHk;bJ}} NRSV ]]oifwkdY\vGwfajrmufjcif;tm;twåtvdkudkvkduf&eftcGifhaumif;tjzpfroHk;bJ}} TEV ]]þvGwfajrmufjcif;udkoifwkdY\udk,fum,wyfrufjcif;onfoifwkdYudktkyfpkd;vm

148

ap&efqifjcifwpfckrjzpfapESifh}} NJB ]]odkYaomfowdjyKMu/ odkYr[kwfvQifþvGwfajrmufjcif;onf twåtvdkudkvkduf&efvrf;zGifhay; vdrfhrnf}}

]]tcGifhaumif;}}-opportunity– rSmppfoHk;a0g[m&jzpfNyD;? ]]csOf;eif;0ifa&muf&efe,fajr}} (a&mr 6;1-14) [lí jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf ]]flesh}} – (aoG;om;)udkedrfhusaomobm0 ]]lower

nature [k bmomjyefMuonf/ þ'kwd,ajrmufbmomjyefrIrSm þusrf;ydk'füaygvkoHk;aom ]]aoG;om;}} ESifh udkufnDonf/ (1;16 \txl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg)/ ¤if;rSm urÇmOD; 3 ürSwfwrf;wifxm;aomusqif;jcif; umvrSpíaoG;om; bufodkYomñTwfvmcJhaomvlUobm0\wdrf;ñTwfrIjzpfonf/ tm'Hqdkif&mobm0ESifh 0dnmOf awmfOD;aqmifaom b0 toufwmwdkY\ESpfydkif;uGJrIudka&mr 8;1-11 üvnf;azmfjyonf/

����•]]cspfjcif;arwåmtm;jzifh tcsif;csif;tapcHMuavmh}} Bud,mrSmPRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE jzpfonf/ tpydkif;üaygvkonfynwfw&m;\ uRefrcH&eftcdkiftrmajymcJhaomfvnf; ,ckürlarwåmtm;jzifht csif;csif;tapcH (uRefcH)Mu&efrdefYMum;jcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;ESifh udkufnDoGm;aponf (i,f 6/ a,m 13;34-35/ {zuf 5;21/ zdvdyÜd 2;3-4)/ þtaMumif;t&mwpfckvHk;rSm tpktzGJU (toif;awmf) ESifhqkdifNyD;? wpfOD;csif;r[kwfacs/ (Gordon D.Fee, To WhatEnd Exegesis? Pp.154-172) acwfopftaemufwkdif;om;wkdY\ teufjyefrIüwpfOD;csif; t,l0g'onfeuf½dIif;pGmvTrf;rdk;aeonf/ or®musrf;pmrSm rlvtm;jzifh tpktzGJUqkdif&musrf;jzpfonf/ 5;14 NASB ]]taMumif;rSmynwfw&m;awmfwpfckvHk;onf ...pum;vHk;wpfvHk;üjynfhpHkonf}} NKJV ]]taMumif;rSmynwfw&m;awmfwpfckvHk;onf ... pum;vHk;wpfvHk;üjynfhpHkonf/}} NRSV ]]taMumif;rSm ynwfw&m;awmfwpfckvHk;udk ... ynwfcsufwpfcsufwnf;jzifh tusOf;csKHUonf}} TEV ]]taMumif;rSm ynwfw&m;awmfwpfckvHk;udk ... ynwfcsufwpfckjzifh tusOf;csHKonf/}} NJB ]]ynwfw&m;wpfckvHk;udk ... ynwfcsufwpfcsufwnf;jzifhtusOf;csKHUonfjzpfí}}

tvm;wl or®mw&m;udk a&mr 13;8/ ,mukyf2;8 wkdYüazmfjyonf/ ¤if;rSmbk&m;ocifzGifhjyxm;aom tvdk awmfjzpfonfhynwfw&m; (róJ 5;17-20) jzpfNyD; u,fwifjcif;&&efajzmifhrwfjcif;vkyfief;pHepfr[kwfacs/ c&pf,meftwGuf"r®a[mif;usrf;onf qDavsmfpGmtvkyfvkyfaeqJjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm *&dbmomjyef"r®a[mif;usrf; -qyfwl*sif;ü0wfjyK 19;18 ESifh qkdifaomudk;um;csufwpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmynwfw&m;awmfESifh qdkifí&AÁdq&mBuD; rsm;\tusOf;csHKUrIwpfckjzpfEdkifonf/ ¤if;udka,½Ionfvnf; róJ 5;43-48/ 22;39/ ESifh rmuk 12;29-31/ vkum 10;25-28 wkdYütvm;wltoHk;jyKcJhonf/ ¤if;\Bud,mrSmPERFECT TENSE jzpfNyD; twdwfüNyD;qHk;cJhaom vkyfaqmif csufwpfck\tajctaerSm qufvufvsuf&Sdaeonf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ¤if;udk em;vnfEdkifyHkESpfrsdK;&SdNyD; (1)ynwf w&m;\tusOf;csKyfodkYr[kwf (2)ynwfw&m;awmf\jynfhpHkjcif;[líjzpfonf/ 5;15 ¤if;rSm yxrwef;pm;cRif;csufyg0gusrsdK;jzpfNyD;? pma&;ol\tjrifrS trSef[krSwf,ljcif; (0g) olUpm\&nf&G,f csufjzpfonf/ ¤if;üawm½dkif;wd&pämefrsm;tcsif;csif;udk,fpm;0g;NrdKMuyHkjzifh ½kef;&if;Murf;wrf;aompdwful;jzifha&;om; azmfjy&m? rrSefaomq&morm;rsm;onf *vmwdtoifawmfrsm;twGif;jzpfay:aponfht&m\ aMumufrufbG,f &mtjzpfrSefudko½kyfazmfjcif;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ þteufjyefrItm;ti,f 26 &Sdtvm;wljyif;xefaomazmfjyrIonf cdkifrmapygonf/ ¤if;rSmwpfpkwpfaygif;wnf;\ jyóemjzpfNyD;? wpfOD;csif;udk&nfpl;jcif;r[kwfacs/

149

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 5;16-24 16odkYaomfigajymonfrSm 0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh avQmufvSrf;Muavmh/ xdktcgaoG;om;\tvdkrjyKbJ? ae Muvdrfhrnf/ 17taMumif;rSmaoG;om;onf0dnmOfawmf\tvdkESifh qefYusifbufjyKum? 0dnmOfawmfonf aoG;om;ESifh qefYusifbufjyKonf/ taMumif;rSm oifwdkYonfrdrdjyKvdkYaomt&mwdkYudk rjyKap&ef¤if;wdkY onf tcsif;csif;qefYusifbuf jyKMu\/ 18odkYaomfoifwkdYudk0dnmOfawmfOD;aqmifygu ynwfw&m;atmufü r&SdMu/ 19,ckaoG;om;\tjyKtrIwdkYrSm ay:vGifonf/ ¤if;wkdYrSm - tusifhysufjcif;? roefY&Sif;jcif;? umr *kPfvkdufpm;jcif;? 20½kyfwkudk;uG,fjcif;? pkef;ua0 twwf? rvdkrkef;xm;&Sdjcif;? ckduf&efjzpfyGm;jcif;? remvdkjcif;? a'goaygufuGJjcif;? NydKifívkjcif;? oabmuGJvGJjcif;? *dkPf;cGJjcif;? 21tm;usjcif;? rl;,pfaomuf pm;jcif;? pm;aomufaysmfyg;jcif;ESifh ¤if;wdkYuJhodkYaomt&mrsm;udkoifwkdYtm;igowday;cJhonfhtwdkif;? oifwkdYudkigowday;\/ taMumif;rSm xdkuJhodkYaomt&mrsm;usifholonf bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfudktarG rcH&Mu/ 22odkYaomf0dnmOfawmf\ toD;rSm cspfjcif;arwåm? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;? Nidrfoufjcif;? onf;cHjcif;? oem;Muifemjcif;? aumif;jrwfjcif;? opöm&Sdjcif;? 23vlBuD;vlaumif;qefjcif;? rdrdudk,frdrd xdef;csKyfjcif;jzpf\/ rnfonfhw&m;urQxdkodkYaomt&mwdkYudkrqefYusifacs/ 24c&pfawmfa,½IudkydkifqdkifolwdkYonf aoG;om;udk ¤if;\jyif;jyaom tvdkqErsm;ESifh twlvuf0g; uyfwdkifrSm½dkufxm;MuNyD/

5;16 ]]0dnmOfawmftm;jzifhavQmufvSrf;jcif;}}PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE aygvkonf *vmwdvl wdkYudk obm0ausmfvGefaomtoufwmrsdK;jzifh touf&Sifvsuf? bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfxdef;csKyfaomtouf wmrsdK;ü qufuyf&efwdkufwGef;onf ({zuf 4;1?17/ 5;2? 15-18) *vmwdMo0g'pm\rlvtajccHoabmrSm 0dnmOfawmf onfu,fwifjcif;udktpjyK,laqmifvmoljzpfonf[líjzpf\/ odkYjzifhþtcef;i,f\t"dyÜg,frSm 0dnmOfawmf tm;jzifhtp jyKcJhonfht&mudk (3;3) 0dnmOfawmfuyifjynfhpHkaponf[líjzpf\/ (a&mr 8;16-25) qufpyfpum;vHk; ]]0dnmOfawmfw&m;}} –(a&mr 8;1 ESifh ti,f 18) onf 1aum 9;21 ESifh ,mukyf 1;25/ 2;8ç 12 wkdY&Sd ]]c&pfawmf\w&m;}} ESifhtwdtuswlnDonf/ cspfjcif;arwåmw&m;onf rdrtwGufenf;wltjcm;olrsm;t wGuf udkvnf; tapcHonf (zdvdyÜd 2;1-4)/

����•]]aoG;om;tvdkudkrjyKbJ? aeMuvdrfhrnf}}aeYpOfoHk;Koine Greek ü tjyif;xefqHk;oHk;EIef;EdkifaomvHk;0jiif; qdkjcif;onfh DOUBLE NEGATIVE udk AORIST SUBJECTIVE ESifhwGJjcif;jzpfNyD;? ]]tajctaewpfckckatmufü r&SdcJhbl;}} [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ]]qGJiifjcif;}} pum;vHk;twGuf tvGefjyif;xefaom*&dpum;vHk;ESifh wGJjcif;udkþ ti,fü awGU&onf/ c&pf,meftouf&Sifjcif;ESifh u,fwifjcif;wdkY\rl&if;rSm obm0vGefjzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolwkdYudk u,fwifjcif;twGufac:jcif; omr[kwfbJ? c&pfawmfESifh wl&efac:jcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfonf (a&mr 8;28-29? *vm 4;19/ {zuf 1;4)/ ]]aoG;om;}} ESifh ]]0dnmOf}} wkdY\ uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrSm aygvka&;aompmrsm;üygaeusjzpfonf (a&mr 8;1-11)/ ]]aoG;om;}} – flesh (sarx) udkaygvkt"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK;jzifhoHk;onf/ (1) udk,fcEm (2) vlom;\us qif;aomtjypf&Sdonfhtm'HrS&aomobm0/ þae&mü # 2 jzpfaMumif;ay:vGifonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aoG;om; - flesh (sarx)udk 1;16 ü-½I/ 5;17 touf&Sifjcif;vrf;ESpfvrf;tm;Edkif;,SOfyHkudk a&mr 8;1-11 üvnf;awGU&onf/ aygvkonf u,fwifjcif;&&Sd &eftqdkjyKaomvrf;ESpfrsdK;wifjyonf/ (1) vl\tm;xkwfrIESifh (2) c&pfawmftxJbk&m;ocif\tcrJhaus;Zl;awmf/ xdkYaMumifh bk&m;w&m;ESifh touf&Sifjcif;onfvnf; vrf;ESpfvrf;jzpfvmonf/ (1) vl\tm;xkwfrIESifh (¤if;onf vlUusqif;rI\ xdckdufrIcH&onf) (2) 0dnmOfawmftxJbk&m;ocif\tcrJhwefcdk;pGrf;tm;/ *sL;bmom0ifwkdYonf u,fwifjcif;ESifh c&pf,meftoufwmESpfckpvkH;ü vl\tm;xkwfrIudktcdkiftrmxm;Muaomfvnf; aygvkurl ESpfrsdK; pvHk;übk&m;ocif\obm0vGefaxmufyHhrIudk tcdkiftrmxm;onf/

150

5;18 ]]odkYaomfoifwkdYudk 0dnmOfawmfOD;aqmifygu}} ¤if;rSmyxrwef;pm;cRif;csufyg 0gusrsdK;jzpfNyD;? pma&;ol\ tjrifü rSefuefonf[k,lqaomt&m odkYr[kwf olYpm\&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ 0dnmOfawmfOD;aqmifrIcH,lolrsm; onfynwfw&m;awmfvufatmufcHr[kwfMuacs (a&mr 6;14/ 7;4? 6)/ odkYaomfc&pf,mefrsm;tjypfjyKvdrfhrnf r[kwf[kqdkvdkjcif;r[kwfacs/ (a&mr 7 ESifh 1a,m 2;1) olwkdY\b0üykefuefqefYusifaom p½dkufr&Sd[kqdkvkdonf (1a,m 3;6?9)/

����•]]oifwkdYonf ynwfw&m;awmfatmufür&SdMu}} *&dusrf;ü ]]the}} rygacs/ xkdYaMumifh xdkpum;vHk;onf *sL;ynwfw&m;xufydkíus,fjyefYaomt"dyÜg,fyGm;&SdEdkifonf/ þae&müynwfw&m;[lonf bk&m;ocifudk csOf;uyf &efoHk;aomtouf&Sifjcif;vrf;aMumif;wpfck[laomt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ aemufwpfzefþae&mwGifvnf; bk&m;ocifudk auseyfap&ef odkYr[kwfbk&m;ocif\vufcHrl&Edkif&ef vrf;ESpfvrf;jzpfonfh rdrdukd,fwdkiftm;xkwf rIESifh bk&m; ocif\tcrJaus;Zl;awmfwdkYudkawGU&jyefonf/ 5;19 ]],ckaoG;om;\tjyKtrIwkdYrSm ay:vGifonf}} teufzGifholtrsm;tjym;wdkYonf þtjypfrsm;pm&if;ü uGJjym; jcm;em;aomtrsdK;tpm;tawmfrsm;rsm;awGUjrifMuonf/ odkYaomfþae&mwGif wlnDonfhtcsufrSm tusifhaumif;xuf ausmfvGefaom rdpäm'dX0wfjyKudk;uG,frIudktajcjyKxm;onf/ vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ZmwdtrSefudk rdrdtjyKtrIESifh &nf&G,f&if;t&mwdkYjzifh ay:vGifapMuonf (róJ 7;16? 20/ 12;33)/ uRefawmfwkdYa&G; cs,faomtouf&Sifjcif;yHkpHüusqif;rI\tusdK;qufrsm;udkawGU&onf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf; KJV onf þpm&if;üolwpfyg;\ r,m;^vif ESifh jypfrSm;jcif; - adultery udkjznfh pGufonf/ ¤if;udk *&dvufa&;usrf; D ESifh ajcmuf&mpkat'DrSjzpfaom (Codex Bezea) wkdYuomvQif axmufcH onf/ tcsdKUaom Old Latin usrf;rsm;ESifh Vulgate vufa&;usrf;wdkYüvnf;yg&Sdonf/ (þusrf;ESpfrsdK;wdkYrSm at? 'D av;&mpk r[kwfavm-bmomjyefol) 1;16 &Sdtxl;taMumif;t&m ]]aoG;om;}} - flesh ü-½I/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / "r®opfusrf;rS qdk;npfjcif;ESifh aumif;jrwfjcif;/ "r®opfusrf;ü qdk;npf,kwfrmrIrsm;ESifh tusifhoDvaumif;jrwfrI ESpfrsdK;pvHk;yg&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf ynwfawmfESifh *&d,Ofaus;rI ESpfrsdK;pvHk;tm; xif[yfay:vGifaponf/ qdk;npfrIrsm; aumif;jrwfrIrsm; 1/ aygvk a&m? 1;28-32 --- a&m? 13;13 a&m? 12;9-21 1 aum? 5;9-11 --- 1 aum? 6;10 1 aum? 6;6-9 2 aum? 12;20 2 aum? 6;4-10 *vm? 5;19-21 *vm? 5;22-23 {? 4;25-32 --- {? 5;3-5 --- --- zd? 4;8-9 aum? 4;5?8 aum? 3;12-14 1 wd? 1;9-10 --- 1 wd? 6;4-5 --- 2 wd? 2;22?23 2 wd? 2;22?24 wd? 1;7? 3;3 wd? 1;8-9/ 3;1-2 2/ ,mukyf ,m? 3;15-16 ,m? 3;17-18

151

3/ ayw½k 1 ay? 4;3 1 ay? 4;7-11 2 ay? 1;9 2 ay? 1;5-8 4/ a,m[ef Asm? 21;8/22;15 ---

���� NASB ]]tusifhysufjcif;rpifMu,fjcif;}} NKJV ]]rw&m;aomarxkef? roefY&Sif;jcif;}} NRSV ]]rw&m;aomarxkef? rpifMu,fjcif;}} TEV ]]tusifhysuf? npfnrf;}} NJB ]]rw&m;aomarxkef? BuD;rm;aomrqDavsmfjcif;}} þyxrqHk; *&dpum;vHk; (porneia)rSm rl&if;tm;jzifh ]]jynfhwefqm}} jzpfaomfvnf;? ? vdifrIqkdif&mtusifh azgufjyefrItwGufa,bk,stm;jzifh oHk;aompum;vHk;jzpfvmonf (1aum 6;9)/ t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; ]]pornography}} npfnrf;pmay? ½kyfyHkrSmþ*&dpum;vHk;rSvmonf/ 'kwd,pum;vHk; ]]rpifMu,fjcif; -impurity

(akatharsia) rSmvnf; vdifrIqdkif&mtusifhysufjcif;twGufa,bk,stm;jzihfoHk;aompum;vHk;jzpfaomfvnf "r® a[mif;ürIyGJvrf;obifqdkif&m rpifMu,fjcif; (0g) udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&mrpifMu,fjcif;twGufoHk;onf/ aygvkonf aemufqHk;t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk; onf/

���� NASB ]]umr*kPfvkdufpm;jcif;}} NKJV, NRSV ]]pnf;rJhurf;rJhtaysmfMuL;jcif;}} TEV ]]rzG,f&maomtjyKtrIrsm;}} NJB ]]vdifydkifqdkif&mwm0efysufuGufjcif;}} ¤if;onf vdifrIqdkif&m tvdk&r®ufudktay:wif*kPfazmfjcif;jzpfonf (2aum 12;21)/ þtrsdK;tpm;vdifrIqdkif &mtjyKtrIonf vlrIa&;tuefYtowfr&Sdacs/ rdpäm'dX udk;uG,frIonf vdifrIqdkif&m tjyKtrIjzifhay:vGifonf/ (aemufydkdif;wGifrrSefaomq&morm;rsm;jzpfonfh aemhpwpf- Gnostic rsm;vnf; xdkenf;wljzpfonf (1wd 1;10/ 2wd 3;6/ wdwk 3;3)/ 5;20 ]]½kyfwdk;udk;uG,fjcif;}} ¤if;onf bk&m;ociftpm;wpfckcktm;udk;uG,fjcif;udk&nfñGef;onf (1aum 10;14/ {zuf 5;5/ aumavm 3;5/ 1ay 4;3)/ ¤if;onf ½kyfwk (0g) oufrJht&mwpfckckudk;uG,fjcif;ESifh txl;ojzifhqufpyfonf/

����•]]pkef;ua0twwf}} ¤if;rSmt*Fvdyfpum;vHk; ]]Pharmacy}}- aq;0g;qif;oufvm&m *&dpum;vHk;Pharmakia

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152

���� NASB ]]rvdkrkef;xm;jcif;? cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;jcif;? remvdkjcif;? a'goaygufuGJjcif;? tNydKifvkjcif;? oabmxm;uGJvGJjcif;? *dkPf;uGJjcif;}} NKJV ]]rkef;wD;jcif;? NydKifqdkifjcif;? remvdkjcif;? a'goaygufuGJjcif;? twåqEjyif;xefjcif;? oabmuGJvGJrI? vTJrSm;aomt,l0g'}} NRSV ]]rvdkrkef;xm;&Sdjcif;? cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;jcif;? remvdkjcif;? a'goxGufjcif;ESifh twåqEjyif;xef jcif;rsm;&SdvmMuonf/}} TEV ]]vlawG&efoljzpfvmum? wdkufcdkufMuonf? remvdkjcif;? a'goxGufjcif;ESifh twåqE

jyif;xefjcif; rsm;&SdvmMuonf}} NJB ]]&efNidK;a[mif;xm;í? qlnHpGm&efjzpfjcif;? remvdkjcif;? pdwfxm;qdk;,kwfjcif;? oabmxm;csif; rwdkufqdkifjcif;? *dkPf;uGJjcif;rsm;}} þ&Gwfqdkqkawmif;ponf a'goESifh qdkifaompdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrIrsm;usqif;í wpfudk,faumif; qefolrsm;aMumif; a&;om;azmfjyonf/ 5;15 ESifh 26 wkdYudkvnf;owd&yg/

����]]rvdkrkef;xm;&Sdjcif;}}þpum;vHk; (echthra) onftjcm;olrsm;ay:xl;jcm;pGm&efvdkjcif;tajctaeudkajymonf/

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����]]a'goaygufuGJjcif;}}þ*&dpum;vHk; (thumos) onf ]]½kwfw&uf? rxdef;csKyfaoma'goaygufuGJjcif;}} udkqdkvkd onf/

����]]tNydKifvkjcif;}}onf udk,fusdK;Munfhjcif; odkYr[kwf tuefYtowfr&Sdaom twåqEjyif;xefjcif; udkqdkvdkonf/

����]]oabmxm;uGJvGJjcif;*dkPfcGJjcif;}}þpum;vHkESpfvHk;rSmtwlyl;wJGavh&Sdonf/ ¤if;onfBuD;rm;aomtkyfpkwpfck twGif;w,loefrIaMumifhoabmuGJvGJí? tuGJtNyJjzpfjcif;udkajymNyD;? EdkifiHa&;ygwDoabmrsdK;ESifh eD;pyfrI&Sdonf (1wd 5;15 ESifh 26)/ ¤if;udkaum&dEÅKtoif;awmfuJhokdYaom toif;awmfrsdK;udk a&;om;azmfjy&efoHk;EIef;onf (1aum 1;10-13/ 11;19/ 2aum 12;20)/ 5;21 ]]tm;usjcif;rsm;}}xdkacwf stoic awG;ac:rI*dkPf;\qdk½dk;wpfckü ]]tm;usjcif;onf tjcm;ol\aumif;aom t&maMumifhpdwfemjcif;jzpfonf}} [kqdkonf/ tcsdKYydkrdka&SUusaom*&dvufa&;usrf;rsm;ü ]]tm;us}} - envy pum;vHk;aemufwGif ]] vlowform;rsm;}} pum;

vHk;jznfhpGufonf/ vufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh A, C, D, G, K ESifh P wdkYüyg&Sdaomfvnf; P46, אESifh B wdkYürygacs/ ¤if;onfueOD;acwfumvt,l0g'vTJrSm;ol Marcion a&;aompmrsm;ESifh tdkif&ifem;? tvufZ`Em;NrdKUomuvJrifh? tdk&D*sif? u½dkifqdkpwGrf? a*s½krfESifh Mo*wfpwif;paomueOd;toif;awmfzcifBuD;rsm;a&;aom pmwdkYüryg&Sdacs/ usrf; ul;q&mwdkYonf ¤if;udk a&mr 1;29 rS,líjznfhpGufjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

153

����]]rl;,Zfaomufpm;jcif;? pm;aomufaysmfyg;jcif;}} þaemufqHk;pum;vHk;ESpfvHk;onf rdpäm'dXdudk;uG,frIESifh qufpyfaomtaysmfMuL;onfh rl;,Zfaomufpm;rIrsm;udkqdkvkdonf (1aum 6;9)/

����]]¤if;wdkYuJhodkYaomt&mrsm;}} þpm&if;rSmtao;pdwfr[kwfbJ? udk,fpm;jyKoabmjzpfaMumif; þpum;pkjzifh azmfjyonf/ (1aum 6;9-10/ {zuf 5;5)/ ¤if;onfBudKwifowday;jcif;taejzifh ,ciftcgrsm;üaygvka[mcJh aomt&mwdkYudk*vmwdvlwdkYtm;jyefvnf;owd&apEdkifonf/ þtcef;i,fonf 1a,m 5;16 ESifh a&SUqifhaemuf qifhjzpfNyD;? a&mrumodkvpftoif;awmfonfaoxdkufaomtjypfESifh cGifhvGwfEdkifaomtjypfrsm;udk cGJjcm;&mü tajcjyK onf/ þpum;vHk;wpfckESifh wpfckxyfaejcif;ESifh þtjypfwdkYudkc&pf,mefwdkYonfvnf;usL;Mujcif;wdkYudk axmufyg uxdktwdkif;teufjyefjcif;rSvGefpGmoHo,0ifp&mjzpfonf/ c&pf,mefwdkYonfþudpörsdK;üusL;vGef vGefEdkifaomfvnf; u,fwifjcif;&&SdMuonfomjzpfonfrSefaomfvnf;? olwdkY\b0udkþtjypfrsm;pdk;rdk;aernf? olwdkY\b0onfþ tjypfrsm;jzifh ay:vGifaernfqdkvQif? olwdkYonfc&pfawmftxJtopfaomzefqif;cH owå0g tppftrSefrsm;r[kwf aMumif;? owday;aeygonf (1a,m 3;6?9)/

����•]]oifwkdYtm;igowday;cJhonftwkdif;? oifwkdYudkigowday;\}}taMumif;rSm xdkodkYaomt&mrsm;usifhol onf bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfudktarGrcH&Mu/ vlwpfa,mufa&G;cs,faomtouf&Sifjcif;yHkpHonf ol\pdwfESvHk;udk azmfjyonf/ ppfrSefpGma&G;EIwfjcif;cH&olrsm;onf tjypfESifh ½kef;uefaeMuqJjzpfaomfvnf;? olwdkY\b0onf tjypfrsm; jzifhray:vGifacs (1a,m 3;6?9)/ þtjypfrsm;tjypfvTwfír& (0g) c&pf,mefwkdYonf ¤if;wkdYudkr usL;vGef[lí r[kwfbJ? ppfrSefaom,HkMunfolüc&pfawmfESifh wljcif;vkyfief;pOf (0g) jzpfpOfrSm tpjyKcJhNyDjzpfonf/ ,HkMunfol udkc&pfawmfxH odkYqGJaqmifol0dnmOfawmfonf olwdkYtxJwGifc&pfawmfudkyHkazmfaeonf/ (4;19/ a,m 16;8-13)/ a,½Ionf,HkMunfolrsm;\touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHtaMumif; róJ 7 ütrSef&Sif;vif;pGmajymygonf/ ]]olwdkY\toD;tm; jzifh olwdkYudkoifwdkYodMuvdrfhrnf}}a,m[ef 15 onfvnf;xdkenf;wljzpfonf/ ]]bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmf}} rSma,½I\yxrqHk;ESifh aemufqHk;w&m;pum;ESifh trsm;pkaomolUyHkaqmifcsufrsm; \taMumif;t&mjzpfonf (róJ 6;10/ 1aum 6;9-10/ {zuf 5;5)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmf "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif YHWH udk tpöa&;\ &Sifbk&iftjzpfESifh (1"r® 8;7/ qmvH 10;16/ 24;7-9/ 29;10/ 44;4/ 89;18/ 95;3/ a[&Sm 43;15/ 44;4? 6 vnf;aumif; pHjy&Sifbk&if ar&Sd,tjzpfvnf;aumif; cH,lxm;onf/ (qmvH 2;6/ a[&Sm 9;6-7/ 11;1-5)/ AufvifjrdKUü a,½IzGm;jrifawmfrljcif;ESifhtwl (6-4bD?pD) bk&m;ocif\ EdkifiHawmfonf vlYordkif;xJ topfaom cGeftm;ESifh a&G;EIwfjcif;jzifh t&Sdeft[kefESifhxdk;azguf0if a&mufvmonf/ (a,& 31;31-34/ a,Z 36;27-36) ESpfjcif;q&ma,m[efonf EdkifiHawmfwnfaxmif cgeD;aMumif; a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ (róJ 3;2/ rmuk 1;15)/ rdrdtxJüvnf;aumif;?rdrdoGefoifrIrsm;üvnf;aumif; EdkifiHawmf&SdaeaMumifh a,½I&Sif;vif;pGm oGefoifonf/ (róJ 4;17? 23/ 9;35/10;9?11;11-12/ 12;28/16;19/ rmuk 12;34/ vkum 10;9? 11/11;20/12;31-32/ 16;16/ 17;21)/ odkYaomfEdkifiHawmfonf tem*wfüvnf; &Sdaeao;onf/ (róJ 16;28/ 24;14/ 26;29/ rmuk 9;1/ vkum 21;31/22;16? 18) qifwl c&pf0ifusrf; (synoptic gospel) rsm;jzpfaom rmukESifh vkum c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;ü ]]bk&m;ocif\ EdkifiHawmf}} [laom pum;pkawGU&onf/ a,½I\ oGefoifaeus þtaMumif;t&mü ,ckvuf&Sdü vlom;\ ESvkH;om;xJ bk&m;ocif\ pkd;pHrItaMumif; yg0ifjyD;? ¤if;onf wpfaeYaomtcg usvQif wpfurÇmvkH; vTrf;jcHK oGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm róJ 6;10 u a,½I qkawmif;jcif;ü ay:vGifonf/ róJurl*sL;rsm;twGuf a&;om;jcif;jzpfí bk&m;ocif\ emrawmfudk rokH;jcif;tm; ydkrdkESpfoufonf/ (aumif;uifEdkifiHawmf) rmukESifh vkumwdkYonf wyg; trsKdk;om;rsm;twGuf a&;om;Mujcif;jzpfí bk&m;emrawmfudk okH;um?okH;aeustwdkif;

154

azmfjyonf/ odkYjzifh þpum;pkrSm qifwl c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;\ t"du aomhcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ a,½I\ yxrqkH;ESifh aemufqkH;w&m;a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh ol\ Oyrm pum;trsm;pkwdkYü þtaMumif;t&mudkyif ajymygonf/¤if;onf vlom;\ pdwfESvkH;xJ bk&m;ocif\ ,ckpkd;pHjcif;udk &nfnGef;onf/ a,m[efonf þpum;pkudkESpfMudrfomvQif okH;jcif;rSm tHhMop&mjzpfonf/ (a,½Iajymaom Oyrmrsm;ü rokH;cJhacs)? a,m[ef\ c&pf0ifusrf;]]xm0&touf}} rSm t"du aomhcsuf wifpm;rIjzpfonf/c&pfawmf <uvmjcif; ESpfMudrfjzpfaejcif;aMumifh þpum;pkESifhqdkifí wif;rmrIjzpfay:aponf/"r®a[mif;usrf;onf bk&m;ocif\ ar&Sd, Muvmjcif; wpfckudk omvQif pl;pdkufum? ppfa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifhbkef;wefcdk;awmfjzifh <uvmjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;? "r®opfusrf;url? yxrtMudrfü a[&Sm,53 &Sd 'ku©qif;&JcHaomtapcHtjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;? Zmc&d 9;9 &Sd ESdrfhcsaom &Sifbk&iftjzpf ESifhvnf;aumif; <uvmaMumif; azmfjyonf/*sL;vlrsKd;wdkY\ uyfumvESpfckjzpfaom qdk;oGrf;jcif; uyfumvESifh ajzmifhrwfjcif;uyfumvwdkYrSmxyfvsuf&Sdonf/ a,½Ionf ,ckvuf&Sdü ,kHMunfolrsm;\ pdwfESvkH;xJpkd;pHae aomfvnf;? wpfaeYaomtcgusvQif zefqif;aomt&m wpfckvkH;tm; tkyfpkd;ayrnf/ olonf "r®a[mif;usrf;\ Asm'dwfawmftwdkif;<uvmvdrfhrnf/ ,kHMunfolwdkYrSm ]]&SdcJhjyDjzpfaom}} ESifh ]]rjzpf&ao;aom}} bk&m;ocif\ EdkifiHawmftwGif;&SdaeMuonf/ (Gordon D. Fee ESifh Douglas Stuart wdkY\ How to Read The Bible For All Its

Worth, pp. 131-134).

5;22 ]]odkYaomf0dnmOfawmf\toD;rSm}} aygvkonfvlom;\tm;xkwfrIudkaoG;om;\tvkyftjzpfazmfjyaomf vnf;? c&pf,meftoufwmudkrl0dnmOfawmf\toD; (a,m 15) odkYr[kwf0dnmOfawmf\xkwfvkyfrItjzpfa&;azmfjy onf/ olonfvlom;A[dkjyKbmoma&;ESifh obm0rSefpGrf;tm;tajcjyKbmoma&;wdkYudk EIdif;,SOfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ 0dnmOf toD;ESifh 0dnmOfawmfqkaus;Zl;wdkYrSmodompGmuJGjym;jcm;em;onf/ 0dnmOfawmfqkaus;Zl;wkdYudk,HkMunf olwdkif; tm;olajymif;vJonfhtcsdefü (u,fwifjcif;&onfhtcsdef a,½Ic&pfawmfudk,HkMunfcJhonfhtcsdef) üay;jcif; jzpfonf (1aum 12;7? 11)/ toD;qdkonfrSm a,½Ic&pfawmf\&nf&G,f&if; pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh touf&Sif jcif;yHkpHudka&; om;azmfjy&efoHk;aomwifpm;rIwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 0dnmOfawmfqkaus;Zl;wdkYrSm c&pfawmf\ udk,fcEmüc&pfawmf\trI awmfvkyfief;trsdK;rsdK;wdkYudkcGJa0ay;jcif;jzpfNyD;? 0dnmOfawmftoD;wdkYrSm xdkqkaus;Zl;wdkYudk azmfaqmifjcif;üc&pfawmf\ tpkvdkufpdwfaeoabmxm;jzpfonf/ xda&mufaomqkaus;Zl;wpfrsdK;&SdNyD;? c&pfawmf \pdwfaepdwfxm; rsdK;r&SdbJjzpf Edkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh 0dnmOfawmfqkaus;Zl;aMumifhjzpfaom c&pfawmfESifh wlaom&ifh usufrIonf 0dnmOfawmfqkaus;Zl; trsdK;rsdK;wkdYrSwqifh bk&m;ocif\bkef;awmfxif&Sm;ay:vGifaponf/ þESpfrsdK;p vHk;onf 0dnmOfawmf\ jznfhqnf; rItm;jzifh (filling -rSmjynfhr[kwfbJ jznfhjzpfonf) ({zuf 5;18)/ þae&mütoD;rSmtenf;jyudef;jzpfaeyHkonf pdwf0ifpm;p&mjzpf\/ tenf;jyudef;oHk;jcif;udk ESpfrsdK;jzifhem; vnfEdkifonf/ (1) 0dnmOfawmftoD;rSm cspfjcif;arwåmjzpfNyD;? aemufüygvmaoma0g[m&rsm;tm;jzifh&Sif;vif;jcif; jzpfonf/ (2) ¤if;wdkYrSm ]]taph}} uJhodkYtpkvkdufemrnfjzpfonf/

����]]cspfjcif;arwåm}}þ*&dpum; agapē udk bk&m;ocif\ueOD;umvtoif;awmfübk&m;ocif\ rdrdudk,frdrday; qyfaomwkEIdif;bG,f&muif;aomcspfjcif;arwåmtjzpfoHk;EIef;onf/ þemrfudktqifhjrifh*&dpmayürMumcProHk;bJ? toif;awmfonf bk&m;ocif\txl;arwåmudka&;om;azmfjy&efa0g[m&topftjzpfpwiftoHk;jyKonf/ þae&m ü cspfjcif;arwåmrSm "r®moabmtm;jzifh hesed (BDB 338) ESifh tvm;wljzpfum? "r®a[mif;usrf;ü y#dnmOfw&m;qdkif &mübk&m;ocif\ opöm&SdrIESifh arwåmw&m;jzpfonf/

����]]0rf;ajrmufjcif;}} c&pfawmftxJ&SdoluRefawmfwdkYonftajctaernfodkYjzpfap? 0rf;ajrmufaejcif;jzpfaom b0 toufwmESifh qdkifaompdwfaeoabmxm;jzpfonf (a&mr 14;17/ 1ouf 1;6/ 5;16/ ,k' 24)/

����•]]Nidrfoufjcif;}}Nidrfoufjcif;qdk&mü jzpfEdkifacst"dyÜg,fwdkYrSm 1/ c&pfawmfESifh qufpyf&jcif;\ aumif;rGefrIudkpdwfüodjrif&jcif;/

155

2/ bk&m;ocif\zGifhawmfrIjcif;udk tajcjyKaomuRefawmfwkdY\topfaomurÇmhtjrifjzpfNyD;? ¤if;onf tajctaeay:tajcrjyKacs/

3/ tjcm;olrsm;txl;ojzifh,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh qufqHrIüat;csrf;wnfNidrfjcif; (a,m 14;27/ a&mr 5;1/ zdvdyÜd 4;7) jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifESifh NidrfoufrI&Sdjcif;onf twGif;tjyif (y#dnmOfw &m;qdkif &mnDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;) NidrfoufrIjzpfay:aponf/

���� ]]onf;cHjcif;}} pdwf&Snfjcif;onfaESmifh,SufcH&müyifoifhwifhavQmufywfpGmjyKrIonf/ ¤if;rSmcrnf;awmfbk&m;\ p½dkufvu©PmwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ (a&mr 2;4/ 9;22/ 1wd 1;18/ 1ay 3;20)/ bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfwkdYudk onf;cH onfenf;wl uRefawmfwdkYonf tjcm;olrsm;udk({zuf 4;2-3) txl;ojzifh ,HkMunfolrsm;udk (6;10) onf;cH&yg rnf/

���� ]]oem;Muifemjcif;? aumif;jrwfjcif;}} oem;Muifemjcif;onf a,½I\b0toufwmudkomru? ol\xrf;ydk; (róJ 11;30) udkygajymygonf/ þpum;vHk;ESpfvHk;yl;wGJjcif;onf tjcm;olrsm;txl;ojzifh ,HkMunfolrsm; (6;10) ay:tjyKoabmaqmifaomyGifhvif;í vufoifhcHjcif;jyKaompdwfaeoabmxm;udkjyygonf/

���� ]]opöm&Sdjcif;}} þpum;vHk; pistis udk ¤if;\"r®a[mif; t"dyÜg,fjzpfonfopöm&Sdjcif;ESifh ,HkMunfxdkufjcif;t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf/ þpum;vHk;udk bk&m;ocifESifh qdkifíoHk;EIef;avh&Sdonf (a&mr 3;3)/ þae&mü,HkMunfolrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;txl;ojzifh ,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh topfaomqufqHa&;udkajymygonf/ 5;23 ]]vlBuD;vlaumif;qefjcif;}} ¤if;udkwpfcgwpfav ]]El;nHhodrfarGUjcif;}} -meekness tjzpfbmomjyefonf/ þpum;vHk; ]]praotes}} onfemcHwwfaompdwftm;jzifh ay:vGifonf/ ¤if;rSm,Ofyg;aomtdrfarG; wd&pämefrsm;udk wifpm;azmfjy&müoHk;aompum;vHk;rS,ljcif;jzpfonf/ vlBuD;vlaumif;qefjcif;? aumif;jrwfjcif;yg &rDtrsdK;tpm;ESifh qdkifaom*&dpm&if; (0g) rdrdudk,frdrdxdef;csKyfjcif;0g'Drsm; (stoic) \pm&if;üryg0ifacs/ taMumif;rSm *&dvlrsdK;wdkY onf¤if;udktm;enf;jcif;tjzpf½IjrifMuonf/ ¤if;rSm c&pf,mefoufoufESifh qkdifygonf (1aum 4;21/ 2aum 10;1/ {zuf 4;2/ aumavmoJ 3;12/ 1wd 6;11/ 2wd 2;25/ wdwk 3;2)/ xkdpum;vHk;udk arma&SESifh (awmvnf 12;3) twla,½IESifh ygqdkifíoHk;EIef;ygonf (róJ 11;29/ 21;5)/

���� ]]umr*kPfxdef;csKyfjcif;}} (self – control rdrdukd,frdrdxdef;csKyfjcif;)/ txG#ftacgifjzpfaom rdrdudk,frdrdxdef; csKyfjcif; rSmc&pfawmfenf;wl&ifhusufrIjzpfonf (wrefawmf 24;25/ wdwk 1;8/ 2ay 1;6)/ þpum;vHk;udkyif 1aum 7;9 üvdifpdwfxdef;csKyfjcif;twGufoHk;EIef;onf/ rdpäm'dXdudk;uG,frIü vdifrIudpöudkrw&m;tvTJoHk; pm;jyKjcif;taMumif; ESifh qufpyfyHkudkaxmufyguþae&müvnf; xdkoabmudkyif&nfñGef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

���� ]]rnfonfhw&m;rQxdkodkYaomt&mwkdYudkrqefYusif}},HkMunfol\ touf&Sifjcif;wGif twGif;pdwfoP²mefü&Sd aomynwfw&m;topfwpf&yf&SdaeNyD; ¤if;\wnf&SdrIrSmbk&m;w&m;ESifh tnDtouf&Sifjcif;tm;jzifhay:vGif apvsuf &Sdonf (a&mr 6;19/ ,mukyf 1;25/ 2;8? 12)/ ¤if;rSmy#dnmOfw&m;topf\yef;wdkifjzpfonf (a,&rd 31;31-34/ a,Zausv 36;22-32)/ c&pfawmfESifh wljcif;rSm c&pf,mefwdkif;twGuf bk&m;ocif\yef;wdkifjzpf onf (a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm 4;19/ {zuf 1;14)/ 5;24 ]]c&pfawmfudkydkifqdkifolwdkYonf aoG;om;tvdkudk ... vuf0g;uyfwdkifay:½dkufxm;MuNyD}} ¤if;rSm AORIST

ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfNyD;? twdwfüjynfhpHkcJhNyD;aomtjyKtrIudkjyonf/ vQdKU0Sufaomt"dyÜg,fo abm&Sd onfhþusrf;ydk'ftygt0iftvm;wloHk;EIef;yHkwdkYudk "r®oabmw&m;jzifhteufjyef&ygonf (a&mr 6;6)/ *vmwdMo

156

0g'pmwavQmufvHk;ü txl;ojzifh 2;20 wGif ]]vuf0g;uyfwkdifay:½dkufonf}} [laomtoHk;t EIef;rSmynwfw&m; awmfESifh uRefawmfwdkY\ qufpyfrIudkazmfjyonf/ uRefawmfwdkYu,fwifjcif;&&efwpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;tjzpf c&pfawmftxJbk&m;ocifay;qyfaeaom tcrJh aus;Zl;awmfudkwpfcgvufcHNyD;onfhtcg uRefawmfwkdYonfusqif;cJhNyD;aomrddrdwdkY\ qdk;oGrf;aomobm0ESifh usqif;cJhNyD;jzpfaomavmued,rw&m;wdkYrS rdrdwdkYudk,frdrdwdkY ,wdjywftqufjzwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrdudk,frdrd tqufjzwf&efjyKaomþqHk;jzwfcsufrSm *vm 2;20/ 5;24 ESifh 6;14 wdkYüawGU&aom or®musrf;vm wifpm;jcif;jzpfonfh ]]vuf0g; uyfwdkifü½dkufjcif;}} yifjzpfayonf/ ¤if;udk ]]twåtwGufaoqHk;jcif;}} (death to self) onfxif&Sm;apavh&Sd\/ bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfwkdY udk wpfOD;csif;pDyif (qmvH 139) olYudktapcH&efzefqif;jcif;jzpfNyD;? rdrdtusdK;udktapcH&efr[kwfacs/ (a&mr 6) c&pfawmfütopfaomþtoufonfusqif;cJhNyD;aom awmfvSefykefuefavh&Sdonfh vlom;\twå A[dkjyKt ouf&Sif jcif;yHkpHtwGufaoqHk;oGm;&jcif;jzpfonf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf (2;20/ a&mr 6;11/ 2aum 5;14-15/ 1a,m3;16)/ ]]aoG;om;^Zmwd}} udk 1;16 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I/

���� ]]¤if;\jyif;jyaomvdktifqErsm;ESifhtwl}} *&dvlrsdK;wdkYonf zefqif;jcif;taMumif;? zGifhjyawmfrljcif;ESifh vlom; \usqif;jcif;taMumif;rsm; (urÇm 1-3) rod&SdcJhMu&ojzifh? cEmudk,fudktjypf\rlvtjzpfrSwf,lMuonf/ xdkYaMumifhudk,fusifhw&m;ydkif;qdkif&mü Mum;aejzpfaom½kyfcEmudk qdk;oGrf;rI\rlvtjrpftjzpfwifjyonf/ ½kyfcEmrSm udk,fusifhw&m;t&Mum;aejzpfaMumif;udk,HkMunfolrsm;onf aygvkrSwpfqifhodMu&onf (a&mr 4;1/ 9;3/ 1aum 10;18)/ a,½Iüvlom;udk,fcEmppfppf&Sdonf/ (a,m 1;14/ a&mr 1;3/ 9;5)/ ¤if;\aumif;jcif;? qdk;jcif;onf bk&m;ociftwGuf(0g) qdk;oGrf;rItwGufrnfuJhodkYuRefawmfwdkYtoHk;jyKonfqdkjcif;ay:rlwnfonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm; jzpfvmMuNyDqdkvQifrdrdwdkY\usqif;cJhNyD;aom twåudkA[dkjyKaomwdrf;ñTwfrIrsm;tm; oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmf\ wefcdk;udkemcHap&ygrnf (a&mr 7 ESifh 1a,m 2;1)/

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157

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158

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159

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160

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161

���� ]]c&pfawmf\ynwfawmfudkjynfhpHkapMuavmh}} c&pfawmf\ynwfawmfudk 1aum 9;21azmfjyNyD;? ]]a,½Ic&pf awmftxJtouf&Sifjcif;ESifh qdkifaom0dnmOfawmf\ynwfw&m;}} udka&mr 8;2 üazmfjyonf/ c&pfawmf\ynwf awmfudk,mukyfMo0g'pmüaemufwpfrsdK;jzifhay:vGifaponf/ 1/ vlwdkYudkvGwfajrmufapaomtjypftemuif;onf ynwfw&m; 1;25 2/ bk&ifhynwfawmf 2;8 3/ ]]vGwfvyfjcif;ynwf}} 2;12 arma&S\ynwfawmfudkteufjyefqdkaom EIwfwdkufa&S;½dk;pOfvmxrf;ydk;rsm;onf*sL;rsm; twGufjynfhodyfxm; aom0ef xkyfjzpfvmcJhonfenf;wl? c&pfawmf\xrf;ydk;rSmrIxrf;vG,fíayghyg;onf (róJ 11;29-30)/ rnfuJhodkY aomxrf;ydk; yifap (a,m 13;34/ 1a,m 4;21) þxrf;ydk;rSm c&pfawmftxJnDtpfudkarmifESrrsm; tjzpftcsif;csif;wpfa,muf0ef udkwpfa,mufxrf;ay;&efrSmuRefawmfwkdY\wm0efjzpfonf/ rlvvufa&;usrf;rsm;ü þBud,mudkuGJjym;jcm;em;aomt"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK;jzifhawGU&onf/

1/ AORIST IMPERATIVE – א, A, C, D

2/ FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE – B, F, G

3/ FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfaomfvnf;uGJjym;jcm;em;aom0dbwfjzifh-p46 rl&if;b,f[mjzpfonfudk UBS4 aumfrDwDraocsmacs/ taMumif;rSm ti,f 1ü INFINITIVE ygojzifh FUTURE udk AORIST odkYajymif;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf[k,lqMuonf/ (Brue Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek

New Testament)/ 6;3 ]]vlonfbmrQr[kwfbJvsuf? wpfckckjzpfonf[kwifaeygu}} ¤if;rSmyxrwef;pm;cRif;csufyg0gusrsdK;jzpf NyD;? pma&;ol\tjrifrSrSefonf[krSwf,laom (0g) olYpm\&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ c&pf,mefwdkYonf wpfOD;udkwpfOD; aumif;pGmqufqHEdkifNyD;vQif? rdrdudk,frdrdtvGeftuRHtuJjzwfjcif;tjypfrjyKrdap&ef rdrdudk,frdrdppfaq;pD&if&yg rnf/ (1aum 3;18onf a[&Sm, 5;2 udkxif[yfapjcif;jzpfEdkifonf)/ ¤if;onfc&pf,mefwdkYütjypfr&Sd[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ? tjypfonfolwdkY\b0udkrtkyfpdk;[kqdkvkdonf (1a,m 1;8/ 3;6?9)/ xdkaMumifholwdkY\b0ü tjypf\pdk;rdk;jcif;cH olrsm;twGufqkawmif;ay;um ulnDMu&efjzpfonf (1aum 3;18)/

���� ]]olUudk,folvSnfhzsm;}} þBud,mrSm "r®opfusrf;ü wpfcgomvQifyg&SdNyD;? rSm;,Gif;jcif;odkYrdrdukd,frdrdaoG;aqmif onf[k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ¤if;\emrfyHkpHwpfckwdwk 1;10 üawGU&onf/ rdrdudk,frdrdvSnfhpm;jcif;rSm tqdk;0g;qHk; aom rsufrjrifjcif;yifjzpf\/ 6;4 ]] vlwdkif;rdrdudk,frdrdppfaq;&rnf}} ¤if;rSm ]]prf;oyfonf}} -test (0g) aoG;aqmifonf -tempt pum;vHk; (dokimazō) \ PRESENT IMPERATIVE udk ]]twnfjyKEdkif&efprf;oyfjcif;}} \t"dyÜg,fyGm;ESifh wGJjcif;jzpfonf/ 1ouf 3;5 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I/

���� ]]xdktcgtjcm;olrsm;ESifh rqdkifbJ? rdrdaMumifh0g<um;p&mtaMumif;&Sdvmayrnf}} ,HkMunfolrsm;onf rdrd ukd,frdrdtjcm;olrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfjcif;rjyK&acs (2aum 10;12)/ txl;ojzifhtHhtm;oifhapjcif;cHí tjypf\ zrf;rdjcif; cH&olrsm;ESifh xdkodkYrdrdudk,frdrdrEIdif;,SOf&acs (i,f 1)/

162

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / 0g<um;jcif;/ *&da0g[m&rsm;jzpfonfh kauchaomai, kauchēma ESifh kauchēsis wdkUudk aygvkuoHk;q,fhig;BudrfcefYoHk;cJh &m"r®opfusrf;ü tjcm;ESpfae&müoHk;onf/ (ESpfckpvHk; ,mukyf)¤if;tm; 1 ESifh2aum&dEÅKMo0g'pmrsm;ü ydkí oHk;onf/ 0g<um;jcif;ESifhqufpyfaom or®mw&m;ESpfck t"duawGU&onf/ 1/ bk&m;ocif\rsufarSmufawmfü rnfolrQ 0g<um;&vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ (1aum 1;29/ {zuf 2;9)/ 2/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf ocifbk&m;ü 0g<um;&ayrnf/ (1aum 1;31/ a,&rd 9;23?24 udk &nfnTef;onfh 2aum 10;17) xdkUaMumifh oifhavsmfaom0g<um;jcif;ESifh roifhavsmfaom0g<um;jcif; (Oyrm - rme) (u) oifhavsmfaom 0g<um;jcif; 1/ bkef;wefcdk;awmftm; arQmfvifjhcif; (a&mr 4;2) 2/ ocifa,½Itm;jzifh bk&m;ocifaMumifh 0g<um;jcif; (a&mr 5;11) 3/ ocifa,½Ic&pfawmf\vuf0g;uyfwdkifw&m;awmfaMumifh (aygvk\t"duOD;wnfcsufrSm 1aum 1;17-18/ *vmwd 6;14) 4/ aygvk0g<um;onfrSm (u) tcaMu;aiGr,lbJ trIawmfaqmif½Gufjcif; (1aum 9;15?16/ 2aum 10;12) (c) c&pfawmfay;aom rdrd\tcGifhtmPm (2aum 10;8?12) (*) tjcm;olrsm;\vkyfaqmifrItm;jzihf r0g<um;jcif;(aum&dEÅKNrdKU½Sd vltcsKdUuJhodkU aum 10;15) (C) rdrd\rsKd;½kd;tarGaMumifh (aum&dEÅKNrdKU½SdvltcsKdUuJhodkU-2aum 11;17/ 12;1?5?6) (i) olpwifonfhtoif;awmfrsm; (1) aum&dEÅK (2aum 7;4? 14/ 8;24/ 9;2/ 11;10) (2) oufomavmed (2ouf 1;4) (3) bk&m;ocif\ESpfodrfhrIESifh u,frjcif;tm; ,HkMunfpdwfcsrI½Sdjcif;/ (2aum 1;12) (c) roifhavQmfaom 0g<um;jcif; 1/ *sL;jzpfjcif;aMumifh qufcH&½SdonfhtarGaMumifh (a&mr 2;17?23/ 3;27/ *vmwd 6;13) 2/ aum&dEÅKtoif;awmftwGif; vltcsKdU0g<um;MuonfrSm (u) vlrsm;aMumifh (1aum 3;21) (c) OmPfynmaMumifh (1aum 4;7) (*) vGwfvyfoljzpfjcif;aMumifh (1aum 5;6) 3/ q&morm;twkta,mifwdkUonf aum&dEÅKtoif;awmftwGif; 0g<um;cGifh&½SdEkdif&ef BudKpm;Muonf/ (2aum 11;12)

6;5 ]]vlwkdif;udk,f0efudk,fxrf;Muvdrhfrnf}} ¤if;onfaemufqHk;umv (0g) tem*wfüjzpfysufrnft&mrsm; qkdif&m udpöjzpfNyD;? c&pfawmf\w&m;pD&ifjcif;yv’ifudk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf (2aum 5;10)/ ti,f 2 ESifh 5 wkdYudkcsufcsif;Munfhygu wpfckESifhwpfckqefYusifbufjzpfae[ef&Sdaomfvnf; tbd"gefpum;vHk;ESpfvHk;wdkYudkaocsm avhvmonfhtcgtcef;i,f 2 &Sdyxrpum;vHk; ]]baros}} onf ]]wif;aomtav;csdef}} [kt"dyÜg,f&SdNyD;? ti,f 5 &Sd 'kwd,pum;vHk; phortiononf ]]ppfom;wpfa,muf\vdktyfaomwefqmyvmrsm;ygonfh ppfom;ausmydk; tdwf}} [k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ &ifhusufaomc&pf,mefonf rdrdwdkY\ wm0efjzpfaom0efESifh wpfcgwpfavtjcm;ol rsm;\0efudkyg xrf;&ayrnf/ ¤if;twGufOyrmwpfckrSm 2aum 8;13-14 jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkpum;vHk;udkyif róJ 11;30 wGifa,½I onf c&pf,mefrsm;twGufvrf;ñTeftjzpfoHk;ygonf/

163

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 6;6-10 6EIwfuywfawmfoif,lolonf olYudkoifMum;ay;oltm;aumif;aomt&mcyfodrf;a0rQ&efjzpfonf/ 7vSnfhzsm;jcif;rcHMuESifh/ bk&m;ocifudkavSmifajymifír&acs/ taMumif;rSmvlonf rdrdpdkufonfht&m udkyif? &dwfodrf;&ayrnf/ 8taMumif;rSmrdrdaoG;om;twGufpdkufaomolonf aoG;om;rSykyfysufjcif;udk&dwf odrf;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; 0dnmOfawmftwGufpdkufolonf 0dnmOfawmfay;aomxm0&touf &dwfodrf;vdrhf rnf/ 9aumif;aomt&mvkyf&müpdwftm;ravsmhMuESifh/ taMumif;rlum;? rNiD;aiGYygutcsdefwefvQif&dwf odrf;Muayrnf/ 10xkdYaMumifhtcGifhaumif;&cdkufwGif vltm;vHk;txl;ojzifh,HkMunfjcif;rdom;pkrsm;ay: aumif;aomt&mjyKMupdkY/

6;6 ]]EIwfuywfawmf}} ¤if;rSm a,m[ef 1;1 &Sd ]]EIwfuywfawmf}} pum;vHk;ESifh twlwlyifjzpfum? a,½Iudk &nfñTef;ygonf/ ]]EIwfuywfawmf}} - the word onf a,½I\{0Ha*vdw&m;ESifh olUtaMumif;jzpfonf/ aygvk onf þ ]]EIwfuywfawmf}} – the word udkoHk;EIef;yHktrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/

1/ ]]bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmf}} - 1aum 14;36/ 2aum 2;17/ 4;2/ zdvdyÜd 1;14/ aumavmoJ 3;16/ 1ouf 2;13/

2/ ]]ocifbk&m; (the Lord) \EIwfuywfawmf}} - 1ouf 1;8/ 2ouf 3;1/ 3/ ]]EIwfuywfawmf}} – the word *vm6;6/ 1ouf 1;6/ aumavmoJ 4;3/ 2wd 4;2/

����]]a0rQ&efjzpfonf}} ¤if;rSmaemufxyfPRESSENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE jzpfonf/ atmufygwdkYteuf wpfckck ESifh qufpyfEdkifonf/ 1/ &ifhusufolrsm;tm;? tm;enf;olc&pf,mefwdkYudkulnD&efac:zdwfrI - ti,f 1-5/ 2/ 0dnmOfa&;&m pdkufjcif;ESifh &dwfodrf;jcif;taMumif; (ti,f 7\ rSwf&efMunfhyg) a&;om;azmfjyrI -ti,f

7-10/ oGefoifjcif;cH&olrsm;onf rdrdwdkYudkoGefoifolrsm;tm;a0rQ&ef0dnmOfydkif;qdkif&mwm0ef&SdMuonf (vkum 10;7/ a&mr 15;27/ 1aum 9;9-14)/ ¤if;rSm a,bk,sed,rjzpfNyD;? aygvkurIrdrdudk,fwdkiftcaMu;aiGr ,laofvnf; tjcm; trIawmfrsm;twGufa&SUaevdkufay;onf/ t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; ]]catechism}} – (ar;? ajzyHkpHjzifh tusOf;csKHU aombmom a&;,HkMunfrIMo0g')rSm *&dpum;vHk; katechēō rSqif;oufvmjcif;jzpfNyD; ]]oifMum;onf}} ESifh ]]oifMum;cH&onf}} [k þtcef;i,fü bmomjyefonf/ •]]aumif;aomt&mrsm;}} ¤if;rSmroJruGJjzpfNyD; udk,fum,vdktyfrIrsm;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;vdktyfrIESpfrsdK;pvHk; &nfñGef; onf/ ay:vGifaomor®mw&m;rSm oifMum;jcif;cH,lolonf oifay;olay:aus;Zl;wif&rSmjzpfNyD;? 0wå&m;ausyGef& ayrnf/ þtcef;i,fonf rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;ESifh rnfodkYqufpyfaMumif;raocsmacs/ aygvkonf rdrd udk,fwdkifESifh a,½k&Svif&Sdqif;&Jaom*sL;,HkMunfolrsm;twGufwyg;trsdK;om;wdkY\ ulnDrIudk&nfñGef;jcif;jzpfEdkif onf/

����•]]olYudkoifMum;ay;oltm;}} q&m (oifMum;ay;ol) [kqdk&mwGif atmufygwdkYteufwpfckck udk&nfñTef;Edkifonf/ 1/ wrefawmf 13;1 ESifh 1aum 12;28 wkdYrSm enf;wloifMum;jcif;qdkif&m0dnmOfqkaus;Zl; 2/ ,HkMunfoltopfrsm;ESifh uav;wdkYudkoifMum;ay;aom toif;awmftwGif;q&m^rrsm; 3/ wrefawmfrsm;\oGefoifjcif;wdkYudkqdkvdkNyD; toif;awmfwpfckvHk;onf rdrdwdkYaeYpOfb0toufwmüolwkdY\

oGefoifrIudkvufawGUtoHk;csjcif;vdkqdkvdkonf/ {zuf 4;11 oif;tkyf q&menf;wljzpfonf/

164

þaemufqHk;azmfjyaomtcsufonf "r®a[mif;acwf&Sda'oEÅ&,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;ESifh aemufydkif;ü usrf;wwfyk*¾dKvf rsm; - scribes ESifh qifwlaeayrnf/ 6;7 ]]vSnfhzsm;jcif;rcHMuESifh}} ¤if;onf PRESENT PASSIVE IMPERATIVE udk NEGATIVE PARTICLE ESifhwGJjcif;jzpfonf/ qufvufoGm;aecJhNyDjzpfaomtjyKtrIwpfckudk&yfwHhvdkufonf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ olwdkYvSnfhpm;cHcJh MuNyDjzpfonf (1aum 6;9/ 15;33/ 2ouf 2;3/ ,mukyf 1;16)/

����]]bk&m;ocifudk avSmifajymifír&}}þBud,m\t"dyÜg,frSm wpHkw&m (0g) wpHkwpfa,muftm; ]]rdrdESmacgif; udkarmhonf}} [líjzpfonf/ ¤if;onf bk&m;ocifudk udk,fpm;jyKaom trIawmfaqmifrsm;tjzpfac:zdwfjcif;cH& olrsm; jzpfonf ti,f 6 uq&morm;rsm;udk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ c&pf,meftrIawmfaqmifwpfa,muf udkavSmif ajymif;jcif;rSmbk&m;ocifudkavSmifajymifjcif;rnfayonf/ a,½Ionf róJ 10;42 ESifh 25;40 wdkYüajymonfrSm emrawmfaMumifhtjcm; olrsm;udkulnDonfhtcg olYudkulnDjcif;jzpfonf[kazmfjyonf/ þudpöonfvnf;wlnDaom or®mw&m;yifjzpfNyD;? OD;wnf&mrSmrlqefYusifbufjzpfonf/ odkYaomfþtcef;i,frsm; rnfodkYqufpyfyHkrSmraocsm acs/ ¤if;onftrsm;oHk;okwåHpum;wpfckjzpfaom ]]pdkufjcif;ESifh &dwfodrf;jcif;}} ESifh qufpyfjcif;jzpfEdkifíwifpm;oHk;EIef;jcif;jzpfonf/ þtcef;i,fonf tcef;i,f 6 ESifh vHk;0rqufpyfbJ? ti,f 8-10 ESifh qufpyfjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ ¤if;rSmwavmuvHk;\udk,fusifhw&m;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonfbk&m;ocif\ ynwfcsufrsm;ay:rdrdudk,frdrd zsufqD; csdK;zJhMuoavmuf? bk&m;ocif\ynwfcsufudkrIxdkrQazgufzsufjcif;rjyKMuacs/ ,HkMunfoljzpfap? r,HkMunf oljzpfap? rdrdpdkufonfht&mudkyif&dwfodrf;Muonf/ tjypfonf olUvrf;aMumif;üolajy;aejcif;jzpfonf/ (tjypf onfolUtvkyf udkolvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf)/ ¤if;twdkif;,HkMunfolrsm;üvnf;jzpfonf/ 0ufopfcsoD;ta[mif;rsm; tvGefaps;BuD; onfenf;wl twåA[dkjyKaompdkufysdK;jcif;rSmvnf; vGefpGmaps;BuD;ygonf/

����•]]vlonfrdrdpdkufonfht&mudkyif}} ¤if;rSm0dnmOfa&;&med,rjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonfudk,fusifh w&m; bk&m;jzpfonfhtwdkif;olYzefqif;&monfvnf; xdkenf;wljzpfonf/ vlom;onfbk&m;ocif\tqifhtwef;ay: olwdkYudk,folwdkYzsufqD;Muonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonfrdrdwdkYpdkufonfht&mudkyif&dwfodrf;Muonf/ ¤if;onf,HkMunfol rsm;twGuf (u,fwifjcif;udkrxdckduf) ESifh r,HkMunfolrsm;twGufygrSefuefonf (a,mb 34;11/ qmvH 28;4/ 62;12/ okwåH 24;12/ a'oem 12;14/ a,&rd 17;10/ 32;19/ róJ 16;27/ 25;31-46/ a&mr 2;6/ 14;12/ 1aum 3;8/ 2aum 5;10/ *vm 6;7-10/ 2wd 4;14/ 1ay 1;17/ Asm 2;23/ 20;12/ 22;12)/ 6;8 ]]rdrdaoG;om;twGuf pdkufaomolonf aoG;om;rSykyfysufjcif;udk&dwfodrf;vdrhfrnf}} ¤if;onf bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuefjcif; (5;13? 16? 17) tm;csOf;uyfyHkESpfrsdK;jzpfonfh vl\tm;xkwfrI (a&mr 8;6-8? 13) ESifh tcrJhaus;Zl;awmfudk&nfñGef;onf (a&mr 8;2-4? 6?12-14)/

����•]]ykyfysufjcif;}}atmufygtxl;taMumif;t&mudkMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ysufqD;onf? zsufpD;onf? azgufjyefonf (DESTROY, RVIN,

CORRUPT (PHTHEIRO))/ *vm 5;1 þa0g[m& phtheiro \ tajccH t"dyÜg,frSm zsufqD; - destroy, ysufpD; - ruin,azgufjyef - corrupt or spoil jzpfonf/ atmufygtwkdif;okH;Ekdifonf/ 1/ aiGaMu;qkdif&m azgufjyefysufpD;rI (2 aum? 7;2 jzpfEkdifonf) 2/ ½kyfykdif;qkdif&m ysufpD;jcif; (1 aum? 3;17) 3/ ukd,fusifhw&m;ysufpD;jcif; (a&mr? 1;23/ 8;21/ 1 aum? 15;33? 42? 50/ *v? 6;8/Asm? 19;2)

165

4/ vdifrIqkdif&m aoG;aqmifjcif; (2 aum? 11;13) 5/ xm0&ysufpD;jcif; (2 ay? 2;12?19) 6/ vlom;rsm;\ azgufjyefysufpD;aeaom rd½kd;zvm"avhxkH;pHrsm; (aum? 2;22/ 2 aum?3;17) þa0g[m&tm; qefYusifbufrsm;tm; y,fzsufjcif;tjzpf wpfae&mwnftokH;jyKavh&Sdonf/ (a&mr? 1;23/ 1 aum? 9;25/ 15;50?53) uRefawmfwkdY\ ajrBuD;½kyfcEmESifh uRefawmfwkdY\ aumif;uifbkHqkdif&m xm0&cEmukd,fwkdYqefYusifbufjzpfaejcif;ü tvm;wl tokH;jyKykHukd rSwfom;yg/ 1/ ykyfysufEkdifaomt&mESifh rykyfysufEkdifaomt&m (1 aum? 15;42?50) 2/ toa&rJhaomt&mESifh toa&jynfhpkHaomt&m (1 aum? 15;43) 3/ tm;enf;jcif;ESifh tpGrf;wefckd; (1 aum? 15;43) 4/ obm0ukd,fcEmESifh 0dnmOfcEm (1 aum? 15;44) 5/ yxrtm'HESifh aemufqkH;tm'H (1 aum? 15;45) 6/ ajrBuD;o@mefESifh aumif;uifbkHo@mef (1 aum? 15;49)

���� ]]xm0&touf}} ti,f 8 üawGU&aom xm0&touf\oabmrSm*&dpum;vHk;zōe jzpfonf/ ¤if;udka,m[efonf &Sifjyefxajrmufaomtouf? uyfumvtopfESifh qdkifaomtoufudk ñTef;qkd&efoHk;EIef; avh&Sdonf (a&mr 5;21/ 6;22-23/ wdwk 1;2/ 3;7)/ þae&müvnf; xdkoabmudkyifqdkvdkonf/ ti,f 8-10 onfuRefawmfwdkY\ pdkufjcif;? &dwfodrf;jcif;wdkY\ aemufqufwGJwkdYudkazmfjyonf/ 6;9 ]]aumif;aomt&mvkyfjcif;udk pdwftm;ravsmhMuESifh}} ¤if;rSm ]]pdwfysuf}} (odkY) ]]pdwftm;avsmh pdwfukef}} [líjzpfonf/ (NEGATED PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE, vkum 18;1/ 2ouf 3;13/ 2aum 4;1? 16/ a[NAJ 12;3)/ c&pf,mefwdkYonf rdrdwdkYudkac:&mtvkyfudkvkyf&efNiD;aiGYavh&SdwwfMuonf/

���� ]]rNiD;aiGygu tcsdefwefvQif &drf;odrf;Muayrnf}} cRif;csufoabmjzpfaeyHkud owdjyKyg/ (cRif;csufyg 0gus um;r[kwf) ¤if;onf,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwkdY\wHkYjyefrIay:rlwnfonf/ xdkYjyifrdrdwdkYb0toufwmü bk&m; ocif\tcsKyftjcmtmPmtm;jzifh olYtcsdefESifh ol[lí&SdaMumif;udkvnf; owdjyKyg/ taMumif;t&mawGtb,f aMumifhþodkYjzpfysufonfudk uRefawmfwdkYem;rvnfaomfvnf;bk&m;ocif\tcsKyftcsmtmPmawmfESif tcrJhay; aomaus;Zl;awmftwGif; rdrdwdkY\b0toufwmrsm;udk tapcHjcif;ESifh ay;urf;jcif;odkY a&SU½IMuonf/ 3;4 \txl; acgif;pOfpGJNrJjcif;ü - ½I/ 6;10 ]]xdkYaMumifhtcGifh&cdkuf}} c&pf,mefwdkYonf c&pfawmftxJ&Sdaom rdrdwkdY\,HkMunfjcif;tm; touf&Sifjy&ef tcGifhaumif;rsm;qufvuf&SmazGMu&ygrnf ({zuf 5;15-21/ aumavmoJ 4;2-6)/ þpum;pkonfatmufyg wdkYudk ñTef;qdkjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ 1/ c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrfr<urvmrD 2/ ñSOf;qJjcif;ra&mufvmrD 3/ aeY&ufwdkif;udk tcGifhaumif;tjzpfrSwf,lonf/ ¤if;onf qmvH 69;13(0g) a[&Sm, 49;8 (2aum 6;2) udk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

���� ]]aumif;aomt&mjyKMupdkY}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT MIDDLE (deponent) SUBJUNCTIVE jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifESifh qdkifaom rdrdwdkY\&yfwnfcsufonfvlom;\tm;xkwfrItm;jzifh &&Sdjcif;r[kwfaMumif;&Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyaomfvnf;? bk&m;ocifudkwpfcgoduRrf;cJh&NyDqdkvQif rqdkYrESpftapcHjcif;jzifh touf&SifMu&rnfudk

166

tvm;wltav;teufjyK onf (wdwk 3;8? 14)/ þtrTmor®mw&m;udk {zuf 2;8-9 ESifh 10 wkdYüawGY&Sd&onf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf aumif;aom tvkyfaMumifh u,fwifjcif;&&Sdonfr[kwfaomfvnf; aumif;aomtvkyfrsm;vkyf&ef taotcsmu,fwifcH&jcif;jzpf onf/

���� ]]vltm;vHk; txl;ojzifh ,HkMunfjcif;rdom;pkay:}} rdrdwdkYvkyforQü {0Ha*vdw&m;udk &nfpl;ojzifh uRefawmfwdkY \cspfjcif;arwåmrSm vlom;tm;vHk;twGufjzpfonf (róJ 28;19-20/ vkum 24;47/ a,m[ef 20;31/ wref 1;8/ 1aum 9;19-23/ 1ay 3;15)/ odkYaomfrdwfo[m,qdkif&m rdrdwdkY\rlvpl;pdkufrIonf bk&m;ocif\rdom;pkay:jzpf onf/ Gordon Fee \pmtkyfü taemufwdkif;yHkpHvlwpfOD;csif;ay:txl;rjyKbJ? tpktaygif;oabmjzifh½Ijrif ojzifh uRefawmfvGefpGmBudKufygonf/ þpmtkyfrSm ,HkMunfjcif;vlrItodkif;t0dkif;ESifh ¤if;udkausmfvGefaom 0dnmOfawmfjznfh qnf;ay;aom b0toufwmtaMumif;jzpfonf/ (To What End Exegegis?, P.163)

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 6;11-16 11pmvHk;BuD;BuD;jzifhighvufESifha&;íoifwkdYudk igpma&;onfudkMunfhMuavmh/ 12aoG;om;üjyop&m

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6;11 ]]pmvHk;BuD;BuD;jzifh ighvufESifha&;íoifwkdYudkigpma&;onfudkMunfhavmh}} ¤if;rSm AORIST ACTIVE

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*sL;bmom0ifwdkYonf bmomw&m;\tay:,HaMumudkomvQif pdk;&drfaMumifhusMuonf (aumavmoJ 2;16-23)/ bmoma&;½dI;yGJudkomvkyfvdkMuonf (4;17)/ *vmwdom;rsm;ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;cH&ygu ]]olwdkYOD;xkwf

167

ay:tvS qif&efwyfaomiSufawmifarG;wpfck}} jzpfvmrnfudkolwdkYem;vnfMuonf (i,f 13)/ rrSefaom q&morm;wdkYonf *vmwdom;rsm;udktoHk;csí olwdkYudk,folwdkYtwnfjyKvkdMuonf/ ]]aoG;om;^Zmwd - flesh taMumif; 1;16 \txl;acgif;pOfü - ½I/

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6;13 ]]taMumif;rSm ta&zsm;vDS;jcif;cHolwdkYudk,fwdkifynwfw&m;awmfudkrapmifhxdef;bJvsuf}} þ0gus\ uHykwfrSmroJuGJojzifhjzpfEdkifonfrSm (1)rrSefaomq&morm;rsm; (2) *vmwdtoif;awmfrsm;twGif;&efjyKvdkaom ajymif;vJvmolrsm;/ bk&m;ocifESifh rSefaeap&efta&zsm;vDS;bdkYajymolwdkYrSm rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifynwfw&m;tvHk;pHkudk apmifhpnf;olrsm;r[kwfMuacs (a&mr 2;17-29)/ oifonfynwfw&m;udk (udk,fusifhw&m;tm;jzifhwm0ef&Sdaom t&G,fa&mufNyD;) wpfcgcsdK;azgufygu ,mukyf 2;10 (ESifh *vm 5;3) udkNidpGef;oltjzpfrSwf,l&efrSm or®mw&m; jzpfonf/ 6;14 ]]rnfonfhtcgürS}} 2;17 \rSwfpküMunfhyg/

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168

,HkMunfolwdkYonf ynwfw&m;twGufaoqHk;aMumif;ESifh c&pfawmftxJübk&m;ociftwGuf touf&Sif aMumif; ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onfPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE jzpfí? jyifyrSvkyf aqmifoltm; jzifhNyD;pD;onfhquf vufjzpfay:aeaomtajctaeudkazmfjyvsuf? þae&müvkyfaqmifolrSm 0dnmOfawmfjzpfonf/ þwif;pm;rIudk 2;29/ 5;24 wdkYüoHk;NyD;? þae&mürI? ,HkMunfolonf vuf0g;uyfwdkifay: c&pfawmfaoqHk;jcif;ESifh rdrdudk,frdrdxyfwljyK onfhtcgt&mtm;vHk;rnfodkYtopfjzpfvmyHkudkazmfjyonf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonf,cktcgbk&m;ociftwGuftouf&Sif&efynwfw&m;rSvTwfajrmufMuonf (a&mr 6;10-11/ 12-23)/ ]]avmu}} - the world udktxl;taMumif;t&m/ / Kosmos 4;3ü -½I 6;15 ]]ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;onf bmrQr[kwfbJ? topfzefqif;aomowå0gjzpfjcif;onfomvQif}} aqG;aEG; onfh taMumif;t&mrSm ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;taMumif; r[kwfaMumif;aygvkazmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonf (*vm 5;6/ a&mr 2;28-29/ 1aum 7;18-19)/ ajymonfhtaMumif;t&mrSm u,fwifjcif;jzpfNyD; ,HkMunfolrsm;onfvlom;\ tm;xkwfrIjzifh bk&m;ocif\vufcHEdkifbG,f&mjzpfap&ef rdrdudk,frdrdBudK;pm;ygu bk&m;ocif\a,½Ic&pfawmftxJ tcrJhaus;Zl; awmfoufoufrSvHk;0jzwfawmufcH&onf/ bk&m;ocifESifh rSefuefjcif;ütjyeftvSefjzpfaom ESpfrsdK;pvHk;tusHK;0if onfht&mESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ 1/ tjypfrSaemifw&jcif;ESifh ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifhc&pfawmf\tcrJh{0Ha*vdw&m;/ 2/ vlom;\tm;xkwfrI ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;onf azmfjyvdkonfhtaMumif;&if;r[kwfaMumif;ESifh (tpm;tpmqdkif&m ynwfcsufrsm;vnf; r[kwf/ 1aum8/ 10;23-26) bk&m;ocifESifh rSefaom&yfwnfcsuf&SdapbdkYynwfw&m;twkdif; tjynfht0usifh &efBudK;pm;oludkajymjcif;jzpfaMumif;aygvkjyefvnfazmfjyonf/ tapmydkif;*&dvufa&;usrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;ü ]]c&pfawmfa,½ItxJü}} pum;pkudk jznfhpGufonf/ (vufa&;

usrf; א, A, C, D, F, G, ESihf pmvHk;qufjzifh a&;aom trsm;pkvufa&;usrf;ESifh bmomjyefusrf;rsm;(NKJV)/ odkYaomf acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;trsm;pkonf ¤if;udkcsefxm;ygonf/ taMumif;rSm vufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh P40ESifh B onf¤if;udkcsefxm;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ UBS4onf¤if;\yg0ifrIudk ]]A}} (aocsm) tqifhowfrSwfonf/ ¤if;rSm usrf;ul;q&mrsm;u 5;6 ESifh wlap&efjznfhpGwfvdkufjcif;jzpfEdkifygonf/

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169

w&m;rSma,½ItaMumif;jzpfNyD; tpöa&;vlrsdK;taMumif;r[kwfacs/ c&pfawmfudk,HkMunfolwdkYrSm bk&m;ocif\ppfrSef aomvlrsdK;jzpfonf/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 6;17 17,ckrSpírnfolrQighudk'ku©ray;&/ taMumif;rlum;? igonfighudk,fcEmay:wGif a,½I\trSwfwHqdyfudk aqmifxm;\/

6;17 ]],ckrSpí ighudkrnfolrQraESmifh,Suf&}} Bud,mrSm PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE jzpfonf/ rnfolYudkajymjcif;jzpfaMumif; (0g) tb,faMumifhjzpfaMumif;rod&acs/ aygvkonf c&pfawmftwGufrdrdt rIawmfaqmif&GufrI udktaMumif;jyKí? olYudkxdkokdYaemufxyfrjyK&efajymjcif;jzpfonf/ *vmwd,HkMunfolrsm;tm; {0Ha*vdw&m;rS vTJz,f oGm;ap&ef? aygvkudkyk*¾dKvfa&;t&wdkufcdkufaom rrSefonfhq&morm;wkdYudk &nfñTef;jcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ þodkY jzpfvm ap&ef cGifhjyKolrsm;rSm *vmwd,HkMunfolrsm;yifjzpfMuonf/

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1/ c&pfawmf\owif;aumif;udk a[mjcif;aMumifhol\udk,fcEmñSOf;qJcH&mrS (2aum 4;7-12/ 6;4-6/ 11;23-28)/

2/ aojcif;rS xaomc&pfawmfESifh ‘ 'roufNrdKUoGm;&mvrf;ay:awGUqHkcJh&mrS 3/ aygvkonf c&pfawmf\uRef tapcHwpfa,mufESifh udk,fawmf\umuG,frIatmufü&SdoljzpfaMumif;

\trSwftom;/ # 1onfpmtquftpyfoabmt&udkufnDrIt&SdqHk;[k uREfkyfxifygonf/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom)bmomjyefusrf;/ / 6;18 18igwdkYocifa,½Ic&pfawmf\aus;Zl;awmfonf oifwdkY\0dnmOfESifh twl&Sdygap? nDtpfudkwkdY/ tmrif

6;18 ¤if;rSmawGUaeusay;pmwpfck\tusOf;csKHUaom tydwfaumif;csD;\ Oyrmwpfckjzpfonf/ (taMumif;rSm ¤if;ü{zuf0g'pmrSmuJhodkYyk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&mEIwfqufpum;ryg&Sdacs)/ ]]oifwkdY\0dnmOfESifh twl}} pum;pkrSm 0dnmOf awmfr[kwfbJ? vl\0dnmOfESifh qkdifíoHk;EIef;aom ]]S}}pmvHk;ao; (0dnmOf) \Oyrmaumif;wpfckjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf; ae&mtrsm;tjym;ü ¤if;rSm0dnmOfawmf\pGrf;tm;ay;jcif;&&Sdaomvlom;\0dnmOfudkñTef;qdkygonf/ þae&mü þodkY yifqdkvdkjcif;jzpfEdkifygonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aygvkoHk;aomcsD;rGrf;jcif;qkawmif;jcif;ESifh bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfudkcsD;rGrf; jcif;pum;vHk;rsm;/ aygvkrSm csD;rGrf;aomoljzpfonf/ olonf "r®a[mif;usrf;ukd oduRrf;onf/ qmvHusrf;\yxrtydkif; av;ydkif;pvHk; bk&m;ociftm; csD;rGrf;jcif;jzifh tqHk;owfonf/ (qmvH 41;13/ 72;19/ 89;52/ 106;48)/ aygvkonf bk&m;ocifudk csD;rGrf;um? yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh txl;wvnf; csD;usL;jcif;jyKonf/ 1/ ol\Mo0g'pmrsm;\ tzGifhed'gef;rsm;ü

170

(u) tzGifhaumif;csD;ay;jcif; (0g)EIwfqufpum;rsm; (a&mr 1;7/ 1aum 1;3/ 2aum 1;2) (c) tzGifhr*Fvmpum;rsm; (eulogētos, 2aum 1;3-4/ {zuf 1;3-14)/ 2/ yGifhxGufvmaom wdkawmif;onfhcsD;rGrf;jcif;rsm; (u) a&mr 1;25/ 9;5 (c) 2aum 11;31 3/ bk&m;ociftm; csD;usL;jcif;rsm;(doxa-glory ac:bkef;awmfqdkonfh toHk;tEIef;ESifh]]xm0&}}qdkonfh toHk;tEIef;rsm;jzifh awGY&onf) (u) a&mr 11;36/ 16;25-27 (c) {zuf 3;20-21 (*) zd 4;20 (C) 1wd 1;17 (i) 2wd 4;18 4/ aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif; (Oyrm eucharisteo) (u) Mo0g'pmed'gef;rsKd;jcif;rsm; (a&mr 1;8/ 1aum 1;4/ 2aum 1;11/ {zuf 1;16/ zd 1;3/ aum 1;3? 12/ 1ouf 1;2/ 2ouf 1;3/ zdavrkef 4/ 1wd 1;12/ 2wd 1;3) (c) aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;&ef ac:zdwfrIrsm; ({zuf 5;4? 20/ zd 4;6/ aum 3;15? 17/ 4;2/ 1ouf 5;18)/ 5/ yGifhxGufvmaom wdkawmif;onfhaus;Zl;awmf csD;rGrf;jcif;rsm; (u) a&mr 6;17/ 7;25 (c) 1aum 15;57 (*) 2aum 2;14/ 8;16/ 9;15 (C) 1ouf 2;13 (i) 2 ouf 2;13 6/ tqHk;owfaumif;csD;ay;jcif;rsm; (u) a&mr 16;20? 24 (c) 1aum 16;23-24 (*) 2aum 13;14 (C) *v 6;18 (i) {zuf 6;24 aygvkonf oHk;yg;wpfqlbk&m;tm; "r®oabmESifh tawGYtMuHKtm;jzifhyg od½Sdonf/ ol\Mo0g'pmrsm; udk qkawmif;jcif;ESifh csD;rGrf;jcif;rsm;jzifh tpjyKavh½Sdonf/ ol\wifjyrIrsm;tv,fü *kPfawmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;ESifh aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;rsm; yGifhxGufvmavh½Sdonf/ rdrd\Mo0g'pmrsm; tqHk;owf&mü qkawmif;&ef?*kPfawmfcsD; rGrf;&efESifh aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;&ef owd&avh½Sdonf/ aygvk\pmta&;tom;rsm;onf qkawmif;jcif;?*kPfawmfcsD; rGrf;jcif;ESifh aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;rsm;jzifh touf½SLaeonf/ olonf bk&m;ocifudkodonf/rdrdudk,frdrdodum? owif;aumif;udkod½Sdonf/

����tmrif- txl;acgif;pOf1;4udk Munfhyg/ aqG;aEG;jcif;arcGef;rsm; 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um

tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/ 1/ tjypfxJusaomnDtpfudkwpfOD;jyefaumif;vmap&ef ulnD&mü or®musrf;enf;usvrf;ñTefcsufrsm;rSm

171

tb,fenf;/ 2/ ti,f 2 ESifh 5 wdkYqefYusifbufjzpfaeygovm;/ 3/ c&pf,meftrIawmfvkyfief;rsm;udk ulnDaxmufyHhjcif;taMumif;ti,f 6 onf rnfonfht&majymvJ/ 4/ pdkufysdK;jcif;ESifh &dwfodrf;jcif;taMumif;or®musrf;enf;used,rudkoifhpum;vHk;rsm;jzifh &Sif;vif;azmfjyyg/ 5/ u,fwifjcif;&&ef vrf;ESpfrsdK;taMumif;or®musrf;pmtm;jzifhjyKaomtBuHudk*vmwdMo0g'pmwavQmufvHk;ü &Sif;vif;yHkwdkYudkrdrd\ udk,fydkifpum;vHk;jzifh &Sif;vif;azmfjyyg/ 6/ ti,f 9 onf ti,f 6 ESifh 7 wkdYESifh rnfodkYqufpyfyHkudk oifhudk,fykdifpum;vHk;jzifh &Sif;vif;yg/ 7/ ti,f 15 \taMumif;t&monf ta&zsm;vSD;jcif;taMumif;r[kwf[kqdkvQif aygvkonf tb,faMumifh ¤if;taMumif;xkdodkYazmfjyvJ/ 8/ ti,f 16 ütoif;awmfudk bk&m;ocif\ppfrSefaomtpöa&;[kac:jcif;onfbmudkqdkvkdvJ/

172

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Mo0g'pmrsm;

173

oufomavmedMo0g'pmyXrapmif ESifh

oufomavmedMo0g'pm'kwd,apmif oufomavmedMo0g'pmrsm;taMumif; rdwfquf (u) tusOf;csKyf

1/ oufomavmedMo0g'pmrsm;onf aygvkudkomoemjyKq&mwpfOD;tjzpfjzifhomru oif;tkyfq&m wpfOD;tjzpfjzifhyg rsm;pGm½Ijrifapygonf/ olonftoif;awmfwpfyg;udk wdkawmif;aomumv wpfck twGif;wnfaxmifNyD;vQif ¤if;\BuD;xGm;a&;? wdk;wufa&;ESifh trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;wkdY twGuf qufuyfqkawmif;um? aMumifhuspdk;&drfcJhonf/

2/ olYudk{0Ha*vdw&m;tm; opöm&SdpGma[majymol? ,HkMunfajymif;vJvmolrsm;twGuf aMumifhuspdk; &drf vsufolwkdYudk csD;usL;vdkuf? uJh&JUvkduf? vrf;ñGefrIay;vdkuf? wdkufwGef;Edk;aqmfvdkuf? oGefoif vdkufp ojzifholwdkYudkcspfvsuf? olYudk,fol olwdkYtwGufay;qyfvsuf&SdaMumif;awGU&onf/ xdkt wdkif;twm txdolwdkY\wdk;wwfrIaMumifh olonf0rf;omrIjzifh wkHvIyfcJh&aomfvnf; olwdkY\&ifh usufrIaES;auG;yHk aMumifhpdwfysufcJh&onf/

3/ þMo0g'pmwdkYüuRefawmfwdkYawGU&onfrSm pdwftm;BuD;íc&pfawmf\cspfjcif;arwåm&Sdaom tapcHESifh ao;i,fí? pdwftm;BuD;NyD; wdk;wufaeaom toif;awmftopfwpfyg;wkdYyifjzpfonf/ ESpfOD;ESpfzufwkdY rSmopöm&SdMuonf/ ESpfzufpvHk;bk&m;ociftoHk;jyKonf/ c&pfawmfESifh wlaom enf;[efjzifh wpfzuf ESifhwpfzuftapcH tusdK;jyKMuyHkrSm bk&m;ocif\vlrsm; Mum;xJawGUcJh&ygonf/

(c) oufomavmedNrdKUBuD; 1/ oufomavmedNrdKU\ordkif;tusOf;

(u) omruf - Thermaic yifv,fauGU\xdyfü wnf&Sdonf/ a&mrNrdKUrSta&SUbufodkYOD;wnf aom a&mr\t"duvrf;rBuD; Vis lgnatia (vltrsdK;rsdK;wkdY\vrf;) ay:&Sdaom? yifv,f urf;em;NrdKU BuD;jzpfonf/ yifv,furf;pyfNrdKUjzpfum? a&aumif;pGm&&SdNyD; ajrMoZmxuf oefaomurf;½dk; wef;vGifjyifESifh tvGefuyfvsuf&Sdonf/ þtm;omcsufoHk;ckonf oufomavmedNrdKUudk rmaua'gede,füta&;BuD;qHk;ukefoG,fa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;A[dkcsuf rjzpfaponf/

(c) oufomavmed\rlvemrnfrSm omrm- Therma jzpfNyD;xdka'oü&Sdaomprf;a&ylrsm;rS qif; oufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ueOD;ordkif;ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol Pliny the Elder onfomrmESifh oufomavmedwdkYtwlwnf&Sdonf[kqdkonf/ xdktwdkif;omjzpfcJhygu oufomavmedonf omrmudk0dkif;&Híodrf;ydkufvkdufjcif;jzpfayrnf/ (Leon Morris, The

First and Second Epistles to the Thesseloinans, Grand Repids; Wm. B. Eerdmans. Publishing Company, 1991,p.11)/ odkYaomfordkif;ynm&Siftrsm;pk,HkMuonfrSm r[m tvufZ`Em;\AdkvfcsKyfBuD;rsm;teufwpfOD;jzpfol Cassander onfrmaua'gedjynfom; zdvpf\orD;jzpfNyD;? r[mtvufZ`Em;\nDtpf rwpfydkif;ESifh ol\ZeD;jzpfol Therma udktpGJjyKí 315 bDpDü oufomavmed[líjyefvnf rSnfhqdkjcif;jzpfonf[kqdkMuonf/ (Strabo VII Fragment 21)/ c&pf,mef,HkMunfrIjyefYESHYonfh ueOD;&mpkESpfrsm;ü oufomavmedqkdonfrSm¤if;\c&pf,mefp½dkufvu©PmaMumifh ]]a&S;½dk;pGJ NrdKUBuD;}} [laomemrnfajymifjzpfvmonf/ (Dean Farrar, The Life and Work of St. Paul. New

174

York: Cassell and Company, Limited, 1904, p.364)/ ,aeYüpvkdedumtjzpf od&SdaeMuum? *&dEdkifiHüta&;ygaomNrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKUjzpfaeqJyifjzpfonf/

(*) oufomavmedNrdKUonfaum&dEÅKNrdKUenf;wlvlrsdK;aygif;pHkaexdkifaomt"duNrdKUBuD; wpfNrdKUjzpf um? xdkpOfu od&aom urÇmrS vlrsdK;aygif;pHkaexdkifonf/ (1) ajrmufydkif;rS rzGHYNzdK;ao;aom*smrefEG,f0ifvlrsdK;rsm; þae&müvma&mufae

xdkifMuum? ¤if;wdkYESifh twlrdrdwdkY\ rdpämt,l0g'ESifh "avhxHk;pHrsm;,laqmif vmMuonf/

(2) awmifydkif;tmcg,jynfESifh at*sifyifv,fwGif;&Sd uRef;rsm;rS *&dvlrsdK;rsm;þae &mü aexdkifMuum? olwkdY\,Ofaus;odrfarGUjcif;ESifh awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI-'óeduaA' ynm&yfrsm;,laqmifvmMuonf/

(3) taemufzufrS a&mrvlrsdK;rsm;vnf; þae&müvma&muftajccsaexdkifMu onf/ olwdkYrSmtrsm;tm;jzifh ppfom;a[mif;rsm;jzpfMuNyD;? olwdkY\BuHUckdifaom pdwf"mwf? csrf;om<u,f0rIESifh EdkifiHa&;MoZmrsm;,l aqmifvmMuonf/

(4) aemufqHk;taejzifh ta&SUzufrS*sL;vlrsdK;rsm; trsm;tjym;vma&mufaexdkifum? aemufqHk;wGifNrdKUBuD;\vlOD;a&oHk;yHkwpfyHkrSm *sL;rsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkYonf wpfql wnf;ombk&m;&Sifudk ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh qkdifonfhudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;ESifh vlrsdK;a&; qdkif&mrsufESmvdkufrIrsm;,laqmifvmMuonf/

(C) vlOD;a&; 200ç000jzifh oufomavmedNrdKUonfvlrsdK;aygif;pHkaexdkifaom NrdKUBuD;ppfppfjzpf onf/ a&ylprf;a&rsm;&Sdojzifh tem;,l&efESifh usef;rma&;twGufae&mXmewpf ckjzpfonf/ yifv,furf;ajcMoZmaumif;aomvGifjyifa'oESifh Ignation Way ac:vlrsdK; rsm;\vrf;r BuD;ESifh eD;uyfjcif;wkdYaMumifh ukefoG,fa&;A[dkae&mwpfckvnf;jzpfonf/

(i) oufomavmedNrdKUonf NrdKUawmfESifh tBuD;rm;qHk;NrdKUjzpfonfESifhtnD rmaua'gedjynf \EdkifiH a&;A[dkae&mvnf;jzpfonf/ a&mrvufatmufcHe,fwpfe,fESifh a&mrEdkifiHom; rsm;aexdkif&m (trsm;tm;jzifhppfom;a[mif;rsm;) NrdKUjzpfojzifh? vGwfvyfaomNrdKUjzpf vmonf/ oufom avmedNrdKUom;trsm;pkrSm a&mrEdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfojzifh oufomavm edom;wdkYonf rnfonfh tcGefrSraqmif&bJ? a&mrw&m;Oya'jzifh tkyfcsKyfonf/ xdkYaMumifh oufomavmedNrdKU tkyfcsKyfolrsm;udk ]]ay:oDwmcH – politarchs }} [kac:onf/ þbGJUemronfrnfonfhpmay ta&;tom;ürQrawGU&aomfvnf; oufom avmedNrdKU&Sd Am'grkcf0- Vardar Gate [kod&aom atmifyGJcHrkcf0ay:&SdurÁnf;ausmufpm üawGU&onf/ (Farrar, p.371n)

2/ oufomavmedNrdKUokdYaygvka&mufvm&jcif;taMumif;trsm; (u) oufomavmedNrdKUodkYaygvka&mufvmapaomtjzpftysufrsm;pGm&Sdaomfvnf;

xdk½kyfydkif;qdkif &mtajctaetm;vHk;\aemufuG,fübk&m;ocif\ wdusaomwdkuf½dkuf ac:zdwfrI&Sdonf/ aygvkonfrlvtm;jzifhOa&mywdkufxJ0ifa&muf&efpdwfrul;cJhacs/ rdrd\'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf omoemjyKc&D;pOfwGif ol\qErSmol\yxromoemjyK c&D;pOfüwnfaxmifcJhaomtm&Srdkif; em;&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufNyD;vQif ta&SU zufodkYjyefvSnfh&efjzpfonf/ odkYaomfta&SU ajrmufydkif;odkYjyefvSnfh&eftcsdefqdkufa&mufvm onfhtcg? bk&m;ocifonfwHcg;ydwfypfvdkufonf/ xdktqHk;owfrIrSm aygvk\rmau a'ged½lyg½Hkjzpfonf/ (wrefawmf 16;6-11)/ 4if; onftaMumif;t&mESpfckjzpf ay:aponf/ Oa&mywdkufodkY {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;a&muf&Sdvmjcif;ESifh? 'kwd,t aMumif;t&mrSm rmaua'gedjynfxJa&;tajctaersm;aMumifh aygvkonf rdrd\Mo0g'pm

175

rsm;udkpwifa&;om;onf/ (Thomas Carter, Life and Leters of Paul, Nashville:

Cokesbury Press, 1921, p.112) (c) txufyg0dnmOfawmfñTefMum;rItjyif? aygvkudkoufomavmedodkYoGm;a&mufapaom

½kyfydkif; qdkif&mtajctaewdkYrSm (1) aygvkonf,k'w&m;Z&yfr&Sdaom zdvdyÜdac:NrdKUuav;wpfNrdKUodkYoGm;a&mufonf/ xdk

ae&müolYvkyfief;udkewfpGJí?a&SUjzpfa[maomuRefrdef;uav;wpfa,mufudkydkifqdkifolrsm;ESifh NrdKUtkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDrsm;\wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;cH&onf/ aygvkonf ½dkufESufíapmfum;jcif;cHcJh&aomfvnf;? xdktajctaersm;Mum;xJüyif toif;awmf wpfyg;jzpfay:onf/ qefYusifjcif;ESifh um,ykdif;qdkif&mñSOf;qJrIaMumifh olYqExufydk íapmpD;pGmtwif;xGufcGgoGm;apjcif;cHcJh&onf/

(2) xdkae&mrSolb,fudkoGm;OD;rnfenf;/ ,k'w&m;Z&yf&Sd&mtrfyDaygvpf- Amphipolic ESifh tydkvdkeD -Apollonia NrdKUwkdYudkjzwfíoloGm;cJhonf/

(3) xdka'o\tBuD;qHk;NrdKU jzpfNyD;? ,k'w&m;Z&yf&Sd&moufomavmedNrdKUBuD;odkYoloGm; onf/ xdkae&m&Sd*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;xH yxrOD;qHk;oGm;jcif;rSm olYyHkpHjzpfonf/ tb,f aMumifhqdkaomf- (u) "r®a[mif;usrf;udkolwdkYodonf (c) w&m;Z&yfü oGefoif&efESifh a[majym&eftcGifhay;onf/ (*) olwdkYonf a&G;cs,fawmfrlaomvlrsdK;? bk&m;ocif\y#dnmOfcHvlrsdK;jzpfonf (róJ 10;6/ 15;24/ a&mr 1;16-17/ 9-11)/ (C)a,½Iudk,fwdkifonf olYudk,fol olwdkYtm;yxray;prf;NyD;vQif? aemufrSurÇm twGuf ay;onf/ xdkenf;wlaygvkonf c&pfawmf\Oyrmtwdkif;vdkufonf/

3/ aygvk\tazmfrsm;rSm (u) aygvkudkoufomavmedNrdKUüodvESifh wdarmaowdkYtazmfjyKMuonf/ vkumonfzdvdyÜdü

aygvkESifh &SdcJhNyD;xdkae&mü usef&pfonf/ ¤if;udkwrefawmf 16 ESifh 17 ü ]]igwdkY}} ESifh ]]olwdkY}} pum;vHk;rsm;tm; jzifhod&onf/ vkumonfzdvdyÜdNrdKUü ]]igwdkY}} [kajymaomfvnf; oufomavmedodkYqufvufoGm;ol rsm;udk ]]olwdkY}} [kajymonf/

(c) odv (odkY) odvTmEk -Silvanus rSm AeAESifh *Refrwf(cf) (a,m[efrmuk)wdkY uk½k (qkdif;y&yfpf) uRef;odkYjyefvSnfhhoGm;cJhMuNyD; aygvkonfrdrd\'kwd,ajrmufomoemjyKc&D;pOfwGif rdrdESifh twlvdkufvm&ef a&G;cs,faomoljzpfonf/

(1) olYudkor®musrf;pmwGif wrefawmf 15;22 ü OD;pGmazmfjyNyD;? a,½k&Sviftoif; awmf&SdnDtpf udkrsm;ütBuD;tuJwpfa,muftjzpfac:qdkonf/

(2) ya&mzufwpfa,mufvnf;jzpfonf (wref 15;32) (3) aygvkuJhodkYa&mrEdkifiHom;jzpfonf (wref 16;37) (4) olESifh ,k'AeAudk tEÅDtkwfNrdKU\ tajctaeoGm;a&mufMunfh½Ippfaq;&ef

a,½k&Sviftoif; awmfuapvTwfonf (wref 15;22? 30-35) (5) aygvkonf olYudk 2aum 1;19 ü csD;usL;um? rdrd\Mo0g'pmtawmfrsm;rsm;ü

olYudkazmfjyonf/ (6) aemufydkif;wGif 1ayw½kMo0g'pma&;om;&mü ayw½kESifh xyfwl jyKjcif;cH&onf

(1ay 5;12)/ (7) aygvkESifh ayw½konf olYudkodvTmEk- Silvanus [kac:NyD;? vkumurI odv –Silas

[kac:onf/

176

(*) wdarmaorSmvnf;aygvk\ tazmfESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufwpfOD;jzpfonf/ (1) aygvkonf ol\yxromoemjyKc&D;pOfü olYudkvkwå&-Lystra NrdKUüawGUí?

xdkae&müyif ol,HkMunfajymif;vJoGm;onf/ (2) wdarmaorSm *&dwpfydkif; (olYzcif) *sL;wpfydkif; (rdcif)jzpfonf/ aygvkonfwpfyg;

trsdK;om;rsm;tm;owif;aumifa[m&mü olESifh twlvkyfudkif&efolYudkoHk;vdkonf/ (3) olonf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh twl tvkyfvkyfEdkif&efaygvkonf olYudkta&zsm;vSD;onf/ (4) wdarmaoudkaygvk\ EIwfqufpum;rsm;üazmfjy&m Mo0g'pmwdkYrSm 2aum&dEÅK?

aumavmoJ? 1ESifh 2 oufomavmedESifh zdavrkefwkdYjzpfonf/ (5) aygvkonf olYudk ]],HkMunfjcif;üighom;}} [kajymonf (1wd 1;2/ 2wd 1;2/ wdwk 1;4)/ (6) aygvk\Mo0g'pmrsm;wpfavQmufaygvk\avoHuqdkvdkonfrSm wdarmaoonf touf

i,fí&Sufwwfoljzpfonf/ odkYaomfaygvkonf olYudktvGef,HkMunfpdwfcsonf (wref 19;27/ 1aum 4;17/ zdvdyÜd 2;19)/

(C) oufomavmedNrdKUodkYvma&mufNyD; aygvk\aemufydkif;omoemjyKvkyfief;ü olYudkvdkufygaom vlwdkY taMumif;udkvnf;? aygvk\tazmfrsm;u@müazmfjyoifhonf/ olwdkYrSm tm&dwåck (wref 19;29/ 20;4/ 27;2) ESifh aoukEK (wref 20;4) wdkYjzpfonf/ a'ronfvnf;oufomavmedNrdKUom;jzpfEdkifonf (zdavrkef 24/ 2wd 4;10)/

4/ xdkNrdKUBuD;xJüaygvk\ omoemjyKvkyfief;rSm

(u) oufomavmedNrdKUxJaygvk\ omomejyKvkyfief;rSm ol\vkyf½dk;vkyfpOftwdkif; *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;xH yxrqHk;oGm;NyD;? ¤if;aemufwyg;trsdK;om;wkdYxHoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ aygvkonf w&m;Z&yfü OykofaeY oHk;ckw&m;a[monf/ ola[maomw&m;onfrSm ]]a,½Ionfar&Sd,jzpfonf}} [líyif wnf;/ olonf "r®a[mif;usrf;udk toHk;jyKNyD; ar&Sd,rSm 'ku©qif;&JcHaomar&Sd,jzpfNyD; (urÇm 3;15/ a[&Sm,53) acwå,m,DEdkifiHa&;ar&Sd,r[kwfaMumif;jyonf/ aygvkonf&Sifjyefí xjcif;taMumif;ESifh u,fwifjcif;udkvlom;tm;vHk;odkYay;prf;aMumif;tav;teufajymonf/ a,½IrSmvlom;tm;vHk;udku,fwifEdkifaoma&S;umvuwnf;uuwdjyK&mar&Sd,jzpfaMumif;&Sif; vif;pGmwifjyonf/

(c) þw&m;a'oemay:wHkYjyefrItaejzifh *sL;vlrsdK;tcsdKU? bk&m;w&m;Munfndkav;pm;olwyg; trsdK;om; trsm;tjym;ESifh ta&;ygaom *kPfoa&&Sd rdef;rtrsm;tjym;wdkYonf a,½Itm;u,f wifaom t&SifESifh ocifjzpfaMumif;vufcHMuonf/ ajymif;vJolrsm;tkyfpkxJudk þodkYqef;ppf jcif;rSm þtoif;awmfodkY aemufydkif;aygvka&;ompmudkem;vnfoabmayguf&ef tvGef t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/

(*) toif;om;trsm;pk wpfyg;trsdK;om;rsm;jzpfaMumif;tm; þMo0g'pmESpfckpvHk;ü "r®a[mif; usrf;udk udk;um;azmfjyjcif;r&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh odEdkifonf/ wyg;trsdK;om;wkdYonf a,½Iudku,fwif aom olESifh ociftjzpftqifoifhpGmvufcHMujcif;ütaMumif;&if;tcsdKU&Sdonf/ (1) olwdkY\a&S;½dk;pOfvmbmoma&;rSm wefcdk;uif;rJhaom tpGJtvef;rsm;omvQifjzpfonf/

oufomavmedonf tdkvHypfawmifajcüwnf&Sdaeonfjzpf&um;? xdkawmifxdyfwpfckvHk; Avm csnf;oufoufjzpfaMumif;tm;vHk;od&SdMuonf/

(2) {0Ha*vdw&m;onf tm;vHk;twGuftcrJhjzpfonf/ (3) c&pf,mefü *sL;bmom\ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;rIrsdK;uif;&Sif;onf/ *sL;bmomonfvlrsm;pGmudk qGJ

aqmif&jcif;rSm ¤if;\wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;t,l0g'ESifh ¤if;\tqifhjrifhudk,fusifhw &m; aMumifhjzpfonf/ odkYaomfvlrsm;pGmwdkYudkjyefírxkwfvdkufjcif;rSm ¤if;\vGefpGmrESpf

177

jrKyfbG,f&maumif;aombmoma&;yGJvrf;obifrsm; (ta&zsm;vDS;jcif;udpörsdK;) ESifh rsdK;EG,fESifh vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;rIrsm;aMumihfjzpfonf/

(C) ]]*kPfoa&&Sdrdef;rrsm;}} c&pf,mefudkvufcHMujcif;rSm þtrsdK;orD;wdkYonf rdrdwkdYudk,fwdkif bmoma&; a&G;cs,fEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;aMumifhhjzpfonf/ usefaom*&d-a&mrurÇmha'orsm;rSmxuf rmaua'ged ESifh tm&S rdkif;em;a'o&Sd trsdK;orD;wdkYrSm ydkrdkvGwfvyfonf/ (Sir Wm. M.

Ramsay. St. Paul The Traveller and Roman Citizen, New York: G.P. Putnamts Sons, 1896, p.227)/ ydkrdkqif;&JaomtrsdK;orD;wdkYonf vGwfvyfaomfvnf;tpGJtvef;ESifh bk&m;trsm;,HkMunfudk;uG,frI\ 0J*,ufatmufü&SdaeMuqJjzpf onf (Ramsay, p.229)/

(i) oufomavmedNrdKUü aygvkrnfrQMumMumaexdkifcJhaMumif;ay:tawmfrsm;rsm;tcufawGUaeMuonf rSm- (1) wrefawmf 17; 2 üaygvkonf oufomavmedNrdKUüaecJhpOf ,k'w&m;Z&yfü

OykofaeYoHk;Budrf w&m;a[monf[kazmfjyonf/ (2) 1ouf 2;7-11 ü aygvkonf olUtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;rItwGufvkyfaeonf[k

ajymonf/ ¤if; rSmwJ&SifcsKyfjcif;jzpfNyD;? tcsdKU,lqouJhodkYom;a&ESifh vkyfonf/ (3) oufomavmedNrdKUü olaexdkifpOf zdvdyÜdtoif;awmfxHrSarwåmtm;jzifhay;aomtvSLaiG

tenf;qHk;ESpfBudrfvufcHcJhojzifh ydkícyfMumMumaexdkifaMumif; zdvdyÜd 4;16 üaxmufcH csufawGU&onf/ NrdKUESpfNrdKU\tuGmta0;rSm rdkifaygif; 100 cefYjzpfonf/ aygvkonf ESpfv (0g) oHk;vcefYaernfh jzpfNyD;? OykofaeYoHk;BudrfqdkonfrSm*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;txJt rIawmfvkyfief;udkom &nfñTef;onf[k tcsdKUtBuHjyKMuonf/ (Shepard, p.165)

(4) wref 17;4? 1ouf 1;9 ESifh 2;4 wkdYü,HkMunfajymif;vJvmolrsm;taMumif;azmfjyrIrsm; uGJjym;jcm; em;jcif;onf þtjrifudkyHhydk;onf/ xdkrSwfwrf;rsm;\t"durwlnDrIrSm wyg; trsdK;om;rsm;onf ½kyfwkrsm;jiif;y,fMujcif;taMumif;jzpfonf/ wrefawmf0w¬KxJajym aomwyg;trsKd;rsm;onf *sL;bmomodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;olrsm;jzpfNyD;? ½kyfwkrsm;pGefYy,fcJhMu NyD;jzpfonf/ rnfodkYjzpfapaygvk onf*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;rSmxufomeomywpfyg;trsdK; rsm;xJtrIawmfaqmifjcif;ydkrdkBuD;rm;onfudkjyaeygonf/

(5) trIawmfvkyfief;rnfonfhtcsdefüydkrdkus,fjyefYoGm;aMumif;raocsmacs/ taMumif;rSm aygvkonf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;xHyxrqHk;oGm;avh&Sdaom aMumifhjzpfonf/ olYw&m;udkjiif;y,f Muonfhtcgwpfyg; trsdK;om;rsm;odkYvSnfhonf/ olwdkYonf tvHk;t&if;jzifh owif; aumif;udkvufcHwkHYjyefonfhtcg *sL;vlrsdK;rsmonf remvdkjzpfvmMujyefonf/ (¤if;rSmayg vk\omoemjyKvkyfief;aqmif&GufyHkenf;vrf;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf)/ NrdKUBuD;twGif;&Sdatmufwef;pm vltkyfrsm;twGif; t"du½kef;rsm;zef wD;Muonf/

(p) t"du½kef;aMumifh aygvkonf ,mokef - Jason \tdrfrSxGufoGm;um? wdarmaoESifh odvwdkYESifh ykef;a&SmifMuonf/ odkYr[kwfolwdkYudk&Sm&ef ,mokef\tdrfodkY vltkyfBuD;qlyl vmcsdefüolwdkYr&SdcJhMuacs/ rif; t&m&SdwdkYonf,mokeftm;rNidrfoufjzpfatmifrvkyfyg[laom tmrcHaMu;ay;cdkifMuonf/ þudpöonfaygvktm;nwGif;csif;xdkNrdKUrS xGufoGm;um? aA&dNrdKUodkYoGm;aponf/ odkYaomfxdktoif; awmfonfrsm;pGmaomqefYusifrIudk&ifqdkif&if; c&pfawmftwGufqufvufíoufaojzpfonf/

pma&;ol (u) 1oufomavmed

acwfopfa0zefa&;orm;rsm;uomvQif pma&;olaygvkjzpfjcif;ESifh 1oufomavmedMo0g' pm\ppfrSefrIudkjyif;xefpGmoHo,0ifMuaomfvnf;? olwdkY\ed*kH;csKyftqdkudkynm&Siftrsm;tjym;vuf rcHEdkifMuacs/ 1 oufomavmedrSm Marcion

178

\ usrf;pkpnf;rI (at'D 140)ESifh Muratorian Fragment (at'D 200)wdkYüyg0ifonf/ "r®opfusrf;üyg0ifaomusrf;rsm;pm&if;ESpfrsdK;udk a&mrtifyg,mtwGif; jzefYcsdonf/ Irenaeus ac:ueOD;toif;awmfzcifwpfOD;jzpfolonf 1oufomavmedudkemrnfjzifhazmf jyonf/ olonf at'D 180 0ef;usifüxdkodkYa&;om;jcif;jzpfonf/

(c) 2oufomavmed 1/ 2oufomavmedMo0g'pmudkaygvka&;om;jcif;tjzpfvufcHavh&Sdonf/ taMumif;&if;

tawmfrsm;rsm;aMumifhwdkufcdkufcHcJhonf/ (u) a0g[m&oHk;EIef;yHkrsm;rSm jyóemwpfckjzpfonf/ þpmütjcm;aygvk\ pmrsm;ü

rawGU&aompum;vHk;trsm;tjym;awGU&onf/ (c) ]]a&;[efrSmyHkaojzpfNyD;tBudrftawmfrsm;rsm;üxl;qef;pGmyifyHkpHo

abmjzpfonf/}} (Heard, p.186) (*) pmESpfapmifüyg&Sdaom tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfhtaMumif;qkdif&mrsm;onf

rnDrñTwf jzpfaeyHk&onf/ (C) 2oufomavmedü tEÅDc&pfqkdif&mtjrifrSm"r®opfusrf;ü yHkpHwpfrsdK;wnf;t

jrifrsdK; yg0ifojzifhpma&;olrSm aygvkr[kwf[kaumufcsufcsrItcsdKU&Sdonf/ 2/ 2oufomavmed\ppfrSefrIonf tajccHtcsuftawmfrsm;rsm;udktajcjyKonf/ (u) ay:vDuwf? tpfemwD,m;pfESifh *smpwif;wkdYonf ¤if;udktodtrSwfjyKMuonf/ (c) Marcionite usrf;pkpnf;rIüyg0ifonf/ (*) Muratorian Frament üyg0ifonf/ (C) Irenaeus onf ¤if;udkemrnfjzifhazmfjyonf/

(i) a0g[m&? a&;[efESifh "r®oabmwdkYrSm1oufomavmeduJhodkYaygvka&;aompmrsdK; jzpfonf/

(*) ESpfckwdkYudkEdIif;,SOfcsuf 1/ Mo0g'pmESpfckwdkYonf oabmtm;jzifhomru pum;pkoHk;EIef;yHkwdkYüyg tvGefqifwlonf/

tzGifhESifh tydwfpum;oHk;EIef;yHkwkdYudkcsefxm;vQifyif? qifwlrIrSmoHk;yHkwpfyHkcefY&Sdae ao;onf/

2/ 2oufomavmed\ a,bk,s avoHrSmyxrpmESifh uGJjym;NyD;? ydkíat;pufum? ydkípnf;urf; useonf/ odkYaomfyxrpma&;om;cJhpOfutajctaersm;aMumifh pdwfvIyfcJh &yHkESifh 'kwd,pm a&;csdefwGif jzpfay:aomjyóemrsm;udkMunfhygu ¤if;udkvG,fulpGmem; vnfEdkifonf/

(C) Mo0g'pmrsm;pDpOfyHk 1/ trsm;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mtcsuftcsdKUwkdYudk F.W Manson onf Johannes Weiss \rSwfpk

udk,lí wifjyxm;onf/ þpmrsm;\pDpOfyHkrSm ajymif;jyefjzpfonf[kolwdkYqdkMuonf/ xdkodkYqdk&jcif; \taMumif;&if;wdkYrSm – (u) pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif; (trial) ESifh ab;'ku© (tribulation)wdkYrSm 2oufomavmedü

txGwftxdyfjzpfNyD;? 1oufomavmedü¤if;wkdYrSm aemufydkif;udpöjzpfonf/ (c) 2oufomavmedü toif;awmfwGif;tcuftcJrsm;rSmpma&;oltckrSem;vnfcJh&

aom topfjzpfay:onfht&mrsm;jzpfonf/ 1oufomavmedürItajctaewkdY udkoufqdkif olwkdif;oduRrf;NyD;jzpfonf/

179

(*) uyfumvtcsdefrsm;taMumif;oufomavmedNrdKUom;rsm;tm;ajymp&m rvkd&atmif qdkvQif (1ouf 5;1) olwdkYonf 2oufomavmedtcef;BuD; 2 udkem;vnfcJhNyD;jzpfyg rSqDavsmfayrnf/

(C) ]],ck... ESifhqdkifí}} [laomoHk;EIef;jcif;yHkpH (q&mBuD;,k'óef\jrefrmor®m usrf;pmü rlxdkoHk;EIef;jcif;yHkpHonf 1aum&dEÅKü ]]trIrSm}} (0g) ]]t&mrSm}} [lítcsdKUae&müom ay:vGifonf/ bmomjyefol) onf 1ouf 4;9? 13/ 5;1 wdkYü 1aum 7;1? 25/ 8;1/ 12;1/ 16;1/ 12 wdkYESifh wlnDNyD;? pma&;olonfrdrdxHa&;aompmüazmfjyaomtcsufrsm;udkjyefvnfajzMum;jcif; jzpfonf/ Manson qdkolq&mBuD;onfxdkjyefvnf ajzMum;rIrsm;onf 2 ouf om\avmedpmüazmfjyonfhtcsufrsm;ESifhqdkifaomar;cGef;rsm;jzpfEdkifonf[k,lqonf/

2/ þtqdkudktajccHtcsufawmfrsm;rsm;onfwHkYjyefEdkifyHkrSm (u) aygvk\pdwf0ifpm;rIjzpfapaom jyóemrsm;onf 1oufomavmedrStpjyKum?

2oufomavmedodkYydkíjyif;xefav;eufoGm;onf/ (c) 2oufomavmedpmxJü aygvka&;aompmwpfcktaMumif;ñTef;qdkcsufyg&SdNyD;?

(2;2?15/ 3;17) ¤if;onf 1oufomavmedr[kwfcJhbl;qdkvQif pmwpfapmifaysmufqHk;rI jyóemwpfck&Sdaeonf/

(*) vludk,fwdkifowd&jcif;taMumif;t&mrsm; yxrpmapmifütvGefay:vGif aomfvnf; 'kwd,pmapmifürIuif;rJhaejcif;rSm ¤if;onf yxrpmapmif\t qufjzpfyguobm0 usonfomjzpf\/

(C) pDpOfyHkajymif;jyefjzpfaeonfqdkvQif pmapmifrsm;\avoHrSm vHk;0obm0r usjzpfyHk& ygonf/

Mo0g'pmrsm;a&;om;csdef (u) aygvka&;aompmrsm;\tcsdefumvrsm;teufoufomavmedMo0g'pmrsm;a&;om;csdefrSm

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180

(*) F. F. Bruce ESifh Murry Haris wkdYqDavsmfatmiftenf;i,fjyifqifxm;aom aygvka&;onfhpmrsm;\jzpf EdkifbG,f&mouú&mZfpOfZ,m; ]]*vmwd rdwfquf}} acgif;pOfatmuf a&;om;aomtcsdefESifh vufcH&&Sdolrsm; acgif;pOf\atmuf

(C) F.F. Bruce ESifh Murry Harris wdkYqDavsmfatmiftenf;i,fjyifqifxm;aom aygvka&;onfh pmrsm;\ jzpfEdkifzG,f&mouú&mZfpOfZ,m;

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7-10/ tusOf;axmifrSay;pmrsm; aumavmoJ 60 apmydkif; a&mr {zuf 60 apmydkif; a&mr zdavrkef 60 apmydkif; a&mr zdvdyÜd 62-63 ukefydkif; a&mr 28;30-31 11-13/ pwkw¬omoemc&D; 1wdarmao 63^¤if;aemufydkif; rmaua'ged wdwk 63^rwdkifrD {zuf (¿) 2wdarmao 64-at'D 68 a&mr

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aeonf/ aocsmaomxl;jcm;rIrsm;? txl;ojzifh½kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIydkif;qdkif&mwdkYudk owdjyK&rnfjzpfonf/ tpGJtvrf;BuD;íewfbk&m;trsdK;rsdK;udk;uG,faomNrdKU\ pnf;urf;rJhvltkyf BuD;tm;aygvkESifholYtazmfrsm;udk&Sm&ef ,mokef- Jason \tdrfudktMurf;zuf&ef*sL;vlrsdK;wdkYonf vIHaqmfMuonfhtcg? aygvkonfoufomavmed,HkMunfoltopfwdkYudk pGefYcGm&eftwif;t"r®jyK jcif;cH&onf/ bk&ifcHa&SUüMum;emppfaq;NyD;aemuf ,mokefESifh tjcm;c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifwdkYudk rNidrfroufrjzpfapa&;twGuftmrcHaMu;twif;t"r®ay;apMuonf/þtaMumif;aygvkMum;od&onfh tcg i,f&G,fí? r&ifhusufao;aomÿþtoif;awmfudkolpGefYcGgxGufoGm;& rnfjzpfaMumif; em;vnfcJh&onf/ xdkYaMumifhaA&d -Berea NrdKUodkYwdarmaoESifh wdwkwdkYESifh twloGm;a&mufcJhonf/ wdarm aorSmtpüaecJhao;aomfvnf; (wref 17;10) aemufydkif;wGiftmoifNrdKUodkYoGm; &efodvESifh vkdufoGm;onf (wrefawmf 17;15)/ tpü,cifu*sL;wkdY\ jyif;xefaomqefYusifrI ESifhpmvQif? aA&dNrdKUü *sL;wkdY\½dk;om;aomvufcHrIonf aygvktwGufaumif;csD;r*Fvm wpfckjzpf onf/ odkYaomf¤if;rSm Mum&SnfrcHacs/ oufomavmedNrdKUrS*sL;rsm;qif;vmNyD;vQif? 'ku©zefwD;Mu onf/ xdkYaMumifhaygvkonfaemufwpfcgxGufcGm oGm;&jyefygonf/

(c) 'DwpfcgtmoifNrdKUodkYaygvka&mufaomtcg at;pufpufjzpfum? wkHYjyefrIjyKjcif;r&cJhacs/ olonf tawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;twGuftxl;tqef;wpfckjzpfonf/raua'gedjynfüolawGUBuHKcJhonfrSm

181

n§Of;qJjcif;ESifh qefYusifrIrsm;jzpfonf/ t½dkufcH&onf/ udk,fvHk;wD;qGJcRwfjcif;cH&NyD;? nwGif;csif; NrdKUxJrSarmif;xkwfcHonf/ ynm&Sifrsm;onf olYudkavSmifajymifuJh&Jíomoemyvlrsm;ESifh olYae&if;jynfrS vlrsm;pGmwdkYonf olUudkrkef;wD;Muonf (2aum 4;7-11/ 6;4-10/ 11;23-29)/

(*) tvm;tvm&Sdaom þtoif;awmfudkta&;BuD;ckdufwGifpGefYcGgxGufajy;&ef aygvkonftwif;

tMuyf jyKjcif;cH&onf/ olwkdYonf ,HkMunfjcif;ür&ifhusufao;bJ? 'ku©qif;&JESifh n§Of;qJjcif; udkvnf;cHMu& onf/ aygvkonfrdrd\jyif;xefaompdwfa0'emudkMum&SnfrcHEdkifacs/ aA&dNrdKUESifh tmoifNrdKUtMum; wpfae&müwnf&Sdaom? i,f&G,fonfh þtoif;awmfudk pdk;&drfaMumifhus vSojzifh? aygvkonf wdarmao ESifh odvwkdYudkrmaua'gedjynf&Sd toif;awmfopfrsm;odkYap vTwfvdkufonf/ wdarmaorSm oufomavmedNrdKUoGm;onf/ olonfxdkae&müajcmufvrSwpfESpf xdaexdkifonf[k ,lqMuonf/ toif;awmfonfolwdkYudkoifMum;&ef? ESpfodrhf&efESifh tm;ay;rnfh olwpfa,muftvGeftrif;vdktyfaeMuonf/wdarmaoudk,fwdkifrSm,HkMunfajymif;vJcgpvloufoufyifjzpfonf/olonfaygvk\yxromoemjyKc&D;pOfü,HkMunfajymif;vJcJhjcif;jzpfNyD;?'kwd, tBudrfomoemjyKc&D;tjzpfvkwå&NrdKUodkYvTwf&efaygvkonfolYudktvGef,HkMunfpdwfcsonf/ ¤if;rSm ayg vkudk,fpm;tjzpfwdarmaoyxrqHk; cefYtyfjcif;cH&jzpfonf/

(C) aygvkonf tmoifNrdKUütxD;usefpGmtrIawmfaqmif&Guf&NyD; tvGefpdwfysufum? pdwfqif;&J& onf/ taMumif;rSmrmaua'gedjynfü {0Ha*vdw&m;udkwkHUjyefrIrjyKMuonfhtjyif? xdkae&Sd,Hk Munfoltopfrsm;twGufrjywfrvyfpdk;&drfaMumifhusrIaMumifhjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh oufomavm edtoif;awmf twGufpdk;&drfaeonf/ xdkodkY wdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;wnfaxmifcJh& onfhtoif;awmfwpfyg; onfcufcJaomtajctaersm;Mum;xJqufvufíBuUHBuHUcHEdkifygOD; rnfavm (Carter, p.115)/ xdkYjyifwdarmaoESifh odvwdkYxHrSvnf;tawmfMumonfhwdkifowif; pum;rMum;&jzpfaeonf/ (tcsdKUuwpfv? ESpfvcefY[kajymaomfvnf;? tcsdKUurlajcmufvrSwpf ESpfcefYMumrnf[kqdkMuonf (Farrar, p.369)/ ¤if;wkdYrSmaum&dEÅKNrdKUodkYaygvka&mufvm&jcif;\ pdwfcHpm;rIydkif;qdkif&mtajctaejzpfonf/

(i) aum&dEÅKNrdKUü aygvkudktvGeftm;&apaomtjzpftysufESpfck&Sdonf/ 1/ {0Ha*vdw&m;udkwHkYjyefrIjyKrnfholtrsm;tjym; aum&dEÅKNrdKUü bk&m;ocifrSm&Sdonf[laom

Asm'dwf½lyg½Hk (wref 18;9-10)/ 2/ wdarmaoESifh odvwkdYa&muf&Sdvmum? owif;aumif;,laqmifvmcJhJMuonf (wref

18;5)/ aum&dEÅKNrdKUü aeíolwkdYudkpma&;aponfrSmoufomavmedNrdKUrS wdarmaoxH Mum;&aom owif;pum;aMumifhjzpfonf/ xdktoif;awmfrS ar;aomMo0g'ydkif;qdkif&mESifh vufawGUusifh oHk;rIydkif;qkdif&mar;cGef;rsm;udk aygvkajzMum;jcif;jzpfonf/

(p) aygvkarQmfvifhovdkjzpfrvmojzifh 1 oufomavmedMo0g'pma&;ítNyD;? ra&S;raeSmif;yif 2oufom avmedudka&;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif tjcm;jyóemrsm;udkvnf;olowdjyKrdonf/ ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;wdkYonf 2oufomavmedudk 1oufomavmedaemufajcmufvcefYtMumüa&; onf[k,HkMunfMu onf/

182

Mo0g'pmrsm;\&nf&G,fcsuf (u) oufomavmedMo0g'pmrsm;ü &nf&G,fcsufoHk;rsdK;&Sdonf/

1/ n§Of;qJjcif;tMum;üyif oufomavmedNrdKUom;wkdY\opöm&SdrIESifh c&pfawmfenf;wljzpfMujcif; aMumifhaygvk\0rf;ajrmufrIESifh bk&m;ocifay:aus;Zl;wifaMumif;tm;a0iSajymjy&ef/ 2/ ol\&nf&G,f&if;taMumif;ESifh ol\tusifhpm&dwåtay:qefYusifbufjyKum? jypfwifa0zefrI rsm;udktajzay;&ef/ 3/ ocifbk&m;<uvmjcif;taMumif;aqG;aEG;&ef/ aemifjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;taMumif;aygvka[m ajymcsufrsm;onf oufomavmedc&pf,mefrsm;pdwfxJüar;cGef;ESpfckjzpfay:aponf/ (u) ocifbk&m;<urvmrDuG,fvGefoGm;aom,HkMunfolrsm;ürnfodkYjzpfrnfenf;/

(c) tvkyfrvkyfawmhbJ? ocifbk&m;<uvmjcif;udkapmifhpm;aeaom toif;awmfwGif; ,HkMunfolwkdYü rnfodkYjzpfrnfenf;/ (Barclay, pp. 21-22)/

4/ toif;awmfrSar;jref;aom txl;ar;cGef;rsm; (4;13/ 5;1)/ (c) þtoif;awmfrSmi,f&G,fNyD;? wwf<uvSonfjzpf&um; txufygtaMumif;t&mrsm;taMumif;

&Sif;jy í&ygonf/ odkYaomftajctaeawGaMumifh olwdkYrSmaumif;aumif;oifMum;jyorI rcHMu&bJ? pnf;rJhurf;rJhjzpfaeMuonf/ þuJhodkYaomtoif;awmfrsdK;rnfodkYjzpfEdkifaMumif;? þjy óemrsm; onf ,HkMunfjcif;ütm;enf;? pdwf"mwfrBuHUckdif? ysif;&d? Asm'dwf½lyg½HkawG&? pdwf½Iyf ...ponfhwkdYawGU&rSmjzpfonf/

(*) 2oufomavmedpma&;om;&jcif;rSm ]]yxrpmudkacgif;rmí? remcHolrsm;&SdaMumif;awGU&NyD;aemuf tvm;wltaMumif;t&mudkyif'kwd,tBudrfajrmufa&;om;&jcif;jzpfonf/}} (Walker, p.2968)/

udk;um;aomusrf;rsm; Barclay, William The Letters and the Revelation. The New Testament. 2vol. New York: Collins, 1969. Carter, Thomas Life and Letters of Paul. Nashville: Cokesbury Press, 1921. Farrar, Dean The Life and Work of St. Paul. New York: Casell and Company, Limited, 1904. Herad, Richard: Am Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Harper and Row Pubbishers. 1950. Metzger, Brue Maming: The New Testament: Its Background, Growth and Content. Nashville: Abingdon

Press, 1965. Manson, T.W. Studier in the Gospels and Epistles. Philadelphia: Westminater, 1962. Morris, Leon: The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991. Ramsay, W.M. St. Paul the Traveller and Roman Citizen. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1896. Shepard, J.W. The Life and Letters of Paul. Grand Rapids: Wm.B.Eerdmans Pubishing Company, 1950. Walker, R.H The Intermational Standard Bible Encyclopedia.Vol. V.N.D. t"dutcsufrsm; (u) EIwfqufpum;? 1;1 (c) aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;í qkawmif;jcif;? 1;2-4 (*) trSwf&onfhtjzpftysufrsm;? 1;5-2;16 1/ rlvw&m;a[mcsufay: oufomavmedom;wkdY\wkHYjyefrI? 1;5-10 2/ oufomavmedNrdKUü {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mjcif;? 2;1-16 (u) w&m;a[mtzGJU\pifMu,faom&nf&G,f&if;taMumif;rsm;? 2;1-6 (c) axmufyHhaMu;vufcH&eftzGJU\jiif;qdkrI? 2;6-9

183

(*) tzGJU\tusifhtjypfuif;pif? 2;10-12 (C) tzGJUa[majymaomEIwfuywfawmf? 2;13 (i) n§Of;qJjcif;? 2;14-16 (C) aygvkESifh oufomavmedom;wdkY\qufpyfrI? 2;17-3;13 1/ oljyefvmvdkrI? 2;17?18 2/ oufomavmedaMumifhaygvk\0rf;ajrmufrI? 2;19-20 3/ wdarmaoudkay;aomapcdkif;rI? 3;1-5 4/ wdarmao\tpD&ifcHcsuf? 3;6-8 5/ aygvk\auseyfrI? 3;9? 10 6/ aygvk\qkawmif;csuf? 3;11-13

(i) c&pf,meftouf&SifyHktwGufwkdufwGef;Edk;aqmfrI? 4;1-12 1/ taxGaxG? 4;1?2 2/ vdifrIudpöpifMu,frI? 4;3-8 3/ nDtpfudkcspfjcif;arwåm? 4;9?10 4/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;&ef tvkyfvkyf&jcif;? 4;11?12 (p) 'kwd,<uvmjcif;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;? 4;13-5;11 1/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;rwdkifrDaoqHk;aom,HkMunfolrsm;? 4;13-18 2/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;\ tcsdefumv? 5;1-3 3/ aeYcif;\om;rsm;? 5;4-11 (q) taxGaxGwdkufwGef;jcif;rsm;? 5;12-22 (Z) ed*Hk;csKyf? 5;23-28

*þusrf;ü aygvkay;pmtrsm;pkwkdYuJhodkY Mo0g'ydkif;qdkif&mESifh vufawGUydkif;qdkif&mudkwduspGm rcJGjcm;acs/ xHk;pHtwdkif;vkdufrnfqdkvQif 4;17-18 &Sd 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;taMumif;aqG;aEG;rIrSm Mo0g'ykdif;qkdif&m r[kwfbJ? vufawGYydkif;qdkif&mjzpf&ayrnf/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;rSmtwnfjyKcsufay;&ef Mo0g'ydkif;qkdif&mom vQifr[kwfbJ? rnfonfhtcsdefürqdkol<uvmjcif;ESifh tnDtouf&Sif&efjzpfonf/

184

oufomavmedMo0g'pmyXrapmif acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;\ pmydk'fcGJrsm;

UBS4 NKJV NRSV TEV NJB

EIwfqufpum; (Salutation) 1;1 oufomavmedwdkY\ ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh yHkoufao 1;2-10

EIwfqufpum; (Greeting) 1;1 olwdkY\yHkaumif; oufao 1;2-10

EIwfqufpum; (Salutation) 1;1 aus;Zl;wif pum; 1;2-10

EIwfqufpum; (Salutation) 1;1 oufomavmedwdkY\ ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh cspfjcif;arwåm 1;2-10

vdyfrI (Address) 1;1 aus;Zl;wifpum; ESifh csD;usL;pum; 1;2-3 1;4-10

ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;oHk; (pm - ½I) rl&if;pma&;ol\&nf&G,fcsuftm;pmydk'ftvdkufem;vnfjcif; 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/ 1/ yxrpmykd'f 2/ 'kwd,pmykd'f 3/ wwd,pmykd'f 4/ ponfjzifh

tcef;i,f 1-10 tm;a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifhem;vnf&yHk (u) ti,f 1 onf yxr&mpkacwfay;pma&;jcif;\ pHjzpfonf/ aygvkonf ]]EIwfqufyg\}} - greetings

oabm&Sdaom *&dqufwlpum;vHk;udk ]]aus;Zl;awmf}} -grace jzifhtpm;xdk;vsuf? c&pf,mefoyfoyfoHk; a0g[m&vkyfypfvkdufonf (Charis Vs Charein)

(c) ti,f 2-10 onf oufomavmed,HkMunfolrsm;aMumifh bk&m;ocifudkaus;Zl;wifaom &Snfvsm;onfhqk awmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ 1/ ti,f 2-5 onf 0guswpfckwnf;jzpfNyD;? aygvk\owif;aumif; oufaocHjcif;taMumif;a&;om;

azmfjyonf/ 2/ ti,f 6-9 onf oufomavmedom;wdkY\wHkYjyefyHkudka&;om;azmfjyonf/

(*) ti,f 2-5 twGif;oHk;yg;wpfqludkzGifhjyonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / oHk;yg;wpfql? *vm 4;4 ü-½I/

185

pmydk'fcGJrsm;onf0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif;r[kwfaomfvnf;rl&if;usrf;jyKol\&nf&G,fcsufudk em;vnfEdkif&ef ESifh vdkufemEdkif&efaomhcsuf rsm;jzpfonf/ acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;wpfusrf;pDonf tcef;BuD;wpfckudkydkif;cGJí tusOf;csHKUxm;onf/ ti,f 1-5? 6-10? 11-17 ESifh 18-24 wdkYrSmpdwful;yHktydkif;cGJrsm; (pmydk'frsm;)jzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ bmomjyefusrf;wdkif;onf xdkacgif;pOfudk udk,fhenf;udk,fh[efjzifhjcHKiHkMunfhonf/ ¤if;wdkYwpfrsdK;pDtm; zwf½I&if;taMumif;t&mESifh pmydk'fcGJrsm;udkrdrdem;vnfyHkonfrnfonfhbmomjyefusrf;ESifhudkufnDaMumif;rdrdudk,frdrd ar;jref;yg/

bmomjyefusrf;rsm;onf ti,f1-5udk taMumif;t&moHk;rsdK;(0g)acgif;pOfoHk;rsdK;cGJjcm;aomfvnf; TEVürl wpfrsdK;wnf;wpfckwnf; omvQif½SdaMumif;owdjyKyg/ xdkenf;wl6;10 wGif UBS4ESifh TEVwdkYonfi,f 10udk oD;jcm;cGJxm;aMumif;em;vnfyg/ tusOf;csHKUazmfjycsufrSm vnf;uGJjym;onf/ UBS4, NKJVESifh TEVwdkYonf ¤if;tydkif;udk {0Ha*vdw&m;[kazmfjyNyD; NRSVESifh JBwdkYurlpmydk'fudkowday;csufxm;NyD; rdpäm'dXdt,lESifh qufpyfonf/

pum;vHk;ESifh pum;pkavhvmrI

NASB (jyifqifxm;aom) omomjyefusrf;/ / 1;1 1igaygvk? odvTmEk ESifh wdarmaowdkYonf crnf;awmfbk&m;ESifh ocifa,½Ic&pftxJ&Sdaom oufom avmed toif;awmftm;taMumif;Mum;yg\/ oifwkdYüaus;Zl;awmfESifh Nidrfoufjcif;&Sdapownf;/

1;1 ]]aygvk}} wm½INrdKUom;a&Smvkudk wref 13;9 üaygvk[kyxrqHk;ac:onf/ jyefusJaexdkifaom*sL;trsm;pkwdkYü a[NAJemrnfESifh *&demrnf&SdMujcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ okdYjzpfygu a&Smvkrdbrsm;þemrnfudkay;cJhNyD; jzpfaomfvnf;? tb,faMumifhwrefawmf 13 usrSþemrnf ]]aygvk}} ½kwfw&ufaygvm&oenf;/ jzpfEdkifonfrSm (1)tjcm;olrsm; onf olYudkþemrnfjzifhpac:onf? odkYr[kwf (2) olonf ]]ao;i,faom}} (0g) ]]tenf;yg;qHk;}} [laom xdkemrnf

jzifholYudk,folpac:jcif;jzpfonf/ *&demrnf Paulos onf ]]ao;i,faom}}[kt"dyÜg,f&Sd\/ olY*&demrnf\rl&if; taMumif;oDtdk&dtawmfrsm;rsm;wifjycJhMuonf/

1/ 'kwd,&mpkESpfüajymprSwfjyKMurIwpfckt&aygvkrSm t&yfykonf/ 0wkwfonf/ ezl;ajymifonf/ ajccGifonf/ rsufcHk;arT;xlírsufvHk;jyL;onf[kqdkonf/ oufomavmedMo0g'pmr[kwfaom Paul and Thakleac:or®musrf;pmjyifypmtkyfrS&&Sdaomþ½kyfvu©Pmrsm;aMumifh xdkemrnf&&Sd jcif;jzpfEdkif onf/

2/ olonftoif;awmfudkñSOf;qJcJhbl;oljzpfjcif;aMumifholudk,fol ]]oefY&Sif;olwkdYteufti,fqHk;}} [k ac:onf (wref 9;1-2/ 1aum 15;9/ {zuf 3;8/ 1wd 1;15)/

]]tenf;qHk;^ti,fqHk;}} [laomþemrnf\rl&if;rSm udk,fwkdifa&G;cs,frItjzpfjrifaomoltrsm;tjym; &Sdonf/ rnfodkYjzpfapol\vGwfvyfrI trSDtcdkuif;rIESifh a,½k&Svif&Sdwpfq,fhESpfyg;wkdYESifh wef;wlnDrIudktav; teufjyK&m jzpfonfh*vmwduJhodkYaompmrsdK;ü xdkoabmr[kwfwef&m (2aum 11;5/ 12;11/ 15;10)/

oufomavmedtoif;awmfodkYa&;aomþpm\rdwfqufürlaygvkonfrdrd\ wrefawmft&mtm;ckcH umuG,frI rygaMumif;owdjyKyg/ aygvk\toif;awmfrsm;tm;vHk;teufoufomavmedESifh zdvdyÜdtoif;awmfwdkY rSmolYudktrsm; qHk;axmufyHholrsm;jzpfMuonf/

����]]odvTmEk - Silvanus}} ¤if;rSmol\ a&mremrnfjzpfonf/ olonfaygvkuJhodkY a&mrEdkifiHom;jzpfonf (wref 16;37)/ vkumonfolYudk ]]odv- Silas }} [kac:avh&Sdonf/ olonf AeAuJhodkYa,½k&Sviftoif;om;rsm;teuf½dk aoav;pm;rIcH&olESifh ya&mzuf0dnmOfqk&olwpfOD;jzpfonf (wref 15;22? 27? 32/ 1ay 5;12)

186

aygvk\'kwd,ESifh wwd,tacgufomoemjyKc&D;pOfwdkYwGif olonfAeA\ae&mwGifaygvkudkt azmfjyKvkduf oGm;cJhonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / odv^odvTmEk SILAS/ SILVANUS odvm (0g) odvTmEkrSm AeAESifha,m[efrmuk-John Mark wkdY uk½k qdkif;y&yf - Cyprus uRef;odkYjyefvSnfh oGm;cJh MuNyD;aemufaygvkonf rdrd\'kwd,tBudrfomoemjyKc&D;pOfwGif rdrdESifhoGm;&efa&G;cs,faomoljzpfonf/ (u) olYudkor®musrf;pmxJwrefawmf 15;22 üyxrqHk;tBudrfazmfjy&mwGif a,½k&Sviftoif;awmf &SdnDtpfudkwdkY teuft"duusolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ (c) olonfya&mzufwpfOD;jzpfonf (wref 15;32)/ (*) aygvkuJhodkYa&mrEdkifiHom;jzpfonf (wref 16;37)/ (C) olESifh ,k'ac: Am&SAwdkYudk tEÅDtkwftoif;awmftm;Munfh½I&efa,½k&Sviftoif;awmfrSapvTwfonf (wref 15;22? 30-35)/ (i) aygvkonf olYudk{0Ha*vdw&m;a[mazmfa[mzufwpfOD;tjzpf 2aum 1;19 üazmfjyonf/ (p) aemufqHk;ü 1ayw½kMo0g'pma&;&mü ayw½kESifh twlazmfjyonf (1ay 5;12)/ (q) aygvkESifh ayw½kESpfOD;vHk;olYudkodvTmEk- Silvanus [kac:NyD;? vkumurI odv - Silas [kac:onf/ (Silas rSmtm&rdyHkpHSaul jzpfonf)/ Silas rSmolU*sL;emrnfjzpfNyD;? Silvanus rSmvufwifem rnfjzpfEdkifonf/ (F.F.Bruce, Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free, p. 213)/

����]]wdarmao}} olonfaygvk\yxrqHk;omoemjyKc&D;pOfüvkwå&NrdKU -Lystra wGifaygvktm;jzifh,HkMunf ajymif;vJ vmoljzpfonf/ wdarmaoonfaygvk'kwd,tBudrfc&D;wGif *Refrmukae&mwGifaygvk\tzGJU0ifjzpfvm onf (wref 16;1-3)/ ydkrdkjynfhpHkaomtaMumif;t&mudk rdwfqufpum;? C? 3 ü- ½I/

����•]]oufomavmedom;rsm;}} wref 17;1-9 twGufþvlrsm;ESifh aygvkawGUqHk&yHka&;om;azmfjyonf/

����•]]toif;awmf}} ‘ Ekklesia\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]ac:xkwfjcif;cH&olrsm;}} [líjzpfonf/ ¤if;onfrlvtm;jzifh *&dvltzGJU tpnf;üNrKdUwpfNrdKU\tpnf;ta0;udkqdkvdkonf (wref 19;32)/ "r®a[mif;*&dbmomjyefusrf;jzpfonfh qyfwl*sif;ü ¤if;tm;a[NAJpum;vHk; gahaludkbmomjyef&müoHk;NyD; t"dyÜg,frSm ]]vlpkvla0;^pka0;aeaomvlwpfpk}} -congregation jzpfonf (xGuf 12;6/ 16;3/ 0wfjyK 4;13/ awmvnf 14;5/ 20;6/ w&m;a[m 5;22? 9;10/ 10;4/ 18;16)/ ueOD;toif;awmfonf olwdkYudk,folwdkY tpöa&;\ar&Sd,tzGJUom;rsm; tjzpfrSwf,lMuonf/ *vmwd 1;2 txl;taMumif;t&mü - ½I/

����]]crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifESifh ocifa,½Ic&pfawmftxJ}}bk&m;ocifESifh a,½IwkdYudkESpfyg;pvHk;azmfjy&ef0dbwf wpfckwnf;oHk;jcif;jzifh 0guszGJUpnf;yHkt&aygif;pyfxm;onf (3;11/ 2ouf 1;2? 12/ 2;16)/ ¤if;rSmc&pfawmfonf bk&m;jzpfaMumif;"r®oabmt&tcdkiftrmjyK&ef "r®opfusrf;a&;om;olrsm;toHk;jyKyHkenf;wpfckjzpfonf/ aemuf wpfenf;rSm"r®a[mif;bGJUemrawmfrsm;ESifh YHWH vkyfaomtvkyfrsm;udk emZ&ufNrdKUom;a,½ItjzpfrSwf,ljcif; jzpfonf/

187

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / crnf;awmf "r®a[mif;usrf;onfbk&m;ociftm;&if;ESD;aom rdom;pkyHkpHjzifh zciftjzpfxyfwljyKjcif;udk pwifrdwfquf cJhonf/

1/ tpöa&;trsdK;om;wdkYudkYYHWH \]om;}tjzpfrMumcPa&;om;azmfjyonf (a[ma&S 11;1/ rmvcd 3;17)/ 2/ w&m;a[m&musrf;\tapmydkif;üyif bk&m;ocifudkqifwltjzpf zcifuJhodkYoHk;onf (1;31)/ 3/ w&m;a[m&musrf; 32 ü tpöa&;udk ]ol\om;rsm;} [kac:NyD;? bk&m;ocifudk ]oifwkdY\zcif} [kac:onf/

4/ þqifwlyHkpHudkyif qmvH 103;13 üazmfjyNyD;qmvH 68;5 üaemufxyfawGU&onf (rdbrJhrsm;\ zcif) 5/ ¤if;rSmya&mzufusrf;rsm;ü ygaeusjzpfonf (a[&Sm, 1;2/ 63;8 ütpöa&;udkom;tjzpf? bk&m;ocifudkzciftjzpf 63;16/ 64;8/ a,&rd 3;4? 19/ 31;9 wdkYüvnf;aumif;azmfjyonf)/

a,½Ionf tm&rdpum;ajymonf[kqdk&mü *&dvdk Pater jzpfaom zcif Father pum;vHk;awGU&onfhae&m ajrmufrsm;pGmwdkYonftm&rdpum; Abba (14;36) udkay:vGifaponf/ Daddy (0g) Papa jzpfonfhtoHk;rsm;aom pum;vHk;onfcrnf;awmfESifh a,½I\&if;EDS;rIudkay:vGifaponf/ olonfþpum;vHk;udkyif olYwynfhawmfwdYkudk vnf; zGifhjyjcif;onfcrnf;awmfESifh uRefawmfwkdY\&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrIudktm;aumif;apygonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ü

YHWH twGuf ]zcif} udkoHk;cJaomfvnf;a,½Iurl¤if;udkrMumcPESifh tESHYtjym;oHk;avh&Sdonf/ ¤if;rSmc&pfawmf tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifESifh ,HkMunfolwdkY\topfaomqufqHa&;^awmfpyfyHktaMumif;t"duusaomzGifhjyrIjzpfonf (róJ 6;9)/

���� ]]ocif}} - the Lord bk&m;ocifonf rdrd\y#dnmOfcHemrawmfudkarma&Stm;xGuf 3;14 ü – YHWH tjzpfzGifhjycJhonf/ *sL;vlrsdK;wdkYonfaemufydkif;wGif ynwfawmfq,fyg;teufwpfckudk taMumif;rJhcsdK;azmuf&mr a&mufap&ef (xGuf 20;7/ w&m;a[m 5;11) oefY&Sif;aomþemrawmfudkrac:&JMuawmhacs/ xdkYaMumifh or®musrf;pmudkzwfonfh tcgtjcm;pum;vHk;jzpfonfh Adonudktpm;xdk;NyD;? ¤if;\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]cifyGef;onf? ydkif&Sif? t&Sif? ocif}} [líjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm YHWH udkt*Fvdyfvdkbmomjyef&müoHk;aom LORD qif;oufvm yHkjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;a&;om;olrsm;onf a,½Iudk ]]ocif}} –Lord (kurios)[kac:onfhtcga,½I\ bk&m;yuwdjzpf jcif;udktwnfjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ þtwnfjyKrIonf ueOD;toif;awmfüa&ESpfr*FvmcHonfhtcg ,HkMunfjcif;qkdif&m azmfjyrIjzpfaom ]]a,½Ionfocifjzpfawmfrl\}} [líjzpfvmonf (a&mr 10;9-13/ zdvdyÜd 2;6-11)/

���� ]]a,½I}} þemrnfrSm ]]YHWH onfu,fwifawmfrlonf}} (róJ 1;21) [lít"dyÜg,f&SdNyD;? "r®a[mif;usrf; emrnf ]]a,m½I}} - Joshua ESifh twlwljzpfonf/ ]]a,½I}} - Jesus rSma[NAJpum;vHk;\u,fwifjcif; twGufpum;vHk;jzpfaom (Hosea)rS qif;oufjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmbk&m;ocif\y#dnmOfcHemrawmf (YHWH) ESifh wGJbufxm;onf/

����]]c&pfawmf}} - Christ ¤if;rSm a[NAJpum;vHk ]]bdodwfcHol}} - Anoited One (mashiach) tm;bmomjyefjcif;jzpf onf/ YHWHtyfESif;aomwm0efxrf;aqmif&eftxl;pGrf;tm;ay;jcif;ESifh 0dnmOfawmf\axmufyHhrIudkñTef; qdkonf/ ¤if;rSmbk&m;ocif\txl;oD;oefYjzpfaom? uwdawmfcHjzpfaom? <uvmvwåHaom? ]]ar&Sd,}} t&SiftwGufa[NAJpum;vHk;jzpfonf (vkum 2;11? 26/ 3;15/ 4;41/ 9;20/ 22;67/ 23;2? 35? 39/ 24; 26?46)/

���� ]]aus;Zl;awmf}} aygvkonfavmuDEIwfqufjcif;pum;vHk; cherein (greetings -EIwfqufjcif;) udk charistjzpf (grace -aus;Zl;awmf) tjzpfpum;vHk;upm;um? ajymif;vJvdkufonf/ odkYjzifhxdkpum;vHk;rSm rlvtm;jzifh

188

c&pf,mefESifh "r®oabmoufoufjzpfoGm;aponf/ aus;Zl;awmf - grace udkNidrfoufjcif; peace uvkdufyg vmavh&Sdonf/

���� ]]Nidrfoufjcif;}} - peace ¤if;onfa[NAJEIwfqufpum;vHk; shalomoabmjzpfonf/ ]]aus;Zl;awmfESifh Nidrfoufjcif;}} - grace and peace [laompum;pkrSm *&dESifh a[NAJEIwfqufpum;vHk;ESpfrsdK;udkaygif; pyf&ef&nf&G,fcsuf jzpfEdkifonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf; KJV onfaygvka&;aompmrsm;\yHkpHtjzpf 2ouf 1;1 ‘ \ ]]Nidrfoufjcif;}} tNyD;ü]]igwdkY\crnf;awmfbk&m;ocifESifh ocifa,½Ic&pfawmf}} [laompum;udkjznfhpGwfxm;onf/ pmvHk;BuD;jzifh a&;aom *&dvufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh B, F, (0g) G wdkYüþpum;pkryg&Sdacs/ ¤if;onf a&S;a[mif;pmvHk;BuD;

vufa&;usrf;rsm; jzpfonfh אESifh A wdkYüygonf/ vufa&;usrf; D ütenf;i,fqDavsmfatmifjyif qifaomyHkpHjzifhawGU&onf/ ¤if;rSm usrf;ul;q&mwkdYonf 2ouf 1;2 udk,líydkaumif; atmifjyK vkdufMujcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ UBS4 onfjznfhpGufpum;pkryg aomydkíwdkonfhusrf;udk ]]A }} tqifh (aocsm) owfrSwfonf/

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 1;2-10 2igwkdYonf rdrdwdkY\qkawmif;&müoifwdkYudkazmfjyvsufoifwkdYtm;vHk;aMumifh bk&m;ocifudkaus;Zl; wifp um;ajymavh&SdMu\/ 3oifwdkYonfcspfjcif;arwåmjzifhtm;xkwfrIESifh igwdkY\bk&m;ocifESifh crnf;awmf\ rsufarSmufüigwkdYocifa,½Ic&pfawmfudkajrmfvifhjcif;ü pGJNrJjcif;wdkYudkigwdkYonfpdwfxJwGif atmufarhavh &SdMu\/ 4bk&m;ociftm;jzifhcspf&aomnDtpfudkwdkYoifwkdYonf a&G;cs,fawmfrljcif;cHolrsm;jzpfaMumif;igwdkY od&SdMu\/ 5taMumif;rSmigwkdY\ {0Ha*vdw&m;onfoifwkdYxHEIwfpum;tm;jzifhom a&mufvmonfr [kwfbJ? 0dnmOfawmfESifh tjynfht0em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;tm;jzifha&mufvmonf/ igwdkYonfrnfuJhokdY aomoljzpfaMumif; igwdkYonf oifwkdYtxJ oifwkdYtusdK;tvdkYiSgoufaoom"ujyaMumif;oifwdkYod Muonfh twdkif;jzpf\/ 6oifwdkYonf EIwfuywf awmfudkrsm;pGmaom ab;'ku©Mum;xJrS? oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfESifh qdkif aom0rf;ajrmufjcif; tm;jzifhvufcHcJhMuonfESifhtnD? oifwkdYonfvnf;igwdkYESifh ocifbk&m;udk twk,lolrsm;jzpfvmcJhMu\/ 7oifwdkYonf rmaua'gedjynfESifh tmcg,jynf&Sd ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf OyrmjzpfvmMuonftxdjzpf\/ 8taMumif;rSmocifbk&m;\ EIwfuywfawmfonf rmaua'gedESifh tmcg, jynfwkdYxJüomru ae&mwumü vnf;Mum;&í bk&m;ocifudk oifwkdY,HkMunfjcif;onf a&mufoGm;cJhayNyD/ xkdYaMumifh oifwkdYudkigwkdYajym p&mbmrQrvdktyfacs/ 9taMumif;rSmoifwkdYonfigwkdYudkrnfodkYrnfyHk vufcHcJhaMumif;ESifh oifwkdYonf touf&SifíppfrSefaom bk&m;ocifudktapcH&eftvdkYiSg? ½kyfwkqif;wkrsm;rS bk&m;ocifxHodkY rnfuJhodkYvSnfh vmcJhMuyHkudkolwdkYudk,fwdkifajymjyMu\/ 10aojcif;rS jyefíxapcJholjzpf aom rdrdom;awmf aumif;uifbHkrS <uvmawmfrlrnf[k oifwkdYonfapmifharQmfMu\/ olonfa&mufvwHh aomtrsufawmfrS igwkdYudk u,frnfhola,½Ijzpfownf;/

1;2 ]]igwkdY}} ¤if;onfaygvk? odvESifh wdarmao (,HkMunfol*sL;vlrsdK;omoemjyKtzGJU) wdkYudk&nfñTef;onf/ aygvk onfþtrsm;jyudef; emrfpm;udk rnfonfhMo0g'pmrSmxufrqdk 1oufomavmedü trsm;qHk;oHk;EIef;onf/ ¤if; onfpma&;om;rIudkrnfodkYtusdK;jyKaMumif;aocsmrod&acs/ aygvkonf olYpmudktjcm;olwpfa,muf tm;a&;ap avh &Sdonf/ xdkpma&;ay;olwdkYüvGwfvyfcGifhrnfrQ&SdaMumif;rod&acs/

189

����]]bk&m;ocifudkaus;Zl;wifpum;ajymavh&Sd}} ¤if;rSmjyKvkyfrIwpfckqufvufvkyfoGm;onf[kt"dyÜg,f&aom PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfonf/ aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;rSm Mo0g'pmwpfckvHk;\xl;jcm;rIjzpfonf (2;13/ 3;9)/ aygvkonf zdvdyÜdtoif;awmfenf;wl þtoif;awmfESifhvnf;tvGefaumif;rGef aomqufqHa&;&Sdonf/ aygvk\tzGifhqkawmif;csufrsm;onf *&dxHk;pHjzpf½Hkomru olY"r®oabmw&m;rsm;\ t"dutcsufrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;/ 1/ rdwfquf

(u) ¤if;onfbk&m;ocifbufü ,HkMunfolrsm;twGufoifhavsmfaompdwfaeoabmxm;jzpfonf/ 1/ ¤if;rSmc&pfawmfrS wqifhbk&m;ocifudkuRefawmfwkdYcsD;rGrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ (u) 2aum&dEÅK 2;14 (c) 2aum&dEÅK 9;15 (*) aumavmoJ 3;17 2/ ¤if;rSm trIawmfjrwftwGufoifhavsmfaom&nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf/ 1aum 1;4 3/ ¤if;rSm aumif;uifbHk \rjywfrvyfaomOD;wnfcsufjzpfonf/ (u) Asm'dwf 4;9 (c) Asm'dwf 7;12 (*) Asm'dwf 11;17 4/ ¤if;rSm,HkMunfolrsm;\rjywfvyfaomOD;wnfcsufjzpfonf/ (u) aumavmoJ 2;7 (c ) aumavmoJ 3;17 (*) aumavmoJ 4;2

I 2/ or®musrf;vmtaMumif;t&mrsm; (u) "r®a[mif;usrf; 1/ tajccHpum;vHk;ESpfvHk; (u)yadah (BDB 392) csD;rGrf;onf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ (c)todah (BDB 392) aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;onf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ¤if;udk,ZfylaZmfjcif;ESifh qdkifí oHk; avh&Sdonf (2&mZ0ifcsKyf 29;31/ 33;16) 2/ 'g0d'fonf bk&m;ocifudkcsD;rGrf;&efESifh aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;&ef txl;av0dvlwdkYudkcefYtyfcJhonf/ ¤if;udk a&Smvrkef? a[aZudESifh ae[rdwdkYqufvufcJhMuonf/

(u) 1 &mZ0ifcsKyf 16;4?7?41 (c ) 1 &mZ0ifcsKyf 23;30 (* ) 1 &mZ0ifcsKyf 25;3 (C) 2 &mZ0ifcsKyf 5;13 (i ) 2 &mZ0ifcsKyf 7;6 ( p) 2 &mZ0ifcsKyf 31;2 (q) ae[rd 11;12 ( Z) ae[rd 12;24?27?31?38?46 3/ qmvHusrf;rSmtpöa&;vlrsdK;rsm;\csD;rGrf;jcif;ESifh aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;pmpkjzpfonf/ (u) YHWH (xm0&bk&m;)tm;ol\y#dnOfw&m;ay:opöm&dSjcif;twGufaus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;

190

(1) qmvH 107;8 (2) qmvH 103;1 (3) qmvH 138;1 (c) aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;onf AdrmefawmfodkYpD;wef;vSnfhvnfjcif;\tpdwftydkif; wpfckjzpf onf/ (1) qmvH 95;2 (2) qmvH 100;4 ( *) aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;udk,ZfylaZmfjcif;ESifh wGJzufavh&Sdonf/ (1) qmvH 26;7 (2) qmvH 122;4 (C) YHWH (xm0&bk&m;) \vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;onf/ (1) &efolrsm;xHrS u,fvGwfjcif; (u) qmvH 7;17 ( c) qmvH 18;49 ( *) qmvH 28;7 (C) qmvH 35;18 ( i) qmvH 44;8 ( p) qmvH 54;6 (q) qmvH 79;13 ( Z) qmvH 118;1? 21? 29 ( ps) qmvH 138;1 (2) tusOf;axmif (wifpm;rI) rSu,fEIwfjcif;aMumifhqmvH 124;7 (3) aojcif;rS u,fEIwfjcif;aMumifh (u) qmvH 30;4? 12 ( c) qmvH 86;12-13 ( *) a[&Sm, 38;18-19

(4) udk,fawmfonf vlqdk;rsm;udk ESdrfhcsíajzmifhrwfolrsm;udkcsD;ajr§mufonf (u) qmvH 52;9 ( c) qmvH 75;1 ( *) qmvH 92;1 (C) qmvH140;13 (5) tjypfvTwfawmfrlonf (u) qmvH 30;4 ( c) a[&Sm, 12;1 (6) vlrsdK;awmfudk axmufyHhonf (u) qmvH 106;1 ( c) qmvH 111;1 ( *) qmvH 136; 1? 26 (C) qmvH 145;10 ( i) a,&drd 33;11

191

(c) "r®opfusrf; 1/ aus;Zl;wifonfESifh aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;twGuf oHk;aomt"dupum;vHk;rsm;(usrf;ñTef;tcsdKU) (u) eucharisteō (1aum 1;4? 14/ 10;30/ 11;24/ 14;17?18/ aumavmoJ 1;3? 12/ 3;17) ( c) eucharistos (aumavmoJ 3;15) ( *) eucharistia (1aum 14;16/ 2aum 4;15/ 9;11?12/ aumavmoJ 2;7/ 4;2) (C) charis (1aum 15;57/ 2aum 2;14/ 8;16/ 9;15/ 1ay 2;19) 2/ a,½Iay;aomOyrm (u) tpmtwGufolaus;Zl;wifonf (1) vkum? 22;17? 19 (1aum 11;24) (2) a,m[ef 6;11?23 ( c) qkawmif;jcif;udktajzay;ojzifholaus;Zl;wifonf a,m 11;41 3/ aus;Zl;wifjcif;\tjcm;Oyrmrsm; (u) bk&m;ocif\vufaqmifc&pfawmfaMumifh 2aum 9;15 ( c) tpmtwGuf

(1) wref 27;35 (2) a&mr 14;6 (3) 1aum 10;30/ 11;24 (4) 1wd 4;3-4

( *) tema&m*gaysmufuif;apjcif;aMumif; vkum 17;16 (C) NidrfoufrI&Sdjcif;aMumifh 24;2-3 ( i) ab;tEÅ&m,frS u,fEIwfjcif;aMumifh

(1) wref 27;35

(2) wref 28;15 ( p) tajctaet&yf&yfaMumifh? zdvdyÜd 4;6 (q) vlom;tm;vHk;? txl;ojzifh acgif;aqmifrsm;aMumifh 1wd 2;1-2 4/ aus;Zl;wifjcif;qdkif&mtjcm;tjrifrsm; (u) ¤if;rSm,HkMunfoltm;vHk;twGufbk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfjzpfonf 1ouf 5;18 ( c) ¤if;rSm 0dnmOfawmfjznfhqnf;rIcH&aomtouf&Sifjcif;\oufaoom"uwpfckjzpfonf {zuf 5;20 ( *) ¤if;udk vpfvsL½Ijcif;rSm tjypfjzpfonf/

(1) vkum 17;16-17 (2) a&mr 1;21

(C) ¤if;rSmtjypf\ ajzaq;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf {zuf 5;4 5/ aygvk\aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;

(u) toif;awmfay:bk&m;ocif\aumif;csD;rsm; (1) {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mjcif; (u) a&mr 1;8 ( c) aumavmoJ 1;3-4

192

( *) {zuf 1;15-16 (C) 1ouf 1;2 (2) ay;oem;awmfrlaomaus;Zl;awmfaMumifh (u) 1aum 1;4 ( c) 2aum? 1;11/ 4;15

(3) {0Ha*vdw&m;vufcHjcif;aMumifh 1ouf 2;13 (4) {0Ha*vdw&m;ysHUESHYa&;twGufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIaMumifh zdvdyÜd 1;3-5 (5) aus;Zl;awmfüBuD;xGm;jcif;aMumihf 2ouf 2;3 (6) a&G;aumufawmfrljcif;cH&aMumif;od&jcif;aMumifh 2ouf 2;13 (7) 0dnmOfa&;&maumif;csD;rsm;aMumifh aumavmoJ 1;12/ 3;15/ (8) ay;urf;jcif;ü &ufa&mrIaMumifh 2aum 9;11-12 (9) ,HkMunfoltopfrsm;aMumifh0rf;ajrmuf&jcif;aMumifh 1ouf 3;9

( c) olYudk,fwdkif\aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif; (1) ,HkMunfolwpfa,mufjzpf&jcif;aMumifh aumavmoJ 1;12 (2) tjypf\uRefjyKjcif;rSu,fEIwfjcif;aMumifh a&mr 7;25/ 2aum 2;14 (3) tjcm;,HkMunfolrsm;twGufqufuyf½kef;uef&jcif;aMumifh a&mr 16;4? 2aum 8;16 (4) ray:vGifaomtjcm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;twGuf 1aum 1;14 (5) 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;aMumifh 1aum 14;18 (6) rdwfaqGrsm;\ 0dnmOfa&;&mBuD;xGm;rIaMumifh zdavrkef 4-5 (7) trIawmfjrwftwGuf um,cGeftm;ay;jcif;aMumifh 1wd 1;12

3/ ed*Hk;csKyf (u) wpfcgu,fwifjcif;&cJhNyDqdkvQif aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifay:uRefawmfwdkY\t"duwkHYjyef rIjzpfonf/ ¤if;onfEIwftm;jzifh0efcHoabmwl½HkrQom r[kwfbJ? 0rf;ajrmufaomtouf&Sifjcif;yHkpHjzpf onf/ (c) t&mcyfodrf;üaus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\apmifha&SmufrItm;jzifh &ifhusufaomt oufwm\ yef;wdkifjzpfonf (1ouf 5;13-18)/ (*) aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;onf "r®a[mif;? "r®opfESpfydkif;pvHk;\OD;wnfcsufjzpfonf/ ¤if;onfoif\ OD; wnf&mjzpfyg\avmh/

����]]oifwkdYtaMumif;udkazmfjyvsuf}} ¤if;onf PRESENT MIDDLE PARTICIPLE jzpfNyD;? qufvufqk awmif; &efaygvk\qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfonf/ aygvkqkawmif;csuf\0guszGJUpnf;yHkü qufpyfrI&Sdaomtydkif;oHk;ydkif;awGU &onf/ (1) azmfjyjcif; (i,f 2)/ (2) pdwfxJatmufarhavh&Sdjcif; (i,f 3) ESifh (3) odjcif; (i,f 4)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / Mum;0ifqkawmif;ay;jcif;/ 1/ ed'gef; (u) qkawmif;jcif; ta&;BuD;ykH a,½I\ Oyrmjzifh od&onf/ (1) rdrdtwGuf qkawmif;jcif;? rmuk 1;35/ vkum 3;21/ 6;12/ 9;29/ 22;29-46/ (2) Adrmefawmf&Sifvif;jcif;/ róJ 21;13/ rmuk 11;17/ vkum 19;46/ (3) qkawmif;jcif; erlem/ róJ 6;5-13/ vkum 11;24/ (c) yk*¾dKvfjzpfaom? *½kpdkufí uRefawmfwdkYESifhtwl &Sdaeol? rdrdESifh tjcm;olrsm;bufü aeum? uRefawmf wdkY\qkawmif;jcif;tm;jzifh vkyfaqmifvdkí vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdol bk&m;ociftm;? rdrd,kHMunfjcif;

193

onfqkawmif;jcif;tm;jzifh xdawGUí &aom vkyfaqmifrIjzpfoGm;aponf/ (*) rdrduav;rsm;\ qkawmif;csufrsm;tm;jzifh vkyfaqmif&ef bk&m;ocifonf rdrdudk,f rdrduefYowfrI jyK&mu@rsm;pGm &Sdonf/ (,mukyf 4;2) (C) qkawmif;jcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufrSm okH;yg;wpfql bk&m;ESifh rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;ESifh tcsdef,ljcif; jzpfonf/ (i) qkawmif;jcif;\ jrifuGif;rSm ,kHMunfolrsm;ESifh qdkifaom wpkHw&m (0g) wpfpkHwpfa,muf jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf ,kHMunfvsufwpfcg qkawmif;Edkifonf/ odkYr[kwf tawG;ESifh pdk;&drfrIjyefay:vmjcif; ESifh tnD xyfcgwvJvJ qkawmif;Edkifonf/ (p) qkawmif;jcif;ü taMumif;t&m tcsKdUyg0ifEdkifonf/ (1) okH;yg;wpfql bk&m;tm; csD;rGrf;í &dkaoav;jrwfjcif; (2) bk&m;ociftwl&Sdaejcif;? rdwfo[m, jyKjcif;ESifh rpyhHydk;jcif;rsm;twGuf aus;Zl;wifjcif; (3) twdwfESifh vuf&Sd rdrdwdkY tjypfrsm;tm; 0efcH awmif;yefjcif;/ (4) rdrdwdkY\ vdktyfrIrsm;ESifh pdwfqErsm;tm; awmif;avQmufjcif; (5) tjcm;olrsm;\ vdktyfrIrsm;tm; crnf;awmf a&SUarSmufü Mum;0ifawmif;avQmufay;jcif;/ (q) Mum;0ifqkawmif;ay;jcif;onf vQKdU0SufeufeJaomt&m wpfckjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkY qkawmif;ay;aomol rsm;udk bk&m;ocifonf rdrdwdkY cspfonf xufrsm;pGm ydkcspfonf/ odkYaomf uRefawmfwdkY\qkawmif;rI rsm;onf tajymif;tvJwpf&yf? wkHUjyefrI (0g) vdktyfrIwpfcktm; rdrdwdkYü omru olwdkYüygjzpfyGg; apavh&Sd\/ 2/ or®musrf;pmawmfvm qkawmif;rIrsm; (u) "r®a[mif;usrf; 1/ Mum;0ifqkawmif;ay;jcif;\ OyrmtcsKdU (u) aom'kHjrdKUtwGuf tmjA[H\ awmif;avQmufrI? urÇm 118;22 (c) tpöa&;twGufarma&S\qkawmif;rI (1) xGufajrmuf&m 5;22-23 (2) xGufajrmuf&m 32;31 (3) w&m;a[m&m 5;5 (4) w&m;a[m&m 9;18? 25 (*) tpöa&;twGuf&SmarGv\qkawmif;csuf (1) 1"r®&mZ0if 7;5-6? 8-9 (2) 1"r®&mZ0if 12;16-23 (3) 1"r®&mZ0if 15;11 (C) olYuav;twGuf'g0dwf\qkawmif;csuf? 2"r®&mZ0if 12;16-18 2/ bk&m;ocifonfMum;0ifqkawmif;rnfholrsm;udk&SmazGaeonf/ a[&S, 59;16 3/ od&Sdxm;NyD;? 0efcHawmif;yefjcif;rjyKaomtjypfrsm; (0g) aemifwr&aom pdwfaeoabmxm;onf uRefawmfwdkY\qkawmif;csufrsm;udk xdckdufonf/ (u) qmvH 66;18 (c) okwÅH 28;9 (*) a[&Sm, 59;1-2? 64;7 (c) "r®opfusrf; 1/ om;awmfESifh0dnmOfawmf\Mum;0ifqkawmif;jcif;trIawmf (u) a,½I (1) a&mr 8;34 (2) a[NAJ 7;25 (3) 1 a,m 2;1 (c) oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf? a&mr 8;26-27

194

2/ aygvk\Mum;0ifqkawmif;jcif;trIawmf (u) *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf qkawmif;onf (1) a&mr 9;1 (2) a&mr 10;1 (c) toif;awmfrsm;twGufqkawmif;onf (1) a&mr 1;9 (2) {zuf 1;16 (3) zdvdyÜd 1;3-4? 9 (4) aum 1;3? 9 (5) 1 ouf 1;2-3 (6) 2 ouf 1;11 (7) 2 wdarmao 1;3 (8) zdavrkef i,f4 (*) olYtwGufqkawmif;ay;&ef toif;awmfrsm;udk aygvkarwÅm&yfcHonf/ (1) a&mr 15;30 (2) 2aum&dEÅK1;11 (3) {zuf 6;19 (4) aumavmoJ 4;3 (5) 1oufomavmed 5;25 (6) 2oufomavmed 3;1 3/ toif;awmf\Mum;0ifqkawmif;ay;jcif; trIawmf (u) tcsif;csif;twGufqkawmif;ay;Muavmh (1) {zuf 6;18 (2) 1wdarmao 2;1 (3) ,mukyf 5;16 (c) txl;tkyfpkrsm;twGuf qkawmif;ay;&ef arwÅm&yfcHjcif; (1) igwdkY\&efolrsm;twGuf? róJ 5;44 (2) c&pf,meftrIawmfaqmifrsm;twGuf? a[NAJ 13;18 (3) tmPmydkifrsm;twGuf? 1wdarmao 2;2 (4) zsm;emolrsm;twGuf? ,mukyf 5;13-16 (5) jyefíaemufqkwfoGm;olrsm;twGuf? 1a,m 5;16 3/ qkawmif;csuftajz&&efvdktyfcsufrsm; (u) c&pfawmfESifh0dnmOfawmfwdkYESifh rdrd\ qufqHa&; (1) udk,fawmftxJwnfvsufaeyg/ a,m[ef 15;7 (2) emrawmfxJ wnfaeyg/ a,m 14;13? 14/ 15;16/ 16;23-24/ (3) 0dnmOfawmftxJwnfaeyg/ {zuf 6;18? ,k' 20 (4) bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmfESifhtnD qkawmif;yg/ roJ 6;10/ 1a,m 3;22/ 5;14-15/ (c) pdwfaepdwfxm;rsm; (1) pdwfysHUvTifhjcif;r&SdbJ? róJ 21;22/ ,mukyf 1;6-7 (2) ESdrfhcsjcif;ESifhaemifwjzifh? vkum 18;9-14 (3) vTJrSm;aomawmif;avQmufjcif;? ,mukyf 4;3 (4) wudk,faumif;qefjcif;? ,mukyf 4;2-3 (*) tjcm;rsufESmpmrsm; (1) pGJjrJpGm^ZGJ&SdpGm (u) vkum 18;1-8 (c) aumavmoJ 4;2

195

(2) qufvufqkawmif;jcif; (u) róJ 7;7-8 (c) vkum 11;5-13 (*) ,mukyf 1;5 (3) tdrfawmifa&;ü rnDrnGwfrI? 1ayw½k 3;7 (4) odorQtjypfESifhuif;&Sif;&ef (u) qmvH 66;18 (c) okwÅH 28;9 (*) a[&Sm, 59;1-2 (C) a[&Sm, 64;7 4/ "r®oabmw&m;qdkif&med*Hk;csKyf (u) tcGifhxl;jzpfonf/ tcGifhaumif;jzpfonf/ wm0efESifh 0wÅ&m;jzpfonf/ (c) a,½IonfigwdkY\ yHkoufaojzpfonf/ 0dnmOfawmfrSm igwdkY\vrf;jyjzpfonf/ crnf;awmfonf pdwfapmpGm apmifharQmfaeonf/ (*) 4if;onf oifhtm;? oifhrdom;pktm;? oifhrdwfaqGrsm;ESifh oif\urÇmBuD;tm; ajymif;vJoGm;apEdkifonf/

1;3 ]]pdwfxJatmufarhavh&Sd}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ þ,HkMunfolrsm;twGuf aygvktvGeftrif;pdk;&drfaMumifhusavh&SdyHkudkjyonf/ tjcm;toif;awmfrsm;tm;vHk;twGufenf;wl? olonfþ ,HkMunf ajymif;vJolrsm;taMumif;awG;avh&Sdum? bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfudkrMumcPcsD;rGrf;onf (a&mr 1;9/ {zuf 1;16/ zdvdyÜd 1;3-4? aumavm 1;9/ 2wd 1;3/ zdavrkef 4)/

���� NASB, NRSV ]],HkMunfjcif;jzifhoifwdkYvkyfudkifrI? cspfjcif;arwåmjzifhtm;xkwfrIESifh igwdkYocifa,½Ic&pf awmfudkajrmf vifhjcif;jzifhpGJNrJrI}} NKJV ]],HkMunfjcif;jzifh oifwdkYvkyfudkifjcif;? cspfjcif;arwåmjzifhtm;xkwfjcif;ESifh ajrmfvifhjcif;jzifh

onf;cHjcif;}} TEV ]]oifwkdY\,HkMunfjcif;udkrnfuJhodkYvufawGUusifhoHk;aMumif;? oifwkdY\cspfjcif;arwåmonf

oifwdkYudkrnfuJhodkYtvGeftvkyfBudK;pm;apaMumif;? ocifa,½Ic&pftxJoifwkdY\ ajrmfvifh jcif;rnfrQcdkifNrJaMumif;}}

NJB ]]vufawGUusaomoifwkdY\,HkMunfjcif;? cspfjcif;arwåmaMumifhvkyfudkifjcif;ESifh ajrmfvifh jcif; tm;jzifhcdkifcHhjcif;}}

þpum;pkoHk;ckteufwpfckpDonf ‘ o'gydkif;qkdif&mtm;jzifhtwnfjyKcsufwpfckpD&SdNyD; ,HkMunfaomt

vkyfvkyf aponf/ cspfjcif;arwåmjzifhBudK;pm;tm;xkwfapNyD;vQif? NrJNrHaponfrSmajrmfvihfjcif;jzpfonf[líwnf;/ wuf<uí opöm&Sdaom,HkMunfolrsm;udkajymjcif;jzpfonf/ ,HkMunfjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\tpjyKvkyfaqmifrIudk wkHYjyefrIay;avh &Sd\/

þxl;jcm;csufwpfckpDonf bk&m;ocifudkaygvkaus;Zl;wif&jcif;\tajccHtaMumif;w&m;rsm;jzpfonf/ {zuf 2;8-10 üaus;Zl;awmfESifh ,HkMunfjcif;wdkYonfaumif;aomtvkyfESifh qyfpyfonf/ þa0g[m&oHk;ck (,HkMunf jcif;? ajrmfvifhjcif;ESifh cspfjcif;arwåm) wdkYudk"r®opfusrf;wGif qufpyfavh&Sdonf (a&mr 5;2-5/ 1aum 13;13/ *v 5;5-6/ aum 1;4-5/ 1ouf 5;8/ a[NAJ 6;10-12? 10; 22-24/ 1ay 1;21-22)/ pDpOfyHkrSm wpfckESifh wpfckrwlacs/ þae&mü ]],HkMunfjcif;}} [kqdk&mwGif ]] Mo0g'}} -doctrine r[kwfbJ (,k' 3 ESifh 20) vlwpfOD;jcif;\udk;pm;rI (trust) jzpfonf (i,f 8)/ *vm 3;6 \txl;taMumif;t&mü -½I

196

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���� ]]pGJNrJjcif;}} ¤if;rSmtjyKcHoabmr[kwfbJ aESmifh,Sufprf;oyfjcif;rsm;tv,fwGifwuf<upGm vdkvm;pGmESifh pGJNrJpGmcH Edkifjcif;jzpfonf (vkum 21;19/ a&mr 5;3?4)/ qdkvkdonfrSmvkdtyfcsufwpfckawGUNyD; vdktyforQtwdkif; 0efxkwf0efydk; udkrdrdqEtavsmufulnDo,fxrf;onf [líjzpf\ (2 ouf 1;4)/

���� ]]igwdkY\ bk&m;ocifESifh crnf;awmf\rsufarSmufwGif igwkdYocifa,½Ic&pfawmfudkarQmfvifhjcif;ü}} ¤if; onf parousia (0g) 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;wnf;[laomþMo0g'pm\t"duOD;wnfcsufudkñTef;qdkonf (1;10/ 3;13/ 4;13-5;11/ 2ouf 1;7? 10)/ tcef;BuD;wpfcef;wdkif;onf þtaMumif;t&mudkaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh tqHk;owf onfudkowdjyKyg/ ]]ajrmfvifhjcif;}} - hope [laom*&dpum;onf t*Fvdyfpum;rSmuJhodkY ]]jzpfEdkifonf}} qdkaomoHo,0ifonfht"dyÜg,fyGm;rsdK;r[kwfbJ? tcsdefumvtwdtusrod&aom jzpfvmrnfht&mudkrjrif&rD apmifhqdkif;aejcif; - (expect )jzpfonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ /ajrmfvifhjcif; *vm 15;5 ü-½I/ 1;4 ]]od&Sd}} ¤if;rSmtcef;i,f 5 &Sdaygvk\qkawmif;csufESifh qufpyfaom PARTICIPLE oHk;ckwdkY\wwd ,ajrmuf jzpfonf/

����]]bk&m;ociftm;jzifhcspf&aom}} vHk;aphywfaphtm;jzifh ]]bk&m;w&m;tm;jzifhcspf&aomolwdkY}} - divinely loved

ones [líjzpfonf/ þ PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE pum;pkonfolwkdYudka&G;aumufawmfrljcif;ESifh "r® oabmw&m;tm;jzifh qufpyfonf ({zuf 1;4-5)/ ¤if;onf ]]cspfjcif;cH&olrsm;}} wnf;[lonf,HkMunfolrsm;ü qufvufjzpfay:aeaom *kPfj'yfudktav;teufjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ cspfjcif;arwåmjyKolrSm bk&m;ocifjzpfonf/ emr0d aooejzpfaom ]]cspfjcif;cH&ol}} (agapētos) udkcrnf;awmfonf a,½Iudkcspfjcif;ESifh qdkifíoHk;avh&Sdonf (róJ 3;17/12;18/ 17;5/ {zuf 1;6)/ ¤if;udkudk,fawmftm;udk;pm; (trust) olrsm;twGufoHk;&efjzpfNyD; ,ckwpfcgcrnf; awmf\cspfjcif;cH&olrsm;vnf;jzpfonf (a&mr 1;7/ aumavm 3;12/ 2ouf 2;13)/

���� NASB ]]oifwkdYudka&G;cs,fawmfrl}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYudk bk&m;ocifa&G;cs,fawmfrl}} TEV ]]olonfoifwkdYudka&G;cs,fawmfrl}} NJB ]]oifwkYdonf a&G;cs,fawmfrljcif;cH}}

Bud,mpum;vkH;rygacs/ (emrfpum;pkjzpfonf/ oifwkdYudka&G;cs,fomvQifyg&Sdonf) jyKvkyfolrSmc&pfawmf txJübk&m;ocif\jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;udkygcJhNyD; Bud,mudktjyKcHBud,mtjzpfazmfjyjcif;jzpfNyD;? jyKvkyfoltjzpf bk&m;ocifudk xdkBud,mwGifazmfjyonf/ ¤if;onfbk&m;ocif\tpjyKarwåmawmfESifh a&G;cs,frIvdktyf yHkudk"r®oabmt& tckdiftrmjyKjcif;jzpfonf (a,m 6;44? 65)/ olwdkYonf {0Ha*vdw&m;tay: wkHYjyefrIjyKcJhMuojzifh olwdkYrSm a&G;cs,fawmfrljcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfaMumif;aygvkod&Sd&onf/ bk&m;ocif\a&G;cs,frIudk ti,f 5 üazmfjyonfhol\ wef;cdk;BuD;aom vkyfaqmifrIrsm;jzifhtwnfjyKonf/ a&G;aumufjcif;onf oefY&Sif; pifMu,f&efESifh ({zuf 1;4) tapcH&ef (aumavm 3;12-14/ 2ay 1;2-11) ac:zdwfjcif;jzpfonf/

197

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / a&G;aumufjcif;/ a&G;aumufjcif;onftHhMobG,f&m^tvGefaumif;rGefaomMo0g' (doctrine)wpfckjzpfonf/ rnfodkY jzpfap¤if;rSmrsufESmomay;&efr[kwfbJ? vrf;aMumif; (channel)wpfck? wefqmyvmwpfck (0g) tjcm;ol rsm;udk a&G;EIwfjcif;udpötwGufenf;vrf;wpfcktjzpftoHk;jyK&efjzpfonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif¤if;udkrlv tm;jzifh trIawmf twGufjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;wGif¤if;udk rlvtm;jzifhu,fwifjcif;twGufjzpfNyD;? ¤if;onftapcHjcif; udkjzpfay:aponf/ or®musrf;pmonf bk&m;ocif\tcsKyftcsmESifh vlom;\vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fydkifcGifh ESpfckMum; qefYusifhbufjzpfae[ef&Sd aeyHkudkn§day;jcif;rjyKcJhbl;bJ? ESpfckpvHk;udktwnfjyKonf/ or®musrf;pmvm þwif;rmrItwGuf aumif;rGefaom OyrmwpfckrSm a&mr 9 &Sdbk&m;ocif\tcsKyft csmtmPmjzifh a&G;cs,f awmfrljcif;ESifh a&mr 10 &Sdvlom;\wHkYjyefrIvdktyfyHkwkdYjzpf onf (10;11?13)/ "r®oabmqdkif&m þwif;rmrItwGuf aomhcsufudk{zuf 1;4 üawGU&onf/ a,½IrSmbk&m;ocifa&G;cs,f aomvlom;jzpfonf/ vlom;tm;vHk;udk olUtxJta&G;cH&eftvm;tvm&Sdolrsm;tjzpfa&G;cs,fonf/ (umvfbwf) a,½IrSmusqif;aom vlom;rsm;\vdktyfrItwGuf bk&m;ocif\ tdk? au -Yes jzpfonf/ (umvfbwf)/ {zuf 1;4 onf þudpö&Sif;vif;ap&ef axmufuljyKonf/ ¤if;ü BuKdwifcefYxm;jcif; predestination \yef;wdkifrSm aumif;uifbHkr[kwfbJ? oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif; (c&pfawmfESifhwljcif;) jzpfaMumif;tcdkiftrmjyKonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf {0Ha*vdw&m;\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;\qGJaqmifrIaemufodkY ygoGm;avh&SdMuNyD;? ¤if;\wm0ef0wå&m;udkvpfvsL½Irdavh&SdMuonf/ bk&m;ocif\ac:zdwfrIrSm xm0&umvtwGufrSm enf;wl,cktcsdefumvtwGufvnf;jzpfonf/ Mo0g' - doctrine wkdYrSmtquftpyfr&Sdaom wpfyifwdkiftrSefw&m;rsdK;r[kwfbJ? tjcm;or®m w&m;wpfckvHk;ESifh ESD;EG,fqufpyfonf/ Mu,ftpkta0;wpfpkESifh Mu,fpifwpfpif;ESifh tvm;wlygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf or®mw&m;udktaemufwkdif;pmay[efjzifh rwifjybJ? ta&SUwdkif;pmay[efjzifhwifjyonf/ qefYusifbufjzpfae[ef&Sdaomfvnf;oabmnDñTwfrI&Sdaom (paradoxical) pHkwGJor®mw&m; rsm;udkrz,f&Sm;&yg/ (vlUOmPfrrSDEdkifaombk&m;ocif –uwzuf-twl&Sdaom bk&m;ocif/ u,fwifjcif;pdwf cs&rI-wzuf-pGJNrJjcif;vdktyfrI/ crnf;awmfESifh wef;wlnDaoma,½I-wzuf-crnf;awmfudktapcHaom a,½I/ c&pf,mef vGwfajrmufrI-wzuf-y#dnmOfw&m;\wbufvltjzpfc&pf ,mefwm0ef0wå&m;? om;rsm; jzpf&aomtcGifh-wzuf- tapcHrsm;jzpfjcif; ...pojzifh) ]]y#dnmOfw&m;}} ESifh qdkifaom"r®oabmw&m;onf trdefYawmfjzifhtpysdK;ay;aombk&m;ocif\ tcsKyftcsmtmPmESifh (tpjyKí tpDtpOfcsrSwfay;avh&Sdonf) vlom;tydkif;rS qufvufítjypfudk aemifw&um? ,HkMunfjcif;jzifh wHkYjyefrIwdkYudk aygif;pyfay;onf (rmuk 1;15/ wrefawmf 3;16?19/ 20;21)/ qefYusifae[ef&Sdaomfvnf; oabmnDñTwfaom taMumif;t&mrsm;\wzufudkomvQifqkyfudkif ítjcm; wzufudk rxDrJhjrifrjyKrdap&ef owdjyKyg/ rdrdESpfoufaom0g' (0g) "r®oabmw&m;pHepfwpf&yf udkomvQif tao r,lrdap&efowdjyKyg/

1;5 NASB, NKJV ]]oifwdkYqDpum;tm;jzifhoma&mufvmonfr[kwf}} NRSV ]]pum;tm;jzifhomoifwdkYqDra&mufvm}} TEV ]]pum;ESifh omvQifr[kwf}} NJB ]]¤if;onf oifwkdYqDpum;tm;jzifh oma&mufrvm}} {0Ha*vdw&m;onf pdwfydkif;qdkif&momvQifr[kwfbJ? olwdkY\b0touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHudkygajymif;vJoGm;ap onf (a&mr 1;16/ ,mukyf 2;14-26)/ ,aeYüumvüvnf; {0Ha*vdw&m;a[monfhtcgþtwdkif;yifjzpf& ygrnf/ rSefuefaomMo0g'oufoufr[kwfbJ? oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;rSm yef;wdkifjzpfonf (a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm

198

4;19/ {zuf 1;4)/ {0Ha*vdw&m;[lonf (1) BudKqdkvufcH&ef yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; (2) ,HkMunf&efjzpfaom xdkyk*¾dKvftaMumif; or®mw&m;rsm;ESifh (3) xdkyk*¾dKvfESifh wl&efydkíBudK;pm;tm;xkwfonfhtoufwmwkdYjzpfygonf/ oHk;ckpvHk;rygrjzpf? tjywfqHk;jzwfcsufay;aomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/

���� ]]wefcdk;awmfESifh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh}} bk&m;ocif\a&G;cs,frIudktwnfjyKay;aom tcsif; csif; wpfckudkwpfckqufpyfaeonfht&moHk;rsdK;&Sdonf/ 1/ {0Ha*vdw&m;onf pum;jzifha&mufvmonf/

2/ {0Ha*vdw&m;onf wefcdk;jzifha&mufvmonf/ 3/ {0Ha*vdw&m;onf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfjzifha&mufvmonf/ þtcsuf&nfñTef;aeonfrSm (1) oufomavmed,HkMunfolrsm;udk,fwdkifüjzpfysufaomt&modkYr[kwf (2)

ayg vktm;jzifhbk&m;ocif\tvkyfjzpfonf (a&mr 8;15-16)/ aygvkw&m;a[m&mwGifjzpfap? oGefoif&mwGifjzpfap or®mw&m;udkwefcdk;BuD;pGmtwnfjyKay;rIESifh {0Ha*vdw&m;\0dnmOfwefcdk;rsm;yg&Sdonf/

���� ]]tjynfht0em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;ESifh twl}} þtjynfht0,HkMunfpdwfcsrIonf (aumavm 2;2/ a[NAJ 6;11/ 10;22) aygvk\w&m;a[mjcif; (0g) oufomavmedom;rsm;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;ay:wHkYjyefrIudk ñTef;qdkjcif; jzpfEdkifonf/

���� ]]igwkdYonf rnfuJhodkYaomoljzpfaMumif;? igwkdYonf oifwkdYtusdK;tvdkiSg? oifwkdYtxJ oufaoom"u jzifhjycJhMuaMumif;oifwkYdodMuonfhtwdkif;}} aygvkonf olESifholYomoemjyKtzGJUoufomavmedom;wdkY txJjyKrIyHkwkdkYudk (2;7-10) 3;3? 6 üazmfjyaomolwdkYESifh EdIif;,SOfjyojcif;jzpfonf/ uGJjym;jcm;em;yHkudk tcef;BuD; ESpfü Munfhyg/ aygvk tjcm;olrsm; qefYusifrIrsm;pGmMum;rS rSm;,Gif;rIryg rSm;,Gif; rpifMurIryg rpifMu,f vdrfnmrIryg vdrfnm vlUtBudKufvkdufolr[kwf vlYtBudKufvdkuf avmbrzuf avmbBuD; rdrd*kPfodu©mr&Sm *kPfodu©m&Sm om;onfrdcifuJhodkY El;nHhodrfarGU ESpfoufjrwfEdk; {0Ha*vdomvQifr[kwfolwdkYudk,folwdkYay; aygvkonf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;teuf rrSefaomq&morm;rsm;ESifh qif;&J'ku©zefwD;olrsm;taMumif;ajymjcif;jzpfonf (wrefawmf 17;5)/ 1;6 ]]oifwkdYonfvnf;}}¤if;onf ti,f 2-5 &Sd ]]igwkdY}}ESifhuGJjym;jcm;em;rIudktav;teufjyKjcif;jzpfonf/

199

NRSB, NRSV ]]oifwkdYonfvnf;igwkdYESifhocifbk&m;udktwk,lolrsm;jzpfvmcJhMu\}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYonfigwkdYESifh ocifbk&m;aemufvdkufrsm;jzpfvmMu\}} TEV ]]oifwkdYonfigwkdYESifh ocifbk&m;udktwk,lMu\}} NJB ]]oifwkdYonfigwkdYESifh ocifbk&m;udktwk,lolrsm;jzpfvmap&efOD;aqmifrI&&SdMu\}} ]]twk,lolrsm;}} - imitators t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;rSm ]]vdkufwkonf}} -mimic [líjzpf\/ (¤if;\*&dp um;vHk;ESifhoabmudk 1ouf 1;6/ 2;14/ 2ouf 3;7?9/ 1aum 4;16/ 11;1/ *vm 4;12? zdvdyÜd 3;17/ 4;9 wkdYüawGU&onf)/ c&pfawmfESifh wljcif;rSm,HkMuhnfolwdkif;twGuf bk&m;ocif\ yef;wdkifjzpfonf (a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm 4;19/ {zuf 1;4)/ vlom;txJbk&m;ocif\oP²mefawmfudkjyef&ap&efjzpfonf (0wfjyK 11;44/ 19;2/ róJ 5;48/ {zuf 1;4/ 5;1)/

���� NASB, NKJV ]]EIwfuywfawmfudk vufcHcJhMuvsuf}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYonf EIwfuywfawmfudk vufcHMuonf}} TEV ]]oifwkdYonfowif;pum;udkvufcHcJhMuNyD}} NJB ]]oifwkdYonf {0Ha*vdw&m;udkvufcHcJhMuNyD}} ¤if;\t"dyÜg,fyGm;rSm ]]BudKqdkjcif;cH&aom{nfonfhtjzpfvufcHonf}} (róJ 10;40-41/ 18;5) odkYr[kwf ]]owif;pum;wpfckvufcHonf}} (2aum 11;4/ ,mukyf 1;21) [líjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmAORIST MIDDLE

(depament) PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ vlonfc&pfawmfNyD;pD;cJhNyD;aomtvkyftm;jzifh bk&m;ocifay;prf;aeaom cspfjcif;arwåmudk tjypfrSaemifw&jcif;ESifh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh wHkYjyefrIjyK&ygrnf (rmuk 1;15/ a,m[ef 1;12/ 3;16/ wref 3;16? 19/ 20;21/ a&mr 10;9-13)/ u,fwifjcif;qkdonfrSm (1) owif;pum;wpfck (Mo0g'ydkif;qdkif&mor®mw&m;) (2) yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; (wnf&SdaeaomqHkawGUrI) ESifh (3) touf&Sif&efb0wpfck (i,f 6) wkdYjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkvufcHum a,½IESifh rdwfaqGjzpfvmcJhMuonf/ þESpfckpvHk;udk igwkdYt<uif;rJh,kHMunfudk;pm; -trust Mu&ygrnf/ ¤if;onf opöm&SdíoefY&Sif;pifMu,faom b0opfwpfckjzpfay:aponf/

���� NASB ]]rsm;pGmaomab;'ku©xJrS}} NKJV ]]rsm;pGmaomqif;&JxJrS}} NRSV ]]n§Of;qJjcif;cH&aomfjim;vnf;}} TEV ]]oifwkdYonfrsm;pGmcH&aomfvnf;}} NJB ]]oifwkdYab;ywfvnfrS BuD;pGmaomqefYusifrI}} vHk;aphywfaphtm;jzifh ¤if;rSm ]]zdonf}} [líjzpf\ (a,m 16;33/ wrefawmf 14;22/ 2ouf 1;4/ 6)/ c&pf ,mefjzpfvmjcif;onf wif;rmrIrawGU&[ktmrcHjcif;rjyKonfomru ¤if;ESifh tvGefyifqefYusifbufjzpfonf (róJ 5;10-12/ a,m 15;18-19/ a&mr 8;17/ 1ay 3;13-17/ 4;12-19)/ wrefawmf 17 üaygvkcH&aomn§Of;qJjcif; tcsdKUESifh (2aum 4;7-12/ 6;3-10/ 11;23-28) þtoif;awmf\t awGUtBuHKudka&;om;azmfjyonf/

200

����]]oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESifh qkdifaom0rf;ajrmufjcif;}} 0dnmOfawmfay;aom þ0rf;ajrmufrIrSm tvGefpHkvif jynfh0ojzifh BuD;rm;aomn§Of;qJjcif;ESifh a0'emrsm;xJüawGU&NyD;? cGeftm;ay;onf/ ¤if;rSmtajct ae\½dkufcwfrI udk ausmfvGefaom0rf;ajrmufrIjzpfonf (a&mr 5;2-5/ 2aum 7;4/ 1ay 4;13)/ 1;7 ]] oifwdkYonf,HkMunfoltm;vHk;twGufOyrmjzpfvmMuonf}} ¤if;rSmcsJUum;jcif;oabm&Sd aomfvnf;? xdktwdkif;jzpfonfhoabmvnf;&Sdonf/ pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifh prf;oyf&cHjcif;üoufomavmedom;wkdY\ 0rf;ajrmufrIESifh pGJNrJjcif;onftjcm;,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;twGufBuD;rm;vSaomcGeftm;jzpfaponf/ a,mbESifh ya&mzufrsm; (róJ 5;10? 12) ar&Sd,ESifh wrefawmfwkdYcH&aom'ku©qif;&Jrsm;onfvnf tem*wf,HkMunf olrsm;twGuf xdkenf;wltusKd;oufa&mufonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;\wefcdk;tBuD;rm;qHk;oufaorSmprf;oyfcH&jcif;? a0'emESifh n§Of;qJcH&jcif;umvrsm;yifjzpfavh&Sdonf/

���� ]]Oyrm}} atmufygtxl;taMumif;t&m udkMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / yHkpH - FORM (TUPOS) jyóemrSm tupos pum;vHk;oHk;EIef;yHk trsKd;rsKd;½Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ 1/ Moulton ESifh Milligan wdkU\ The Vocabulary of the Greek New Testament, p. 645 ü (u) erlem (pattern) (c) pDrHudef; (plan) (*) yHkpH (odkU) pma&;[ef (form or manner of writing) (C) pD&ifcsuf (0g) qHk;jzwfcsuf (i) a&m*gaysmufuif;apaom ewfbk&m;wpfyg;tm; t"dXgefjyKum ay;vSLjcif;tjzpf vlom;\ udk,fcEmerlem (p) Oya' (law - ynwfawmf) qdkif&mtcsufrsm;tm; twnfjyK&ef oHk;onfhBud,m 2/ Louw ESifh Nide wdkU\ Greek – English Lexion, vol. 2, p. 249 (u) trm½Gwf (a,m[ef 20;25) (c) ½kyfwkqif;wk (wref 7;43) (*) yHkpH (a[NAJ 8;5) (C) Oyrm? om"u (1aum 10;6/ zd 3;17) (i) rlvyHkpH (a&mr 5;14) (p) trsKd;tpm; (wref 23;25) (q) yg0ifaomt&mrsm; (wref 23;25) 3/ Harold K. Moulton \The Analytical Greek Lexion Revised, p. 411 (u) xdk;ESufcsuf? wHqdyfcwfESdyfjcif;? trSwftom; (aum 20;25) (c) tao;pdwfcs,frIef;jcif; (*) ½kyfwkwpfck (wref 7;43) (C) yHkaoenf; (udef;) wpfck? MuHpnfcsufwpfck (a&mr 6;17) (i) yHkpH? qdkvdkcsuf (wref 23;25) (p) toGifo@mef? tazmftzuf (1aum 10;6) (q) BudKwifíjyKaomtoGifo@mef? trsKd;tpm; (a&mr 5;14/ 1aum 10;11) (Z) erlemyHkpH (wref 7;44/ a[NAJ 8;5) (ps) udk,fusihfw&m;erlem (zd 3;17/ 1ouf 3;7/ 2ouf 3;9/ 1wd 4;12/ 1ay 5;3) þusrf;ydk'ftwGuf txufyg#ps rSmtaumif;qHk;jzpfvdrfhrnf/ {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;ü Mo0g'ESifhtouf½Sif jcif;yHkpHoabm ESpfrsKd;pvHk;oabmyg0ifonf/ c&pfawmftxJ tcrJhvufaqmifjzpfaom u,fwifjcif;onf c&pfawmfuJhodkU touf½Sifjcif;udkvnf; awmif;qdkonf/

201

���� ]]rmaua'gedESifh tmcg,}}¤if;wdkYrSm a&mrtkyfcsKyfaome,frsm;jzpfonf/ tcg,rSm ,aeYacwfopf*&dEdkifiH twGif;jzpfNyD;? rmaua'gedrSm *&dEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifh&aom jynfe,fwpfckjzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,Ofaus;rI ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t&qufpyfrI&Sdonf/ 1;8 ]]Mum;&í}} ¤if;\vHk;aphywfapht"dyÜg,frSm ]]wHydk;rIwfonf}} (0g) ]]rdk;CfcsKef;onf}} [líjzpf\/ PREFECT

PASSIVE INDICATIVE jzpfNyD;? 'ku©qif;&JMum;xJolwdkY\ 0rf;ajrmufrIrS wqifh{0Ha*vdw&m;onf ]]toHjrnfíqufvufjrnfaeqJjzpfonf}} [kqdkvkdonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; ]]echo}} - yJhwif[yfonf[laom pum;vHk;rSm þpum;vHk;rS qif;oufonf/ ti,f 8-10 onf*&dusrf;ü 0guswpfckjzpfonf/

���� ]]ae&mwumüvnf;}} ¤if;rSm ti,f -2 uJhodkYwifpm;csJUum;aomajymqdkrIrsdK;jzpfonf (a&mr 1;8)/ or®musrf;pmonf ta&SUwkdif;usrf;jzpfojzifh yHkaqmifaompum;rsm;rMumcPoHk;EIef;onf/ taemufwkdif;yHkpHvHk;aph ywfaphoabmudkowdjyK yg/

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202

rwfjcif; (,mukyf 2;24-26)ESifh tNydKifjzpfonf/ (n) c&pf,mefvGwfvyfrIonf (a&mr 14;1-23/ 1aum 8;1-13/ 10;23-33)c&pf,mef\wm0ef½SdrIESifh (*vmwd 5;16-21/ {zuf 4;1) tNydKifjzpfonf/ (#) bk&m;ocif\omvGefxl;uJrIonf vl\twGif;tpÆKwåo@mefESifh tNydKifjzpfonf/ (X)bk&m;ociftm; t<uif;rJhoduRrf;EdkifrI r½Sdjcif;onf or®musrf;pmESifh c&pfawmftm;jzifhoduRrf;jcif;ESifh t NydKifjzpfonf/ (!) u,fwifjcif;twGuf aygvk\wifpm;azmfjyrI (metaphor)rsm;pGmwdkUrSm (1) om;t&mücefUjcif; (arG;pm;jcif;) (2) oefU½Sif;pifMu,fapjcif; (3) ajzmifhrwfapjcif; (4) a½G;EIwfjcif; (5) bkef;BuD;apjcif; (6) BudKwifa½G;cs,fcefUxm;jcif; (7) jyefvnfoifhjrwfapjcif; (O) bk&m;ocif\ypöKyÜefEdkifiHawmfonf tem*wfü¤if;\ NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;ESifh tNydKifjzpfonf/ (P) bk&m;ocif\vufaqmifjzpfaom aemifw&jcif;onf u,fwifjcif;&&ef wHkUjyefrItwGuftrdefUjzpf aom aemifw&jcif;(rmuk 1;15/ wref 20;21)ESifh tNydKifjzpfonf/ (w) "r®a[mif;usrf;rSm tNrJtouf0ifaeonf[k qdkjcif;onf "r®a[mif;usrf;rSm acwfukefoGm;NyD;?ysuf jy,fqdwfokOf;oGm;cJhNyD (róJ 3;17-19 tNydKif 5;21-48/ a&mr 7 tNydKif *vmwd 3) [kqdkjcif; ESifhtNydKifjzpfonf/ (x) ,HkMunfolrsm;onf tapcHrsm;^uRefrsm;jzpfonfqdkjcif;ESifhom;orD;rsm;^tarGcHrsm;jzpfonfqdkjcif; wdkUrSm tNydKifjzpfonf/

���� NASB ]]igwkdYajymp&mbmrQrvkdtyf}} NKJV ]]igwkdYajymbkdYbmrQrvdktyf}} NRSV ]]¤if;taMumif;igwkdYajymp&mbmrQrvkdtyf}} TEV ]]odkYjzpfí igwkdYajym&efvkdtyfaomt&mr&Sd}} NJB ]]¤if;taMumif;tjcm;olrsm;udk igwkdYajymjy&efrvdktyf}} roJuGJaompum;pkwpfckjzpfNyD; bmomjyefusrf;rsm;pGmwkdYonf ,cifpum;pkrS ]],HkMunfjcif;}} – the faith udkjznfhpGufMuonf/ olwkdYonf c&pf,mefMo0g'tm;vHk; (0g) 'ku©qif;&JcH&jcif;taMumif;jzifh tm;vHk;em;vnf cJhMuNyD;jzpfonf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdojzifh xdkodkYjznfhpGufp&mrvkdtyfacs/ odkYaomf{0Ha*vdw&m;onf olwkdYpdwfESvHk;xJ trSef yiftjrpfwG,faeaMumif; olwdkYtoufwmonfjyoae\/ cH,laompdwfESvHk;wkdif;udk oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf awmf onf {0Ha*vdw&m;\tajccHudkzGifhjyvdrfhrnfom/ 1;9 ]]½kyfwkqif;wkrsm;rS bk&m;ocifxHodkY}} ¤if;onf rdpäm'dXd ½kyfwkqif;wkrsm;rS olwdkYaemifw&vmcJhMujcif;udk ñTef;qdkonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;rSm tysufoabmESifh tjyKoabmESpfrsdK;pvHk;wnf;[lonfhaemifw&jcif;ESifh ,HkMunf jcif; jzpfonf (rmuk 1;15/ wref 3;16? 19/ 20;21)/ ]]jyefvSnhfjcif;}} yg0ifonfhenf;wl ]]OD;wnfjcif;}} vnf;yg0ifonf/ &Sif;vif;csufESifh wGJaom NASBbmomjyefusrf;\pmrsufESm 1748 ü oufomavmed,HkMunfolrsm;\,Hk Munfajymif;vJrIü awGU&aom oufaoom"uoHk;ckudkazmfjyxm;onfrSm – 1/ ½kyfwkqif;wkrsm;rS jyefvSnfhjcif;

2/ bk&m;ocifudktapcHjcif;

203

3/ c&pfawmf<uvmjcif;udk apmifharQmfjcif;

���� ]]tapcH&ef}} vHk;aphywfapht"dyÜg,frSm ]]aus;uReftjzpf}} [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm PRESENT INFINITIVE jzpfonf/ vlwdkYonf½kyfwkqif;wkrsm;rS jyefvSnfhvmcJh (AORIST) MuNyD;? touf&SifíppfrSefaombk&m;udk tapcH&ef qufvufoGm;Muonf (a&mr 6;18)/ ¤if;onf bk&m;ocifudk &Sifbk&iftjzpfESifh olYaemufvdkufrsm;udk tapcHrsm;tjzpfo½kyfazmfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonfwzufüaus;uRefrsm;jzpfMuNyD;tjcm;wzufüom;rsm;vnf;jzpf onf/

����•]]touf&SifíppfrSefaombk&m;ocif}} ¤if;onf bk&m;ocif\y#dnmOfcHemrawmfjzpfaom YHWH udk (xGuf 3;14)ay:vGifaponf/ YHWHrSm xm0&touf&Sifaeaom? wpfqlwnf;touf&Sifaeolbk&m;jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm wpfqlwnf;aom bk&m;\or®musrf;vmtajccHjzpfonf (w&m;a[m 4;35? 39/ 6;4/ a[&Sm, 45;5? 6? 18? 21-22/ 47;8?10)/

txl;taMumif;t&m / / bk&m;\emrawmfrsm; (u) El (BDB 42. KB 48) 1/ a&S;a[mif;a0g[m&trsdK;tpm;qdkif&m bk&m;-deity \rlvteuft"dyÜg,frSmaocsm&Sif;vif; jcif;r&Sd acs/ tcsdKUynm&Sifrsm;url Akadian pum; ]]oefrmonf (0g) wefcdk;BuD;onf}} rSqif;oufonf[k qdkMuonf/ (urÇmOD;17;1/ awmvnf23;19/ w&m;a[m7;21/qmvH50;1)/ 2/ cgeefvlrsdK;rsm;\bk&m;ausmif;wefrsm;ü tjrifhbk&m;rSm EIjzpfonf/ (Ras Shamrausrf;ydk'frsm;) 3/ or®musrf;pmxJü EI udkwjcm;a0g[m&rsm;ESifh rwGJzufacs/ atmufygwGJzufrIrsm;onfbk&m;ocif\ p½dkuftm;azmfjyonf/ (u) EI – Elyon – tJvf - {vDtGef (tjrifhqHk;aombk&m; BDB 42 &751 II),urÇmO;D 14;18-22/ w&m;a[m 32;8/ a[&Sm, 14;14/ (c) EI – Roi – (]]jrifhaombk&m;}} (0g) ]]olUudk,folzGifhjyaombk&m;}} BDB 42 &909)? urÇmOD;16;13/ (*) 3. EI – Shaddai – (]]wefcdk;tBuD;qHk;bk&m;}} (0g) ]]tvHk;pHkaom *½kPm&Sifbk&m;}} (0g) ]]awmifay:bk&m;}} BDB 42 & 994)? urÇmOD;17;1/ 35;11/ 43;14/ 49;25/{zuf6;3/ (C) EI – Olam – (xm0&bk&m;}} BDB 42 & 761)? urÇmOD;21;33/ þa0g[m&onf 'g0d'ftm; ay;onfhbk&m;ocif\ uwdawmf2"r®7;13? 16 ESifh"r®ynmoabmt&qufpyfonf/ (i) EI – Berit– (]]y#dnmOfw&m;\bk&m;ocif}} BDB 42 & 136)? w&m;olBuD;9;46/ 4/ EI udkatmufyga0g[m&rsm;ESifh wef;xlxm;onf? (u) YHWH qmvH85;8/ a[&Sm,42;5/ (c) Elohim urÇmOD;46;3/ a,mb5;8/ ]]igonfoifhzcif\ EI jzpfol Elohimjzpfonf/}} (I am

EI, the Elohim of your father) (*) Shaddai urÇmOD;49;25/ (C) ]]tjypf&Sdonf[kxifvG,fol}} (jealousy-o0efwdkwwfol)/ xGuf34;14/ w&m;a[m 4;24/ 5;9/ 6;15/ (i) ]]*½kPm}} w&m;a[m4;31/ ae[rd9;31/ (p) ]]wefckd;BuD;í aMumufrufbG,fjzpfaom}} w&m;a[m7;21/ 10;17/ ae[rd1;5/ 9;32/ 'Ha,v9;4/ (q) oAÁñkwOmPfawmf&Sif? 1"r®2;3/ (Z) ]]ig\cdkifcHhaomcdkvIH&m}} 2"r®22;33/ (ps) ]]ightwGufudk,fpm;acsay;ol}} 2"r®22;48/ (n) ]]oefY&Sif;awmfrlol}} a[&Sm,5;16/

204

(#) ]]wefcdk;BuD;awmfrlol}} a[&Sm,10;21/ (X) ]]uREfkyf\u,fwifjcif;}} a[&Sm,12;2/ (!) ]]BuD;jrwfíwefcdk;awmfESifhjynfhpHkol}} a,&rd21;18/ (¡) ]]tusdK;tjypfudkay;ol}} a,&rd51;56/ 5/ "r®a[mif;ü &Sdbk&m;ocif\emrnftm;vHk; a,m½I 22;22 üwaygif;wnf;awGU&onf/ (EI, Elohim, YHWH ESpfcgxyfíazmfjyonf/) (c) Elyon (BDB 751, KB 832) 1/ 4if;\tajccHt"dyÜg,frSm ]]jrifhaom}} ]]csD;ajr§mufxm;aom}} (0g) ]] jr§ifhwifxm; aom}}[líjzpfonf/ (urÇmOD;40;17/ 3"r®9;8/ 4"r®18;17/ ae[rd3;25/ a,&drd20;3/36;10/ qmvH18;13)/ 2/ 4if;udkbk&m;ocif\tjcm;aombGJUemrtawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh tvm;wltoHk;jyKonf/ (u) Elohim- qmvH47;1-2/ 73;11/ 107;11/ (c) YHWH - urÇmOD;14;22/ 2"r®22;14/ (*) EI - Shaddai - qmvH91;1?9/ (C) EI - awm24;16/ (i) Elah - 'Ha,v2-6 ESifh {Z7 4-7 wdkYü 'Ha,v3;26/ 4;2/5;18?21wdkYü&Sdonfh illair (tm&rd- BuD;jrifhaombk&m;)ESifh qufpyfoHk;avh&Sdonf 3/ tpöa&;r[kwfolrsm;tjzpfvnf; rMumcPoHk;Muonf/ (u) arvcdZ'uf – urÇm18;18-22/ (c) Amvrf – awm24;16/ (*) w&m;32;8 üwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;tm;ajym&mü arma&StoHk;jyKonf/ (C) "r®opfusrf;\vkumc&pf0ifusrf;ü wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;tm;pma&;&mü4if; ESifht"dyÜg,fwl *&dpum; Hysistos toHk;jyKonf/ (1;32? 35? 76/ 6;35/ 8;28/wref7;48/ 16;17)/ (*) Elohim (trsm;jyudef;)Eloah (tenf;jyudef;)/ rlvtm;jzifhuAsmtvFmrsm;üoHk;onf/ (BDD43, KB

52)/ 1/ þa0g[m&udk "r®a[mif;jyifyürawGU&acs/ 2/ þpum;vHk;onftpöa&;wdkYbk&m;ocif (0g) wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;\bk&m;rsm;tm;ñTef;qdkEdkifonf/ (xGuf12;12/ 20;3)/ tmjA[H\ rdom;pkrsm;onf ewfbk&m;trsm;udk;uG,folrsm;jzpfonf/ (a,m½I24;2)/ 3/ tpöa&;w&m;olBuD;rsm;tm; ñTef;qdkjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ (xGuf21;6/ qmvH82;6)/ 4/ Elohim a0g[m&udk tjcm;emrf0dnmOfrsm; (aumif;uifwrefrsm;? ewfqdkrsm;) ESifhqdkifívnf; w&m;32;8 (LXX ) qmvH8;5/ a,mb1;6/ 38;7wdkYrSmuJhodkYtoHk;jyKonf/ 5/ or®musrf;pmü4if;rSmbk&m;ocif\yxrqHk;bGJUemrawmfjzpfonf/ (urÇm1;1)/ 4if;udkurÇm2;4ü YHWHESifhyl;wGJroHk;rDtjcm;pum;vHk;ESifh ra&mbJoD;oefYoHk;onf/ 4if;onftajccHtm;jzifh "r®ynm qdkif&m t&bk&m;ociftm;zefqif;ol? xdef;csKyfolESifhþurÇmN*dKvfay:owå0gtm;vHk;tm; axmufyHh oltjzpf&nfñTef;onf (qmvH104)/4if;onf EIESifh t"dyÜg,fqifwlonf (w&m;32;15-19)/ 4if;onf qmvH14(Elohim) rSmuJhokdYYHWH ESifhtvm;wljzpfEdkifonf/ bk&m;bGJUemrrsm;ajymif; vJvdkufjcif;uvTJvQif 4if;rSm qmvH 53 (YHWH) ESifhtwdtuswlonf/ 6/ 4if;onftrsm;jyudef;jzpfumtjcm;bk&m;rsm;ü oHk;aomfvnf;þa0g[m&onftpöa&;\bk&m;ocif tm;ñTef;qdkavh&Sdonf/ odkYaomf bk&m;wpfqlwnf;tm; azmfñTef;&eftenf;jyBud,moHk;avh&Sdonf/ 7/ þa0g[m&tm;bk&m;\emrawmftjzpftpöa&;r[kwfolrsm;\EkwfrSvnf;xGufavh&SdaMumif;awGU &onf/ (u) a[NAJwdkYü txl;jyKazmfjyjcif;twGuf trsm;jyudef; trsm;tjym;toHk;jyKMuonf/4if;onf aemufydkif;üay:vmonfh a[NAJo'g oabmw&m;wpfrsdK;jzpfaom]]cefYnm;x,f0gjcif;\

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trsm;udef;rsm;}} qdkonfht&mESifh rsm;pGmeD;pyfonf/4if;oabmü trsm;jyudef;rsm;udk t,ltqwpfcktm; tus,fcsJU&ef? csJUum;azmfjy&eftoHk;jyKonf/ (c) 4if;onfaumif;uifbHkü bk&m;ocifqifhac:onfh rdrd\qifhqdkrltm;vdkufemaqmif&Gufaom aumif;uifwrefrsm; nDvmcHudk &nfñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/(3"r®22;19-23/ a,mb1;6/ qmvH82;1/ 89;5?7)/ (*) 4if;onfyk*¾dKvfoHk;yg;aygif;bk&m;wpfqltajymif; "r®opfusrf;üzGifhjyrIudkxif[yfjcif;jzpfEdkif onf/ urÇm1;1 bk&m;ocifzefqif;onf urÇm1;2 ü0dnmOfawmfvIyf&Sm;um"r®opfusrf;üa, ½Ionf crnf;awmf\zefqif;jcif;wefqmyvmjzpfonf/ (a,m[ef1;3?10/ a&mr11;36/ 1aum8;6/ aum1;15/ a[NAJ1;2/ 2;10)/ (C) YHWH (BDB 217, KB 394) 1/ 4if;rSmbk&m;ociftm;y#dnmOfw&m;jyKol?u,fwifol? a&G;EIwfol? bk&m;tjzpfay:vGifapaombGJUem rjzpfonf/ vlom;onfy#dnmOfw&m;rsm;udk csdK;azmufaomfvnf;bk&m;ocifrSmrl rdrdajympum;? rdrd\ uwdawmf? rdrdy#dnmOfw&m;ay:opöm&Sd onf(qmvH 103)/ þemrudk Elohim ESifh aygif;pyfíyxrqHk; (urÇm2;24 üazmfjyonf/ urÇm1-2üzefqif;jcif; rSwfwrf;ESpfck&Sdjcif; r[kwfbJ? txl;jyKjcif;ESpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ (1) 0w¬Kydkif;qkdif&mpBuFm0|m zefqif;ol bk&m;tjzpfESifh (2) bk&m;ociftm; vlowå0gzefqif;ol tjzpftxl;azmfjyonf/ urÇm2;4-3;24 onfvlom;\txl;tcGifhta&;&aom taetxm;ESifholYtm;zef;qifjcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufenf;wltjypf jyóemESifh ykefuefrIonftwktEdIif;uif;aom taetxm;ESifh wGJzufaMumif;tm; pwifzGifhjyonf/ 2/ urÇm4;26 ü]]vlrsm;onf xm0&bk&m;\emrawmfudktrSDjyKí udk;uG,fpjyKMuav \}}(YHWH) [kqdk onf/ odkYaomfy#dnmOfcHueOD;vlrsm;onf (bdk;ab;rsm;ESifholwdkY\rdom;pkrsm;) bk&m;ocifudk EI –

Shaddai tjzpfomvQifod&SdcJhMuaMumif;xGuf6;3 t&od&Sd&onf/YHWH emrawmfudk xGuf3;13-16 txl;ojzifh ti,f 14 ü wpfBudrf omvQif&Sif;vif;xm;onf/ rnfodkYjzpfaparma&Sa&;aom pmrsm;ürl pum;vHk;rsm; tm;vlodrsm;aompum;vHk;rsm;jzifh upm;um&Sif;vif;avh&SdNyD; pum;vHk;rsm;\rlv ukdpdppf avhvmjcif;oabmrsdK;roHk;acs/ (urÇm17;5/ 27;36/29;13-35)/ þbGJU emrawmf\t"dyÜg,ftwGuf oDtdk&Dtawmf rsm;rsm;&Sdonf/ (IDB, Vol 2, pp.409-11) rS&,lonf/ (u) tm&yfrl&if;pum;rSqif;oufvmNyD; ]]jyif;jyaomarwåmjy&ef}} (c) tm&yfrl&if;pum; ]]wdkufcwfonf (YHWHtm;rkefwdkif; bk&m;tjzpf) (*) Ugartic ,l*g;wpfac:cgeefpum;rSqif;oufNyD;]]ajymqdkonf}} (C) zdkeD;&Sef;uAÁnf;ausmufpmwpfckt&]]qufvufwnf&Sdaeapol}}(0g) ]]wnfNrJapol}} (i) a[NAJ Qal Bud,myHkpH ]]&Sdaeol}} (tem*wftjrifü ]]&SdaeOD;rnfol}}) (p) a[NAJ Hiphil Bud,myHkpH ]]jzpfay:apol}} (q) a[NAJrl&if; (urÇm3;20) ]]touf&Sifonf}}/t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tNrJtouf&Sifol}}]]wpfyg;wnf;t ouf &Sifaeol}} (Z) xGuf 3;13-16 ygusrf;ydk'ft& ]]igonfjzpfae ustwdkif; qufvufjzpfaernf}}(0g)]]ig onf jzpfcJhí,ckwdkif jzpfae onfhtwdkif; qufvuf jzpfaernf}} (J.Wash Watt,A Survey of

Syntax in the Old Testament, p.67) YHWH \emrnftjynfhtpHkudktwdkaumufjzifh (0g) jzpfEdkiforQrl&if;yHkpHtm;jzifhazmfjyavh&Sdonf/ (1) Yah (Oyrm Hallelu-yah, BDB 219, xGuf15;2/ 17;16/ qmvH89;9/104;35)/ (2) Yaho (“iah” ESifhqHk;aomemrnfrsm;/ Oyrm- Isaiah)/ (3) Yo (“JJo”ESifhpaomemrnfrsm;/ Oyrm- Joshua (0g) Joel)/ 3/ *sL;bmomüaemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif þy#dnmOfcHemrawmfrSm oefY&Sif;vGef;ojzifh?xGuf20;7/ w&m;5;11/ 6;13 wkdYüyg&Sdaom ynwfcsufudk csdK;azguf&mra&muf ap&ef *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;onfxdkem rawmfudk rajym&JMuacs/ xdkYaMumifholwdkYonf ]]ydkif&Sif}} ]]q&mBuD;^master}} ]]cifyGef;onf}} ]]udk,fawm f lord [lít"dyÜg,f &Sdaoma[NAJpum;vHk; adon (0g) adonai (uREfkyf\t&Sif) jzifhtpm;xdk;Muonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;zwf&if; YHWH pum;vHk;ESifh wdk;rdaomtcgt&Sif (my lord) [ktoHxGufMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;ü YHWH udk LORD [lípmvHk;BuD;

206

rsm;jzifha&;om;jcif;jzpfonf/ 4/ EI, YHWH ESifhpyfvsOf;ítpöa&;wdkY\ y#dnmOfcHbk&m;ocif\xl;jcm;csuf tcsdKUtm;tav;teufjyK&ef 4if;udk tjcm;a0g[m&rsm;ESifhwGJzufavh&Sdonf/ wGJzuf a0g[m&rsm;pGm&SdEdkifaomfvnf;þae&mwGiftcsdKU azmfjyygonf/ (u) YHWH- Yireh a,a[m0g;-,D&d (YHWHonfjyifqifay;vdrfhrnf/ BDB 217 & 906)/urÇm22;14/ (c) YHWH-Rophekha a,a[m0g;-a&myufcg (YHWH onfoifhtm;a&m*gaysmufuif;apoljzpfonf/ BDB 217 & 950) xGuf15;26/ (*) YHWH- Nissi a,a[m0g;-edpd (YHWH onfig\atmifvHawmfjzpfonf/ BDB217 & 651) xGuf17; 15/ (C) YHWH- Meladdishkem (YHWH onfoifhtm;oefY &Sif;apoljzpfonf/ BDB217&872 Piel

PARTICLE) xGuf31;13/ (i) YHWH- Shalom (YHWH onf Nidrf;oufjcif;t&Sifjzpfonf// BDB217&1022),) olBuD; 6;24/

1;10 þti,frSm {0Ha*vdw&m;\ tusOf;csKyfESifhwlonf (1aum 15;1-4)/ þtusOf;csKHUazmfjycsufwkdYudk kerygma(a[majymjcif;^a<u;aMumfjcif; -proclamation ) [kac:avh&Sdonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ueOD;toif;awmf\a[majymjcif; KERYGMA (u) "r®a[mif;usrf;übk&m;ocifay;aomuwdawmfrsm;onf ar&Sd,a,½I<uvmjcif;jzifh,ckjynfhpHkvmcJhNyD/ (wrefawmf2;30/ 3;19?24/ 10;43/ 26;6-7?22/ a&mr1;2-4/ 1wd3;16/ a[NAJ1;1-2/1ay1;10-12/ 2ay1;18-19/) (c) bk&m;ocifonfa,½Itm;a&ESpfr*FvmcHcsdefü ar&Sd,tjzpfbdodwfay;cJhonf/ (wref10;38)/ (*) a,½Ionfa&ESpfr*FvmcHNyD;aemuf *gvdave,fü trIawmfpwifonf/(wref10;37) (C) ol\trIawmfrSmaumif;rIjyKjcif;ESifh bk&m;ocif\wefcdk;awmfjzifhthHMobG,f&mrsm;vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ (rmuk10;45/ wref2;22/ 10;38) (i) bk&m;ocif\xm0&tBuHtpnfESifh tnDar&Sd,rSmvuf0g;uyfwdkifay: wifowfcH&onf/ (rmuk10;45/ a,m[ef3;16/ wref2;23/ 3;13-15?18/ 4;11/ 10;39/ 26;23/ a&mr8;34/ 1aum1;17-18/ 15;3/ *vmwd1;4/ a[NAJ1;3/ 1ay1;2?19/ 3;18/ 1a,m4;10)/

(p) olonfaojcif;rS jyef&Sifxajrmufum? olUwjynfhawmfrsm;xHay:vmonf/ (wref2;24?31-32/3;15?26/ 10;40-41/ 17;31/ 26;23/ a&mr8;34/ 10;9/ 1aum15;4-7? 12/ 1ouf1;10/1wd3;36/ 1ay1;2/ 3;18?21/ (q) bk&m;ocifonfa,½Iudk ]]t&Sifocif}} – Lord [laomemrawmfudkay;umcsD;ajr§mufonf/(wref2;25-29? 33-36/ 3;13/ 10;36/ a&mr8;34/ 10;9/ 1wd3;16/ a[NAJ1;3/ 1ay3;22/ (Z) bk&m;ocif\vlYtzGJUtpnf;opftm; zGJUpnf;xlaxmif&efolonf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfay;onf/ (wref1;8/ 2;14-18/ 38-39/ 10;44-47/ 1ay1;12) (ps) olonfw&m;pD&if&efESifh t&mcyfodrf;wdkYtm;e*dkrlvtaetxm;jyefa&mufap&efjyefvnf<uvmOD;rnf/ (wref3;20-21/ 10;42/ 17;31/ 1aum15;20-28/ 1ouf1;10) (n) {0Ha*vdowif; pum;Mum;&olwdkif; tjypfudkaemifw&um a&ESpfr*FvmcHMuonf/ (wref2;21/38/ 3;19/ 10;43? 47-48/ 17;30/ 26;20/ a&mr1;17/ 10;9/ 1ay3;21)/ þpDrHcsufonfueOD;toif;awmf\ ta&;BuD;qHk;a[majymonfht&mjzpfonf/ "r®opfusr;fa&;om;olrsm; onfrdrdwdkY\a[majymrIü rdrdwdkYtom;ay;vdkonfhtjcm;tcsuf? tjcm;tydkif;rsm;&SdEdkifygonf/rmukc&pf0ifusrf; wpfckvHk; onfayw½k\ pDrHrIyHkoP²mefudkeD;pyfpGmvdkufonf/rmukc&pf0ifusrf;udka&mrNrdKUü ayw½ka[majym csufrsm;udk c&pf0ifusrf; wpfcktjzpfwnfaqmufa&;omcsuftjzpf tpOftvmtm;jzifh½Ijrifxm;Muonf/ róJESifh vkumESpfckpvHk;onfrmuk\tajccHwnfaqmufyHkudkvdkufMuonf/

207

���� ]]olYom;awmfaumif;uifbHkrS<uvmawmfrlrnfudkapmifharQmfMu}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT INFINITE aemufwpfck jzpfonf/ olwkdYonfbk&m;ocifudkqufvuftapcHMuum? (i,f 9) c&pfawmfjyefvnf<uvm rnfudkvnf;apmifharQmf aeMuonf/ aygvkonf'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmjcif;tm;txl;w vnfjyKjcif;udk þMo 0g'pm\t"duaomhcsuf tjzpfqufvufazmfjyonf/ tcef;BuD;wdkif;þtaMumif;t&mESifh tqHk;owfonf (1;10/ 2;19/ 3;13/ 4;13-18/ 5;23) 5;9 \txl;taMumif;t&mü - ½I/

���� ]]aojcif;rSjyefíxapol}} ¤if;rSmudk,fpm;jyKvsufom;awmftaocHjcif;udk crnf;awmfvufcHawmfrlaMumif; twnfjyKrIjzpfonf (1aum 15)/ oHk;yg;wpfql\yk*¾dKvfoHk;yg;pvHk;onf c&pfawmf\&Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;ü yg0if onf/ crnf;awmf wref 2;24/ 3;15/ 4;10/ 5;30/ 10;40/ 13;30/ 33?34? 37/ 17;31/ 0dnmOfawmf -a&mr 8;11 ESifh om;awmf - a,m 2;19-22/ 10;17-18/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / oHk;yg;wpfql/ *vm 4;4-ü½I/

���� ]]igwkdYudku,f}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT MIDDLE (deponent) PARITICIPLE jzpfNyD;? igwkdYbufüa,½I\ qufvuf vkyfaqmifrIudk tav;teufjyKonf/ atmifjrifrIrSm qufvufíaeonf (a&mr 8;31-39)/ olonfuRefawmfwdkY twGufqufvufíMum;0ifqkawmif;ay;onf (1a,m 2;1/ a[NAJ 7;25/ 9;24)/

���� ]]a&mufvmvwHhaomtrsufawmf}} tcsdKUaomolwkdYtwGuf a,½I\ 'kwd,tBudrfMuvmjcif;onf rdrdwdkY\ BuD;rm;vSaomajrmfvihfjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;tcsdKUaomolwdkYtwGufrSmrl xm0&qHk;½IH;rIjzpfayrnf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh rdpäm'dXdwkdY\ n§Of;qJrIESifh zdESdyfrIudkawGUBuHK&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; bk&m;ocif\ trsufawmfudkrlrnf onfhtcgürQcH&Murnfr[kwfacs (5;9)/ bk&m;ocif\trsufawmfum; c&pfawmfudkjiif;qefoltm;vHk;ay: (1ouf 2;16/ róJ 25/ a&mr 1-2) a&mufvmayOD;rnf/ (PRESENT MIDDLE «depoment» PARTICIPLE) trsufawmfqkdonfrSmvlom;uJhodkYajymqdkoHk;EIef;aompum;ppfppfjzpfonfenf;wl ]]bk&m;ocif\cspfjcif;arwåm awmf}} rSmvnf;tvm;wljzpfonf/ 1oufomavmedMo0g'pm\tcef;BuD; wpfcktqHk;wdkif;ü 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udkxif&Sm;pGmawGU&onf (1;10/ 2;19/ 3;13/ 4;13-18/ 5;23)/ "r®opfusrf;a&;om;olrsm;onf tcsdefumvESifh ordkif;udk olwkdY\urÇmh tjrifjzpfonfha&mufvmvwHhaomw&m;pD&ifjcif;ESifh qkvmbfcsD;jr§ifhjcif;tjrifjzifh½IjrifMuonf/ "r®opfusrf;wpfck vHk;rSm tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfht&mESifh qdkifonf/ (Fee ESifh Stimart wkdYa&;om;jyKpkaom How to Read the Bible

For All Its Worth, Pp. 131-134)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ab;'Pf þa0g[m& (thlipsis)tm; toHk;jyK&mü aygvkESifha,m[efwdkYü "r®oabmw&m;qdkif&m uGJjym;jcm;em;rI½Sd aMumif; od½Sd&efvdktyfonf/ (u) aygvkoHk;EIef;yHk (a,½I\oHk;EIef;yHkudk xif[yfay:vGifaponf) 1/ jyóemrsm;? 'ku©qif;&Jrsm;? usqif;cJhNyD;aom þavmu\qdk;oGrf;rIrsm; yg0ifonf/ (u) róJ 13;21 (c) a&mr 5;3 (*) 1aum 7;28 (C) 2aum 7;4 (i) {zuf 3;13 2/ jyóemrsm;? 'ku©qif;&Jrsm; r,HkMunfolrsm;aMumifhjzpfaom qdk;oGrf;rIrsm; (u) a&mr 5;3/ 8;35/ 12;12 (c) 2aum 1;4? 8/ 6;4/ 7;4/ 8;2? 13

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(*) {zuf 3;13 (C) zd 4;14 (i) 1ouf 1;6 (p) 2ouf 1;4 3/ jyóemrsm;? 'ku©qif;&Jrsm;? aemufqHk;aomumvqdkif&m qdk;oGrf;rIrsm; (u) róJ 24;21/ 29 (c) rmuk 13;19? 24 (*) 2ouf 1;6-9 (c) a,m[ef\oHk;EIef;yHk 1/ a,m[efonf thlipsis ESifhorgē (0g) thumos (trsufawmf)ESpfrsKd; Asm'dwfusrf;ü cGJjcm;toHk;jyKonf/ Thlipsis r,HkMunfolrsm;u? ,HkMunfolrsm;tay:jyKonfht&mjzpfum? Orge ESifh thumos wdkYrSm bk&m;ocifu r,HkMunfolrsm;tay: jyKaomt&mjzpfonf/ (u) thlipsis - Asm 1;9/ 2;9-10? 22/ 7;14 (c) orgē - Asm 6;16-17/ 11;18/ 16;19/ 19;15 (*) thumos - Asm 12;12/ 14;8? 10? 19/ 15;2? 7/ 16;1/ 18;3/ 2/ a,m[efonf þa0g[m&udk ol\c&pf0ifusrf;üvnf; toHk;jyKNyD;? acwfumvwdkif;ü ,HkMunfol rsm;&ifqdkif&onfhjyóemrsm;udk ay:vGifaponf/ a,m[ef 16;33

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / bk&m;ocifudk vlom;uJhodkYa&;om;azmfjyjcif; (ANTHROPOMORPHIC LANGUAGE) 1/ þyHkpHpum;vHk;toHk;tEIef;onf "r®a[mif;usrfü tvGeftoHk;rsm;onf/ (OyrmtcsdKUrSm) (u) cEmudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm; (1) rsufpd- u? 1;4;31? 6;8? xGuf? 33;17? awm? 14;14? w&m;? 11;12? Zm? 4;10/ (2) vuf - xGuf? 15;17? awm? 11;23? w&m;? 2;15/ (3) vufarmif; - xGuf? 6;6? 15;16? awm? 11;23? w&m;? 4;34? 5;15/ (4) em;&Guf - awm? 11;18? 1 "r®? 8;21? 4"r®? 19;16? (5) rsufESm - xGuf? 32;30? 33;11? awm? 6;25? w&m;? 34;10? qm? 114;7/ (6) vufacsmif;rsm; - xGuf? 8;19? 31;18? w&m;? 9;10? qm? 8;3/ (7) toH - u? 3;8? 10? xGuf? 15;26? 19;19? w&m;? 26;17? 27;10/ss (8) ajcaxmuf - xGuf? 24;10? a,Z? 43;7/ (9) vlom;o@mef - xGuf? 24;9-11? qm? 47? a[&Sm? 6;1? a,Z? 1;26/ (10) xm0&bk&m;\ aumif;uifwref - u? 16;7-13? 22;11-15? 31;11-13? 48;15-16? xGuf? 3;4? 13-21? 14;19? olBuD;? 2;1? 6;22-23? 13;3-22/ (c) cEmudk,fjyKrlvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; (1) zefqif;jcif;puf,Eåm&m;tjzpfpum;ajymjcif; - u? 1;3?6?9?11?14?20?24?26/ (2) {'ifO,smOfü vrf;avQmufjcif; (toH) - u? 3;8? 18;33? [A? 3;15? (3) aem{\oabFmwHcg;ydwfjcif; - u? 7;16 (4) rD;½dIUaom,Zfaumifrsm;teHUudk½ljcif; - u? 8;21? 0wf? 26;31? tm? 5;21/ (5) qif;vmjcif; - u? 11;5? 18;21? xGuf? 3;8? 19;11?18?20/ (6) arma&Sudk oN*dKvfjcif; - w&m;? 34;6 (*) vlom;\pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; (OyrmtcsdKU) (1) aemifw& (pdwfem) - u? 6;6-7? xGuf? 32;14? olBuD;? 2;18? 1"r®? 15;29? 35? tm?7;3?6/ (2) pdwfqdk; - xGuf? 4;14? 15;7? awm? 11;10? 12;9? 22;22? 25;3-4? 32;10?13?14?w&m;? 6;5? 7;4? 29;20/ (3) o0efwdk (tjypf&Sdonf[kxifvG,f) - xGuf? 20;5? 34;14? w&m;? 4;24? 5;9? 6;15?32;16?21?

209

a,m½I? 24;19/ (4) &GH&Sm - 0wf? 20;23? 26;30? w&m;? 32;19/ (C) rdom;pka0g[m&rsm; (OyrmtcsdKU) (1) zcif (u) tpöa&;rsm;ESifhqdkifí - xGuf? 4;22? w&m;? 14;1? 39;5? (c) &Sifbk&ifESifhqdkifí – 2"r®? 7;11-16? qm? 2;7/ (*) zcifuJhodkYjyKrloltjzpf wifpm;rIrsm; - w&m;? 1;13? 8;5? 32;1? qm? 27;10? ok?3;12? a,? 3;4?22? 31;20? a[m? 11;1-4? rmv? 11;1-4/ (2) rdbrsm; - a[m? 11;1-4 (3) rdcif -qm? 27;10 (EdkYxdef;onfuJhodkY)? a[&Sm? 49;15? 66;9-13/ (4) i,fcspfOD; - a[m? 1-3/ 2/ þyHkpHbmompum;oHk;&jcif;taMumif;&if;rsm; (u) bk&m;ocifonf rdrdudk,frdrdvlom;rsm;tm; zGifhjy&ef ¤if;yHkpHvdktyfonf/bk&m;ocifonf emrf0d ÓOfjzpfírjrif&ojzifh bk&m;ociftm; vlom; tjzpfa&;om;azmfjyum? a,musfm; tjzpf,lqjcif; rSm tvGefysUHESYHonf/ (c) bk&m;ocifonf vlom;b0\ t"dyÜg,ft&SdqHk;jrifuGif;rsm;udk,lum? qif;aomvlom;tm; rdrdudk,frdrdazmfxkwfjyo&ef ¤if;wdkYudktoHk;jyKonf/ (zcif? rdcif? rdb?cspfol) (*) ½kyfcEmyHkpHwpfrsdK;rsdK;jzifh rdrdudk,frdrduefYowfxkwfjy&ef vdktyfrI&Sdaomfvnf; xdkodkYjyK&efqEr&Sd acs/ (xGuf? 20? w&m;? 5)/ (C) bk&m;ociftm; vlom;uJhodkY a&;om;azmfjyjcif;\ txG#ftxdyfrSm a,½Itjzpfvl0ifpm;jcif;jzpf onfh bk&m;ocifonf ½kyfcEm? wdkYxdí&aom oljzpfvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/(1a,m? 1;1-3)/ bk&m;cif\ owif;pum;onf bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfjzpfvmonf (a,m? 1;1-18)/

aqG;aEG;jcif;ar;cGef;rsm; 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/ 1/ tb,faMumifhaygvkonf ol\wrefawmft&mudk þMo0g'pmütcdkiftrmrajymoenf;/ 2/ tcef; 1 \ t"dyÜg,frnfodkYay:vGifoenf;/ 3/ "r®opfusrf;ü ,HkMunfjcif;? ajrmfvifhjcif;ESifh cspfjcif;arwåmwdkY tb,faMumifh,SOfwGJazmfjyavh&Sdoenf;/ 4/ a&G;aumufawmfrljcif;onf ,HkMunfolrsm;\ tjyKtrIwdkYESifh rnfodkYqufpyfoenf;/ 5/ c&pf,mefrsm;tb,faMumifh 'ku©qif;&JcH&vJ/ qif;&J'ku©cH&jcif;\ jyóemudk'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;

onfrnfodkYajymoenf;/

210

oufomavmedwfBo0g'pm 2 acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;\ pmydk'fcGJrsm;

UBS4 NKJV NRSV TEV NJB

oufomavmed NrdKUüaygvktrIawmf vkyfief; 2;1-12 2;13-16 þtoif;awmfodkY aygvkjyefoGm;vdk (2;17- 3;13) 2;17-20

aygvk\tusifh 2;1-12 olwkdY,HkMunf ajymif;vJvmyHk 2;13-16 vlwdkudkawGUjrifvdk 2;17-20

aygvkb0ESifh tvkyf 2;1-8 2;9-12 2;13-16 oufomavmed om;wkdYudkaygvkcspfcif (2;17-3;13) 2;17-20

oufomavmedNrdKUü aygvktvkyf 2;1-9 2;10-12 2;13-16 olwkdYxHaygvk jyefoGm;vdk (2;17-3;13) 2;17-20

oufomavmed NrdKUüaygvk\ yHkaumif;oufao 2;1-7 u 2;7c-12 oufomavmedNrdKU om;rsm;\,HkMunf jcif;ESifh onf;cHjcif; 2;13-16 aygvk\pdk;&drfrI 2; 17-20

ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;oHk; (pm - ½I) rl&if;pma&;ol\&nf&G,fcsufudk pmydk'fcGJtrsm;tvdkufem;vnfjcif; 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? Or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/

tcef;I,f 1-13 udka&Suaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifhem;vnfjcif; (u) þtcef;BuD;onf oufomavmed toif;awmftwGif;*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;\qefYusifrIBuD;xGm;vmyHkudk

ay:vGifap onf (wref 17;1-9)/ (c) þtcef;BuD;onf ppfrSefaomtrIawmfaqmifwpfOD;\ p½dkufvu©PmwkdYudk thHMobG,f&mazmfjyonf/

aygvk onfþp½dkufvu©PmwkdYudk qefYusifbuftwGJoHk;wGJjzifh azmfjyonf/ yxrtysufoabmjzifhjyí? NyD;vQif tjyKoabmjzifhjyonf/ (i,f 3-7)/ aygvkonfolajymaomw&m;? enf;vrf;ESifh &nf&G,f&if;taMumif; wkdYudk ckcHumuG,fonf/

(*) ti,f 10-11 rSm ti,f 1-9 \ed*Hk;jzpfonf/

211

(C) þtcef;BuD;onf *&dusrf;udkrnfodkYpmydk'fcGJ&rnftaMumif;t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;\ ½IyfaxG;rItcsdKU ay:vGifaponf/

1/ ti,f 6-7 2/ ti,f 11-12

(i) aygvkonfaum&dEÅKNrdKUü ol\vuf&SdtajctaetaMumif;ESifh olawGUBuHK&aom *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\qefYusif rIrsm; taMumif;aqG;aEG;&ef ti,f 14-16 üol\rlvtaMumif;t&mrS vrf;vTJía&;om;ajymqdkonf/ þti,fwdkY rSm *sL;vlrsdK;wdkYtaMumif;aygvk\tjyif;xefqHk;tysufoabmrSwfcsufrsm;jzpfonf (a&mr 9-11 rSvTJvQif)

pum;vHk;ESifh pum;pkavhvmjcif;

(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 2;1-12 1oifwkdYxHigwkdYa&mufvmjcif;onf tcsnf;ESD;rjzpfaMumif;oifwkdYudk,fwkdifodMu\ nDtpfudkwkdY/ 2odkY aomfigwkdYonf zdvdyÜdNrdKUü'ku©cHírw&m;jyKjcif;cHcJhNyD;aemuf? oifwdkYodMuonfhtwdkif;qefYusifjcif;rsm;pGm txJüyifbk&m;ocif\{0Ha*vdw&m;udkoifwkdYxHa[majym&ef igwdkYbk&m;ociftm;jzifh &J&ifhjcif;&Sd cJhMu\/ 3taMumif;rSm igwkdY\wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;jcif;? odkYr[kwf rpifMu,fjcif;? odkYr[kwf vdrfvnfaom enf;vrf;jzifhr[kwf 4odkYaomf{0Ha*vdw&m;tyfESHjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfaMumif;? bk&m; ocifonfigwdkYudk twnfjyKcJhonfESifh tnDigwkdYonfvludk auseyfapaomolrsm;uJhodkYr[kwfbJ? igwkdY \pdwfESvHk;udk ppfaq;olbk&m;ocif auseyfap&efa[mMu\/ 5taMumif;rSmigwkdYonf oifwkdYodMuonfh twdkif;ajr§mufyifh aompum;jzifhjzpfap? avmbjzifhqifajcay;í a&mufrvmcJhMubl;aMumif; bk&m;o cifonfoufaojzpf\/ 6c&pfawmf\wrefawmfrsm; tjzpfigwdkY\tmPmudkpGJudkifEdkifaomfvnf; igwkdYonf oifwkdYjzpfap? tjcm;ol rsm;yifjzpfap? vlwdkYay;aom *kPfoa&udkr&SmMu/ 7odkYaomfEdkYwdkufrdcifonf olr\uav;wkdYudk El;nHhpGm *½kpdkufonfhtwdkif;? oifwkdYtxJEl;nHhodrfarGUMuaMumif;igwdkYonf twnfjyK Mu\/ 8oifwkdYudkcspfcifjrwfEdk; vSonfjzpf&um;? oifwkdYudkbk&m;ocif\ {0Ha*vdw&m;omru? igwkdY\ toufrsm;udkyga0rQ&efyif aumif;pGm auseyfMu\/ taMumif;rSm oifwkdYonfigwkdYtvGefcspfaom olrsm;jzpfvmcJhMuNyD/ 9oifwkdYwpf a,mufudk yif0efxkyf0efydk;rjzpfap&ef igwkdYonfaeYa&mnygtvkyf vkyfvsuf bk&m;ocif\ {0Ha*vdw&m;udk oifwkdYxH a[majymcJhMujcif;? igwkdY\tm;xkwfrIESifh tcuftcJudk oifwkdYowd&Muavmh/ 10igwkdYonf oifwkdY,HkMunfolrsm; twGufqufuyfvsuf? ajzmifhrwfpGmESifh tjypfwifp&muif;pGmusihfBuHjyKrIcJhMuaMumif;oif wkdYonf oufaojzpfMuonfenf;wl bk&m;ocifonf vnf;jzpf\/ 11zcifonf rdrduav;rsm;udkjyKonf twdkif;igwkdYonf oifwdkYudk wpfa,mufcsif;udkwdkuf wGef;vsuf? tm;ay;vsuf? awmif;yefvsufjyKMuonfudk oifwkdYodMuonfhtwdkif; 12oifwkdYudkrdrd\EdkifiHawmfESifh bkef;toa&xJ ac:awmfrlolbk&m;ocifESifh xdkufwefpGmoifwkdYonf avQmufvSrf;&efjzpf ownf;/

2;1 ]]oifwkdYudk,fwdkifod}} aygvkonf oufomavmedc&pf,mefwdkY\tawGUtBuHKudkrMumcPudk;um;ojzifh? þpum;pkrSm þusrf;\vu©Pmwpfckyifjzpfvmonf (1;5/ 2;1? 2? 5? 11)/ tvm;wlpum;pkwkdYudk ti,f 9 ü ]]oifwkdYowd&Mu}} ESifh ti,f 10 ü ]]oifwkdYonfoufaorsm;jzpfMu}} tjzpfawGU&onf/

���� NASB, NKJV ]] oifwkdYxHigwkdYa&mufvmjcif;onf tcsnf;ESD;rjzpf}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYxHigwdkYtvnfvmjcif;onft½IH;r&Sd}} TEV ]]oifwkdYxHigwdkYtvnfvmjcif;onf t½IH;r&Sd}} NJB ]]oifwkdYxHigwdkYtvnfvmjcif;onf tusdK;oufa&mufrIuif;rJhaMumif;twnfjyKjcif;r&Sd}}

212

¤if;rSm PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfonf/ ¤if;\t"dyÜg,frSm (1) ]]toD;uif;rJh}} (1aum 15;10? 58) odkYr[kwf (2) vufcsnf;oufoufr[kwf (rmuk 12;2) [líwpfckckjzpfEdkifonf/ þtoif;awmfonf *sL;wdkY\a'goudk tvm;wlawGUBuHKcHpm;cJhaom (i,f 13-16) ,k'toif;awmfrsm;enf;wl *sL;vlrsKd;wdkY\ &efjyKrIudk cH&aomfvnf; qufuyfaeonf/ 2;2 ]]odkYaomf}} ¤if;rSm jyif;xefaom emr0daooepum;qufjzpfNyD; (alla ?ti,f 4 «ESpfcg» 7? 8) qefYusifbuf t"dyÜg,fudkazmfjyonf/

���� ]]igwkdYonf zdvdyÜdNrdKUü 'ku©cH ... NyD;aemuf}} aygvkonf {0Ha*vdw&m;aMumifh rdrd'ku©cHyHkudk pwif ajymjyonf (wref 16;11-40 ESifh 1aum 4;9-13/ 2aum 4;8-12/ 6;4-10/ 11;24-27)/

���� NASB ]]rw&m;jyKusifhjcif;cH}} NKJV ]]tNidK;BuD;pGmjyKjcif;cH}} NRSV ]]&SufzG,fvdvdrw&m;jyKjcif;cH}} TEV ]]½dkif;jypGmjyKjcif;cH&}} NJB ]]taMumif;rJhoufouf½dkif;jypGmjyKjcif;cH&}}

¤if;rSm um,ydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESpfrsdK;vHk;rw&m;jyKjcif;cH&rIjzpfonf/

���� NASB ]]bk&m;ocif\{0Ha*vdw&m;udk oifwkdYxHa[majym&efigwkdYonf bk&m;ociftm;jzifh&J&ifhjcif; &cJhMu\}} NKJV ]]bk&m;ocif\{0Ha*vdw&m;udk oifwkdYxHa[majym&efigwkdYonf &J&ifhMu\}} NRSV ]]bk&m;ocif\ {0Ha*vdw&m;udkoifwkdYxHausnm&efigwdkYüowdå&Sd\}} TEV ]]bk&m;ocifonfrdrdxHrSvmaomowif;aumif;udkoifwkdYtm;ajymjy&ef owdåay;awmfrl\}} NJB ]]bk&m;ocif\ owif;aumif;udkoifwdkYxHausnm&ef igwkdYudkowåday;olrSm igwkdY\ bk&m; ocifjzpfonf}} ]]&J&ifhjcif;}} twGufatmufygtxl;taMumif;t&mudkMunhfyg/ ]]bk&m;ocif\{0Ha*vdw&m;}} þpum;pk\t"dyÜg,frSm 1/ bk&m;ociftaMumif;{0Ha*vdw&m; (objective negative) 2/ bk&m;ocifxHrS {0Ha*vdw&m; (subjective negative, TEV, JB) wckckjzpfEdkifonf/ þpum;pkonfyif ti,f 8 ESifh 9 wkdYü jyefay:vmonf (a&mr 15;16? 1wd 1;11/ 1ay 4;17)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / &J&ifhjcif; (PARRHĒSIA) þ*&dpum;vHk;rSm ]] all}} - tm;vHk; (pan) ESifh ]] speech}} – a[majym (rhēsis) wkdYudkaygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpf onf/ a[majym&müvGwfvyfjcif;odkYr[kwf&J&ifhjcif;onf qefYusifbufjyKjcif;odkYr[kwfjiif;qefjcif;Mum;xJrS &J&ifh jcif;[laomt"dyÜg,fyGm;&Sdavh&Sdonf (a,m 7;13/ 1ouf 2;2)/ a,m[efa&;aompmrsm;ü xdkpum;vHk;udk (13 Budrf) awGU&NyD; vltrsm;a&SUa[majymausnmjcif; - proclaimation udkjyavh&Sdonf (a,m 7;4/ aygvka&;aompmrsm;üvnf;aumavm 2;15)/ odkYaomf

213

wcgw&Hürl ]]yGifhvif;pGm}} [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf (a,m 10;24/ 11;14/ 16;25? 29)/ a,½Ionfcrnf;awmftaMumif; olYpDrHcsufrsm;ESifh uwdawmfrsm;taMumif;rsm;ajymonfenf;wl wrefawmf wkdYonfa,½ItaMumif;xdkyHkpHjzifh wrefawmf0w¬KxJüa[majymonf (wref 2;29/ 4;13? 29? 31/ 9;27-28/ 13;46/ 14;3/ 18;26/ 19;8/ 26;26/ 28;31)/ aygvkonf{0Ha*vdw&m;udk &J&ifhpGma[majymEdkif&ef ({zuf 6;19/ 1ouf 2;2) ESifh {0Ha*vdw&m;twGuf touf&Sif&efqkawmif;ay;bdkY (zdvdyÜd 1;20) vnf;arwåm&yfcHonf/ aygvkonf tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;qdkif&mwGif c&pfawmfxJol\ajrmfvihfjcif;onf vuf&Sdqkd;oGrf; aomacwfumvwGif{0Ha*vdw&m;a[m&mü &J&ifhjcif;ESifh ,HkMunfpdwfcsrIay;onf (2aum 3;11-12)/ a,½I\ aemufvdkufrsm;onfvnf; avQmufywfpGmjyKrIMuvdrfhrnf[lívnf;ol,HkMunfpdwfcsonf (2aum 7;4)/ þa0g[m&taMumif;aemufwpfcsuf&Sdao;onf/ a[NAJ0g'pmü þpum;vHk;udkbk&m;ocifxHawmfodkYcsOf; uyfí udk,fawmfudkpum;ajym&efc&pfawmftxJ&J&ifh&jcif;t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;EIef;onf (a[NAJ 3;6/ 4;16/ 10;19? 35)/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonf om;awmfrSwqifh tjynfht0vufoifhcHrI&&Sdum crnf;awmfESifh &if;ESD;&efBudKqdk vufurf;jcif;cHMu&onf/ xdkpum;vHk;udk "r®opfusrf;ü trsdK;rsKd;oHk;EIefyHkrSm 1/ ,HkMunfjcif;? &J&ifhjcif; (0g) atmufygwdkYESifh qdkifíaocsmpdwfcs&jcif;/ (u) vlrsm;ESifh qdkifí (wref 2;29/ 4;13? 31/ 2aum 3;12/ {zuf 6;19) ( c) bk&m;ocifESifh qkdifí (1a,m 12;28/ 3;21/ 4;12/ 5;14/ a[NAJ 3;6/ 4;16/ 10;19) 2/ jrifompGm? yGifhvif;pGm odkYr[kwf roJuGJjcif;uif;vsufajymjcif; (rmuk 8;32/ a,m 7;4? 13/ 10;24/ 11;14/ 16;25/ wref 28;31)/ 3/ tay:wif vltrsm;a&SUü^ajymjcif; (a,m 7;26/ 11;54/ 18;20)/ 4/ ajymjyjciff;yHkpH (parrhēsiazomai) udkcufcJaomtajctaeMum;xJ&J&ifhpGm a[majymjcif;twGuf oHk;EIef;onf (wrefawmf 18;26/ 19;8/ {zuf 6;20/ 1ouf 2;2)/ þusrf;csufürI tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;qdkif&m,HkMunfrIudk &nfñTef;onf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf c&pfawmf\'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udk raMumufMuacs/ olwdkYonf c&pfawmfüwnfNrJum? c&pfawmfuJhokdYtouf &SifMuojzifh ¤if;udkpdwftm;xufoefpGmayGUydkufxm;Muonf/

�]]qefYusifjcif;rsm;pGmxJü}}xdkpum;vHk;rSm ajy;ckefypftm;upm; (0g) Murf;wrf;aom? teD;uyfwdkufyGJt wGufoHk;onfhppfa&;a0g[m&jzpfonf (zdvdyÜd 1;30/ aumavm 2;1)/ xdk*&dpum;vHk;onf t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; - ]]agony}} (jyif;xefaoma0'em) ESifh wlonf/ 2;3 NASB, NKJV ]]wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmfjcif;}} NRSV, TEV ]]arwåm&yfcH}} NJB ]]tm;ay;jcif;}} ¤if;onf a,m[ef 14;16? 26/ 15;26 ESifh 16;7 wkdYwGif0dnmOfawmf (paraklētos) ESifhqdkifíokH;aomrl&if; pum;ESifh 1a,m2;1 üa,½IESifh qdkifíoHk;NyD; ]]ESpfodrfhol}} - comforter, tusdK;aqmifa&SUae - advocate odkYr[kwf ulnDrpol -– helper tjzpfbmomjyefqdkaom (paraklēsis) rSqif;oufaompum;vHk;jzpfonf/ tjynfhtpHkudk 3;7 rSwfpkü Munfhyg/

214

NASB ]]rSm;,Gif;jcif;rSvmjcif;r[kwf}} NKJV ]]vdrfvnfjcif;rSvmjcif;r[kwf}} NRSV ]]vdrfvnfjcif;rSxGufvmjcif;r[kwf}} TEV ]]rSm;,Gif;jcif;udktajcrcH}} NJB ]]igwdkYonf vSnfhpm;cH&ír[kwf}} *&dpum;vHk; planēs rSmt*Fvdyfpum;vHk;planet\rl&if;jzpfNyD;rdkCf;aumif;uif&SdxGef;vif;awmufyaomt &mrsm;jzpfonfh (N*dKvfrsm;? Mu,fwHcGefrsm;) Mu,fwm&mrsm; rlvvrf;aMumif;rSm aoGjznfoGm;jcif;udk &nfñTef;onf/ okdYjzifh¤if;wkdYudk ]]vrf;aysmufolrsm;}} [kac:NyD;? rSm;,Gif;jcif;udkwifpm;azmfjyjcif;jzpfvmonf/

� NASB ]]rpifMu,fjcif;}} NKJV ]]roefY&Sif;jcif;}} NRSV, TEV ]]rpifMu,faom&nf&G,f&if;rsm;}} NJB ]]tusifhysufjcif;}} ¤if;onfvdifrIudpöü ayghqrIudk&nfñTef;onf (4;7/ a&mr 1;24/ *vm 5;19/ {zuf 5;3/ aumavm 3;5)/ rdpäm'dXdudk;uG,frIü vdifqufqHjcif;yg0ifavh&SdaMumif;odxm;&ygrnf/ aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh ,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh ajzmifhrwf&modkYa&mufjcif;udk em;vnfrIvTJrSm;aom*sL;ynwfw&m;0g'Drsm;\ udk,fusifhw&m;ydkif;qkdif&m avsmh&JrI tm; ckcHumuG,fMujcif;udkaygvktjypfwifpGyfpGJjcif;jzpfEdkifygonf/

� NASB ]]vdrfvnfaomenf;vrf;}} NKJV ]]aumufuspfrIjzifhhr[kwf}} NRSV ]]y&d,m,fr[kwf}} TEV ]]wpfa,mufudkrQy&d,m,fjzifhjyK&ef rBudK;pm;}} JB ]]wpfa,mufudkrQvSnfhpm;jcif;rjyK}} ti,f 3 &Sdtjcm;pum;vHk;ESpfvHk;onf aygvk\&nf&G,f&jcif;taMumif;&if;udkajymaomfvnf; þpum;pkurI y&d,m,fjyKjcif;oabmudkazmfjyonf ({zuf 4;14)/ ]]vSnfhpm;}} - decive\rl&if;t"dyÜg,frSm ]]ig;rQ;pmjzifh zrf; onf}} [líjzpf\ (róJ 26;4/ rmuk 7;22/ 14;1)/ odkYaomfaemufydkif;wGif tusdK;tjrwftwGuf y&d,m,fjzifhjyKjcif; oabmouf0ifvmonf (2aum 4; 2 onf 2aum 2;17 udkay:vGifaponf)/ aygvkonf avmbBuD;ol[k pGyfpGJcH& avh&Sdonf (i,f- 5)/ 2;4 ]]bk&m;ocifonfigwkdYudktwnfjyKcJh}} ¤if;rSm PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE jzpfNyD;? twnfjyKEdkif&ef (dokimazō) prf;oyfjcif;[laomt"dyÜg,fyGm;&Sdonf/ þae&mü'*Fg;wpfjym;ppf rppfprf;oyfjcif; t"dyÜg,f jzifhoHk;avh &Sdonf/ xdkomoemjyKtzGJUonf bk&m;ocif\ prf;oyfrI twnfjyKrIudk qufvufawGUBuHK& ayrnf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / prf;oyfjcif;ESifh ¤if;\t"dyÜg,fyGm;rsm;\ *&dpum;vHk;rsm; - 3;5 ü-½I/

� ]]tyfESHjcif;cH&onf}} ¤if;rSm AORIST PASSIVE INFINITIVE wpfckjzpfonf/ þpum;vHk;onf faith,

believe or trust udk;pm;onf? ,HkMunfonf odkYr[kwf tm;udk;onf ponfwkdY\rl&if;pum;vHk; (pisteuō)

215

rSqif;oufonf/ tajccH oabmrSm wpfpHkwpfckudk wpHkwa,muftm;tyfESHonf[líjzpf\ (1aum 9;17/ *vm 2;7/ 1wd 1;11/ wdwk 1;3)/ ,HkMunfolwkdYrSm {0Ha*vdw&m;\b@mpdk;rsm;jzpfonf (1aum 4;1-2/ 1ay 4;10)/

� ]]ESifhtnD ... a[majymMu\}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolwkdYonf olwkdYvufcH&&Sdaomowif;aumif;udk &J&ifhpGm (ti,f 2) a0iSajymjyMu&ygrnf (aum 4;2-6/ 1ay 3;15)/

� ]]vludkauseyfapolrsm;uJhodkYr[kwf}} (2;6/ *vm 1;10)/

� ]]igwkdYpdwfESvHk;udkppfaq;ol}} ¤if;onf vlyk*¾dKvfwpfckvHk; t"dyÜg,fjzifh oHk;aoma[NAJvdk ]]pdwfESvHk;}} - heart pum;vHk;oHk;EIef;yHkudkazmfjyonf/ bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfwkdY\&nf&G,f&if;taMumif;udk odawmfrlonf (1"r® 16;7/ qmvH 7;9/ 26;2/ 44;21/ 139; 1? 23/ okwåH 21;2/ a,&rd 11;20/ 12;3/ 17;10/ vkum 16;15/ wrefawmf 1;24/ 15;8/ a&mr 8;27/ Asm'dwf 2;23)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / pdwfESvHk; -heart *vm 4;6 ü- ½I/ 2;5 ]]ajr§mufyifhpum;jzifh a&mufrvmcJhMubl;acs}} ¤if;rSm rSm;,Gif;aom&nf&G,f&if;jzifh BuHzefaqmif&Gufjcif; udkqdkvdkonf/ qefYusifbufjyKolrsm;txl;ojzifh aum&dEÅKNrdKUwGif (þpmudkaygvka&;aepOfaum&dEÅKNrdKUü&Sdonf)/ þae&m&Sd*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;jyKMuouJhodkY aygvkudk &nf&G,f&if;rrSefuef[kpGyfpGJavh&SdMuonf/

� ]]avmbjzifhqifajcay;í}} aygvkudkavmbBuD;ol? tcGifhta&;orm;tjzpfpGyfpGJavh&SdMuonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if; onfvSnfhvnfoGm;vmol *&dq&mrsm;\p½dkufvu©Pmwpf&yfjzpfonf (wrefawmf 20;33)/ xkdYaMumifh olonf vuf&SdtapcH&mtoif;awmfrsm;rS yHkrSefaiGvufrcHjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;ürIzdvdyÜd (ESpfcg? zdvdyÜd 4;16) ESifh oufom avmedNrdKUrsm;rSvufcHcJhonf/

�]]bk&m;ocifrSmoufaojzpfonf}} aygvkonf bk&m;ocifudkoufaotjzpfwdkifwnfvQuf usdefqdkjcif;jzpf onf (2;10/ a&mr 1;9/ 1aum 1;23/ 11;31/ *vm 1;19/ zdvdyÜd 2;25)/ 2;6 ]]c&pfawmf\wrefawmfrsm;tjzpf ... aomfvnf;}} ¤if;ü odvESifh wdarmaowdkYyg0ifonf/ ¤if;onfydkrdkus,f jyefYaomoabmudkaqmifonf/ 1aum 12;28 ESifh {zuf 4;11 wkdYü ]]wrefawmf}} wdkYudktoif;awmftwGif;quf vuf&Sd aeaom0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;tjzpfazmfjyonf/ tcsdKUaom OyrmwdkYrSm – 1/ AmeA (wrefawmf 14;4/ 4;14) 2/ ta`EmedwfESifh ,ked(a&mr 16;6-7) 3/ tmaygvk (1aum 4;6)

4/ ,mukyfti,f (*vm 1;19) þ0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;onf trIawmf\rnfonfhu@ESifh qufvufaMumif;raocsmacs/ (1) toif;awmf xlaxmifjcif; (2) {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mjcif; (3) acgif;aqmifrIu@odkYr[kwf (4) ¤if;onf {zuf 4;11 üya&mzuf rsm;? {0Ha*vdq&mrsm;? oif;tkyf q&mrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeNyD;? olwdkYtm;vHk;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;udk tav;ay;rIyHkpH toD;oD;jzifh a[majymolrsm;jzpfMuonf/

� t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;ü þpum;pkudktcsdKUonf tcef;i,f 6 üxm;NyD;? tcsdKUurl tcef;i,f 7 üxm;Mu onf/

216

NASB, 2;6 ]]igwkdY\tcGifhtmPmudkpGJudkifEdkif}} (might have) NKJV, 2;6 ]]igwkdYonf awmif;qdkjcif;jyKEdkif}} (might have) NRSV, 2;7 ]]igwkdYonfawmif;qdkjcif;jyKEdkif}} (could have) TEV, 2;7 ]]igwkdYonf oifwkdYay:tjynfht0awmif;Edkif}} (could have) JB, 2;7 ]]igwkdYonf oifwkdYay:tjynfht0awmif;Edkif}} (could have) ¤if;\vHk;aphywfaphbmomjyefrIrSm ]]tav;jzifh}} [líjzpf\/ jzpfEdkifaomqdkvdk&if;rSm (1) wrefawmfqdkif&m tcGifhtmPm (2) wrefawmfqkdif&m*kPfjyKjcif; odkYr[kwf (3) aiGa&;aMu;a&;qdkif&m aMueyfaprI (i,f 9/ 1ouf 3;8/ 1aum 9;3-14/ 2aum 11;7-11)/ 2;7 ]]oifwkdYtxJEl;nHhodrfarGYMuaMumif;udkigwkdYtwnfjyKMu\}} *&dvufa&;usrf;rsm;üuGJvGJrIwpfck&Sdonf/ (1)

]]uav;i,frsm;}} - infants (nēpios, vufa&;usrf;P65,א, B, C, D, F, G) ESifh (2) ]]El;nHhodrfarGU}} - gentle (ēpios,

vufa&;usrf; אc, A, C2, D2 )/ ¤if;wkdY\tpjyKtu©&momvQifuGJjym;jcif;jzpfonf/ a&SUaemufpmtquf tpyfoabmudktajccHygueHygwf 2 rSm taumif;qHk;jzpfonfESifhwlonf/ (usrf;ul;q&mrsm;onf&nf&G,fcsufjzifh ajymif; vdkufjcif;jzpfEdkifonf) UBS4onf ]]uav;i,f}} udk ]]B}} tqifh (aocsmoavmuf) owfrSwfonf/ atmf&D*sifESifh Mo*wfpwif;wkdYonf oufomavmedom;rsm;em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifap&ef aygvkonf uav;pum;ESifh ajymonf[k,HkMunfMuonf/ aygvkonf ti,f 7? 8 ESifh 11 wkdYwGif rdbpum;vHk;rsm;oHk;EIef; onf/ olYudk,folwdkY\ 0dnmOfa&;zciftjzpf½Ijrifonf/

� ]]EdkYwdkufrdcifonf olUuav;wdkYudkEl;nHhpGm*½kpdkufonfhtwdkif;}} ¤if;rSmwwd,wef;pm;cRif;csufyg 0gusrsdK; jzpfonf/ xkdBud,m\vHk;aphywfapht"dyÜg,frSm ]]aEG;onf ^aEG;atmifvkyfonf}} [líjzpfNyD; rdcifiSufronf¤if;\ uav;rsm;udk ]]aEG;ap&efvkyfonf O0yfonf}} [kajym&efoHk;avh&Sdonf ({zuf 5;29)/ ¤if;rSmEdkYwkdufjcif; twGufwif pm;rIjzpfonf/ aygvkonf (*vm 4;19) a,½Ienf;wl (róJ 23;37) olwkdYudkcspfaMumif; trsdK;orD;pum;jzifhazmfjy onf/ (YHWH vnf; xdkenf;wl/ xGuf 19;4/ a[&Sm, 66;13/ a[ma&S 11;4 ESifh 0dnmOfawmfonfvnf; xdkenf;wl urÇm 1;2)/ 2;8 NASB ]]oifwkdYudkcspfcifjrwfEdk;vS}} NKJV ]]oifwkdYudk cspfcifjrwfEdk;pGmwrf;o}} NRSV ]]igwkdYonf oifwkdYudkeufeJpGm*½kpdkuf}} TEV ]]oifwkdYudk igwkdYcspfaomaMumifh}} NJB ]]oifwkdYtwGuf tvGefqufuyfítumtuG,fay;onf[kigwkdYcHpm;&}} "r®opfusrf;wpfckvHk;ü þae&müomvQif (homeiromai) pum;vHk;awGU&onf/ *&dbmomjyef"r®a[mif;usrf; \a,mb 3;21 üoHk;onf/ *&dpmayü ¤if;rSm jyif;xefaomcspfjrwfEdk;jcif; pum;vHk;jzpfNyD; rdbrsm;u rdrdwdkY\qHk; yg;oGm;aomuav;rsm;udkwrf;ojcif;twGufoHk;onf/

217

� ]]oifwkdYudkbk&m;ocif\{0Ha*vdomru? igwdkY\toufrsm;udkyga0rQ&efyifaumif;pGmauseyfMu\}} þ wrefawmfBuD;\cspfjcif;arwåmenf;wlolYtrIawmfjrwf\wefbdk;BuD;rm;yHkudkjyonf/ trIawmf[lonfigwkdYvkyfaom t&mwpfckr[kwfbJ? igwdkYrnfoljzpfaMumif;yifwnf;/ 2;9 ]]igwkdY\tm;xkwfrIESifh tcuftcJ}} ¤if;wdkYrSm jyif;xefaomqifwlpum;vHk;rsm;jzpfonf (1ouf 3;8 ESifh 2aum 11;27)/ *&dvlYtzGJUtpnf;onftvkyfMurf;udkaus;uRefrsm;omvkyf&efowfrSwfxm;onf/ *sL;vlrsdK;jzpfaom aygvkurl vufrItvkyfudk½dkaoav;pm;onf/ olonftxl;ojzifh þoufomavmedMo0g'pmürdrdvufjzifhtvkyf vkyf&efwdkufwGef;onf/ taMumif;rSm þrdwfo[m,xJ&SdvltcsdKUwdkYonf 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udk apmihfarQmfí omaeum? tvkyfrvkyfMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf (2ouf 3;6-15)/ ]]na&maeYyg tvkyfvkyfvsuf}} *sL;&AÁdq&mBuD;wdkif;ü toufarG;0rf;ausmif;&efvkyfief;wpfckck&Sd&onf (wref 18;3/ 1aum 4;12)/ aygvkonf avmbBuD;ol[kpGyfpGJcH&ojzifh olYtrIawmfvkyfief;twGuftvSLaiGvufrcHacs (2;5)/ ]]na&maeYyg}} þoHk;tEIef;onf aeYwpfaeYtpudk ae0ifzsdK;zstcsdefüa&wGufaom*sL;wdkY\pHepfudkay:vGifaponf (urÇm 1;5? 8? 13? 19? 23? 21)/ aygvkonf aeYcif;üwJ&Sif (0g) om;a&ypönf;csKyfvkyfaomvkyfief;vkyfum? n tcsdefwGif{0Ha*vdw&m;a[monf/ trIawmfjrwfütvkyfBudK;pm;rIvdktyfonf/ 2;10 ]]oifwkdYonf oufaojzpfovdk bk&m;ocifonfvnf;jzpf\}} ¤if;onf rdrd\ajymqdkazmfjyrIrsm;ESifh tjyKtrlrsm;ppfrSefaMumif;tcdkiftrmjyK&efaygvkoHk;aom usdefqdkjcif;ESifh wlaomaemufxyfazmfjyrIwpfckjzpfonf/ ti,f 5 \usdefqdkjcif;onftwnfjyKonfenf;wl bk&m;ocifonfoufaojzpfonfhtwkdif;oufomavmed&Sd,Hk Munfolrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/

� ]]oifwkdY,HkMunfolrsm;twGuf qufuyfvsuf? ajzmifhrwfpGmESifh tjypfwifp&muif;pGm}} ol\&nf&G,f &jcif; taMumif;&if;udktoif;awmf? vlrIywf0ef;usif (0g) jyifyvltcsdKUwdkYüar;cGef;xkwfol&Sdjcif;aMumifhjzpfayrnf/ aygvk onf rdrd&nf&G,f&if;taMumif;ckcHumuG,f&ef tNrJvdktyfaeonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / tjypfwifp&muif;? tjypfuif;pif? tjypfr&dS? tjypfqdkp&mr&Sd –Blameless, Innocent,

Guiltless, without reproach (u) tzGifhazmfjycsufrsm; 1/ þt,ltqonf vlom;\ed*dkrlvtajctaeudk "r®oabmw&m;t&a&;om;azmfjyonf (urÇmOD; 1/ {'ifO,smOf)/ 2/ pHkvifjynfh0aom þrdwfo[m,tajctaeudk tjypfESifhykefuefjcif;onfysufjyKef;oGm;aponf (urÇmOD; 3)/ 3/ vlom;rsm; (txD; ESifh tr) onfbk&m;ocifESifh rdwfo[m,zGJUrIudk e*dkaejyefjzpfapvkdMuonf/ taMumif;rSmolwkdYonf oP²mefawmfESifh tnDzefqif;xm;olrsm;jzpfaomaMumifhwnf; (urÇm 1;26- 27)/ 4/ bk&m;ocifonf tjypf&Sdaomvlom;udkenf;vrf;tcsdKUjzifhqufqHonf/ (u) bk&m;w&m;MunfndKaomacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;jzifh (tmNA[H? arma&S? a[&Sm,) ( c) ,ZfylaZmfjcif;pHepftm;jzifh (0wfjyK&musrf; 1-7) ( *) bk&m;w&m;ESifh nDaomyHkaumif;oufaorsm;tm;jzifh (aem{? a,mb)

218

5/ aemufqHk;wGifbk&m;ocifonf ar&Sd,t&Sifudkay;onf/ (u) olYudk,foltjynfht0zGifhjyawmfrljcif;tjzpf ( c) tjypftwGufpHkvifjynfh0aom,ZfylaZmfjcif;tjzpf 6/ c&pf,mefwdkYudk tjypfwifp&muif;olrsm;jzpfaponf/ (u) c&pfawmf\ajzmifhrwfjcif;udk oGif;ay;jcif;rSwqifhynwfw&m;^w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD ( c) 0dnmOfawmf\tvkyfrS wqifhqufvufjzpfay:wdk;wufjcif;jzifh ( *) c&pf,mef\yef;wdkifrSmc&pfawmfESifhwl&efjzpfonf (a&mr 8;28-29/ {zuf 1;4)/ ¤if;rSmtm'HESifh {0wdkYtjypfxJusqif;&mü½IH;qHk;oGm;cJh&aombk&m;ocif\oP²mefawmfudkjyefvnf&&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/ 7/ aumif;uifbHkrSm {'ifO,smOf\pHkvifjynfh0aomrdwfo[m,udkjyefvnf&&Sd&mt&yfjzpfonf/ aumif; uifbHk[lonfoefY&Sif;pifMu,fatmifjyKcJhNyD;aom urÇmodkY(2ay 3;10) bk&m;ocif&Sd&mt&yfrSqif; oufvmaoma,½k&SvifNrdKU opfjzpfonf (Asm 21;2)/ or®musrf;pm\ tpESifh tqHk;wdkYüwlnDaomOD; wnfcsuf&Sdonf/ (u) bk&m;ocifESifh twl&if;ESD;aomyk*¾dKvfcsif;rdwfo[m, ( c) O,smOfwpfcktaetxm;jzifh (urÇm 1-2 ESifh Asm'dwf 21-22) ( *) tem*wdå\azmfjyrIt& wd&pämefrsm;yg0ifaygif;azmf (a[&Sm, 11;6-9) (c) "r®a[mif;usrf;ü 1/ pHkvifjynfh0jcif;? tjypfwifp&muif;jcif;? tjypfrJhjcif;wkdYudk ñTef;aoma[NAJpum;vHk;trsdK;aygif;rsm; pGm&Sdonf/qufpyfaompum;vHk;tm;vHk;azmfjy&efcufcJayrnf/ 2/ pHkvifjynfh0jcif;? tjypfuif;jcif; (0g) tjypfrJhjcif;wkdYudkazmfjyaomt"dupum;vHk;wdkYrSm (Roert B.

Girdlestone, Synonyms of the Old Testament, Pp. 94-99) t& (u) shalom (BDB 1022)

( c) thamam (BDB 1070)

( *)calah (BDB 478)

3/ qyfwl*sifh (ueOD;toif;awmf\"r®a[mif;usrf;) onf tvm;wlpum;vHk;trsm;tjym;udk trsm;oHk;*&d pum;jzifh bmomjyefum? "r®opfusrf;xJoHk;onf/ 4/ aomhcsufoabmrSm,ZfylaZmfjcif;pHepfESifh qufpyfonf/ (u) amōmos(xGuf 29;1/ 0wfjyK 1;3? 10/ 3;1? 6/ awmvnf 6;14)/ ( c) amiantos and aspiluswdkYüt,lonf;jcif;oabmt"dyÜg,fyGm;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ (*) "r®opfusrf; 1/ ynwfw&m;^Oya'o (u) a[NAJvkdynwdåqdkif&mt,lonf;jcif;oabmaqmifaomt"dyÜg,fyGm;udkamōmosjzifh bmomjyef onf/ ({zuf 5;27/ zdvdyÜd 2;15/ 1ay 1;19)/ ( c) *&dynwdåw&m;^Oya'qdkif&mt"dyÜg,fyGm; (1aum 1;8/ aum 1;22)/ 2/ c&pfawmfrSmtjypfr&Sdol? jypfwifp&mr&Sdol? tjypfuif;oljzpfonf/ (amōmosa[NAJ 9;14/ 1ay 1;19)/ 3/ c&pfawmfaemufvdkufrsm;onf olESifh wlatmifBudK;pm;&rnf/ (amōmos{zuf 1;4/ 5;27/ zdvdyÜd 2;15/ aumavm 1;22/ 2ay 3;14/ ,k' 24/ Asm 14;5)/ 4/ þoabmudkyiftoif;awmfacgif;aqmifwdkYüoHk;onf/

219

(u) anegklētos]]tjypfwifpGyfpGJp&muif;}} (1wd 3;10/ wdwk 1;6-7) ( c) anepilemptos ]]a0zefjypfwifcHjcif;r&Sd}} (0g) ]]tjypfwifp&mrjyK}} (1wd 3;2/ 5;7/ 6;14/ wdwk 2;8)/ 5/ ]]rnpfnrf;}} - undefiled (amiantos) udkoHk;&mü (u) c&pfawmfudk,fwdkif (a[NAJ 7;26)/ ( c) c&pf,mef\tarG (1ay 1;4)/ 6/ ]]jynfh0jcif;}} –wholeness (0g) ]]usef;rmjcif;}} - soundness (holokēria) (wref 3;16/ 1ouf 5;23/ ,mukyf 1;4)/ 7/ ]]trSm;t,Gif;r&Sd}} tjypfr&SdbJ?tjypfuif;jcif;oabmrSm amemptos jzpfonf (vkum 1;6/ zdvdyÜd 2;15/ 3;6/ 1ouf 2;10/ 3;13/ 5;23)/ 8/ ]]tjypfwifp&mtjzpfrcH}} - not subject to blame oabmrSmamōmētos jzpfonf (2ay 3;14)/ 9/ ]]tpGef;txifr&Sd}} ]]tjypfqdkbG,f&mr&Sd}} –spotless, unblemished oabmudktxufygpum;vHk;rsm; ygaompmydk'frsm;ü rMumcPoHk;onf (1wd 6;14/ ,mukyf 1;27/ 1ay 1;19/ 2ay 3;14)/ (C) þoabmaqmifaoma[NAJESifh *&dpum;vkH;ta&twGufonf ¤if;\ta&;BuD;yHkudkazmfjyonf/ bk&m;o cifonf uRefawmfwdkYüvdktyfaomt&mudkc&pfawmftm;jzifh axmufyHhay;urf;cJhNyD;aemuf? ,ckuRefawmf wdkYudk olESifh wl&efac:zdwfaeygonf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYrSm c&pfawmf\tvkyftm;jzifh taetxm;t&ESifh w&m;Oya't& ajzmifhrwfonf/ rSefuefonf? tjypfwifp&muif;onf[kausnmjcif;cHcJhMuonf/ ,ckwpfcg,HkMunfolwdkYrSm rdrdwdkY\ taetxm;udkydkifqdkif &efjzpfonf/ ]]olonftvif;xJüusifvnfonfenf;wl oifwdkYonfvnf; tvif; xJüusifvnfMuavmh}} (1a,m 1;7)/ ]]xdkac:zdwfjcif;ESifh xdkufwefaomtusifhudk usifhMuavmh}} ({zuf 4;1?17/ 5;2? 15)/ a,½Ionfbk&m;ocif \oP²mefawmfudkjyefvnf&,lay;cJhonf/ &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifaom rdwfo[m ,rsdK;jzpfEdkifvmcJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; bk&m; ociftvkd&SdonfrSm om;awmfenf;wl rdrd\Muiftif vu©Pmudkay:vGifapolrsm;jzpfaMumif;owd&yg/ uRefawmfwdkY rSm t<uif;rJhoefY&Sif;pifMu,f&efac:zdwfcH &olrsm;jzpfonf (róJ 5;20? 48/ {zuf 1;4/ 1ay 1;13-16)/ bk&m; ocif\ oefY&Sif;jcif;onf rlOya't&omvQifr[kwfbJ? b0ESifh oufqkdifonf/

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vufa&;usrf; א ESifh A ü *vm 1;6 rSmenf;wl AORIST jzpfonf/ ¤if;onfbk&m;ocif\tpjyKac:zdwfjcif; tm; tav;teufjyKjcif;jzpfayrnf (*vm 1;6/ 1ay 1;15)/ (2) vufa&;usrf; B, D, F, G, H, K, L ESifh P wdkYü

220

-PRESENT ypöyÜKefjzpfNyD;? qufvufoefY &Sif;ae&efbk&m;ocif\ac:zdwfrIudk tav;teufjyKjcif;jzpfayrnf (a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm 4;19/ {zuf 1;4)/ UBS4onf # 2udk ]]B}} tqifh (aocsmoavmuf) owfrSwfonf/ ac:zdwfolbk&m;ocifESifh xdkufwefpGmusifh&rnfh,HkMunfolrsm;tMum;"r®oabmt&csdefcGifn§mnDrQrI&Sd& rnf udkowdjyKyg/ (zdvdyÜd 2;12-13) bk&m;ocifonfuRefawmfwdkYudk y#dnmOfw&m;tm;jzifhqufqHrIjyKonf/ ol\ac:zdwfjcif;ESifh trdefY t&uRefawmfwdkY\wkHHYjyefrI (tpjyKjcif;ESifh qufvufjcif;) ESpfckpvHk;vdktyfonf/

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221

wdkYESifhaygif;pnf;ay;onf/ qefYusifaeoa&mifjzpfaeaom or®mw&m;twJGwpfck\ tjcm;wzufwnf;jzifh twnfjyKum? tjcm;wzufudk ½Iwfcsjcif;tm; txl;owdxm;yg/ rdrdpdwfBudKufMo0g' (0g) "r®oabm w&m;pepfwpf&yftm; tom;ay;jcif;udk owdxm;yg/

� ]]rdrdEdkifiHawmf}} aygvkonfþpum;vHk;rMumcProHk;EIef;acs/ ¤if;onf,cktcsdefwGif,HkMunfolwdkY\pdwfESvHk; twGif;bk&m;ocif\tkyfcsKyfrIudk&nfñTef;NyD;¤if;onfwpfaeYaomtcgusvQif wpfurÇmvHk;vTrf;NcHKvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ (róJ 6;10)/ ¤if;rSma,½I\ oGefoifrIESifh a[majymjcif;qdkif&m0efxkyf0efydk;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf vl0ifpm;jcif;ESifh 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;Mum;umvü ]]cJhNyD}} ESifh ]]r ... ao;}} \wif;rmrIudkay:vGifaponf/ (How to Read the

Bible For All Its Worth by Fee and Stuart, Pp. 131-134)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif YHWH udk tpöa&;\ &Sifbk&iftjzpfESifh (1"r® 8;7/ qmvH 10;16/ 24;7-9/ 29;10/44;4/ 89;18/ 95;3/ a[&Sm 43;15/ 44;4? 6 vnf;aumif; pHjy&Sifbk&if ar&Sd,tjzpfvnf;aumif;cH,lxm;onf (qmvH 2;6/ a[&Sm 9;6-7/ 11;1-5)/ AufvifjrdKUü a,½IzGm; jrifawmfrljcif;ESifhtwl (6-4bD?pD) bk&m;ocif\ EdkifiHawmfonf vlYordkif;xJ topfaom cGeftm;ESifh a&G;EIwfjcif;jzifh t&Sdeft[kefESifh xdk;azguf0ifa&mufvmonf (a,& 31;31-34/ a,Z 36;27-36)/ ESpfjcif; q&ma,m[efonf EdkifiHawmffwnfaxmifcgeD;aMumif; a<u;aMumfcJhonf/ (róJ 3;2/ rmuk 1;15)/ rdrdtxJüvnf;aumif;? rdrdoGefoifrIrsm;üvnf;aumif; EdkifiHawmf&SdaeaMumifh a,½I&Sif;vif;pGm oGefoifonf/ (róJ 4;17? 23/ 9;35/10;9?11;11-12/ 12;28/16;19/ rmuk 12;34/ vkum 10;9? 11/11;20/12;31-32/ 16;16/ 17;21)/ odkYaomfEdkifiHawmfonf tem*wfüvnf; &Sdaeao;onf/ (róJ 16;28/ 24;14/ 26;29/ rmuk 9;1/ vkum 21;31/22;16? 18) qifwl c&pf0ifusrf; (synoptic gospel) rsm;jzpfaom rmukESifh vkum c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;ü ]]bk&m;ocif \EdkifiHawmf}} [laom pum;pkawGU&onf/ a,½I\ oGefoifaeus þtaMumif;t&mü ,ckvuf&Sdü vlom;\ESvkH; om;xJ bk&m;ocif\ pkd;pHrItaMumif; yg0ifjyD;? ¤if;onf wpfaeYaomtcg usvQif wpfurÇmvkH;vTrf;jcHKoGm; vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm róJ 6;10 u a,½I qkawmif;jcif;ü ay:vGifonf/ róJurl*sL;rsm;twGuf a&;om;jcif;jzpfí bk&m;ocif\ emrawmfudk rokH;jcif;tm; ydkrdkESpfoufonf/ (aumif;uifEdkifiHawmf) rmukESifh vkumwdkYonf wyg; trsKdk;om;rsm;twGuf a&;om;Mujcif;jzpfí bk&m;emrawmfudk okH;um?okH;aeustwdkif; azmfjyonf/ odkYjzifh þpum;pkrSm qifwl c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;\ t"du aomhcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ a,½I\ yxrqkH;ESifh aemufqkH;w&m;a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh ol\ Oyrm pum;trsm;pkwdkYü þtaMumif;t&mudkyif ajymygonf/¤if;onf vlom;\ pdwfESvkH;xJ bk&m;ocif\ ,ckpkd;pHjcif;udk &nfnGef;onf/ a,m[efonf þpum;pkudkESpfMudrfomvQif okH;jcif;rSm tHhMop&mjzpfonf/ (a,½Iajymaom Oyrmrsm;ü rokH;cJhacs)? a,m[ef\ c&pf0ifusrf;]]xm0&touf}} rSm t"du aomhcsuf wifpm;rIjzpfonf/ c&pfawmf <uvmjcif; ESpfMudrfjzpfaejcif;aMumifh þpum;pkESifhqdkifí wif;rmrIjzpfay:aponf/ "r®a[mif; usrf;onf bk&m;ocif\ ar&Sd, Muvmjcif; wpfckudk omvQif pl;pdkufum? ppfa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh bkef;wefcdk; awmfjzifh <uvmjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;? "r®opfusrf;url? yxrtMudrfü a[&Sm,53 &Sd 'ku©qif;&JcHaom tapcHtjzpf ESifhvnf;aumif;? Zmc&d 9;9 &Sd ESdrfhcsaom &Sifbk&iftjzpfESifhvnf;aumif; <uvmaMumif; azmfjyonf/*sL;vlrsKd;wdkY\ uyfumvESpfckjzpfaom qdk;oGrf;jcif; uyfumvESifh ajzmifhrwfjcif;uyfumvwdkYrSmxyfvsuf&Sdonf/ a,½Ionf ,ck vuf&Sdü ,kHMunfolrsm;\ pdwfESvkH;xJpkd;pHaeaomfvnf;? wpfaeYaomtcgusvQif zefqif;aomt&m wpfckvkH;tm; tkyfpkd;ayrnf/ olonf "r®a[mif;usrf;\ Asm'dwfawmftwdkif;<uvmvdrfhrnf/ ,kHMunfolwdkYrSm ]]&SdcJhjyDjzpf aom}} ESifh ]]rjzpf&ao;aom}} bk&m;ocif\ EdkifiHawmftwGif;&SdaeMuonf/ (Gordon D. Fee ESifh Douglas Stuart. How to

Read The Bible For All Its Worth, pp. 131-134)

222

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���� ]]vufcH&&Sd}} -receive ¤if;rSmACTIVE PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ ¤if;onfuREfkyfwdkYwpfOD;csif;\wHkYjyefrIjyK jcif; vdktyfaMumif;jyonf/ þae&mü¤if;onfowif;pum;udk&nfñTef;onf/ a,m[ef1;12 ü rlc&pfawmf\ yk*¾dKvfudk ñTef;qdkonf/ 1ouf 4;1 ü¤if;onftouf&Sifjcif;yHkpHudkñTef;qdkonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;onf tcsufoHk; csufudktav; teufpl;pdkufonf/ (1) yk*¾dKvfcsif;qufqHrI (aumavm 2;6)/ (2) Mo0g'a&;&mor®mw&m; (2ouf 3;6/ 1aum 15;1-4) ESifh (3) c&pfawmfESifhwlaomtouf&Sifjcif;yHkpH (zdvdyÜd 4;9)/ ,HkMunfolrsm;&ifh usufvma&;wGuf þtcsuf oHk;csufpvHk;udkwHkYjyefrIjyK&ygrnf/

]]bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfudkvufcH&&Sd}} [laompum;pkonf ]]{0Ha*vdw&m;udkvufcH&&Sdjcif;ESifh twlwl jzpfvmonf/ (]]igajymaompum;udkMum;í? ighudkapvTwfawmfrloludk,HkMunfol}} a,m 5;24)/

1/ dechomai–vkum 8;13/ wref 8;14/ 11;1/ 17;11/ 1ouf 1;16/ 2/ paralambanō-1ouf 2;13/ 3/ paradechomai – rmuk 4;20/ 4/ apolambanō-,mukyf1;21/ od&jrif&aomt&mESifhapwemtavQmufjyK&aomt&m[lí&SdaMumif;owdjyKyg/ "r®opfusrf;wGif ]]vufc}} -receive udkbmomjyef&pum;vHk;onf t"dyÜfmftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh qufpyfonf/ (u) tysufoabmjzif

1/ a&mr 8;15 - uRefjzpf&m0dnmOfudkrvufcH/ (lambanō) 2/ 1aum 2;4 - obm0^yuwdvlonfbk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmft&mrsm;udkrvufcH

(apolambanō) 3/ 1aum 2;12 -þavmu\0dnmOfudkrvufcH (lambanō) 4/ 2au 6;1 - bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfudktcsnf;EDSrvufcH (apolambanō) 5/ 2ouf 2;11 – olwdkYonf u,fwifjcif;&&eftvkdYiSg cspfjcif;arwåmor®mw&m;udkrvufcH (apolambanō)

223

(c) tjyKoabmjzifh 1/ wrefawmf 1;8 - wefffcdk;vufcH (lambanō) 2/ wrefawmf 2;33 – crnf;awmf\uwdawmfudkvufcH&&Sd (lambanō)

3/ wrefawmf 2;38/ 8;15? 17? 19/ 10;47/ 19;2- oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawfmqkaus;Zl;udk vufcH&&Sd (lambanō)

4/ wrefawmf 10;49/ 26;18- tjypfvGwfjcif;udkvufcH&&Sd (lambanō) 5/ a&mr 5;11- jyefvnfoifhjrwfjcif;vufcH&&Sd (lambanō) 6/ a&mr 5;17 - <u,f0aomaus;Zl;awmfESifh ajzmifhrwfjcif;qkaus;Zl;vufcH&&Sd (lambanō) 7/ a&mr 8;15 -om;jzpfapjcif;0dnmOfvufcH&&Sd (lambanō) 8/ *vm 3;4-uwdjyKaom0dnmOfawmfudk,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhvufcH&&Sd (lambanō) 9/ aumavm 2;6 - a,½Ic&pfawmfudkvufcH&&Sd (paralambanō) 10/ a[NAJ 10;36- uwdjyKaomt&mrsm;udkvufcH&&Sd (komizō) 11/ a[NAJ 11;17 - uwdawmfrsm;udkvufcH&&Sd (anadechomai) 12/ a[NAJ 12;28 -rvIyfEdkifaomEdkifiHawmfvufcH&&Sd (paralambanō)

13/ ,mukyf 1;21 - touf0dnmOfrsm;udku,fwifEdkifaomtxJpdkufysdK;onfhEIwfuywfawmf udkvufcH&&Sd (apolambanō)

14/ 1ay 5;4- rñId;EGrf;aomo&zludkvufcH&&Sd (komizō) 15/ 1a,m 2;27 -bdodufqDoGef;avmif;jcif;vufcH&&Sd (lambanō)

tvdkav; {0Ha*vdw&m;ESifh twlwGJygvmaomt&mrsm;\tqifhtwef;rSm xl;jcm;vS csnfygwum;/

� ]]vufcH&&Sd ... vufcH}} –received, acceptedþqifwlpum;vHk;wdkYonfbk&m;ocifay;prf;aeaom {0Ha*vd w&m;udkvlom;taejzifh wHkYjyefrIjyK&ef vdktyfyHkudkazmfjyonf/ tjypfxJusolvlom;onf aemifw&um? {0Ha*vdw&m;udk ,HkMunf&rnfjzpfNyD; (rmuk 1;15? wrefawmf 3;16? 19/ 20;21) qufvufíaemifw&vsuf ,HkMunfum {0Ha*vd w&m;twdkif;touf&SifoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ yxrpum;vHk;rSm aygif;pyf pum;vHk;wpfckjzpfNyD; a,m 1;12 üawGU&onf/ 'kwd,pum;vHk;rSm wpfpHkwpf a,mufaomoltm; {nfhonftjzpf vufcHonfh[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ þusrf;ydk'fü {0Ha*vdw&m;udk BudKqdk&efjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;udk yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;ESifh owif;pum;tjzpfa&;om;azmfjyonf/

� ]]bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmf}} aygvka[maomw&m; (owif;aumif;w&m;) rSm bk&m;ocifrIwfoGif;aom zGifhjyawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ (2wd 3;15-17/ 1ay 1;23-25/ 2ay 1;20-21/ 3;15-16)/ þae&müajymonfrSm or®musrf;pmr[kwfbJ? wrefawmfrsm;\a[majymrIESifh oGefoifrIjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;onf a,½Iajym aompum;rsm;? vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh wrefawmfrsm;\ owif;pum;rsm;teuf a&G;cs,fxm;aomtydkif;udkomvQif rSwfwrf;wifjcif; jzpfonf/

� NASB ]]EIwfuywfawmfonf,HkMunfaomoifwkdYtxJwGif¤if;\tvkyfudkvkyfaqmifonf}} NKJV ]],HkMunfaomoifwkdYtxJwGifxda&mufpGmtvkyfvkyfaombk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmf}} NRSV ]],HkMunfaomoifwdkYtxJüvnf;tvkyfvkyfaombk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmf}} TEV ]]bk&m;ocif\owif;pum;taejzifhwu,fyifjzpfaeonf/ taMumif;rSm,HkMunfoloifwkdYtxJ

224

bk&m;ociftvkyfvkyfonf/}} NJB ]]bk&m;ocif\owif;pum;onf ,HkMunfaomoifwdkYütouf&Sifaeaom wefcdk;jzpfae qJjzpfonf}}

¤if;rSm PRESENT MIDDLE INDICATIVE jzpfonf (zdvdyÜd 2;13)/ ]]vkyfonf}} qdkonfrSmaygvk

ESpfoufaom pum;wpfvHk;jzpfum? t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; ]]pGrf;tif}} - energy ESifh tvm;wltrsdK;wljzpfonf/ aygvkonf {0Ha*vdw&m;udk vluJhodkYwifpm;um? ,HkMunfolrsm;udkqufvufípGrf;tm;ay;aeonf[k ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf urÇmOD; 1 ESifh a[&Sm, 55;11 (a,m[ef 1;1 üvnf;) wdkYrSmenf;wlajym xkwfvdkufaom pum;vHk;\ wefcdk;tm;"r® a[mif;\em;vnfoabmaygufyHkudkay:vGifaponf/

� ]],HkMunfolwdkYtxJ}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ aomhcsufrSmqufvufí ,HkMunf oGm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;rSm xkwfvkyfvdkufaomt&m (aumif;uifbHk;oGm;&efvufrSwf? tmrcH) oufoufr[kwfbJ? om;awmfrSwqifhcrnf;awmfESifh yk*¾dKvfcsif;qufvufqufqHoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ 2;14 ]]toif;awmfrsm;}} ¤if;udkvHk;aphywfaphbmomjyefygu ]]ac:xkwfcH&olrsm;}} [líjzpfonf/ qyfwl*sif; wGifxdkoabmudkazmfjyNyD; ]]pka0;aeaomtpöa&;}} [kawGU&onf/ ueOD;toif;awmfonf olwdkYudk,folwdkY "r®a[mif; umvbk&m;ocif\vlrsdK;udkqufvufolrsm;tjzpf½Ijrifxm;Muonf/ olwkdYudk ]]bk&m;ocif\t

oif;awmfrsm;}} (0g) ]] bk&m;ocif\ac:xkwfjcif;cH&olrsm;}} - the churches of God [kac:yHkudkowdjyKyg/ *vm 1;2 \txl;taMumif; t&müMunfhyg/

�]]c&pfawmfa,½ItxJ}} þpum;pkonf wnfae&m0ef;usifqkdif&mudkazmfjyNyD;? t"dyÜg,frSm ]]txJü}} (0g) ]]ab;ywfvnfü}} [líjzpfNyD;? a&xJ&Sdig;rsm;rSm uJhokdYaom0ef;usifwpf&yfudkqdkvdkonf/ aygvka&;aompmrsm; üawGU aeusazmfjyrIwpfckjzpfNyD;? a,½IESifh uRefawmfwdkY\ aygif;azmfrItaMumif;ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkY onf olY txJtouf&Sifaeí? olYtxJvIyf&Sm;aeMuum? olYtxJjzpfvsuf? wnfvQuf&SdaeMuonf/ þyHkpHaygvk\ oHk;EIef;yHk twGufOyrmwpfckudk{zuf 1;3-14 üowdjyKyg/ (1) ]]c&pfawmftxJü}} 1;3? 10? 12 (2) ]]olYtxJü}} 1;4? 7?9?10? 13 (ESpfBudrf) (3) ]]cspfawmfrlaomoltxJü}} 1;6/

� ]],k'jynfü}} ,k'jynf&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;enf;wl? oufomavmedtoif;awmfrsm;onfvnf; *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\ ñSOf;qJrIudkawGUBuHKcHpm;aeMuonf (róJ 5;10-12)/

� ]]oifwkdYonfvnf; ... tvm;wl'ku©qif;&JcHMu}} a&mrurÇmü c&pf,mefw&m;udkwHkYjyefrIjyKyHkrSm ñSOf;qJjcif; jzpfonf (1ay 4;12-16)/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf þw&m;awmf\oabmrSm twlwlyifjzpf aomaMumifhwnf; (a,m 14;6)/

■]]oifwdkY\EdkifiHom;csif;rsm;vufjzifh}} - ¤if;onfjyefYESHaeaom*sL;rsm;\ñSOf;qJrIudk&nfñTef;NyD;? aygvkonf vnf;þMo0g'pma&;aepOfaum&dEÅKNrdKUütvm;wlqefYusifrl&ifqdkifaeonf/ 2;15 ]]ocifa,½IESifh ... udkygowfcJhMu}} *sL;vlrsdK;wdkYonf udk,fum,tm;jzifh a,½Iudkowfjcif;r[kwf aomfvnf;? olaoqHk;jcif;wGif olwdkYüwm0ef&Sdonf (róJ 21;33-46/ wref 2;23)/

225

■]]ya&mzufwkdY}} bk&m;ocif\ vlrsdK;awmfonf bk&m;ocif\owif;pum;udkem;raxmifvdkMuojzifh ol\ajym a&;qdkcGifh&yk*¾dKvfrsm;udkowfypfcJhMuonf (róJ 23;31? 37/ wref 7;52)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / "r®a[mif;ya&mzufjyKcsuf 1/ ed'gef; (u) tzGifhazmfjyrIrsm;? 1/ ,HkMunfolrsm;twGif; ya&mzufjyKcsufrsm;rnfodkYt"dyÜg,fjyefqdk&rnftay:oabmxm;rwlnDMuacs/ tjcm;or®mw&m;wdkYudk tpOftvmtaetxm;jzifh &mpkESpfrsm;wavQmufü tckdiftcHhjyKvmcJhMuaomfvnf; þtaMumif;t&mürlxdkodkYr[kwfacs/ 2/ "r®a[mif;ya&mzufjyKcsufrsm;qdkif&m owfrSwfjy|mef;aomtqifhtcsdKU&Sdonf/ (u) rif;qufrsm;rwdkifrDumv

(1) ya&mzuf[kac:jcif;cH&aomwpfOD;csif;yk*¾dKvfrsm; (u) tmNA[H - urÇm 20;7 ( c) arma&S - awmvnf 12;6-8/ w&m;a[m 18;15/ 34;10 ( *) tm½kef – xGuf 7;1/ (arma&S\ajyma&;qdkcGifh&yk*¾dKvf) (C) rd&d,H - xGuf 15;20 ( i) ar'wfESifh {'wf – awm 11;24-30 ( p) a'abm& - w&m;olBuD; 4;4 (q) emrnfrazmfjy - w&m;olBuD; 6;7-10 ( Z) &SarGv - 1"r® 3;20

(2) tkyfpkvkduf? tzGJUvdkuftjzpfazmfjyaomya&mzufrsm; -w&m;a[m 13;1-5/ 18;20-22/ (3) ya&mzuf tkyfpk (0g) tzGJU - 1"r® 10;5-13/ 19;20/ 3"r® 20;35? 41/ 22;6? 10-13/

4"r® 2; 3?7/ 4;1/ 38/ 5;22/ 6;1 ... pojzifh (4) ar&Sd,udkya&mzuf[kac:onf -w&m;a[m 18;15-18

(c) bk&ifrsm;acwf? pmra&;olya&mzufrsm;/ (&Sifbk&ifrsm;xHpum;ajymMuonf) (1) *'f - 1"r® 22;5/ 2"r® 24;11/ 1&mZ0ifcsKyf 29;29 (2) emoef - 2"r® 7;2/ 12;25/ 3"r® 1;22 (3) tbd, - 3"r® 11;29 (4) a,[k - 3"r® 16;1? 7? 12 (5) emrnfrazmfjy - 3"r® 18;4? 13/ 20;13?22 (6) {vd, - 3"r® 18-4"r® 2 (7) rdu©m - 3"r® 22 (8) {vd&SJ – 4"r® 2;8?13

(*)tqifhjrifhpma&;olya&mzufrsm; (olwdkYonf bk&ifrsm;enf;wl vlxkudkvnf;pum;ajymMuonf/)/ / a[&Sm,rS rmvcdtxd ('Ha,vrSty) (c) or®musrf;pmvmpum;vHk;rsm; 1/ Ro’eh=]]jrifol}} 1"r® 9;9/ xdkpum;vHk;udk nabi pum;odkYajymif;vJonf/ Ro’eh rSm ]]jrifonf}} \a,bk,s a0g[m&jzpfonf/ þyk*¾dKvfwdkYonfbk&m;ocif\vrf;ESifh pDrHrIrsm;udkem;vnfoabmaygufum? bk&m; ocif\tvdkawmf rnfodkYjzpfonfudk ar;jref;wdkifyifMuonf/ 2/ Hozeh = ]]jrifol}}2"r® 24;11/ ¤if;rSmtajccHtm;jzifh ro’eh ESifh qifwlpum;vHk;jzpfonf/ ]]jrifonf}} ‘ \ ydkítoHk;enf;aompum;vHk;jzpfonf/ ¤if;\Bud,m (participle form) yHkpHkudkya&mzufrsm;tm;&nfñTef;&ef

226

trsm;tm;jzifhoHk;onf/ (hehold-Munfh½I)/ 3/ Nabi = ya&mzuf/ tuúm'D;,ef;Bud,mNabu ESifh rsdK;wljzpfonf= ]]ac:onf}} ESifh tm&yfpum;Naba’a= ]]ausnm}}/¤if;rSmya&mzufwpfOD;udk ñTef;&ef"r®a[mif;usrf;ütrsm;qHk;oHk;aom pum;vHk;jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk tBudrfaygif;300ausmfoHk;onf/ xdkpum;vHk;\rlvudkrod&aomfvnf; ]]ac:onf}} rSmtoifhawmfqHk;jzpf onf/tm½kefrSwqifharma&SESifhzg½dktMum;qufqHa&;YHWH \ajymjycsuftm;jzifhhtaumif;qHk;em;vnf& onf/ (xGuf 4;10-16/ 7;1/ w&m;a[m 5;5/ ya&mzuf[lonfbk&m;ociftwGufbk&m;ocif\ vlrsm; ay:pum;ajymqdkoljzpfonf/ (tmrkwf 3;8/ a,&rd 1;7?17/ a,Z 3;4)/ 4/ þpum;vHk;oHk;ckpvHk;udk ya&mzuf\aqmif&GufcsufESifh qdkifí1&mZ0ifcsKyf 29;29 üoHk;onf/ &SarGv - Ro’eh, emoef – Nabi ESifh *'f-Hozeh 5/ ]]bk&m;ocif\vl}} [lonfhpum;vHk; ish ha – ‘elohimudkvnf;bk&m;ocifudk,fpm;ajymqdkoltm;ydkíus,f jyefYaom&nfñTef;csuftjzpfoHk;onf/ ¤if;udk "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif ]]ya&mzuf}} t"dyÜg,fjzifh 76 BudrfcefYoHk; onf/ 6/ *&drl&if;\ ya&mzuf a0g[m&/ ¤if;onf (1) pro = before - a&SUwGif (0g) for –twGuf udk,fpm;ESifh (2) phemi = ]]ajymonf}} 2/ ya&mzufjyKcsuf\t"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;csuf (u) ]]ya&mzufjyKcsuf}} = prophcy onft*FvdyfrSmxuf a[NAJüt"dyÜg,fykdrdkus,fjyefYonf/ a,m½IrSwfpmrS "r®&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;udk (½korSty) *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;onf ]],cifya&mzuffrsm;}} [kemrnfay;Muonf/ tmjA[HESifh (urÇmOD; 20;7/ qmvH 105;5) arma&S (w&m;a[m 18;18) ESpfOD;vHk;udk ya&m zufrsm;t jzpfazmfjyonf/ (rd&d,Hudkyg –xGuf 15;20)/ t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;wpfvHk;udkompGJudkifjcif;udk owdxm;yg/ (c) ]]ya&mzufjyKjcif;qdkonfrSm bk&m;ocifESifh qdkifaombk&m;ocif\tBuHtpnf bk&m;ocif\yg0if aqmif&GufrIrsm;\tcsuftvufrsm;tm;jzifhomordkif;udkvufcHem;vnfjcif;jzpfonf[kw&m;0ift"dyÜg,f zGifhqdkowfrSwfEdkifonf Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, vol.3, p. 896.

(*) ]]ya&mzufonfawG;ac:ynm&Sifr[kwf? enf;pHepfusaom"r®oabmw&m;q&mr[kwfbJ? bk&m;ocif\ EIwfuywfawmfudkolYvlrsm;xHajymjyaomy#dnmOfw&m;Mum;cHvljzpfNyD;? xdkodkYaomtm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\ vlrsm;onfrdrdwdkY\ypöyÜKeftm;jzifholwdkY\tem*wfudkyHkoGif;Mu&efjzpfonf/ Prophets and Prophecy’s

Encyclope- dia Judaica vol. 13 p.1152. 3/ ya&mzufjyKcsuf\&nf&G,fcsuf (u) bk&m;ocifonfrdrdvlwdkY\b0toufwmESifh urÇmhtjzpftysufrsm;udk xdef;csKyfaeonf[líajrmfvifh aeaom?olYvlrsm;\vuf&Sdtaetxm;üvrf;ñTef&ef?olYvlrsm;tm;pum;ajym&efbk&m;ocifonfya&m zufjyKjcif;enf;vrf;udkoHk;onf/ olwdkY\owif;pum;rSmtajccHtm;jzifhwpkwaygif;wnf;udk&nfpl;onf/ ¤if;rSmBudrf;armif;&ef? ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh aemifw&jcif;udkrsdK;aphcsay;&efESifh bk&m;ociftaMumif;? olYtpD trHrsm;taMumif;wdkYudk bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;tm;taMumif;Mum;ajymjy&efjzpfonf/ olwdkYonfbk&m; ocif\vlrsm;tm;? bk&m;ocif\ y#dnmOfw&m;ay:opöm&Sdap&efaxmufrMuonf/ bk&m;ocifa&G;cs,f aomajyma&;qdkcGifh&yk*¾dKvfjzpfaMumif;&Sif;vif;pGmzGifhjy&efvnf;jzpfonf (w&m;a[m 13;1-3/ 18;20- 22)/ ¤if;onftqHk;pGefüar&Sd,udkñTef;qdkayrnf/ (c) ya&mzufwpfyg;onfolYacwfumv\ordkif;qdkif&m (0g)"r®oabmw&m;qdkif&m ta&;BuD;aomtaMumif; t&mwpfckudktajccHNyD;? ¤if;tm;jzifhtem*wfüjzpfysufrnfhtaMumif;t&mESifh qufpyfavh&Sdonf/ ordkif;\tqHk;umvtjrif? bk&m;ocif\a&G;aumufjcif;ESifh y#dnmOfw&m;\uwdawmfrsm;onf tpöa&;üomvQif&Sdonf/ (*) ya&mzuf&mxl;onf,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;&mxl;ESifh wlnD[ef&Sdum (a,&rd 18;18) bk&m;ocif\tvkd

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awmfudkodEdkif&ef,Zfyka&m[dwf½Hk;awmfudkodrf;ydkufxm;jcif;rsdK;ESifhwlonf/O&drfESifhokrdrftm;jzifhpD&ifqHk; jzwf&jcif;udkbk&m;ocif\ajyma&;qdkcGifh&yk*¾dKvf\EIwfyg;pyfowif;pum;onfausmfwufoGm;onf/ ya&mzuf½Hk;awmfonfvnf;rvmcdaemufydkif;ukefqHk;oGm;onfESifhwlonf/ ¤if;onfaemuftESpf400? ESpfjcif;q&ma,m[efwdkifatmifray:vmacs/ "r®opf\ya&mzufqkaus;Zl;onf"r®a[mif;usrf;ESifh rnfodkYqufpyfaMumif;raocsmacs/ "r®opfusrf;ya&mzufwdkYrSm (wref 11;27-28/ 13;1/ 15;32/ 1aum 12;10? 28-29/ 14;29? 32? 37/ {zuf 4;11)/ topfaomzGifhjyrIjyKolrsm; (0g) or®musrf; pmudkzGifhjyolrsm;r[kwfbJ? y#dnmOfcHtajctaersdK;wGif xkwfazmfajymqdkolrsm;ESifh BudKwifajymMum; olrsm;jzpfonf/ (C) ya&mzufjyKjcif;\obm0onf rlvtm;jzifh BudKwifa[mjcif;oufoufr[kwfacs/ BudKwifa[mjcif; onfolY½Hk;awmfESifh olajymaomowif;pum;udktwnfjyK&efjzpfNyD;? ]]"r®a[mif;usrf;\ya&mzufjyK csufrsm;teufar&Sd,taMumif;rSm 2% yifrjynfhacs/ y#dnmOfw&m;topf\acwf umvt aMumif; rSm 5% atmufyg0ifonf/ tem*wfü jzpfrnfhtaMumif;t&mrsm; 1% yifr&Sdacs/}} (Fee and

Stuart, How to Read the Bible For It’s Worth, p.166) ya&mzufwdkYonfbk&m;ocifudkvlrsm;xHwifjyNyD;? ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;urlvlrsm;udk bk&m;ocifxHwifjy onf/¤if;rSma,bk,sazmfjyrIjzpfonf/cRif;csuftaejzifh[AuúKwfuJhodkYbk&m;ocifudkar;cGef;rsm;xkwfol vnf;&Sdonf/

(p)ya&mzufrsm;udkem;vnf&ef cufcJ&jcif;\taMumif;&if;wpfckrSm ¤if;wkdYusrf;rsm;\zGJUpnf;yHkudk rod&jcif;jzpf onf/¤if;wkdYudkouú&mZfpOftwdkif;a&;jcif;rsdK;r[kwfacs/ xdkusrf;wdkYüOD;wnfcsuf&SdaeyHk&aomfvnf;rdrdwdkYxif onfhtwdkif;r[kwfacs/ ordkif;aMumif;qdkif&maemufcHay:vGifjcif;r&Sd? a[mMum;csufwpfckESifhwpfckMum;umv tydkif;tjcm; (0g) tpdwftydkif;cGJjcm;rIr&Sdacs/ þusrf;wdkYudk (1) wpfxdkifwnf;zuf&efcufcJonf/ (2) acgif; pOfwyfít"dutcsufrsm;qGJxkwf&efcufcJonf/ (3) t"duor®mw&m; (0g) a[mcsufwpfckpDüa[m Mum;ol\&nf&G,fcsufudkazmfjy&efcufcJonf/ 4/ ya&mzufjyKcsufrsm;\xl;jcm;rI (u) "r®a[mif;usrf;ü ]]ya&mzuf}} ESifh ]]ya&mzufjyKcsuf}} wdkYESifh qdkifaomwdk;wufjzpfay:rIwpfrsdK;&Sdae yHk& ygonf/tpöa&;\ueOD;umv\ya&mzufrsm;\ rdwfo[m,wpfrsdK;jzpfay:cJhNyD;? tm;aumif;vSaom 0dnmOfa&;(charismatic) acgif;aqmif{vd, (0g) {vd&SJwdkYacgif;aqmifonf/ þtkyfpkwkdYudk&nfñTef; &ef wpfcgwpfav]]ya&mzuftrsdK;om;rsm;}} - the sons of the proplets [laompum;pkudkoHk;onf (4"r® 2)/ ya&mzufwdkYü0rf;ajrmufrIudk tvGefcHpm;jcif;ykHpHrsdK; (ecstay) &Sdwwfonf (1"r® 10;10-13/ 19;18- 24)/ (c) odkYaomfxdkumvonfwpfOD;csif;ya&mzufrsm;tjzpfodkYvsifjrefpGmukefvGefoGm;onf/ &Sifbk&ifESifhtwlazmfjy cH&NyD;? eef;awmfüaexdkifaom (*'fESifh emoef) ya&mzufrsm; (tppf? twkESpfrsdK;vHk;) &SdcJhonf/ vGwfvyf pGmvIyf&Sm;oltcsdKUvnf;&SdNyD;? wpfcgwpf&Htpöa&;vlYtzGJUtpnf;\vuf&SdtajctaeESifh vHk;0qufpyfjcif; r&Sdacs (tmrkwf)/ trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;ESpfrsdK;pvHk;jzpfonf (4"r® 22;14)/ (*) ya&mzufonf vl\vufwavmwHkYjyefrIay:tajccHí tem*wfudkazmfjyoljzpfonf/ ya&mzuf\ wm0ef rSmrdrdzefqif;aomvlowå0grsm;twGuf bk&m;ocif\pBuFm0|mvHk;qdkif&m tpDtpOfjzpfaom vl\wHkYjyefrI jyKjcif;? rjyKjcif;ay:rlwnfjcif;r&Sdaomt&mwkdYudkazmfxkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ pBuFm0|mvHk;qdkif&mtem*wfüjzpf ysufrnfht&mrsm;\tpDtpOfudka&S;acwfta&SUtv,fydkif;ya&mzufrsm;uoma[majymonf/ya&mzufrsm; \a[majymrIüa&SUjzpfa[mjcif;ESifh y#dnmOfw&m;ay:opöm&Sd&efa[majymrIrsm;yl;wGJyg0ifavh&Sdonf (Fee and

Stuart, p. 150)/ ya&mzufwdkYonfrlvtm;jzifh pl;pdkufonfhtaMumif;t&may:waygif;wnfjzpfMuonf[kqdk vdkonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh tpöa&;trsKd;om;rsm;tm;a[majymMuaomfvnf; olwdkYoyfoyfomvQifvnf; r[kwfacs/

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(C) ya&mzufa[mcsuftrsm;pkrSm EIwfwdkufjzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif OD;wnfcsufrsm;? ouú&mZfpOfrsm; (0g) ta&SUtv,fydkif;pmayqdkif&mtjcm;yHkpHrsm;yg0ifvmcJhaomfvnf;¤if;wdkYudk,ckuRefawmfwdkYrawGU&Sd& awmhacs/ ¤if;rSmEIwfwdkufa[mjcif;jzpfojzifhpum;ajya&;ouJhodkY zGJUpnf;rxm;acs/ xdkYaMumifhya&mzuf usrf;rsm;udkwqufwnf;awmufavQmufzwfoGm;&efcufcJum? orkdif;qdkif&maemufcHrygbJ? em;vnf; oabmayguf&efcufcJonf/ (i) ya&mzufwdkYonf olwdkY\owif;pum;udkajymjy&efyHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;oHk;Muonf/

1/ w&m;½Hk;jrifuGif;-bk&m;ocifonfrdrd\vlrsdK;udkw&m;½Hk;odkYqifhac:oGm;avh&Sdonf/ ¤if;rSmvifr ,m; uGm&Sif;rIjzpfavh&Sdum YHWH onfrdrd\r,m; (tpöa&;) udkolr\opömrJhrIaMumifhuGm&Sif; jcif;jzpfonf (a[ma&S 4/ rdu©m 6)/

2/ tokbüqdkaom romoDcsif; - þyHkpHowif;pum;rsdK;udk ]]tr*Fvm&SdMu\}} - woe pum;vHk; yg&SdrIjzifh cGJjcm;od&SdEdkifonf (a[&Sm, 5/ [AÁukwf 2)/ 3/ y#dnmOfw&m;qdkif&maumif;csD;ay;jcif; - y#dnmOfw&m;\ cRif;csufoabmESifh ¤if;\tusdK;quf rsm;udk tjyKoabmtysufoabmESpfrsdK;pvHHk;jzifhtav;teufazmfjyNyD;? tem*wfüxdkodkYjzpfvm rnf[k>rufqdkonf (w&m;a[m 27-28)/

5/ ya&mzufjyKcsufwdkYudk teufjyef&mü axmufuljyKaomvrf;jyrIrsm; (u) ordkif;aemufcH (tcsdefumvESifh ae&ma'o)ESifh a[majymcsufwpfckpD\a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfwdkYudk rSwfom;vsuf? rl&if;ya&mzufjzpfolajymvdkonfht&mudk&SmazGyg/ tpöa&;onfarma&Stm;jzifhjyKaom y#dnmOfw&m;udkwpfenf;enf;jzifh csdK;azmufjcif;taMumif;yg0ifavh&Sdayrnf/ (c) a[mcsufwpfydkif;wpfpomvQifr[kwfbJ? wpfckvHk;udkzwfyg/ yg0ifaomtaMumif;t&m\t"du tcsuf udkqGJxkwfyg/ ¤if;onfa&SUaemufa[mcsufrsm;ESifh rnfodkYqufpyfyHkudk&SmazGyg/ usrf;wpfusrf;vHk;\ t"du taMumif;t&mudkxkwfEIwf&efBuKd;pm;yg/ (*) rdrdzwfaom pmydk'fudkvHk;aphywfaphteufjyefjcif;jyKonf[krSwf,lum? wifpm;oHk;EIef;yHkwpfckckawGU&ef &SmazGyg/ xdkYaemufxdkwifpm;oHk;EIef;yHkudk pum;ajyjzifhjyefa&;yg/ (C) vu©PmtrSwftom;jzifhjyKrIcsufudktcsdefumvESifh ae&ma'owlaomusrf;ydk'frsm;tm;jzifhqef;ppfyg/ þta&SUtv,fydkif;pmayrsm;onf taemufwdkif;pmay (0g) acwfopfpmayrsdK;r[kwfaMumif;aocsmowd &yg/ (i) BudKwifa[majymcsufwdkYudk owdxm;íudkifwG,fyg/

1/ usrf;jyKol\acwfumvoyfoyftwGufavm/ 2/ ¤if;aemufydkif;wGiftpöa&;ordkif;üjzpfysufcJhNyDavm/ 3/ tem*wfü jzpfysuf&ef&Sdaeao;vm;/ 4/ xdkacwfumvü jzpfysufcJhonfhenf;wl tem*wfumvü tvm;wljzpfysufrnfht&mrsdK;avm/ 5/ oifhtwGuftajrrsm;udkacwfopfusrf;jyKolrsm;xHrS r,lbJ? or®musrf;pm? usrf;jyKolrsm;xHrS&,lyg/

(p) txl;ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrsm; 1/ BudKwifa[majymaomtcsufonf wHkYjyefrIjyKaeavmufaomta&taoG;&dSvm;/ 2/ BudKwifa[mcsuf vufcH&&Sdonf qdkonfrSmaocsmvm;/ tb,faMumifhvufcH&&Sdoenf;/ 3/ or®musrf;pmt& (0g) ordkif;aMumif;t&NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;wpfckru &SdEdkifacs&Sdvm;/ 4/ "r®a[mif;usrf;jyKolrsm;onf "r®a[mif;usrf;ae&mrsm;pGmwGifar&Sd,udkjrifEdkifMuonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSmuRef awmfwdkYtwGufrlray:vGifacs/ olwdkYonftrsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif; (0g) pum;vHk;upm;oHk;EIef;jcif;yHkpHoHk;Mu onfESifh wlonf/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;cHolrsm;r[kwfojzifhþyHkpHcsOf;uyfrIudk "r®opfusrf; jyKpka&;om;olrsm;twGufomxm;cJhjcif;rSmtaumif;qHk;jzpfonf/

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6/ axmufuljyKaompmtkyfrsm; A. A Guide to Biblical Prophecy by Carl E. Amending and W.Word Basque. B. How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth by Gordon Fee and Dounglas Stuart. C. My Servants the Prophets by Edward J. Young D. Plowsharer and Pruning Looks: Rethinking the Language of Biblical Prophecy and Apocalyptic by

D. Brent Sundy E. New International of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, vol. 4, Pp. 1067-1078.

txl;taMumif;t&m/ ‘ / "r®opfusrf;ya&mzufjyKcsuf 1/ ¤if;onf YHWH rIwfoGif;NyD;? &AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;qdkif&m oabmjzpfaom"r®a[mif;ya&mzufjyKcsuf (BDB

611) ESifh rwlacs (wref 3;18? 21/ a&mr 16;26)/ ya&mzufrsm;uom or®musrf;pma&;Edkifonf/ (u) arma&Sudk ya&mzuf[kac:onf (w&m;a[m 18;15-21)/ (c) "r®&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;udk (a,½I - "r®&mZ0ifrsm; «½korSty») a&SUOD;ya&mzufusrf;rsm; [kac:onf (wref3;24)/ (*) ya&mzufrsm;onf bk&m;ocifxHrSvmaomowif;pum;vm&molrsm; tjzpf,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;\ ae&mü 0ifMuonf (a[&Sm, - rvmcd)/ (C) a[NAJ"r®a[mif;usrf;\ 'kwd,ydkif;ukd ]]ya&mzufusrf;rsm;}} [kac:onf (róJ 5;17/ 22;40/ vkum 16;16? 24;25? 27/ a&mr 3;21)/

2/ "r®opfusrf;ürl ya&mzufudkenf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifhoHk;onf/ (u) "r®a[mif;ya&mzufrsm;ESifh rIwfoGif;cHolwdkY\owif;pum;udk ñTef;qdkjcif; (róJ 2;23/ 5;12? 11;13/ 13;14/ a&mr 1;2)/ (c) tpktaygif;twGufr[kwfbJ? wpfOD;csif;twGufowif;pum;udk ñTef;qdkjcif; ("r®a[mif;ya&mzufrsm; onfrlvtm;jzifh tpöa&;vlrsdK;rsm;xHajymonf)/ (*) bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfudka[majymolrsm;tjzpf ESpfjcif;q&ma,m[ef (róJ 11;9? 14;5/ 21;26/ vkum 1;76) ESifh a,½Iudk&nfñTef;jcif; (róJ 13;57/ 21;11? 46/ vkum 4;24/ 7;16/ 13;33/

24;19)/ a,½Ionf ya&mzuf rsm;xufBuD;jrwfoljzpfonf/ (róJ 11;9/ 12;41/ vkum 7;26)/ (C) "r®opfusrf;xJtjcm;ya&mzufrsm;

1/ vkumc&pf0ifusrf;ü rSwfwrf;wifonfhtwdkif;a,½I\tapmydkif;b0 (ar&D\rSwfrdrIrsm;) (u) {vdZbuf (vkum 1;41-42)/ ( c) Zmc&d (vkum 1;67-79)/ ( *) ½Iarmif (vkum 2;25-35)/ (C) tEé (vkum 2;36)/

2/ wzufvSnfhBudKwifa[mjcif; - ironic prediction (um,z? a,m 11;51)/ (i) {0Ha*vdw&m;a[majymoludk&nfñGef;jcif;/ (a[majymjcif;qkaus;Zl;rsm;pm&if; (1aum 12;28-29/ {zuf4;11)/ (p) toif;awmftwGif;qufvufaomqkaus;Zl;wpfrsdK;udk&nfñTGef;jcif; (róJ 23;34/ wrefawmf 13;1/ 15;32/ a&mr 12;6/ 1aum 12;10? 28-29/ 13;2/ {zuf 4;11)/ wpfcgwpf&H¤if;onf trsdK;orD;rsm;udk&nfñGef;onf (vkum 2;36/ wref 2;17/ 21;9/ 1aum 11;4-5)/ (q) tem*wfumvüjzpfysufrnfhusrf;jzpfaom Asm'dwfusrf;udk &nfñGef;jcif; (Asm 1;3/ 22;7? 10? 18?

230

19)/

3 "r®opfya&mzufrsm;

(u) "r®a[mif;ya&mzufrsm;uJhodkYrIwfoGif;jcif;cHí a[maomzGifhjyrIr&Mu (or®musrf;pm)/ þtwdkif; rSefEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm ]],HkMunfjcif;}} (c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;? jynfhpHkjcif;\t"dyÜg,f)[laompum;pkudk wref6;7/ 13;8/ 14;22/ *vm 1;23/ 3;23/ 6;10/ zdvdyÜd 1;27/ ,k' 3? 20 wdkYwGifoHk;EIef;onf/

þoabmudk ,k' 3 üoHk;aompum;pktjynfhtpHkjzpfonfh ]]oefY&Sif;olrsm;odkYwpfcgwnf;ESifh tjynfhtpHkvufqifhurf;cJhaom,HkMunfjcif;w&m;}} [laomazmfjycsufonf&Sif;vif;aocsmoGm;aponf/ ]]wpfcg wnf;ESifh tjynfhtpHk,HkMunfjcif;w&m;}} [lonfor®mw&m;rsm;? Mo0g'rsm;? t,ltqrsm;? c&pf,mef\avmu tjrifqdkif&moGefoifrIrsm;udk&nfñGef;onf/ ]]wpfcg}} [laomtav;teufjyKrIonf "r®opfusrf;a&;om;olrsm;udk rIwfoGif;jcif;qdkif&m "r®oabmw&m;\or®musrf;enf;ustajccHjzpfNyD;vQif aemufydkif;(0g) tjcm;zGifhjya&; om;rIrsm;cGifhrjyK/ pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKacs/ "r®opfusrf;xJü roJuGJaom? raocsmaom?rqDavsmfaomt&mrsm;pGm&Sd aomfvnf;,HkMunfrIESifh usifhoHk;rItwGuf ]]vdktyfaom}} t&mtm;vHk;&Sif;vif;pGmyg0ifonf[k,HkMunfjcif;jzifh twnfjyKMuonf/ þt,ltqudk ]]zGifhjyjcif;qdkifBwd*H}} jzifhtao;pdwfcs,frIef;onf/

1/ bk&m;ocifonf tcsdefESifh ae&m\ordkif;jzifh olYudk,folzGifhjyonf (REVELATION – zGifhjyjcif;) 2/ bk&m;ocifonf rdrddjyKaomt&mrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif&efESifh &Sif;jy&efvlom;pma&;olrsm;udk a&G;cs,fonf (INSPIRATION-rIwfoGif;jcif;) 3/ þpmwdkYudkem;vnfoabmaygufapa&;twGufvlom;rsm;\pdwfESvHk;udkzGifhay;&efrdrd\ 0dnmOf awmfudkbk&m;ocifay;onf/ odkYaomftwdtusr[kwfbJ? u,fwifjcif;ESifh c&pf,meft oufwm xd a&mufap&efoifhavsmf? vHkavmufíem;vnfoabmaygufaponf/ (ILLUMINATION - tvif;ay;jcif;) t"dutcsufrSmrIwfoGif;jcif;onf or®musrf;pma&;om;jyKpkolrsm;üomuefYowf xm;onf/ tcGifhtmPm&Sdaomta&;tom;? Asm'dwf½lyg½Hk (0g) zGifhjyrI[líaemufxyfr&Sdawmhacs/ or®musrf;pmüyg0if&rnfhusrf;rsm;jynfhpHkcJhNyD;? ydwfxm;cJhNyDjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifudkoifhavsmfpGm? vHkavmufpGmwHkYjyef&efvdktyfaomor®mw&m;tm;vHk;uRefawmfwkdYü&Sdonf/þor®w&m;udk taumif;qHk;jrifEdkifyHkrSmor®musrf;pma&;om;oltm;vHk;nDñTwfrI&Sdaomfvnf;ppfrSefpifMu,faom bk&m;w&m;½dkaoudkif;½dIif; aom,HkMunfolrsm;tMum;ünDñTwfrIr&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ rnfonfhacwf opfpma&;ol (0g) a[majymol ürQor®musrf;pma&;om;olrsm;uJhodkY bk&m;w&m;qdkif&macgif; aqmifrItqifhr&Sdacs/ (c) "r®opfya&mzufrsm;ESifh "r®a[mif;ya&mzufrsm;qifwlrItcsdKU&Sdonf/ 1/ a&SUüjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;BudKajymjcif;/ (aygvkwref 27;22/ tm*Ak? wrefawmf 11;27-28/ 21;10-11/ tjcm;emrnfrazmfjyaomya&mzufrsm;/ wref 20;23)/ 2/ w&m;pD&ifrIudk azmfjyajymqdkjcif; (aygvk – wref 13;11/ 28;25-28)/ 3/ tjzpftysufwpfckudk&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyaomvu©PmtrSwftom;jzifhjyjcif; (tm*Ak-wrefawmf 21;11)/

(*) olwdkYonf wcgw&H{0Ha*vdw&m;udkBudKwifa[mjcif;yHkpHjzifh a[majymMuonf (wref 11;27-28/ 20;23/21;10-11)/ odkYaomf¤if;rSm t"dupl;pdkufrIr[kwfacs/ 1aum&dEÅKüajymaomya&mzufjyKjcif; onftajccHtm;jzifh {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mjcif;ESifh qdkifonf/ (14;24? 39)/ (C) ¤if;wdkYrSmtajctaeopfwpf&yf? xHk;wrf;pOfvmwpfrsdK; (0g) tcsdefumvwpfcktwGufbk&m;ocif\

or®mw&m;udkvufawGUusifhoHk;jcif;twGuf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf acwfumvqdkif&mtaMumif; t&mrsm;udk acwfumvqdkif&menf;rsm;jzifh zGifhjyjcif;jzpfonf (1aum 14;3)/

(i) ¤if;wkdYonf aygvk\ueOD;toif;awmfrsm;üvIyf&Sm;vsuf&SdNyD; (1aum 11;4-5/ 12;28? 29/ 13; 29/14; 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 22? 24? 29? 31? 32? 37? 39/ {zuf 2;20/ 3;5/ 4;11/ 1ouf 5;20)

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Didache (yxrodkYr[kwf'kwd,&mpkESpfrsm;twGif;a&;omaompmtkyf-tcsdefumvraocsm) ESifh 'kwd,ESifh wwd, &mpkESpfrsm;twGif;ajrmuftmz&duü xGef;um;aomrGefweDt,l0g' - Montanism wdkYüazmfjyonf/

4/ "r®opf0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm;ukefqHk;^&yfwHhcJhNyDavm/ (u) þar;cGef;rSmajzqdk&efcufcJonf/ 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm;\ &nf&G,fcsufudkowfrSwfygu þtaMumif;

t&mudk&Sif;vif;ap&efulnDonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm{0Ha*vdw&m;a[majymjcif;\ tpysdK;jcif;udktwnfjyK&ef avm/ odkkYr[kwftoif;awmfonfrdrdudk,frdrdESifh aysmufqHk;aomurÇmudktapcH&efqufvufaeaom enf;vrf;rsm;avm/

(c) þar;cGef;udktajzay;&ef toif;awmfordkif;udkMunfh&rnfavm/ odkYr[kwf"r®opfusrf;udkMunfh&rnf avm/ 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm;acwå,m,DtwGufjzpfonf[kazmfjyrI"r®opfusrf;ür&Sdacs/ 1aum 13;8-13 udkoHk;&efBudK;pm;olwdkYonf xdkpmykd'fqdkif&musrf;jyKol\&nf&G,fcsufudktvTJoHk;pm;jyKMuonf/ ¤if;ücspf jcif;arwåmrStyt&mcyf odrf;ukefqHk;rnf[ktcdkiftrmqkdygonf/

(*) tcGifhtmPmonf toif;awmfordkif;ür&SdbJ? "r®opfusrf;ü&Sdonf/ 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm;qufvufae onf[k,HkMunfolrsm;udktwnfjyKajym&efuREfkyfaoG;aqmifcH&ygonf/ rnfodkYjzpfap"avhxHk;pHonft eufjyefjcif;ay:tusdK;oufa&mufonf[kuREfkyf[k,HkMunfonf/ tvGef&Sif;vif;aomusrf;ydk'ftcsdKUusifh oHk;ír&awmhacs/ (Oyrm-oefY&Sif;aomterf;? trsdK;orD;rsm;acgif;zHk;? aetdrfrsm;ü toif;awmfpnf;a0; jcif; ... pojzifh)/ "avhxHk;pHonfusrf;ydk'fay:tusdK;oufa&mufonfqddkvQif toif;awmfordkif;onft b,faMumifh tusdK;oufa&mufrIr&Sd&rnfenf;/

(C) þtaMumif;t&mrsm;wduspGmtajzray;Edkifaomar;cGef;jzpfonf/ ,HkMunfoltcsdKUonf ]]&yfwHhjcif;}} udk ckcHumuG,frSmjzpfNyD;? tcsdKUwdkYurl ]]r&yfwHhjcif;}} udkumuG,fajymqdkrSmjzpfonf/ þe,fy,fü teuf zGifhjcif;udpörsm;pGmwdkYrSmenf;wl? ,HkMunfol\ESvHk;om;rSmaomhcsufjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;onf roJruGJ jzpfNyD;? "avhxHk;pHESifhqkdifonf/ rnfonfhusrf;ydk'frsm;ay:xHk;wrf;pOfvm^ordkif;\tusdK;oufa&mufrI&Sd NyD;vQifrnfonfhusrf;ydk'frsm;onf tcsdefumvtm;vHk;ESifh xHk;wrf;pOfvmtm;vHk;twGufjzpfaMumif;qHk;

jzwf&efcufcJonf/ (Fee and Stuart’s How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth, Pp.

14-19 69-77)/vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh wm0ef0wå&m;taMumif;aqG;aEG;rIwpfck a&mr 14;1-15;13 ESifh 1aum&dEÅK 8-10wkdYüawGU&NyD;? ¤if;rSmvGefpGmta&;BuD;onf/ þar;cGef;udk uRefawmfwdkY rnfokdYrnfyHk tajzay;aMumif; ta&;BuD;&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;ESpfck&Sdonf/ 1/ ,HkMunfolwkdif; rdrd&aomtvif;xJavQmufvSrf;&efjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonfuRefawmfwkdY\ ESvHk; om;ESifh &nf&G,f&if;rsm;udkMunfhonf/ 2/ ,HkMunfolwdkif;onf ,HkMunfolwkdYudkolwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;todw&m;xJavQmufvSrf;cGifhjyK&ygrnf/ or®m usrf;vmaESmifzGJUrItwGif;onf;cHrI&Sd&ygrnf/ bk&m;ocifonfuRefawmfwdkYudk cspfonfenf;wluRef awmfwdkY tcsif;csif;udk cspfapvdkonf/

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���� ]]igwdkYudkarmif;xkwfMu\}} ¤if;ESifh qufpyfEdkifonfrSm (1) ,mokef\tmrcHaMu; (wref 17;5-9) odkYr[kwf (2) aygvk\trIawmfjrwfüa,bk,stawGUtBuHK (wref)/ aygvkonf rdrdtawGUtBuHKrSm "r®a[mif;ya&mzuf rsm;enf;wljzpfNyD;? txl;ojzifh a,½Iudkol\acwfumvvlrsm;jiif;y,fcJhMuyHkESifh wlonf[kjrifonf/

232

���� NASB ]]olwdkYonf bk&m;ocifudkauseyfapMujcif;r[kwf}} NKJV ]]bk&m;ocifudkolwdkYrauseyfapMu}} TEV ]]olwdkYonf bk&m;ocifudk rnfrQrausreyfjzpfapoenf;}} NJB ]]bk&m;ocifudkauseyfrIray;Edkifaom enf;vrf;jzifhjyKrIMu\}} *sL;vlrsdK;wdkYonfrdrdwkdY\tjyKtrlrsm;rSm arma&SESifh bk&m;ocifjyKaomy#dnmOfw&m;udktumtuG,f ay;jcif; jzpfí bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfjzpfonf[kxifMuonf/ olwkdYonf rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;udk qefYusifNyD;? rdrdwdkY\ ,HkMunfjcif;udktumtuG,fay;aeonfhbk&m;ocif\tapcHrsm;jzpfMuonf[k,HkMunfcJhMu onf/ (aygvk onf ¤if;wkdYudkaumif;pGmodonf)/ 0rf;enf;bG,f&mrSm olwdkY udk,fwdkifonf xdkrSm;,Gif;aom q&morm;rsm;jzpfae Mujcif;yif/

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���� ]]olwkdYu,fwifjcif;&Edkif&ef}} ¤if;rSmAORIST PASSIVE SUBJUNCITIVE jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf oP²mefawmfESifhtnDzefqif;aomvlom;tm;vHk;u,fwifvkdonf (urÇm 3;15/ 12;3/ xGuf 19;5-6/ a,Z 18;23? 32/ a,e/ a,m[ef 3;16/ wref 28;28/ {zuf 2;11-2;13/ 1wd 2;4/ 2ay 3;9)/ odkYaomfolwdkYonf tjypfudkaemifw&íc&pf awmfudk,HkMunf&ygrnf (rmuk 1;15/ wref 3;16? 19/ 20;21)/

���� NASB ]]olwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtjypf\ twdkif;tqudk tNrJjznfhpGufMu\}} NKJV ]]olwkdYtjypf\twdkif;tqudk jznfhpGuf&ef}} NRSV ]]olwdkYonfrdrdwdkYtjypf\twdkif;tqudkrjywfjznfhpGufaeMu\}} TEV ]]¤if;rSmolwdkYtNrJusL;vGefcJhMuaom tjypftwdkif;tqudkaemufqHk;jynfhapMujcif;jzpfonf}} NJB ]]olwkdYonf rdrdwdkYtpjyKcJhaomtjypfrsm;udk tNyD;owfap&efr&yfem;cJhMubl;acs}} aygvkonf þtoHk;tEIef;udk (1) "r®a[mif;usrf;rS ,ljcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm þ*&dpum;pk twd tusudk *&d"r®a[mif;usrf;\urÇm 15;16 üawGY&onf/ odkYr[kwf (2) bdk;ab;wdkY\tusifhrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif&m róJ 23;32 üa,½Iajymaompum;rsm;rS ,ljcif;jzpfEdkifonf ('H 7;10/ Asm 20;12/ qmvH 56;8/ 139;16/ a[&Sm, 65;6/ rmvcd 3;16)/ bk&m;ocifonf vlom;wdkY\tusifhqdk;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;NyD; olwdkYonf ¤if; wdkYaMumifhjypf'PfcHMu&rnfjzpfonf (róJ 25-26/ Asm 20;11-15)/

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233

3;14wkdYütwdtusazmfjyonf)/ bk&m;ocif\trsufawmfonf ypöKyÜKefESifh tem*wfESpfckpvHk;ESifh qkdifonf/ (acwå,m,DESifh tem*wfüjzpfrnfh t&mrsm;qdkif&m)/

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(*sK;ESifh tm&yf ta&SUtv,fydkif;) t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;yg/

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 2;17-20 17nDtpfudkwdkYigwdkYonfoifwdkYxHrS wpfcPac:oGm;jcif;cHMu&onfrSmvltm;jzifhomjzpfí? pdwf 0dnmOftm; jzifhr[kwfacs/ igwkdYonfoifwkdY\rsufESmudkydkíjyif;jypGmjrifawGUvdkMu\/ 18taMumif;rlum;? igwkdYigaygvk onfoifwdkYxHaemufwpfcgvma&mufvkdaomfvnf;pmwefonfigwdkYudk[efYwm;\/ 19taMumif;rlum;igwkdY\ ajrmfvifhjcif; (0g) 0rf;ajrmufjcif; (0g) tBuD;tus,f0rf;ajrmufrIonfrnfolenf;/ igwkdYocifa,½I<uvm onfhtcga&SUawmfarSmufüoifwkdYyifr[kwfMuavm/ 20taMumif;rlum;oifwdkYonfigwdkY\0g<um;p&mESifh 0rf;ajrmufrIjzpfMu\/

2;17 NASB, NKJV ]]oifwdkYxHrS ... ac:oGm;jcif;cHcJh&}} NRSV ]]oifwkdYxHcGJxkwfcH&ojzifh rdbrJhrsm;jzpfoGm;apjcif;cHcJhMu&NyD/}} TEV ]]igwdkYonf oifwkdYxHrScGJxkwfcHcJhMu\}} NJB ]]igwkdYonfoifwdkYxHrS cGJxkwfcHcJhMuNyDjzpf\}} ¤if;rSm AORIST PASSIVE PARTICIPLEjzpf\/ pmydk'fwpfckvHk;jrifhrm;aom pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIpum;vHk; rsm;ESifh jynfhaeonf/ ¤if;onf ti,f 7 ESifh 11 wdkYüaygvkoHk;aom rdbESifh wifpm;yHkrsm;\tqufjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmjyify ya,m*wpfckckaMumifh ]]rdbrJhjzpfapjcif;cH&rI}} jzpfonf/ aygvk cyfapmapmxGufoGm;jcif;ESifh Mum&SnfpGmr&Sdjcif;onf olwdkYudk trSefwu,f*½krpdkufaMumif;jyonf[kaygvkudkpGyfpGJolrsm;t,HkoGif;MuonfESifh wlonf/ aygvkonf xdkoddkY r[kwfaMumif;ti,f 2;17-20 ESifh 3;6 wdkYüajymjyonf/

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234

2;18 ]] taMumif;rlum;? igwdkYonf oifwkdYxHvma&mufvdk}} aygvkpDpOforQtm;vHk;rjzpfajrmufcJhacs (a&mr 1;13/ 15;22)/

���� ]]pmwef}} - Satan qdk;oGrf;aomyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf igwdkY\urÇmavmuü vIyf&Sm;ae&m? bk&m;ocif\tpDtpOf rsm;ESifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ysufjym;ap&ef udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udktoHk;jyKí BudK;pm;aeonf/ (1) usqif;aomurÇmhpHepf (2) ewfqdk;rsm;ESifh (3) usqif;aomvlom;rsm; ({zuf 2;2-3 ESifh ,mukyf 4)/ "r®a[mif;üpmwefudka,mb 1-2 ESifh Zmc&d 3 wdkYü YHWH \tapcHwpfOD;tjzpfawGU&onf/ "r®opfusrf;üolonf &efolwpfOD;jzpfaomfvnf; (a&mr 16;20/ 1aum 5;5? 7/ 7;5/ 2aum 2;11/ 11;14/ 12;7) olonf bk&m;ocif\xdef;csKyfrI atmufüyifjzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmüqkd;oGrf;rItwGufzwf&efpmtkyfrSm A.B. Davidson’s Old Testament

Theology, Pp. 300-306 jzpfonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / qkd;oGrf;rI\yk*¾dKvf þt&mudk tvGefcufcJapaomtaMumif;&if; tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdonf/

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qdk;oGrf;rItaMumif;avhvmrItm; or®musrf;enf;us "r®oabmw&m;jzifh csOf;uyfygu (usrf;wpfusrf;pD? odkYr[kwf usrf;jyKol? odkYr[kwf pmaytrsKd;tpm;avhvmrIESifh oD;jcm;pD tusOf;csKHUjyKvkyfjcif;) tvGefuGJjym;jcm;em; aomqdk;oGrf;rIrsm;udk azmfjyonf/ odkYaomf qdk;oGrf;rItaMumif;avhvmrItm; or®musrf;pmjyifyjzpfaom urÇmYbmom BuD;rsm;(0g)ta&SUwdkif; bmoma&;rsm;ücsOf;uyfygu "r®opfusrf;xJawGU&onfh aemufxyftjzpf tysufrsm;pGmudk yg&Sm;vlrsKd;wdkYESifh*&da&m rbmomrsm;ü BudKwift&dyfjycJhaMumif; awGY&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmwGif bk&m;ocifü tcGifhtmPm&Sdonf[laom wiful;qufuyfrIjzifh csOf;uyfygu "r®opf usrf;&Sd aemufxyfjzpfysufrIrsm;tm; wdk;wufjzpfay:aom zGifhjyawmfrljcif; tjzpf ½Ijrifxm;&ayrnf/ c&pf,mef rsm;taejzifh þtaMumif;t&mtm; aemufxyf&Sif;vif;&ef *sL;'@m&DyHkjyifrsm;? odkYr[kwf t*Fvdyfpmay rsm;('efwD?rDvfwef)wdkYudk a½Smif½Sm;&efjzpfonf/ þu@tm;zGifhjyrIü vQKdU0SufcsufESifh roJuGJrI&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ bk&m;ocifonf qdk;oGrf;rI\rlv? ¤if;ESifhywfoufaom &nf&G,fcsufponfhu@tm;vHk;zGifhjy&ef r&nf&G,fcJhbJ? ¤if;\½IH;edrfhrIudkom zGifhjyxm;onf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ü pmwef(0g) jypfwifpGyfpGJoltkyfpkoHk;ck ajymjyonfhoabm&Sdonf/

1/ pGyfpGJaomvlom;rsm;-1"r® 29;4/ 2"r® 19;22/ 3"r® 11;14?20?29/ qmvH 109;6/ 2/ pGyfpGJaomaumif;uifwrefrsm;-awmvnf 22;22-33/ Zmc&d 3;1/

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235

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240

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241

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(*) thumos - Asm 12;12/ 14;8? 10? 19/ 15;2? 7/ 16;1/ 18;3/ 2/ a,m[efonf þa0g[m&udk ol\c&pf0ifusrf;üvnf; toHk;jyKNyD;? acwfumvwdkif;ü ,HkMunfol rsm;&ifqdkif&onfhjyóemrsm;udk ay:vGifaponf/ a,m[ef 16;33

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(C) bk&m;ociftm; - a[NAJ 3;9 þprf;oyfrI (jrefrmusrf;pmü ]]pHkprf;? pHkprf;aESmifh,Suf? ppfaMumpHkprf;}} )rsm;\&vm'frSm taumif;buf jzpf&ef arQmfvifhjcif;jzpfonf/ (a&mr 1;28/ 14;22/ 16;10? 2aum 10;18/ 13;3/ zdvdyÜd 2;27/ 1ay 1;7)/ xdkUaMumifh þa0g[monf wpHkwa,muftm; prf;oyfNyD;? auseyfESpfoufp&mjzpfapjcif; oabm jzpfonf/ (u) xdkufwefrI½Sdap&ef (c) aumif;rGefap&ef (*) ppfrSefap&ef (C) wefbdk;½Sdap&ef (i) *kPfjyKjcif;cHap&ef 2/ PeirazŌ, Peirasmus þa0g[m&onf tjypf½Sm&ef(0g)jiif;y,f&ef&nf½G,fcsufjzifh prf;oyfppfaq;jcif;[laom t"dyÜg,f½Sdonf/ ¤if;udk oJuEÅm&xJ a,½Itm;pHkprf;aoG;aqmifjcif;ESifhqufpyfí oHk;avh½Sdonf/ (u) ¤if;onf a,½Itm;axmifacsmufqif&ef tm;xkwfjcif;oabmudk azmfjyonf/ (róJ 4;1/ 16;1/ 19;3/ 22;18?35/ rmuk 1;13/ vkum 4;38/ a[NAJ 2;18) (c) þa0g[m& (peirazon)udk rm&fewf\emrnfwpfrsKd;tjzpf róJ 4;3/ 1ouf 3;5wdkUüoHk; onf/ (*) bk&m;udkprf;oyfjcif;(tpHktprf;jyKjcif;)rjyK&ef BudKwifowday;&mü a,½ItoHk;jyKonf/ (róJ 14;7/vkum 4;12/ (0g)c&pfawmfudk-1aum 10;9)/ ¤if;tm; ½IH;edrfhcJhNyD;(0g)ratmif rjrifjzpf cJhaomt&mwpfcktm; jzpfajrmufvm&ef tm;xkwfjcif;tm; azmfjy&efvnf;oHk;onf/ (wrefawmf 9;20/20;21/ a[NAJ 11;29)/ ¤if;udk ,HkMunfolrsm;tm; pHkprf;aoG;aqmifjcif;ESifh ppfaMumjcif; rsm;(trials)ESifhqdkifíoHk;onf/ (1aum 7;5/ 10;9?13/ *vmwd 6;1/ 1ouf 3;5/ a[NAJ 2;18/ ,mukyf1;2?13?14/ 1ay 4;12/ 2ay 2;9)/ bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;xH &efoloHk;rsKd;(avmu? aoG;om;ZmwdESifhrm&fewf)tm; wdusaomtcsdefESihfae&mü ay:vm&efcGifhjyKonf/

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244

���� ]]oifwkdY\,HkMunfjcif;ESifh cspfjcif;arwåm}} þpum;pküt"dyÜg,ftawmfrsm;rsm;&SdEdkifonf (1;3)/ ¤if;&nfñTGef; onfrSm (1) a&S;½dk;pGJ"r®oabmw&m;ESifh tcsif;csif;arwåmjzifh *½kpdkufjcif;odkYr[kwf (2) bk&m;ocif ay:opöm&Sdjcif; ESifh arwåm/ ����]]igwkdYonf oifwdkYudkjrifawGUvdkonfenf;wligwdkYudkoifwdkYonfjrifawGUvdkvsuf? igwdkYudkvnf;MuifempGm owd&}} ¤if;rSm ñ§Of;qJcHjcif; (0g) rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;onf þtoif;awmftm;aygvkudkrkef;wD;ap jcif;wpfckckudkjyygonf/ 3;7 ]] igwkdY\aomuESifh ‘ 'ku©rsm;tm;vHk;xJü}}aum&dEÅKNrdKUü aygvkawGUBuHK&aomjyóemrsm;taMumif;azmfjy aomusrf;csufrsm;rSm 1aum 4;9-13/ 2aum 4;7-12/ 6;4-10 ESifh 11;23-28/ tvkdav;/ c&pfawmf\ tapcHwpfa,muf jzpf&jcif;aMumifhay;qyf&rIrsm;rSmBuD;vSpGwum;/ ����•]] igwkdYonfESpfodrfhrI&Mu\}} aygvkonf ]]ESifhtwl}} - with ESifh ]]ac:}} - call ESpfvHk;aygif;pyfaompum;vHk; rMumcPoHk;onf/ ¤if;üt"dyÜg,ftcsdKU&Sdonf/ 1/ ylqmonf wdkufwGef;onf? tm;ay;onf (2;3?11/ 4;1/5;14/ 2ouf 3;12)/ 2/ ESpfodrfhonf (2;11/ 3;2/ 4;18/ 5;11/ 2ouf 2;17) 3/ ¤if;\emrfyHkpH (paraclētos) udk0dnmOfawmf\rpaomtvkyf (a,m 14;16? 26/ 15;26/ 16;7)ESifh om;awmf\rprIwdkYESpfrsdK;vHk;twGufoHk;onf (1a,m 2;1)/ 3;8 ]],ckigwdkYtrSefyiftouf&SifMuNyD}} þtoif;awmftaMumif;owif;aumif;aMumifhaygvkonf pdwfwif; MuyfrIrSajzavsmhjcif;cHpm;&ykHudkjy&efwifpm;oHk;EIef;jcif;jzpfonf/

���� ]]ocifbk&m;ü ckdifcHhpGm&yfwnfaeMuonfqdkvQif}} ¤if;onfcRif;csufyg*&d0gusjzpfí yxrwef;pm;ESifh wwd ,wef;pm;cRif;csufygpum;vHk;rsm;aygif;pyfxm;onf/ aygvk\azmfjyrIürajr§mfvifhbJjzpfvmjcif;qkdif&moabmudk jznfhpGufonf/ olwkdYcdkifcHhpGm&yfwnfMurnf[kolrSwf,lxm;aomfvnf; xdktwdkif;jzpfvmaMumif;olMunfh&ayOD;rnf vnf;jzpfonf (2;1 ESifh 3;5)/ ]]ckdifcHpGm&yfwnf}} qdkonfrSm c&pfawmftxJuRefawmfwdkY\taetxm;ESifh qufpyfonf/ or®musrf;pmonf uRefawmfwkdY\u,fwifjcif;udk wif;rmrIESifh jynfhaomtwGJvdkufor®mw&m;wkdYjzifhwifjyxm;onf/ (1) ¤if;rSmtcrJh jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfü&Sdonf/ odkYaomf (2) ¤if;rSmaps;BuD;vSonf/ qufvufjzpfxGef;aomt&mjzpfonf/ rdrdwkdY touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHa&G;cs,frIrsm;ay:awGUjrif&onf (róJ 7/ ,mukyf/ 1a,m)/ ESpfckpvHk;rSefonf/ þti,fonf yxror®mw&m;udktav;teufjyKonf (a&mr 5;2/ 1aum 15;1/ {zuf 6;11? 13)/ 3;9 -10 ¤if;onf þpm\yxrtydkif;wpfckvHk;yg0ifNyD; a[majymjcif;ynmjzifhar;cGef;xkwfum? qkawmif;jcif; qDodkYOD;wnfoGm;onf (i,f 11-13)/ 3;10 ]]nESifhaeY}} ¤if;onf*sL;vlrsdK;wkdYtcsdefpDpOfyHkjzpfonf (2;9 rSwfpküMunfhyg)/ ¤if;onfaygvk\rjywfrvyf? ZGJebJBuD;pGmqkawmif;jcif;toufwmudk xif[yfay:vGifaponf (1;2/ 2;12/ 2wd 1;3)/ � NASB ]]txufoefqHk;qufvufqkawmif;}} NKJV ]]tvGeftrif;qkawmif;]] NRSV ]]txufoefqHk;igwkdYqkawmif;}}

245

TEV ]]olYwkdYudkigwdkYpdwfESvHk;t<uif;rJhESifh arwåm&yfcHMu}} NJB ]]igwkdYpdwftm;xufoefpGmqkawmif;&if;}} Bud,m0daooe ]]txufoefqHk;}} rSmpum;vHk;oHk;vHk;aygif;pyfaom (huper + ek + perrissou) tvGefjyif;xef onfhpdwfvIyf&Sm;rIjypum;vHk;jzpfonf ({zuf 3;20/ 1ouf 3;10/ 5;13)/ aygvkonf þtoif; awmfopfrsm; twGufpdk;&drfwBuD;qkawmif;onf (2aum 11;28)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / Huperaygif;pyfpum;vHk;rsm; aygvk oHk;EIef;yHkudk *vm 1;13 ü- ½I/

� NASB ]]oifwkdY\,HkMunfjcif;ü vkdaeaomt&mudkjynfhpHkapjcif;iSg}} NKJV ]]oifwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;üvkdaeaomt&mudkpHkvifap}} NRSV ]]oifwkdY\,HkMunfjcif;üvkdaeaomt&mb,f[mrqdke*dkaejyefjzpfap}} TEV ]]oifwkdY\,HkMunfjcif;üvkdtyfonfht&mudkaxmufyHh}} NJB ]]oifwkdY,HkMunfjcif;ürjynfpHkrIwpfckckudk pHkvifap}} olwdkYaumif;pGmjyKcJhMuNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufrIür&ifhusufMuao;aMumif;? 'kwd,tBudrfjyef vnf<uvmjcif;taMumif;em;vnfrIvTJrSm;aeMuyHkjzifhay:vGifonf/ ¤if;onf,HkMunfjcif;udktoHk;jyKjcif;ESifhqdkifNyD; (1) Mo0g'ydkif;qdkif&mü (4;13-5;11) odkYr[kwf (2) touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHtaMumif;ü ]]vdkaeaomt&m}} pum;vHk; tm;xyfcgwvJvJtav;teufjyKjcif;onftusifhpm&dwåydkif;qkdif&mtjrifaMumifhjzpfEdkifonf (4;1-12)/ aygvkonfþ,HkMunf jcif;pum;vHk;(pistis/ pisteuō) udkrdrdpmrsm;ü (1;3? 8/ 3;2? 5? 6? 7? 10/ 5;8/ 2ouf 1;3? 4? 11/ 3;2) rMumcPoHk;aomfvnf; þae&mü txl;ojzifhoHk;ygonf/ *vm 3;6 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf;/ / 3;11-13 11,ckcrnf;awmfbk&m;ocifudk,fwdkifESifh igwkdY\ocifa,½IonfoifwdkYxHigwkdYudkvrf;ñGefygap/12ocif bk&m;onfoifwkdYtcsif;csif;ESifhvltm;vHk;udkigwkdYcspfonfenf;wl oifwkdYudkcspfjcif;arwåmü wdk;wuf<u,f0 ygapaom/ 13igwkdY\ocifa,½Ionfrdrd\olawmfpiftaygif;ESifh <uvmonfhtcgoifwdkY\pdwfESvHk;wkdYudkig wkdY\bk&m;ocifESifh ccnf;awmfa&SUawmfü oefY&Sif;ítjypfwifp&mr&Sd[k ckdifcHhygapaom/

3;11-13 ¤if;rSm *&dü0guswpfaMumif;wnf;jzpfonf/ þqkawmif;jcif;ü &Sm;yg;aom OPTATIVE VERBAL

FORM oHk;ckyg0ifonf/ ]]vrf;ñTef}} - direct (i,f 11)/ ]]wdk;wuf}} -increace (i,f 12) ESifh <u,f0 - abound (i,f 12)/ OPTATIVE MOOD udkqkawmif;jcif;rsm;üoHk;NyD; jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom tajctaejy MOOD jzpfonf/ 3;11 ]]vrf;ñTef}} ¤if;rSmAORIST ACTIVE SINGULAR OPATIVE jzpfNyD; "r®opfusrf;ü qkawmif;jcif; tawmf rsm;rsm;üqHk;onf (5;23/ 2ouf 2;16/ 3;5? 16 ESifh a&mr 15;5-6? 13)/ ¤if;onf crnf;awmfbk&m;ESifh a,½Ic&pfawmfudk ñTef;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; Bud,mtenf;jy udef;jzpfaMumif;rSwfom;yg/ ¤if;rSm"r®opfusrf;a&; om;ol rsm;onf emZ&ufNrdKUom;a,½IrSm bk&m;jzpfaMumif;tcdkiftrmjy&ef oHk;aomenf;jzpfonf (1;1/ 2ouf 2;16)/ "r®oabmw&m;qdkif&m tjcm;tcsufwpfckrSmolwdkYqDaygvkrvmEdkif&ef 2;18 ürSwfwrf;wifxm;onfh twkdif;pmwef\wm;qD;jcif;cH&onfenf;wl olwkdYoGm;Edkif&efvrf; (ajzmifh odkYr[kwf acsmaom – vkum 1;79) wpfck jyifqifay;&ef aygvkonf crnf;awmfESifh om;awmfudkqkawmif;onf!

246

����]]crnf;awmf}} - father *vm 1;1 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I/ 3;12 -13 ti,f 11 üaygvkrdrdtwGufqkawmif;NyD;? ,ckolYqkawmif;csufonf oufomavmedtoif;awmfodkY OD;vSnfhonf/ olwdkYtcsif;csif; ESifh vltm;vHk;udkcspfMu&efolqkawmif;ay;onf ({zuf 6;18)/ ,HkMunfolrsm; oefY&Sif;pifMu,f&eftwGufvnf;olqkawmif;onf (i,f 13/ {zuf 1;4)/ ,HkMunfolwdkif;twGuf bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfrSm c&pfawmfESifh wl&efjzpfonf (a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm 4;19)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / <u,f0 (perisseuō) þa0g[m&udk aygvk rMumcPokH;onf/ 1/ bkef;awmf<u,f0apaom bk&m;ocif\ or®mw&m;/ a&mr 3;7 2/ a,½Ic&pfawmfwnf;[laom wpfa,mufaom ol\ aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh tcrJh vufaqmifonf <u,f0vsuf&Sd\f/ a&mr 5;15 3/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf ajrmfvifhjcif;ü <u,f0Mu\/ a&mr 15;13 4/ ,kHMunfolrsm;udk tpm;tpmtcsKdUtm; pm;jcif; (0g) rpm;jcif;aMumifh bk&m;ocif ESpfoufawmfrlonf r[kwfacs/ 1aum 8;8 5/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf toif;awmfudk wnfaqmuf&mü <u,f0Muonf/ 1aum 14;12 6/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf ocifbk&m;twGuf vkyfaqmif&mü <u,f0Muonf/ 1aum 15;58 7/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf c&pfawmf\ 'ku©qif;&JcHjcif; a0rQcHpm;jcif;ü <u,f0onf enf;wl c&pfawmf\ ESpfodrfhrItm; a0rQcHpm;&mü vnf; <u,f0Muonf/ 2aum 1;5 8/ ajzmifhrwfjcif; w&m;onf bkef;awmf<u,f0onf/ 2aum; 3;9 9/ ,kHMunfolrsm;\ <u,f0aom aus;Zl;awmf csD;rGrf;jcif;onf bkef;toa&awmf xif&Sm;aponf/ 2aum 4;15 10/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ü <u,f0Muonf/ 2aum 8;2 11/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf t&m&mü (,kHMunfjcif;? ajymqdkjcif;? todynm? pdwftm;MuD;jcif;ESifh cspfjcif; arwÅm) <u,f0Muum? a,½k½Svif toif;awmftwGuf vufaqmifay;&müvnf; <u,f0Muonf/ 2aum 8;7 12/ aus;Zl;awmf tvkH;pkHonf ,kHMunfolrsm;twGuf <u,f0onf/ 2aum 9;8 13/ bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmf csD;rGrf;jcif;ü ,kHMunfolrsm; <u,f0/ 2aum 9;12 14/ bk&m;ocif\ <u,f0aom aus;Zl;awmfonf ,kHMunfolrsm;ay: &ufa&mvSonf/ {zuf 1;8 15/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf cspfjcif;arwÅmü ydkí ydkí <u,f0vmEkifonf/ zd 1;9 16/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf aygvktm;? c&pfawmftxJ ,kHMunfrI<u,f0Muonf/ zd 1;26 17/ <u,f0pGm&Sdonf/ zd 4;12?18 18/ ,kHMunfrsm; aus;Zl;awmfü <u,f0Muonf/ aum 2;7 19/ ,kHMunfolrsm; tcsif;csif; cspfjcif;arwÅmü MuD;xGm;<u,f0onf/ 1ouf 3;12 20/ bk&m;w&m;ESifhtnD touf&Sifjcif;ü <u,f0jcif;/ 1ouf 4;1 21/ ,kHMunfol tcsif;csif; <u,f0pGm cspfMujcif;/ 1ouf 4;10 c&pfawmftxJ bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmf taMumif; aygvk em;vnfykHrSm ]]xyfqmif;xm;onf}} [lí jzpfonfenf;wl? ,kHMunfolrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkY toufwmxJü þ ]]tydkaqmif;aom}} aus;Zl;awmfESifh cspfjcif;arwÅmü avQmufvSrf;&ef vdktyfonf/

� ]]vltm;vHk;}} bk&m;ocif\cspfjcif;arwåmonf pBuFm0VmBuD;wrQus,f0ef;onf (a,m 1;29/ 3;16/ 1wd 2;4/ 2ay 3;9)/ oludkodaomuRefawmfwkdYüvnf;xdkenf;wljzpf&ygrnf/ 3;13 ]]pdwfESvHk;rsm;}} - hearts– *vmwd 4;6 \txl;taMumif;t&mü - ½I/

247

� NASB ]]oefY&Sif;pifMu,fítjypfwifp&mr&Sdjcif;}} NKJV ]]oefY&Sif;pifMu,fí tjypfwifp&muif;}} NRSV, NJB ]]tjypfwifp&muif;ap&ef oefY&Sif;pifMu,fí}} TEV ]]pHkvifí oefY&Sif;pifMu,f}} oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;onf qkaus;Zl;ESifh wm0ef0wå&m;ESpfckvHk;jzpfonf/ (INDICATIVE and IMPERATIVE) ¤if;onftjypfwif;p&mr&Sdjcif;xuf ydkvGefol? pGyfpGJp&mbmrQr&Sdoljzpfonf ({zuf 5;27)/ odkYjzpfjcif;aMumifhpm weftwGufa0zefjypfwifp&mr&SdjzpfoGm;aponf (a&mr 8;31? 32? 33)/ ,HkMunfoltm;vHk;twGuf bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmfrSmc&pfawmfESifhwl&efjzpfonf (4;3/ a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm 4;19/ {zuf 1;4)/ 2ouf 4;3\rSwfpküMunfh yg/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / tjypfwifp&muif;jcif; 2;10 ESifh txl;taMumif;t&m/ / oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;/ / 4;3 wdkYü-½I/

����]]igwkdYocifa,½I<uvmonfhtcg}} ¤if;onf uyfumvtqHk;üjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;aMumifhaygvk\ tquf rjywfpdk;&drfylyefrIudkjyonf (2;19/ 4;15-17/ 2ouf 2)/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;ESifh qdkifaomtjzpftysufrsm;jzpfonfh csDaqmifjcif; (1ouf 4;13-18)? c&pfawmf \w&m;pD&ifjcif;yv’ifawmf (2aum 5;10)ESifh BuD;íjzLaom yv’ifawmfw&m;pD&ifjcif; (róJ 25 ESifh Asm 20)wkdY\ qufpyfrItwdtusrSm raocsmacs/ aygvkrSm ,aeYuRefawmfwdkY odxm;Muonfhenf;pHepfus "r®oabmw&m;0g'D (Sysmetic Thelogian) rsdK;r[kwfacs/ atmufygtxl;taMumif;t&mudkMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / c&pfawmf<uvmjcif;twGuf"r®opfusrf;a0g[m&rsm;/ vlom;rsm;onf a,½Iudk awGUjrif&MuvwHhaom vmrnfhtxl;aeYwaeYtaMumif; tem*wfü jzpfysufrnfh taMumif;t&mqkdif&mtav;teufazmfjyrItawmfrsm;rsm;udkaygvka&;aompmrsm;ü awGU&onf/

1/ igwkdYocifa,½I\aeY (1aum 1;8) 2/ ocifbk&m;\aeY (1aum 5;5/ 1ouf 5;2/ 2ouf 2;2) 3/ ocifa,½I\aeY (1aum 5;5/ 2aum1;14) 4/ a,½Ic&pawmf\aeY (zdvdyÜd 1;6) 5/ c&pfawmf\aeY (zdvdyÜd 1;10/ 2;16) 6/ (vlom;awmf) \aeY (vkum 17;24) 7/ vlom;ay:xGef;aomaeY (vkum 17;30) 8/ igwdkYocifa,½Ic&pf\ay:xGef;jcif; (1aum 1;7) 9/ ocifa,½Iaumif;uifbHkrSay:xGef;awmfrlaomtcg (2ou 1;7) 10/ ocifa,½I<uvmonfhtcg ol\rsufarSmufawmfü (1ouf 2;19)

"r®opfusrf;a&;om;olrsm;onfa,½Ijyefvnf<uvmjcif;taMumif;&nfñGef;aomenf;vrf;av;rsdK;tenf;qHk;&Sd onf/

1/ epiphaneia, ¤if;onfrsufpdusdef;apaomawmufyrIudkñTef;qdkNyD;"r®oabmt& (pum;vHk;qif;ouf vm&mZpfjrpfESifh rqdkif) ]]bkef;wefcdk;awmf}} -glory ESifhqufpyfonf/ 2wd 1;10/ wdwk 2;11 ESifh 3;4 wdkYü ¤if;onfa,½I\yxr<uvmjcif;(vlYZmwdcH,ljcif;)ESifh 'kwd,<uvmjcif;udk&nfñGef;onf/ 2ouf 4;8 ü 'kwd,<uvmjcif;\t"dua0g[m&oHk;ckpvHk;yg0ifonf/ 1wd 6;14/ 2wd 4;1? 8/ wdwk 2;13/

248

2/ parousia, ¤if;onfbk&ifBuD;<uvmí udk,fwdkif&Sdaeonf[kqdkvkdonf/ ¤if;rSm tus,fjyefYqHk;oHk; aoma0g[m&jzpfonf/ (róJ 24;3? 27? 37? 39/ 1aum 15;23/ 1ouf 2;19/ 3;13/ 4;15/ 5;23/ 2ouf 2;1? 8/ ,mukyf 5; 7? 8/ 2ay 1;6/ 3;4? 12/ 1a,m 2;28)/ 3/ apokalupsis(odkYr[kwf apocalypsis) ¤if;rSmzGifhjyawmfrljcif;^Asm'dwfawmfay;í zGifhjyonf[kt "dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm "r®opf\aemufqHk;usrf;jzpfonf (vkum 17;30? 1aum 1;7/ 2ouf 1;7/ 1ay 1;7/ 4;13)/ 4/ phaneroō, tvif;odkY,laqmifoGm;onf (0g) &Sif;vif;pGmzGifhjyonf (0g) ay:vGifxif&Sm;aponf[k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ þpumvHk;udkbk&m;ocif\zGihfjyawmfrljcif;twGuf toGifoP²meftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh "r®opfusrf; üoHk;avh&Sdonf/ ¤if;onf epiphaneiauJhodkYc&pfawmfyxrtBudrf<uvmjcif;(1ay 1;20/ 1a,m 1;2/ 3;5? 8/ 4;9)ESifh 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;ESpfrsdK;pvHk;udk&nfñTGef;Edkifonf (róJ 24;30/ aum 3;4/ 1ay 5;4/ 1a,m 2;28/ 3;2)/ 5/ <uvmjcif; - coming \omrefpum;vHk; erchomaiudkvnf;wcgwavc&pfawmf\<uvm jcif;twGufoHk;avh&Sdonf (róJ 16;27-28/ 23;39/ 24;30/ 25;31/ wref 1;10-11/ 1aum 11;26/ Asm 1;7?8)/ 6/ ¤if;udk ]]ocifbk&m;\aeY}} [laompum;pkESifhvnf;wGJzufíoHk;onf (1ouf 5;2)/ ¤if;rSmbk&m; ocif\aumif;csD;r*Fvm (jyef&Sifxjcif;) ESifh w&m;pD&ifjcif;aeYtwGufoHk;aom "r®a[mif;bGJU emrwpfckjzpfonf/

"r®opfusrf;wpfckvHk;udk"r®a[mif;usrf;\urÇmhtjrifabmiftwGif;a&;om;NyD;atmufygwdkYudktcdkiftrmjyKonf/

(u) vuf&Sd qdk;oGrf;rI? awmfvSefykefuefaomuyfumv ( c) a&mufvmvwHhaom ajzmifhrwfjcif;uyfumv ( *) ar&Sd, (bdodufcHol) jyKaomt&mrSwqifh 0dnmOfawmf\udk,fpm;vS,fjyKrItm;jzifh jzpfvmrnf/

"r®opfusrf;jyKolrsm;onftpöa&;\ajrmfvihfjcif;taMumif;udktenf;i,fuefYowfMuojzifhzGifhjyrIrSmwpfcg wnf;ESifh tNyD;tydkifr[kwfbJ? wdk;wufjzpfay:rIjzpfpOfwpf&yfjzpfonf[laomt,ltq (progressive revelation) onf"r®oabmw&m;t&vkdtyfonf/ ar&Sd,\<uvmjcif;onfppfa&;ESifh trsdK;om;a&; (tpöa&;) tpm;? <uvmjcif; ESpfck&Sdonf/ yxr<uvmjcif;onf emZ&ufNrdKUom;a,½Itjzpfy#doaEwnfjcif;ESifh zGm;jrifjcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;\ vl0ifpm;jcif;jzpfonf/ olonfppfa&;r[kwfaom? a[&Sm, 53 \ ]]'ku©qif;&JcHaomtapcH}} jzpfonfhw&m;pD&if olr[kwfaom Zmc&d 9;9 &Sdjrnf;uav;pD;ol (ppfjrif;odkYr[kwf tkyfcsKyfolpD;aomjrif;r[kwf)? El;nHhodrfarGUol tjzpf<ua&mufvmcJhonf/ yxrtBudrf<uvmjcif;onf ar&Sd,acwf? ajrBuD;ay:bk&m; ocif\EdkifiHawmfudktpysdK; vdkufonf/ t"dyÜg,fwpfrsdK;tm;jzifh bk&ifBuD;onf þt&yf&Sdaeaomfvnf; trSefrSmxdkEdkifiHawmfonf ta0;BuD;ü&Sd aeao;onf/ c&pfawmf\<uvmjcif;ESpfckMum;&Sd wif;rmrI? wpfrsdK;tm;jzifh *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\uyfumvESpfckxyfaejcif; rSm "r®a[mif;usrf;rSrjrifcJh&aom (0g) r&Sif;vif;aom t&mjzpfonf/ trSeftm;jzifh þ<uvmjcif;ESpfckwdkYonf vlom;tm;vHk;a&G;EIwf&ef YHWH \qufuyfrIudk tav;teufjyKonf (urÇmOD; 3;15/ 12;3/ xGuf 19;5 ESifh ya&mzufwdkY\txl;ojzifh a[&Sm,ESifh a,mewdkY\ a[majymcsufrsm;) toif;awmfonf "r®a[mif;usrf;\ya&mzufjyKcsufrsm;NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;udk arQmfvifhapmifhpm;aejcif;r[kwfacs/ taMumif;rSmxdkya&mzufjyKcsufrsm;\trsm;pkonf yxrtBudrf<uvmjcif;udk ñTef;qdkonf/ (How to Read the

Bible for All Its Worth, Pp. 165-166)/ ,HkMunfolrsm;arQmfvifhaeMuonfrSmbk&ifwumwdkY\ bk&if? t&Sifwum wkdY\ jyef&Sifíxaomt&Sif\bkef;wefcdk;BuD;awmfrlaom<uvmjcif;jzpfNyD;? aumif;uifbHkrSmuJhodkY ajrBuD;ay:üajzmifh rwfjcif;uyfumv\ordkif;0ifNyD;jynfhpHkrIudkarQmfvifhapmifpm;aeMujcif;jzpfonf (róJ 6;10)/ "r®a[mif;usrf;\wifqufrIrsm;onf rrSefruefr[kwfbJ? rjynfhpHkjcif;jzpfonf/ YHWH \wefckd;awmfESifh tcGifhtmPmawmfjzifh ya&mzufrsm; BudKwifa[mcJhMuonfhtwdkif;udk,fawmfonfjyefvnf<uvmawmfrlvdrfhrnf/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;[laompum;vHk;rSmor®musrf;vmpum;vHk;r[kwfaomfvnf; (usrf;jyKonf a[NAJ 9;28 udkxnfhoGif;oifhonf- bmomjyefol) ¤if;rSm"r®opfusrf;wpfckvHk;\ t,l0g'ESifh urÇmhtjrifjzpfonf/

249

bk&m;ocifonf¤if;udktqifajyacsmarGUoGm;apvdrfhrnf/ rdrd\oP²mefawmftwkdif;zefqif;aomvlom;ESifh bk&m; ocifwkdY\ aygif;azmfjcif;^ rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;udke*dkrlvtaetxm;twkdif;jyefjzpfaponf/ qdk;oGrf;rIonf jypf'PfcsrSwfcHí z,f&Sm;jcif;cH&vdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocif\tBuHtpnfawmfonf ½IH;edrfhvdrfhrnfr[kwf? r½IH;edrfhEdkif/

����]]ol\olawmfpifrsm;}} olawmfpifrsm; - saintsoefY&Sif;olrsm;)/ ¤if;onf (1) a,½IudkNcH&Hvdkufygrnfh aumif;uif wrefrsm; (w&m;a[m 33;2-3/ Zmc&d 14;5/ róJ 16;27/ 25;31/ rmuk 8;38/ 2ouf 1;7/ Asm 19;4)/ okdYr[kwf ol\vl? ol\olawmfpifrsm; (1ouf 4;14-16) wpfckckjzpfEdkifonf/ aygvkonf aumif;uifwrefwkdYudk ]]olawmf pifrsm;}} - sainthodkYr[kwf ]]oefY&Sif;olrsm;}} [krac:cJhbl;ojzifh teufjyefjcif;qdkif&m jyóemudk&Sif;vif;apjcif;jzpf Edkifonf/ ocifbk&m;onf aumif;uifwrefrsm;ESifh olawmfpif rsm;ESpfrsdK;vHk;ESifh twlaumif;uifrdkCf;wdrfay:jyef vnf<uvmjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ þtoif;awmf\uyfumvtqHk;ü aovGefcJhNyD;aomolawmfpifrsm;yg0ifjcif;&Sdr&Sd raocsmMuacs/ ]]olawmfpifrsm;}} pum;vHk;\aphywfaph t"dyÜg,frSm ]]oefY&Sif;olrsm;}} wnf;[laom ]]oefY&Sif;pifMu,fap&ef (4;3) oeYf&Sif;awmfrlol\ac:zdwfcH&olrsm;jzpfonf}} (1ay 1;15)! c&pf,mefrsm;\yef;wkdif -goal rSm ,ck oeYf&Sif;&efjzpfonf ({zuf 1;4)/ uRefawmfwdkYaoqHk;oGm;onfhtcg aumif;uifbHka&muf&efoufoufr[kwfacs/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / olawmfpifrsm; - SAINTS 4if;onfa[NAJ kadash ESifh t"dyÜg,fwl*&dpum;vHk;jzpfí wpfpHkwpfa,muf? wpHkwck(0g)?ae&mwpfcktm; YHWH twGufoufoufxm;jcif;qdkonhftajccHt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ (BDB871)4if;onf t*Fvdyfpm ]]the sacred}} -oefY&Sif;aponfht&m oabmudkazmfjyonf/ YHWH onfrdrd\yifudk,f obm0 (zefqif;cHr[kwfonfhxm 0&emrf0dnmOf)ESifh ol\tusifhp½dkuf(pHkvifjynfh0aomudk,fusifhw&m;) rsm;tm;jzifhvlom;rsm;ESifh oD;oefYjzpfonf/ olonftjcm;tm;vHk;wdkYudk wkdif;wm&mESifh w&m;pD&if&mpHjzpfonf/ olonfOmPfrrSDEdkifatmifjzpfaom oefY&Sif;oljzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf vludkrdwfo[m,jyK&efzefqif;cJhaomfvnf;tjypfxJusqif;jcif; (urÇm3)onf oefY&Sif;aombk&m;ESifh tjypf&Sdaomvlom;tMum;üqufpyfrIESifh udk,fusifhw&m;onftwm;tqD;jzpfoGm;onf/ bk&m;ocifonf odwwfaomrdrd\zefqif;jcif;udk e*dkrIvtwdkif;jyefjzpfap&ef a&G;cs,fojzifhrdrd \vlrsdK;tm; oeYf&Sif;jcif;&Sd&efac:zdwfonf/ (0wfjyK11;44/ 19;2/ 20;7?2621;8)/ ol\vlrsdK;onf ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh YHWH ESifh qufpyfrIt&bk&m;ocifESifhrdrdwdkY\y#dnmOfqdkif&mt& udk,fawmftxJrdrdwkdY\ &yfwnfrI taet xm;tm;jzifh oefY&Sif;olrsm;jzpfvmMuonf rSefaomfvnf;oefY&Sif;aomtoufwm&Sd &efvnf;zdwfac: jcif;cHMuon (róJ5;48)/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf oefY&Sif;pGmtouf&SifEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm a,½I\toufwmESifhtvkyftm;jzif holwdkYonftjynfhtpHkvufcHjcif;ESifhtjypfvGwfjcif;&&SdMuwm oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonfolwdkY\pdwfESvHk;xJü &SdaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ þtcsufonf qefYusifbufjzpfae[ef&Sdaomtajctaeudkajyvnf oGm;aponf/ 4if;wdkYrSm 1/ c&pfawmf\ajzmifhrwfjcif;udk&&SdaomaMumifh oefY&Sif;Muonf/ 2/ 0dnmOfawmf&&SdaomaMumifh oefY&Sif;pGmtouf&Sif&efac:zdwfcH&onf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf ]]oefY&Sif;oklrsm;}} (hagioi) jzpf&jcif;rsm (1) oefY&Sif;awmfrlol crnf;awmf\ tvdkawmf (2) oefY&Sif;aomom;awmf (a,½I)\ tvkyfaMumifhESifh (3) oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfusdef; 0yfrIwdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;onf oefY&Sif;olrsm;udktrsm;jypum;jzifhazmfjyavh&Sdonf/ (zdvdyÜd 4;21 ütenf;jypum; oHk;aomfvnf; taMumif;t&muazmfjyaeonfrSmtrsm;udk&nfñTef;onf) u,fwifjcif;&rIrSmrdom;pkwpfck? udk,f cE©mwpfck? taqmuftOD;wpfck\ tpdwftydkif; wpfckjzpfvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pm enf;us,HkMunfjcif;onf wpfOD;csif;taejzifhvufcHrIESifh tpjyKaomfvnf; pkaygif;aomrdwf o[m,jzpf ay:aponf/ toif;awmfjzpfonfh c&pfawmf\udk,fcE©mtm;usef;rmap&ef?BuD;xGm;ap&efESifh aumif;rGefap&eftwGuf uRefawmfwkdwpfa,mufcsif;tm;qkaus;Zl;ay;xm;onf/(1aum12;11) uRefawmfwkdYudk

250

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� tcsdKU*&dvufa&;usrf;rsm;ü ]]tmrif}} udkjznfhpGufonf/ (vufa&;usrf;2*א, A, D*)/ odkYaomfydkíapmaomtjcm;

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251

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awmif;yefjcif; 4;1-8 nDtpfudkcsif; avQmufywfpGmae xdkifjcif; 4;9-12 c&pfawmf<uvmjcif; jzifhESpfodrfhrI&jcif; 4;13-18

wGef;jcif;rsm; 4;1-8 4;9-12 ocifbk&m;<uvm jcif;qdkif&mar;cGef; rsm; (4;13-5;11) 4;13-18

aomb0toufwm 4;1-8 4;9-12 ocifbk&m;<uvm jcif; 4;13-14 4;15-18

arwåmjzifhtouf &Sifjcif; 4;1-2 4;9-12 ocifbk&m;<uvm csdefaovGefolrsm; ESifh ouf&Sifaeol rsm; 4;13-18

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(*) tjcm;c&pf,mefrsm;udkwdkufwGef;EId;aqmfjcif;? 9-12 1/ c&pf,mefrsm;tcsif;csif;cspfMu&efjzpf? 9-10 2/ ydkíydkí aumif;atmiftouf&Sif? 10 3/ Nidrf;csrf;pGmtouf&Sif? 11 4/ rdrdudpö rdrd*½kpdkuf? 11 5/ rdrdtvkyfudkvkyf? 11 6/ aysmufqHk;olrsm;odkY oufaojzpfap&ef? 12

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252

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 4;1-8 1odkYjzpfíaemufqHk;taejzifh nDtpfudkwdkYoifwkdYrnfuJhodkY avQmufvSrf;íbk&m;ocifudkauseyfapoifh aMumif;igwkdYxHrSoGefoifcsufrsm;oifwdkYvufcH&&SdcJhMuonfESifh tnD (oifwkdYonftrSefyifjyKMu onfht wdkif;) aemufxyfydkíBudK;pm;Mu&efigwdkYonf ocifa,½ItxJüoifwdkYtm;arwåm&yfcHíwdkufwGef;Mu\/ 2taMumif;rSmocifa,½I\tcGifhtmPmjzifhigwdkYonf oifwkdYudkrnfonfhynwfcsufrsm;ay;onfudk oifwdkYodMu\/ 3oifwdkYoefY&Sif;pifMu,fMu&efrSmbk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfjzpf\/ ¤if;jyifoifwkdYonfvdifrI udpöazgufjyefjcif;udka&SmifMuOf&ef? 4rdrdudk,fcE©mudkoefY&Sif;í *kPfodu©m&SdpGmrnfodkYydkifqdkifxm;& rnfudkoifwdkYwpfOD;csif;onfod&Sdxm;Mu\/ 5bk&m;ocifudkrodaomwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;uJhodkY aoG;om; wyfrufrIrjyif;xef&yg/ 6þudpöürdrdnDtpfudkudkrnfolrQvGefusL;írxdyg;&yg/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf igwkdYonf oifwkdYudk,cifuajymcJhítav;teufowday;onfenf;wl ocifbk&m;onf þt&mrsm;tm; vHk;üwkHYjyefpD&ifoljzpf\/ 7taMumif;rSmbk&m;ocifonfigwdkYudk rpifMu,faom&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf r[kwfbJ? oefY&Sif;pifMu,fap&efac:jcif;jzpfonf/ 8xkdYaMumifhþt&mudkjiif;qefolonf vludkjiif;qef jcif;r[kwfbJ? rdrdoefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudkoifwkdYtwGufay;olbk&m;ocifudkjiif;qefjcif;jzpf\/

4;1 ]]odkYjzifhaemufqHk;taejzifh}} ¤if;\vHk;aphywfaphrSm ]]usefaomt&mrsm;twGufjzpfonf/}} ¤if;rSm aygvkonf vufawGUusifhoHk;jcif;u@mudktpjyKvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ aygvk\pmtrsm;pkudkMo0g'tydkif;ESifh usifhoHk; rItydkif;[lí cGJjcm;Edkifaomfvnf; 1oufomavmedürlxdkodkYjyK&efcufcJonf/ aygvkonf¤if;tm;aemufqHk;aom t"dutaMumif; t&mudkrdwfquf&efoHk;NyD;? ed*Hk;csKyfpum;\ed'gef;tjzpfr[kwfacs (2aum 13;11/ {zuf 6;10/ 2ouf 3;1)/

���� ]]nDtpfudkwkdY}} aygvkonf¤if;udktaMumif;t&mtopfwpfck\tptjzpfoHk;avh&Sdonf (1;4/ 2;9? 14? 17/ 3;7/ 4;1? 10? 13/ 5;1? 4? 12? 14? 25? 26? 27/ 2ouf 1;3/ 2;1? 13? 15/ 3;1? 6? 13)/

���� ]]arwåm&yfcHíwdkufwGef;}} aygvkonfþ PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE udkqufvufaeaom jyKrIcsufrsm; twGufESifh wrefawmftjzpfrdrd\ ynwfcsufrsm;udktav;teufjyK&ef rMumcPoHk;avh&Sdonf (4;2?11/ 2ouf3;4? 6? 10? 12)/

���� ]]igwkdYxHrS oGefoifcsufrsm;udkoifwkdYvufcHcJhMuonfESihftnD}} ¤if;rSm AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE

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253

���� ]]bk&m;ocifudkauseyfap}} rdrduav;rsm;twGufbk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfrSm olwdkYaoqHk;oGm;NyD;aemuf aumif;uifbHka&muf&efomvQifr[kwfbJ? ,cküyifc&pfawmfESifh wlnDjcif;jzpfonf (a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm 4;19/ {zuf 1;4/ 2;10/ 1ay 1;15)/

���� NASB ]]oifwkdYonftrSefjyKonfESifhtnD}} NKJV ]] (csefxm;onf)}} NRSV (oifwdkYonf trSeftm;jzifh jyKaeMuonfhtwkdif;) TEV ]] ¤if;onftrSeftm;jzifhoifwdkYtouf&SifcJhMuyHkjzpfonf}} NJB ]]oifwkdYtouf&SifcJhMuNyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif;}}

*&dvufa&;usrf;wpfckü þpum;pkESifh qufpyfaomjyóemwpfck&Sdonf/ þpum;pkrSm *&dvufa&;usrf;rsm; jzpfonfh Dc, K, L ESifh Textus Receptususrf;wkdYürygacs/ ¤if;onf vufa&;usrf;

rsm;jzpfonfh א, A, B, D*, F, G ESifh Syriac, Coptic ESifh Vulgate bmomjyefusrf;wdkYüvnf;yg&Sdonf/ ydkrdkapmaomvufa&;usrf;rsm;üyg&SdNyD;aemufydkif;usrf; rsm;ücsefxm;MuonfrSmtHhMop&mjzpfonf/ rawmfwqusef cJhonfhoabmjzpfonf/ UBS4 onf¤if;\yg0ifrIudk ]]A}} tqifh (aocsm) owfrSwfonf/

¤if;rSm PRESENT INDICATIVE odkYr[kwf IMPERATIVE MOOD jzpfonf/ aygvkonf c&pfawmfESifh wlaomolwkdY\touf&SifyHkudkrdrd,HkMunfpdwfcsaMumif;tcdkiftrmajymyHkudkaxmufygu ¤if;rSm INDICATIVE jzpfEdkif onf/ (NASB, NRSV, TEV, JB)

���� ]]aemufxyfydkíBudK;pm;Mu&ef}} olwkdYaumif;pGmvkyfcJhMuaomfvnf; olwdkYydkíoefY&Sif;pifMu,f&efydkrkdBudK;pm;M ubdkYaygvkawmif;qdkonf/ (i,f 10)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / <u,f0 (Perisseuō) 3;12 ü- ½I/ 4;2 NASB, NKJV ]]ynwfcsufrsm;}} NRSV, NJB TEV ]]oGefoifrIrsm;}} ¤if;rSm&Sm;yg;aom ppfoHk;pum;vHk;jzpfNyD; &mxl;tqifhqifhvufqifhurf;aom trdefYay;jcif;twGufoHk;onf (1wd 1;5? 18)/

���� ]]ocifa,½I\trdefYtmPmjzifh}} ¤if;rSm aygvk\udk,fydkiftawG;r[kwfbJ? a,½I\oGefoifrIjzpfonf/ aygvk \wrefawmftcGifhtmPmrSma,½I\tcGifhtmPmay:wnfrSDonf (i,f8)/ 4;3 -6 ¤if;rSm *&dü 0guswpfaMumif;jzpfonf/ 4;3 ]]¤if;onfbk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfjzpfonf}} ¤if;ü ARTICLE (the or a)rygacs/ xdkYaMumifh¤if;rSm u,fwif jcif;&NyD;aemuf (a,m 6;40) bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfrsm;teufwpfckjzpfonf ({zuf 5;17)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf (thelēma)

254

a,m[ef\c&pf0ifusrf; - crnf;awmf\ tvdkawmfaqmif&Guf&ef a,½I<uvmonf (4;34/ 5;30/ 6;38) - crnf;awmfonf om;awmfudk ay;orQtm;vkH;aom olwdkYtm; aemufqkH;aeYü aojcif;rSxap&ef (6;39) - om;awmfudk ,kHMunfoltm;vkH; (6;29?40) - qkawmif;jcif;tajz&&SdrIonf bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmftwdkif;vkyfjcif;ESifh qufpyfonf/ (9;31ESifh 1a,m 5;14) c&pf0ifusrf;yxrusrf;okH;usrf;rsm; - bk&m;&Sif\ tvdkawmfudkvkyfjcif;rSm tjywfqkH;jzpfaomt&mjzpfonf (róJ 7;21) - bk&m;&Sif\ tvkdawmfudk vkyfjcif;onf a,½I\ nDtpfudk? armifESrjzpfvmaponf (róJ 12;50/ rmuk 3;35) - rnfolrQrysufpD;&efrSm bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmfjzpfonf/ (róJ 18;14/ 1wd 2;4/ 2 ay 3;9) - um&eDukef;xdyfonf a,½ItwGuf crnf;awmf\ tvdkawmfjzpfonf (róJ 26;42/ vkum 22;42) aygvk\ Mo0g'pmrsm; - ,kHMunfolrsm;tm;vkH; &ifhusufjcif;ESifh trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif; (a&mr 12;1-2) - ,kMunfolwdkYudk qdk;oGrf;aom þuyfumvxJrS u,fEIwfonf (*v 1;4) - bk&m;&Sif\ tvdkawmfrSm a&G;EIwf&ef tpDtpOfawmfjzpfonf/ ({zuf 1;5? 9?11) - ,kHMunfolrsm; 0dnmOfawmfudk awGUMuKHcHpm;um? 0dnmOfawmfESifh jynfhaeMu&ef ({zuf 5;17-18) - ,kHMunfolrsm; bk&m;ociftm; oduRrf;jcif;ESifh jynfh0ae&ef (aum 1;9) - ,kHMunfolrsm; jynfh0í pkHvifolrsm;jzpfap&ef (aum 4;12) - ,kHMunfolrsm; oefY&Sif;pifMu,fap&ef (1ouf 4;3) - ,kHMunfolrsm;t&m&mü aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;Muap&ef (1ouf 5;18) ayw½k\ Mo0g'pmrsm;/ - ,kHMunfolrsm;rSef&mudk vkyfae&ef (tpdk;&Zif;rsm;tm;emcH&ef) xdkodkYjzifh rdkufrJrIrsm; wdwfqdwfoGm;ap&ef? owif;aumif;twGuf tcGifhaumif;jifqifay;&ef (1ay 2;15) - ,kHMunfolrsm; 'kuqif;&JcHjcif; (1ay 3;17/ 4;19) - ,kHMunfolrsm;twÅudk A[dkjyKumtoufr&Sif&ef (1ay 4;2) a,m[ef\ Mo0g'pmrsm; - ,kHMunfolrsm; tpOfwnfjrJae&ef (1a,m 2;17) - ,kMunfolrsm;qkawmif;csuf&&efaomhcsuf (1a,m 5;14)

���� ]]oifwkdY\oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;}}¤if;onf ]]holy}} - oefY&Sif;? ]]olawmfpif}}- saint wdkY\rl&if;pum;vHk;ESifh wlnDonf/ oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;onfajzmifhrwfapjcif;uJhodkY aus;Zl;awmf\tpjyKcsufcsif;vkyfaqmifrIwpfckjzpf onf (1aum 1;2? 30/ 6;11)/ ,HkMunfolwkdYonf taetxm;tm;jzifhc&pfawmftxJ&Sdonf/ odkYaomf¤if;onf touf&Sif jcif;vu©Pmtjzpfqufvufí oefY&Sif;pif<u,fjcif;üwkd;wufvsufjzpfay:ae&ygrnf (i,f 7/ 3;13/ a&mr 6;19-23)/ c&pf,meftm;vHk;twGufbk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfrSm c&pfawmfESifhwljcif;jzpfonf/ ajzmifhrwf oljzpfapjcif;ESifh oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;udkcGJjcm;ír&acs/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;

255

tjypfom;rsm;onf aemifwESifh,HkMunfjcif;jzifh a,½IbufvSnfhvmMuonfhtcg csufjcif;yif ajzmifhrwfap jcif;ESifh oefU½Sif;pifMu,fapjcif; cHMuonf/ ¤if;rSm c&pfawmftxJ olwdkU\topfaom &yfwnfrIjzpfonf/ c&pf awmf\ajzmifhrwfawmfrljcif;udk olwdkUtwGuf oGyfoGif;ay;vdkufonf/ (a&mr 4)/ olwdkUonfrSefuefí oefU½Sif;olrsm;tjzpf aMumfjimay;jcif;cHMuonf/ (w&m;½kH;awmfoabmjzihf bk&m;½Sif\vkyfaqmifrI)odkUaomf "r®opfusrf;onf ,HkMunfolrsm;udk oefU½Sif;pifMu,f&ef awmif;qdkonf/ ¤if;onf a,½Ic&pfawmf NyD;pD;chJaomtvkyfxJü "r®oabmt& &yfwnfcsufjzpfonfhjyif? ol\pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifhwl&efzdwfac: rIvnf;jzpfonf/ u,fwifjcif;rSm tcrJhvufaqmifjzpfum? touf½Sifjcif;yHkpHtvHk;pHkESifhtrQ wefbdk;½Sdonfenf; wl oefU½Sif;pifMu,fjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ tpjyKwHkUjyefrI c&pfawmfESifh ydkíydkíwljcif; wref 20;23/ 26;18 a&mr 6;19 a&mr 15;16 2aum 7;1 1aum 1;2-3/ 6;11 {zuf 1;4/ 2;10 2ouf 2;13 1ouf 3;13/ 4;3-4? 7/ 5;23 a[NAJ 2;11/ 10;10? 14/ 13;12 1wd 2;15 1ay 1;12 2wd 2;12 a[NAJ 12;14 1ay 1;15-16

���� ]]vdifrludpöazgufjyefjcif;udka&SmifMuOf&ef}} ¤if;\vHk;aphywfaphrSm ]]rw&m;aomarxkefjyKjcif;}} -fornication jzpfonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif vufrxyfrDvdifrIudpöjyKjcif;ESifh vufxyfNyD;jyKjcif;wkdYudkoD;oefYpum;vHk;rsm;jzifh cGJxm;aomfvnf;? "r®opfusrf;\tjrifürl¤if;rSm ydkrdkus,f0ef;onf/ ]]rw&m;arxkefjyKjcif;}} - fornication onfvdifwljcif;qufqHa&;ESifh wd&pämefESifh qufqHjcif;wkYdtygt0ifravsmfuefaom vdifqufqHrItm;vHk; udkqdkvdkonf/ rdpäm'd|dudk;uG,frIü vdifrIudpöyg0ifavh&Sdonf (5;22)/ 4;4 NASB, NKJV ]]ydkifqdkifxm;}} NRSV ]]xdef;csKyfxm;}} TEV ]]rnfodkY,l}} NJB ]]toHk;jyK}} ¤if;onf PRESENT MIDDLE (deponent) INFINITIVE jzpfonf/ vHk;aphywfapht"dyÜg,f ]]qufvuf&&Sd ydkifqdkifjcif;}} jzpfonf/

���� NASB, NKJV ]]rdrdudk,fcEm}} NRSV ]]oifwkdY\udk,fcEm}} TEV ]]r,m;wpfa,muf}} NJB ]]olydkifqdkifaomudk,fcEm}} ¤if;onf ]]ol\udk,fcEm}} (0g) ]]olYr,m;}} udkñGef;qdkjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ Theodore of Mopsuestia, AugustineESifh &AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;\ oHk;EIef;yHk 1ay 3;7 ESifh qyfwl*sifwdkYonf ]]r,m;}} t"dyÜg,fjzifhteufjyefqdkonf/ (TEV)/ odkYaomfueOD;toif;awmfzcifBuD;rsm;jzpfaom (wmwl*sif; ESifh u½dkifqdkpwGrf) wdkYurl ]]udk,fcEm}} tjzpfbmomjyefNyD;? ¤if;onfxdkusrf;ydk'ftwGufudkufnDrIt&SdqHk;jzpfonf (NRSV, JB, NSV)/ þae&m&Sd ]]vessel}} pum;vHk;udk ]]udk,fcEm}} t"dyÜg,fjzifh 2aum 4;7 üoHk;ygonf/

256

���� ]]oefY&Sif;í*kPf&SdpGm}} a,½Ionf vlwpfa,muf\touf&SifyHk&Sifenf;udk ajymif;vJoGm;aponf/ ,HkMunfol rsm;onfbk&m;ocif\b@pdk;rsm;jzpfNyD;?tjcm;olrsm;\tvdkqEESifh vGwfuif;onf/ bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmfrSm bk&m;ocifonfajymif;vJoGm;apaomwefcdk;&SdaMumif;tm; aysmufqHk;aomurÇmudkjyo&ef,HkMunfol wdkif;udkt oHk;jyK a&;jzpfonf/ c&pf,mefwdkY\xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;onfusqif;í½IyfaxG;aomurÇmwGif wefcdk;BuD;aomouf aojzpfonf/ 4;5 ]]aoG;om;wyfrufrIrjyif;xef}} usqif;aomvlom;onf vdifudpöürdrdudk,frdrdrxdef;csKyfEdkifaMumif;ñTef;qdk onf/ (rdpäm'd|udk;uG,frI) rdrdudk,frdrdxdef;csKyfjcif;onf 0dnmOfawmfjznfhqnf;jcif;cH&aom? 0dnmOfawmfOD;aqmif rIcH ,laomtoufwm\vu©Pmwpf&yfjzpfonf (*vm 5;23)/

����]]wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;uJhodkY}} ¤if;\vHk;aphywfapht"dyÜg,frSm ]] vlrsdK;rsm;}} jzpfonf/ odkYaomfþae&mürl *sL; r[kwfolrsm;udk&nfñTef;jcif;r[kwfbJ? c&pf,mefr[kwfolrsm;udk&nfñGef;onf/ aygvkacwfrdpäm0g'Drsm;\touf &Sifjcif;yHkpHrSm tvGeftusifhazgufjyefvSonf/

����]]bk&m;ocifudkrodaom}} ¤if;onf ]] obm0tm;jzifh zGifhjyawmfrljcif;}} udkrysufjy,fapbJ (qmvH 19;1-6 ESifh a&mr 1-2) wpfOD;csif;tm;jzifhod&jcif;udkajymonf (*vm 4;8-9)/ "r®a[mif;ü ]]odonf}} [kqdk&mü&if;ESD; uRrf;0ifjcif;? wpfOD;csif;qufqHa&;[laomt"dyÜg,fyGm;&Sdonf (urÇm 4;1/ a,&rd 1;5)/ wyg;trsdK;om;wkdYonf bk&m; ocifxHawmfrSvrf;vTJoGm;apjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfonf ({zuf 2;11-13/ 5;8/ aum 1;21)/ 4;6 ]]vGefusL;í}} þa0g[m&\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tuefYtowfudkausmfvGefoGm;onf}} [líjzpf\/

����]]xdyg;}} (defraud) þa0g[m&\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tcGifhaumif;,lonf}} [líjzpf\/ ]]avmbBuD;onf}} - greed [laoma0g[m& ESifh qufpyfrI&Sdonf/

����]]rdrdnDtpfudk}} ¤if;onf tjcm;,HkMunfjcif;rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh vdifrIudpöwGifvGwfvyfrI,ljcif;ESifh qufpyfEdkif onf(i,f 9)/ odkYaomf ]]nDtpfudk}} [laoma0g[m&onf ]]tdrfeD;csif;}} ESifh qifwlNyD; tjcm;vlom;wpfOD;OD;tm; &nfñTef;jcif;vnf;Edkifonf(i,f 12)/

���� ]]þudpöü}} ¤if;üDEFINITE ARTICLE yg0ifojzifh ti,f 3-5 (vdifrIudpöüpifMu,frI) udk&nfñTef;onf/ þ pum;vHk;urlpD;yGm;a&;udpöudkñTef;onf/ xdkYaMumifh¤if;onf vdifrIudpötwGufwifpm;oHk;EIef;jcif; jzpfEdkifonfenf;wl aygvkonfti,f 6 &SdtaMumif;t&mudkajymif;vJum ,ckwGifaiGa&;aMu;a&;udpörsm; ajymjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ yxrpdwf BudKufrSmydkrkdoifhavsmfonf[kuREfkyfxifygonf/

���� ]]bk&m;ocifonfþt&mtm;vHk;üvufwHkYjyefpD&ifoljzpfonf}} ¤if;onfw&m;rQwrIrSm acwå,m,D (a&mr 1;24? 26? 28) ESifh tem*wfumv (róJ25;31) wdkiftwGufjzpfjcif;udk&nfñGef;onf/ YHWH rSmudk,fusifhw&m; qdkif&mbk&m;jzpfonf(*vm 6;7)/ ,HkMunfolrsm;oefY&Sif;pGmtouf&Sif&ef vdktyfaMumif;uGJjym; jcm;em;aom taMumif; &if;oHk;cktm;ti,f 6 ? 7 ESifh 8 wkdYüazmfjyxm;onf/

257

����]]igwkdYonfoifwkdYudk,cifuajymcJhí tav;teufowday;onfenf;wl}}¤if;rSmvdifrIudpöoefY&Sif;pifMu,f jcif;twGufjyif;xefaomazmfjycsufjzpfonf (a[NAJ 13;4)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aygvkoHk;aom Huperaygif; pyfpum;vHk;rsm;*vm 1;13 ü-½I/ 4;7 ]]bk&m;ocifonf ... ac:}} bk&m;ocifonf u,fwifjcif;ESifh oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ESpfrsdK;vHk;ü tpjyKed'gef;ysdK; ay;avh&Sdonf (a,m 4;44? 65)/ 4;8 ]]þt&mjiif;qefolonfvludkjiif;qefjcif;r[kwfbJ? bk&m;ocifudkjiif;qefjcif;jzpfonf}} ¤if;\vHk;aph ywfapht"dyÜg,frSm ]]wefbdk;enf;t&muJhodkYjyKrIonf}} [líjzpf\/ aygvkonf {0Ha*vdor®mw&m;ESifhtwlt ouf&Sif jcif;yHkpHtwGufapcdkif;rIudkwygwnf;tcdkiftrmjyKonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf aygvkr[kwfbJ bk&m;ocif\or®m w&m;rsm; jzpfonf 2;13/ 3;1-2/

���� ]]oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudkoifwkdYtwGufay;ol}} ¤if;rSmPRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ ¤if; onftpysdK;ay;olESifh qufvufjzpfay:aomtawGUtBuHKESpfrsdK;vHk;twGuftxJü usdef;0yfawmfrl ol0dnmOfawmfudk&nf ñGef;onf (wref 2;38/ 2aum 1;22/ 1a,m3;24)/ bk&m;ocif\usdef;0yfawmf rljcif;qdkif&muwdawmfenf;wl? c&pfawmf\&Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;üvnf;jzpf\/ a&G;EIwfjcif;ESifh qdkifaomþtjzpft ysufrsm;tm;vHk;ü oHk;yg;wpfql\ yk*¾dKvfoHk;yg;pvHk;yg0ifonf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYtxJü (1) 0dnmOfawmfusdyf;0yfonf (a&mr 8;9-10)/ (2)om;awmfusdef; 0yfonf (róJ 28;20/ aumavmoJ 1;27 ESifh (3) crnf;awmfusdef;0yfonf (a,m 14;23)/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 4;9-12 9nDtpfudkcsif;qdkif&mcspfjcif;arwåmtaMumif;?oifwdkYudkrnfolrQpma&;&ef rvdktyfacs/ taMumif;rSm tcsif;csif;cspfMu&efbk&m;ocif\oGefoifrIudkoifwdkY&cJhMu\/ 10rmaua'gedjynfwpfavQmufvkH;&Sd ,HkMunf olrsm;odkYoifwdkYonfþt&mudktrSefyifjyKMuonf/ odkYaomfnDtpfudkwkdYigwkdYawmif;qdkonfrSm aemufxyf ydkíBudK;pm;Muavmh/ 11oifwkdY\BuD;rm;aompdwfqErSm NidrfoufpGmtouf&Sifjcif;udkOD;wnf&efESifh oifwkdY udkigwkdYynwfcJhonfhtwdkif;rdrd tvkyfudpöudk*½kpdkufírdrdvufjzifhtvkyfvkyf&efjzpfapMuavmh/ 12oifwkdY onfjyifyvlrsm;tjrifüavsmfuefpGmjyKrIusifh BuHíbmrQrvdktyfbJ&SdMuap&efjzpfonf/

4;9 NASB ]]nDtpfudkcsif;qkdif&mcspfjcif;arwåm}} NKJV ]]nDtpfudkcspfjcif;arwåm}} NRSV ]]nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;cspfjcif;arwåm}} TEV ]]oifwkdY\,HkMunfolcsif;rsm;udkcspfjcif;}} NJB ]]oifwkYd\nDtpfudkwdkYudkcspfvsuf}} ¤if;rSm*&da0g[m&philadelphia jzpfonf/ y#dnmOfcHw&m;qdkif&mvufwGJazmfrsm;udk&nfñTef;onf (a&mr 12;10/ a[NAJ 13;1/ 1ay 1;23/ 2ay 1;7)/ csdefcGifvQmnDpGmjzifhaysmufqHk;olrsm;udkcspfjcif;taMumif;ti,f 12 ü&Sd onf (3;12)/

258

���� ]]oifwkdYudkrnfolrQpma&;&efrvdktyfacs}} ¤if;rSmolwdkYudktwnfjyK&if;ESifh ydkíBudK;pm;Mu&eftm;ay;aom aygvk\tuif;yg;aomenf;jzpfonf (i,f 10)/ ¤if;onf ('kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;uJhokdkY) Mo0g'ydkif;qdkif&mr[kwf bJ? vufawGUusifhoHk;rI? touf&SifyHkESifh qdkifaomusifh0wfydkif;jzpfonf/

���� ]]bk&m;ocif\oGefoifrIudkoifwkdYcHMu\}} ¤if;rSmPRESENT TENSE jzpfonf/ 0dnmOfawmfusdef; 0yfjcif;onf qufvufoGm;onfenf;wl oGefoifrI[lonfvnf;qufvufjzpfay:aeayonf (5;1/ a,m 14;26/ 16;13/ 2aum 9;1/ 1a,m 2;20? 27)/ ¤if;rSmy#dnmOfw&m;opf\trSwfvu©PmwpfrsdK;jzpfonf (a,&rd 31;33-34)/ *&da0g[m& -theodidaktoi ("r®opfusrf;üþae&müomvQifawGU&) ]]bk&m;ocifMum;onf}} (a,m 6;45)ESifh ¤if;\uwåm;yk'frSm ]]tcsif;csif;cspf&ef}} jzpfonf (a,m 13;34/ 15;12? 17/ 1a,m 2;7-8/ 3;11? 23/ 2a,m 5)/ 4;10 ]]oifwkdY ... jyKMu}} ¤if;onfqufvufjzpfay:aomtjyKtrIudkajymaomtjcm; PRESENT TENSE

VERB wpfckjzpfonf (i,f 17)/ aygvkonf olwdkYücspfjcif;arwåm&SdaMumif;twnfjyKaomfvnf; ydkíBudK;pm;&ef olwdkYudkpdef ac:onf/ (olwdkY\touf&SifyHkoefY&Sif;&efti,f 1 üjyKonfenf;wl)

���� ]]aemufxyfydkíBudK;pm;Mu}} olwdkYaumif;aomt&mjyKaeMuonfrSefaomfvnf; aemufxyfydkíqufvuf oGm;&ef vnf;vdktyfonf (i,f 1)/ cspfjcif;arwåmrSm bk&m;ocif\trSwftom;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf rnfonfhtcgürQ jynfh0pGmcspfEdkifMurnfr[kwfacs (3;12)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / <u,f0aom 3;12 ü- ½I/ 4;11 NASB ]]oifwdkY\BuD;rm;aompdwfqErSm NidrfoufpGmtouf&Sifjcif;udkOD;wnf&ef}} NKJV ]]NidrfoufpGmtouf&Sifjcif;udkOD;wnf&efvnf;tmoDojyif;xef&ef}} NRSV ]]NidrfoufpGmtouf&Sif&ef tmoDojyif;xef&ef}} TEV ]]oifwkYd\&nf&G,fcsufonf NidrfoufpGmtouf&Sif&efjzpfapyg}} NJB ]]nDtpfudkwdkY oifwkdYudkigwkdYawmif;qdkMuonfrSm ydkíBuD;rm;aomwdk;wwfrI qufvufjyK&efESifh NidrfoufpGmtouf&Sif&efwnf;/ ti,f 11 onf PRESENT INFINITIVES udk IMPERATIVE uJhodkYqufwdkufoHk;EIef;jcif;jzpfNyD;? tjyKtrIudk qufvufcdkif;jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;üyg0ifjcif;qkdif&m pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIt ajctaetpm;onf;cHjcif;ESifhyHkrSeftaetxm;jzifhae&ef wdkufwGef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf (2ouf 3;10-12)/ þu@ü "r®opfusrf;ajymaom owif;pum;rSm ]]toifhjyif}} get ready r[kwfbJ/ ]]tqifoifaexdkifí? opöm&SdpGmaexdkif &efjzpfonf/ ]]jyif;xefaompdwfqE}}-ambition \t"dyÜg,frSm ]]*kPfjyKjcif;tjzpfrSwf,lonf}} odkYr[kwf ]]tmoDojyif;xef jcif;}} [líjzpfonf/ ¤if;a0g[m&udk Tom 15;20 ESifh 2aum 5;9 wdkYüvnf;oHk;onf/

����]]oifwdkYvufjzifh tvkyfvkyf}} þpma&;om;&jcif;rSmtoif;awmfwGif;vltcsdKUonf 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif; ay:aygvk\a[majymcsufudk em;vnfrIvTJrSm;um c&pfawmfjyefvnf<uvmrnfudkarQmfvifhvsuf? tvkyfrvkyfbJ aeMuíjzpfaMumif;owd&yg (2ouf 2;1-4 ESifh 3;6-15)/ *&dxHk;pHüvufjzifhtvkyfvkyfjcif;udk aus;uRefrsm;twGufomvQifjzpfonf[k,HkMunfMuonf/ odkYaomfa[NAJ xHk;pHürlvlwdkif;? &AÁdusrf;wwfq&mBuD;rsm;yifvQif toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;udk,fpD&Sd&onf (wref 20;35/ 1aum 4;17)/

259

tcsdKU*&dpmvHk;BuD;vufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh א*, A, D (NRSV) wdkYü ]]oifwkdY\udk,fydkifvufESifh tvkyfvkyf}} –

/udkcsefxm;onf (*B, D ,2א) USB4 onf xdkpum;pkygrygraocsmojzifh (]]C}} tqifh)owfrSwfonf/

���� ]]oifwkdYudkigwkdYynwfcJhonfhtwdkif;}} ¤if;rSmtrdefYayjcif;twGufoHk;aom jyif;xefonfha0g[m&jzpfonf (2ouf 3;4? 6? 10? 12)/ 4;12 NASB, NRSV ]]oifwdkYonfjyifyvlrsm;tjrifüavsmufywfpGmusifhBuHjyKrIí}} NKJV ]]tjyifwGif&Sdaomvlrsm;tjrifüoifwdkYonf avsmufywfpGmavQmufvSrf;Edkifap&ef}} TEV ]]þodkYjzifhoifwdkYonf,HkMunfolr[kwfolrsm;\av;pm;rI&&SdMuayrnf/}} NJB ]]toif;awmfjyifyvlrsm;onf oifwkdYudkav;pm;bG,f&mjrif}} vlwdkYonf uRefawmfwkdYudkapmifhMunfhaeMuonf/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm oufaocHrsm;jzpfMuonf(róJ 5;13-16/ aumavmoJ 4;5/ 1wd 3;7/ 5;14/ 6;1/ wdwk 2;5)/

���� NASB ]]bmrQrvdkbJ&SdMu}} NKJV ]]bmrQrcsdKUwJhbJaexdkif&ef}} NRSV ]]rnfolrQrrSDcdkbJ}} TEV ]]oifwdkY\vdktyfrIrsm;twGuf rnfolYay:ürQrrSDcdk&ef}} NJB ]]oifwkdYonf olwdkYay:rSDcdkp&mrvkdap&ef}} tvkyfrvkyfbJ &yfqdkif;olc&pf,mefwkdYonf olwdkYvdktyforQtjcm;c&pf,mefrsm;axmufyHhvdrfhrnf[karQmfvifh aeMujcif;jzpfaMumif;xif&Sm;onf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYrSm c&pf,mefrdom;pk\vdktyfrIrsm;twGufrdrdwdkY\ypönf;OpömwdkYudk oHk;pGJ&efjzpfaomfvnf; (2aum 8-9/ {zuf 4;28) tvkyfvkyf&efjiif;qefolrsm;rygacs/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / csrf;om<u,f0jcif; 1/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wpfusrf;vHk;udkNcHKí½Ijrifjcif; (u) bk&m;ocifonft&mcyfodrf;ydkif&Sifjzpfonf/ 1/ urÇmOD; 1-2 2/ 1&mZ0ifcsKyf 29;1 3/ qmvH 24;1/50;12/ 89;11 4/ a[&Sm, 66;2 (c) vlom;wdkYonfbk&m;ocif\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGufcsrf;om<u,f0rI\b@mxdef;rsm;jzpfonf/ 1/ w&m;a[m 8;11-20 2/ 0wfjyK 19;9-18 3/ a,mb 31;16-33 4/ a[&Sm, 58;6-10

260

(*) csrf;om<u,f0rIonf 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;\tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpfonf/ 1/ q,fbkdYwpfbdkYESpfrsdK; (u) awmvnf 18;21-29/ w&m;a[m 12;6-7/ 14;22-27/ ( c) w&m;a[m 14;28-29/ 26;12-15 (C) csrf;om<u,f0rIrSm y#dnmOfw&m;ay:opöm&Sdjcif;twGufbk&m;ocifay;aomvufaqmifwpfck tjzpf½Ijrifonf/ 1/ w&m;a[m 27-28 2/ okwåH 3;10/ 8;20-21/ 10;22/ 15;6 (i) tjcm;olrsm;epfemrIjzifh&aomcsrf;om<u,f0rIudkowday;jcif; 1/ okwåH 21;6 2/ a,&rd 5;26-29 3/ a[ma&S 12;6-8 4/ rdu©m 6;9-12 (p) csrf;om<u,f0rIrSm ¤if;udkyxrOD;pm;ay;tjzpfrxm;rjcif;tjypfr[kwfacs/ 1/ qmvH 52;7/ 62;10/ 73;3-9 2/ okwåH 11;28/ 23;4-5/ 27;24/ 28;20-22 3/ a,mb 31; 24-28

2/ okwåHusrf;udkNcHKí½IjrifyHk (u) <u,f0csrf;omrIESifh BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIwdkY\tm;NydKifyGJ 1/ ysif;&djcif;ESifh tvkyfrvkyfvdkjcif;udkjypf'PfpD&ifonf okwåH 6;6-11/ 10;4-5? 26/ 12;24-27/ 13;4/

15;19/ 18;9/ 19? 1524/ 20;4? 13/ 21;25/ 22;13/ 24;30-34/ 26;13-16/ 2/ tvkyfBudK;pm;jcif;udk axmufcHjcif;-okwåH 12;11? 14/ 13;11 (c) ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifh qdk;oGrf;jcif;wdkY\ NydKifqdkifrIudk&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjy&efqif;&Jjcif;ESifh csrf;om;jcif;wdkY\tm; NydKifrIudktoHk;jyKazmfjy okwåH 10;1/ 11;27-28/ 13;7/ 15;16-17/ 28;6? 19-20/ (*) ynmonf (bk&m;ocifESifh olYEIwfuywfawmfudkodjcif;ESifh xdktodtm;jzifhtouf&Sifjcif;) <u,f0csrf; omjcif;xufydkíaumif; - okwåH 3;13-15/ 8;9-11? 18-21/ 13;18/ (C) owday;jcif;ESifh qHk;rtBuHjyKjcif; 1/ owday;jcif;rsm; (u) tdrfeD;em;csif;\ ta<u;qyfay;&ef tmrcHjcif;udkowdxm;yg okwåH 6;1-5/ 11;15/ 17;18/ 20;16/ 22;26-27/ 27;13/ (c) qkd;aomenf;vrf;jzifh csrf;om<u,f0jcif;udkowdxm;yg/ okwåH1;19/ 10;2? 15/ 11;1/ 13;11/ 16;11/ 20;10? 23/ 21;6/ 22;16? 22/ 28;8 ( *) acs;,ljcif;udkowdxm;yg/ okwåH 22;7 (C) <u,f0csrf;omrIukefcef;vG,fyHkudkowdxm;yg/ okwåH 23;4-5 ( i) <u,f0csrf;omrIonf w&m;pD&if&maeü taxmuftuljyKrnfr[kwf okwåH 11;4 ( p) <u,f0csrf;omolü ]]rdwfaqG}} aygrsm;onf – okwåH 14;20/ 19;4/ 2/ tBuHjyKqHk;rrIrsm; (u) &ufa&mrIudk axmufcHtm;ay; - okwåH 11;24-26/ 14;31/ 17;5/ 19;17/ 22;9? 22-23/ 23;10-11/ 28;27/ ( c) ajzmifhrwfjcif;onf <u,f0csrf;omrIxufydkíaumif; - okwåH 16;8/ 28;6? 8? 20-22

261

( *) csrf;om<u,f0rItwGufr[kwfbJ vdktyfrIrsm;twGuf qkawmif;jcif; - okwåH 30;7-9 (C) qif;&Jom;rsm;udkay;jcif;onf bk&m;ocifudkay;jcif;jzpfonf - okwåH 14;31 3/ "r®opfusrf;wpfusrf;vHk;udkNcHKíMunfhjrifjcif;

(u) a,½I 1/ rdrdudk,frdrdESifh rdrd\t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\t&if;tjrpfrsm;xuftm;udk;tm;xm;jyK&ef csrf;om <u,f0rIrSmtBuD;qHk;aoG;aqmifrIjzpfonf/

(u) róJ 6;24/ 13;22/ 19;23 ( c) rmuk 10;23-31 ( *) vkum 12;15-21? 33-34 (C) Asm'dwf 3;17-19

2/ bk&m;ocifonf uRefawmfwdkY\½kyfydkif;qkdif&mvdktyfrIudkaxmufyHhvdrfhrnf/ (u) róJ 6;19-34 (c) vkum 12;19-32

3/ rsdK;aphBuJjcif;onf &dwfodrf;jcif;tusdK;jzpfxGef;aponf/ (0dnmOfa&;rSmenf;wl;½kyfydkif;üvnf;) (u) rmuk 4;24 (c) vkum 6;36-38 (*) róJ 6;14/ 18;35

4/ tjypfudkaemifw&jcif;onf <u,f0csrf;omrIay:tusdK;oufa&mufrI&Sdonf/ (u) vkum 19;2-10 (c) 0wfjyK 5;16

5/ pD;yGm;a&;acgif;yHkjzwfjcif;udk jypf'PfpD&if (u) róJ 23;25 (c) rmuk 12;38-40

6/ aemufqHk;aomumvw&m;pD&ifawmfrljcif;onf rdrdwdkY\<u,f0csrf;omrIudktoHk;jyKyHkESifh qufpyfonf –

róJ 25;31-46 (c) aygvk

1/ okwåHusrf; (tvkyf)rSmenf;wlvufawGUtjrif (u) {zuf 4;28 (c) 1ouf4;11-12 (*) 2ouf 3;8? 11-12 (C)1ouf 5;8

2/ a,½Ienf;wl 0dnmOfa&;tjrif (ypönf;OpömonfrNrJbJ? vsifjrefpGmukefcef;oGm;onf)/ (u) 1wd 6;6-10 (a&mifh&Jjcif;) (c) zdvdyÜd 4;11-12 (a&mifh&Jjcif;) (*) a[NAJ 13;5 (a&mifh&Jjcif;) (C)1wd 6;17-19 (&ufa&mjcif;? csrf;omjcif;r[kwfbJ bk&m;ocifudk,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;) (i) 1aum 7;31-32 (t&m0w¬Krsm;ajymif;vJ)

4/ ed*Hk;csKyf (u) <u,f0csrf;omrIESifh qdkifíor®musrf;pmenf;us"r®oabmw&m;[lír&Sdacs/

262

(c) þtaMumif;wdusaom usrf;ykd'fr&SdojzifhuGJjym;jcm;em;aomusrf;ydk'frsm;pGmudkvdkufaumuf&onf/ wpfaygif;wnf;&Sdraeaomþusrf;ydk'frsm;udk rdrdtjrifjzifh rzwf&efowdjyKyg/ (*) ynm&Sdrsm; (sages )a&;aom okwåHrsm;üor®musrf;vmpmayrsm;tjrifESifh uGJjym;onf/ okwåHrsm;onf vufawGUususwpfOD;csif;udkpl;pdkufonf/ tjcm;usrf;ydk'frsm;ESifh csdefñSd&ygrnf (a,&rd 18;18)/ (C) ,aeYuRefawmfwdkY\acwfumvonf<u,f0csrf;omjcif;taMumif;rdrd\tjrifESifh vufawGUusifhoHk;rIwkdYudk or®musrf;pm\tvif;xJqef;ppf&efvdktyfonf/ tu,fít&if;&Sif0g' (0g) uGefjrLepf0g'onfomvQif uRefawmfwdkY\vrf;jyjzpfaeygu? uRefawmfwdkY\OD;pm;ay;rIrsm;ae&mrSm;aeygonf/ vlwpfa,mufrnf rQ<u,f0csrf;om;onfqdk jcif;xuf tb,fhaMumifhESifh rnfodkYrnfyHk&SmazGpkaqmif;yHkwdkYrSm ydkíta&;BuD;onf/

(i) <u,f0csrf;omrIudk&SmazGqkapmif;jcif;onf ppfrSefaomudk;uG,frIESifhb@mxdef;qdkif&mwm0ef0wå&m;wdkYESifh o[Zmwjzpfaeygrnf (2aum 8-9)/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 4;13-18/ 13oifwkdYonfajrmfvifhjcif;r&Sdaomtjcm;olrsm;uJhodkY 0rf;renf;ap&ef? tdyfaysmfolrsm;taMumif;oifwkdY rodapjcif;iSgigwdkYtvdkr&SdygnDtpfudkwdkY/ 14taMumif;rSma,½IonftaocHíjyefxonf[kigwkdY,HkMunf ygua,½ItxJtdyfaysmfcJhNyD;olrsm;udkvnf; bk&m;ocifonfxdkenf;wludk,fawmfESifh twlxapvdrfhrnf/ 15taMumif;rlum;ocifbk&m;\EIwfuywfawmftm;jzifh oifwkdYudkigwdkYqdkonfum;? ocifbk&m;<uvm awmfrlonftxdtouf&Sifusef&pfoligwkdYonf tdyfaysmfcJhNyD;olwdkYxuft&ifus&vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ 16t aMumif;rSmocifbk&m;onfa<u;aMumfjcif;?aumif;uifwrefrif;\toHESifhbk&m;ocif\wHydk;awmfESifh twl aumif;uifbHkrSqif;vmum? c&pfawmftxJaoqHk;cJhNyD;olwdkY yxrxMuayrnf/ 17xdkYaemuftouf &Sifí usef&pfoluRefawmfwdkYonf ocifbk&m;udkavxJawGUqHk&efolwdkYESifh twlwdrfxJodkYcsDaqmifjcif; cH&jcif; jzifhocifbk&m;ESifhtpOftNrJtwlaeMuvdrfhrnf/ 18xdkYaMumifhþt&mrsm;jzifh tcsif;csif;ESpfodrfhMuavmh/

4;13-5;1 'kw,dtBudrf<uvmjcif;taMumif;rSm 5;11txdjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm "r®oabmw&m;twGufr[kwfbJ? c&pf,meftoufwmtwGufjzpfaMumif;owd&yg/ "r®oabmw&m;udkay;xm;aomfvnf; ¤if;onf,ckbk&m; w&m;ESifh touf&Sif&eftwGufomjzpfonf! 4;13 ]] rodapjcif;iSg? igwkdYtvdkr&Sdyg/ nDtpfudkwdkY/}} ¤if;rSm aygvka&;aom pmrsm;üygaeuspum;pkjzpfonf (a&mr 1;13/ 11;25/ 1aum 10;1/ 12;1/ 2aum 1;8)/ ¤if;onfa,½IoHk;aom ]]tmrifç tmrif}} uJhokYdta&; BuD;aom taMumif;t&mwpfckudked'gef;ysdK;jcif;jzpfavh&Sdonf/ c&pf,meftaMumif;or®mw&m;od&jcif;onf (Mo0g' ESifh urÇmhtjrif) ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;usqif;cJhNyD;jzpfaom þavmuüwnfNidrfrIay;onf/

���� ]]taMumif;}} 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;ESifh qdkifaomar;cGef;tcsdKUþtoif;awmfrSar;jref;onfudk wdarmao onf aygvkxHajymjycJhjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

1/ aocJhNyD;ol,HkMunfolrsm;b,fvkdjzpfrvJ/ aemufqHk;aomtcsdefumvtjzpftysufrsm;üolwdkYygMuOD; rnfavm/ 2/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;onf ,HkMunfolrsm;udktHhtm;oifhapum? olwdkYonfaemufqHk;aom umvtjzpftysufrsm;twGufjyifqifrxm;bJ jzpfaeMuygOD;rnfavm/

263

aygvkonf aum&dEÅKtoif;awmfar;jref;aomar;cGef;rsm;udktajzay;&mwGif ]]taMumif;t&m}} [laom0d bwfudkoHk;avh&Sdonf (1aum 7;1? 15/ 8;1/ 12;1/ 1ouf 5;1 üvnfygonf)/

���� NASB ]]tdyfaysmfolrsm;}} NKJV ]]tdyfarmuscJhNyD;olrsm;}} NRSV, TEV NJB ]]aoqHk;cJhNyD;olrsm; }}

þae&mü*&dvufa&;usrf;rsm;ü uGJjym;rI&Sdonf/ (1) tcsdKUpmvHk;BuD;vufa&;usrf;wdkYü PRESENT

PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ א, A, B ESifh (2) tcsdKUüPERFECT PARITICIPLE jzpfonf/ D, F, G, K ESifh L/ usrf;ul; q&mrsm;onf róJ 27;52 ESifh 1aum 15;20 wdkY&SdoHk;EIef;yHkwdkYtwdkif;vdkufNyD; rl&if; PRESENT udk PERFECT odkY ajymif;vdkufMujcif;jzpfEdkifonf (Metzger, P. 632)/

a,½Ionf aoqHk;jcif;pum;vHk;twGufemaysmfbG,fjzpfatmif ]]tdyfaysmfonf}} [lí"r®a[mif; usrf;\oHk;EIef; yHktwdkif;toHk;jyKonf/ (BDB 1011/ 2"r® 7;12/ 3"r® 22;40/ "r®opfusrf;ü róJ 27;52/ a,m 11;11-13/ wref 7;60/ 1aum 7;39/ 11;30/ 15;18/ 2ay 3;4)/ t*Fvdyfa0g[m& ]]cementery }} – okóefudkþ*&dpum;vHk;rS&onf/

¤if;onf ]]0dnmOfrsm;tdyfpufaeonf}} [laom ,HkMunfolrsm;onf &Sifjyefxajrmuf&maeYtxd todpdwfuif; rJhvsufapmifhqdkif;aeMuonfqkdonfh ]]0dnmOftdyfpufaom}} "r®oabmw&m;udkajymjcif;r[kwfacs/ 'kwd,tBudrf<u vmjcif;jzpfonfhjyef&Sifíxjcif;rwdkifrD 0dnmOfrsm;onf odwwfpGmjzifh &SdMuNyD;? rdwfo[m ,uefYowfcH&jcif; omjzpfaMumif;"r®opfusrf;üajymjyonf (vkum 16;19-31/ 23;43/ 2aum 5;8/ zdvdyÜd 1;23)/

���� ]]ajrmfvifhjcif;r&Sdaom tjcm;olrsm;uJhodkYoifwdkYonf 0rf;renf;apjcif;iSg}} ]]0rf;enf;}} [laompum;vHk;rSm PRESENT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE jzpfonf ({zuf 2;12)/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf {0Ha*vdor®mw&m;udkodMu ojzifhudk,fcEmaoqHk;rIaMumifh qufvuf0rf;enf;vsufr&Sd&acs/ 1/ igwdkYudk,fpm;a,½IaoqHk;cJhonf/ 2/ olwdkYudkxapaom0dnmOfawmfonfigwkdYudkxaprnf/ 3/ olonfigwdkYtwGufjyefvnf<uvmrnf 4/ aoqHk;olrsm;onf olESifh twlae&NyD

omoemyurÇm (]]usef tjcm;vlrsm;}} – 5;16) wGifaoqHk;rIüESpfodrfhp&mr&SdMuacs/ wpfcgwHk;uqdkua&;wD; ajymonfrSm ]]igwdkYonfydkrdkcdkifcHhaomavSoabFmay:ydkrdkpdwfcs&pGmESifh ydkítEÅ&m,fuif;pGm &GufvTifhoGm;EdkifbdkY igwdkY tm;xm;p&mbk&m;EIwfuywftcsdKUrsm;&SdaecJhrnfqdkvQif}} [líwrf;ocJhbl;&Smonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / *vm 5;5 ü - ½I/

4;4 ]]ygu}}¤if;rSmyxrwef;pmcRif;csufyg0gusrsdK;jzpfNyD;? pma&;oltjrifürSefonf[k,lqaomt&m odkYr[kwfolYpm \&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/

����]]igwdkY,HkMunf}}¤if;rSmta&;BuD;aom"r®oabmw&m;\Bud,mpum;vHk;jzpfNyD; (PRESENT ACTIVE

INDICATIVE ) vlom;\,HkMunfrIudkc&pfawmfxJxm;&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ þ*&dBud,m pisteuōudk t*Fvdyfvdk faith,

264

trust, (0g) believe tjzpfbmomjyefonf/ ]]txl;taMumif;t&m}}/ / *vm 3;6 \]],HkMunfjcif;}} ü-½I/ vlyk*¾dKvfqkdif&mudk;pm;rI - trust udk"r®opfü *&dumvjyBud,mtm;vHk;jzifhoHk;onf/

1/ AORIST (½dk;½dk;twdwf) wref 15;11/ a&mr 8;24/ 2wd 1;9/ wdwk 3;5/ 2/ PRESENT (qufvufaeaomjzpfpOf) 1aum 1;18/ 15;2/ 2aum 2;15/ 1ouf4;14/ 3/ PERFECT (twdwfuNyD;pD;cJhNyD;aom tjyKtrIjzpfonfhjyifxdktajctaeüqufvufwnf&Sdaomt&m) {zuf2;5?8/ 4/ FUTURE (umvjyBud,mjzifhjzpfap? a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifhjzpfap)/ a&mr 5;9? 10/ 10;9/ 13;11/ 1aum 3;15/ zdvdyÜd 1;28/ 1ouf 5;8-9/ a[NAJ 1;14/ 9;28)/ ¤if;rSmtpjyKqHk;jzwfcsufjzpfNyD;? aemufvdkufwjynfhtjzpf touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHonf qufvufvdkufygvmum?

wpfaeYaomtcgxm0&udk,fcE©mtm;jzifhoHk;yg;wpfqlbk&m;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifumrdwfo[m,jyKjcif;jzifh tqHk; owfvdrfhrnf (1a,m 3;2)/ "r®oabmw&m;qdkif&mþwdk;wufrIjzpfpOfudka&mr 8;29-30 üa&G;cs,fjcif;? ajzmifhrwf&müwnfapjcif;? oefY&Sif;pifMu,fapjcif;? bkef;BuD;apjcif;tjzpfawGU&onf/

���� ]]ap&ef}} þ hotiygaompum;pkonf {0Ha*vdw&m;üyg0ifaom"r®oabmudkajymygonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ,HkMunfjcif; - i\# 5 ü-½I/

���� ]]a,½IonftaocHíjyefx}} ¤if;wdkYonfAORIST INDICATIVE jzpfNyD;ordkif;0iftjzpfrSefudkazmfjyonf/ þ {0Ha*vdor®mw&m;wdkYonf ,HkMunfolrsm;\ajrmfvifhjcif;twGuftajccHjzpfonf/ (1) udk,fpm;jyKaom ñ§Of;qJESdyf pufcHjcif; (a[&Sm, 53/ rmuk 10;45/ 2aum 5;21)ESifh (2) udk,fcE©m½kyfoabmjzifh xíxm0&jyef&Sifjcif; (1;10/ 1aum 15)/

���� ]]bk&m;ocifonf ... udk,fawmfESifhtwl}} Bud,mjzpfaom(ago)rSm us,fjyefYaomt"dyÜg,f&Sdojzifh ¤if;rSmcufcJaompum;pkwpfckjzpfonf/ (,laqmifonf? OD;aqmifonf? oGm;onf? xGufoGm;onf? ac:aqmifoGm;onf- to lead away.tjyifodkYac:oGm;onf- to lead out pojzifh)/ ¤if;onf aovGefolwdkYa,½IESifh twl&SdMuonf (0g) a,½I<uvmonfhtcgaovGefolrsm;xMurnftaMumif;b,f[mqdkvdkygoenf;/ emrfpm;onf<uvmaoma,½Iudkqdkvdkonf/ oufomavmedNrdKUom;wdkYonf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;taMumif; aygvk\a[majymrIudkem;vnfoabmaygufjcif;r&SdMuacs/ rdrdwdkYtoif;awmfxJaovGefcJhNyD;olwdkYonf aemufqHk; umvtjzpftysufrsm;üyg0ifjcif;&Sdr&SdodvdkMuonf/ aygvk\tjyKoabmtajzrSmolwdkYonfyg0ifMu½Hk omru rdrdwdkY\&Sifjyefíxaomudk,fcEmrsm;udkyxrqHk;tjzpfvufcH&&SdMuNyD; aumif;uif\rdkCf;wdrfay:ü a,½IudkNcH&H vdkufygvmMuayrnf/ aoqHk;csdefESifh &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;aeYtMum;,HkMunfolwkdY\ tajctaetaMumif;"r®opfusrf;onf&Sif;vif; pGmrajymacs/ þusrf;ydk'fudk 2aum 5; 6? 8 ESifh EdIif;,SOfonfhtcg udk,fcEmrJhíae&aomumv&SdaMumif; rSwfcsuf cs&efwuúaA'enf;t&vdktyfvmonf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonfocifbk&m;ESifh twlaeMuaomfvnf; rdrdwdkY\&Sifjyefx ajrmufaomudk,fcEmrsm;udk rlr&&SdMuao;acs/ 4;15 ]]taMumif;rlum;? ocifbk&m;\EIwfuywfawmftm;jzifhoifwkdYudkqdkonfum;}} aygvkonf rdrdudk,fwdkif \t,ltqudkay;jcif;r[kwfbJ? a,½I\oGefoifrIudkajymjyjcif;jzpfonf(4;2)/ odkYaomfþoD;oefYudpö taMumif; a,½Iajymonfht&mudkc&pf0ifusrf;rsm;ürSwfwrf;rwifacs/ ¤if;onfatmufygwdkYteufb,f[mudk &nfñGef;aMumif; raocsmacs/ 1/ c&pf,mefrsm;EIwfwdkufvufqifhurf;aomtpOftvm (wrefawmf20;35)/

2/ róJ 24 (0g) rmuk 13 (0g) vkum 21 wdkYuJhodkYaoma,½I\w&m;a'oemrsm;/

265

3/ ¤if;onftma&Asjynfü aygvkaecJhpOf (*vm 1;17) olYxHa,½I\zGifhjyrIwpfpdwfwpfydkif;avm/ 4/ 2aum 12;1 uJhodkYaemufydkif;wdkuf½dkufzGifhjyawmfrljcif;avm/ aygvkonfrdrdvufcH&&Sdaomt&mudkazmfjyjcif;jzpfaMumif;þpum;pkujyaeygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm

tem*wfü jzpfysufrnfh rdrd\tjrifrsm;onf olY[mr[kwfbJ? olvufcH&&SdcJhaomt&mudk vufqifhurf;jcif; jzpfonf/ ,aeY acwfuRefawmfwdkYonf þzGifhjyawmfrljcif;udkb,fu&&SdaMumif;ESifh ¤if;udkrnfrQtwdkif;twmjzifh od&Sd&aMumif;wkdYudk rod&jcif;wdkYrSmjyóemjzpfonf/

���� NASB, NKJV ]]ocifbk&m;<uvmawmfrlonftxd touf&Sifusef&pfoligwdkYonf}} NRSV ]]touf&Sifí? ocifbk&m;<uvmcsdefwdkifusefaeoligwkdY}} TEV ]]ocifbk&m;<uvmonfhaeYütouf&SifaeoligwkdY}} NJB ]]ocifbk&m;<uvmonftxdtouf&Sifusefae}}

]]igwkdY}}[laomemrfpm;oHk;jcif;\jzpfEdkifacst"dyÜg,frSm (1) aygvkonfoltouf&SifaepOfocifbk&m;jyef vnf <uvmrnf[karQmfvifhonf/ odkYr[kwf (2) pmwnf;taejzifh ]]igwkdY}} udkoHk;EIef;onf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / a,½Ijyefvnf<uvmjcif;taMumif; 2;19 ESifh 3;13 wdkYü - ½I/a,½Ijyefvnf<uvmrnfht&mrSm acwfumvwdkif;&Sd,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;\tcGifhta&;jzpfaomfvnf;? rsdK;qufwpfqufuomvQifawGUBuHK& ayOD;rnf/ þodkYqdkjcif;aMumifhaygvkrSm;oGm;onfqkdonfhoabmr[kwfacs/ ¤if;rSm0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;rIudkar;cGef xkwf&ma&mufoGm;ayrnf/

¤if;rSmpmayenf;ynmwpfckomvQifjzpfEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm ‘ 'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmjcif;rSm aESmifhaES; MuefYMum rSmjzpf aMumif;róJ24 üa,½IajymcJhonfhtwkdif;ESifh xdkenf;wl 2ay 3 üayw½kajymcJhonfh twkdif;aygvk onf 2oufomavmedütcdkiftrmajymcJhygonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / rnfonfhtcsdefürqdka,½I<uvmjcif;-wzuf - <uvmao; ("r®opfusrf;\ qefYusifhhae[ef&Sdaomfvnf; udkufnDaom –PARADOX)

(u) acwfay:tjzpftysufwpfckrSwqifh aemufqHk;aomumvqdkif&mudk½Ijrifaom"r®a[mif;usrf; \ya&mzufjyKcsufwdkYudk xif[yfay:vGifapaom tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;qkdif&m"r®opf usrf;\usrf;ydk'frsm;/ (c) róJ 24? rmuk 13 ESifh vkum 21wdkYudkteufzGifh&efcufcJvSonf/ taMumif;rSm olwdkYonf ar;cGef;aygif;tawmfrsm;rsm;udkwpfNydKifwnf;udkifwG,faomaMumifhjzpfonf/

1/ AdrmefawmfrnfonfhtcsdefzsufqD;cHrvJ/ 2/ ar&Sd,jyefvnf<uvmjcif;\trSwftom;b,f[mjzpfrvJ/ 3/ þuyfumvb,ftcsdeftqHk;owfrvJ (róJ 24;3)/

(*) "r®opfusrf;\tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfh taMumif;t&mrsm;qdkif&musrf;ydk'frsm;\pmta&;tom; onfzGifhjyjcif;qkdif&mESifh ya&mzufrsm;oHk;onfhpum;rsdK;a&maxG;avh&SdNyD;? ¤if;wdkYonf wrifwum yift"dyÜg,frwdrus ESifh trSwftom;oabmtvGefqefonf/ (C) "r®opf\usrf;ydk'ftawmfrsm;rsm;onf'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmjcif;taMumif;ajymygonf (róJ 24/ rmuk 13/ vkum 17 ESifh 21/ 1 ESifh 2oufomavmedMo0g'pmrsm;ESifh Asm'dwfusrf;) þusrf;ydk'frsm;ü tav;teufjyKonfrSm

1/ jzpfysufrnfhtcsdeftwdusrod&aomfvnf;? trSefpifppfjzpfysufrnf/ 2/ tcsdefumv\tMurf;zsif; oabmudk odEkdifaomfvnf;jzpfysufrnfhcsdeftwdtusrod&/

266

3/ ¤if;onf csufcsif;ESifhrarQmfvifhonfhtcsdefüjzpfay:rnf/ 4/ uRefawmfwdkYonfqkawmif;vsuf&Sdae&rnf/ tqifoifhjzpfaeumay;tyfaomwm0efay:opöm&Sd& rnf/

(i) "r®oabmt&qefYusifbufjzpfae[ef&Sdaomfvnf;nDñTwfaomwif;rmrIwpfck&Sd&m (1) rnfonfhht csdefrqdkjyefvnf<uvmjcif;(róJ 12;40? 46/21;36/ róJ 24;27?44) ESifh (2) urÇmhordkif;ü tjzpftysuftcsdKUt&ifjzpfay:rnf/ (p) 'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnfr<uvmrDtjzpftysuftcsdKUjzpfay:rnf[k "r®opfusrf;üazmfjyonf/ 1/ wpfurÇmvHk;ü {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mrnf (róJ 24;14/ rmuk 13;10)/ 2/ ,HkMunfjcif;w&m;rS BuD;pGmaomaoGjznfjcif; (róJ 24;10-13?21/ 1wd 4;1/ 2wd 3;1/ 2ouf 2;3)/ 3/ ]]'kp½dkufvlom;}} ay:vmjcif; ('H 7;23-26/ 9;24-27/ 2ouf 2;3)/ 4/ xdef;csKyfaomt&m^aomoludkz,f&Sm;jcif; (2ouf 2;6-7)/ 5/ *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;\0dnmOfa&;EId;xrI (Zmc&d 12;10/ a&mr 11)/ (q) vkum 17;26-37 udkrmukESifhusrf;NydKiftjzpfrxnfhacs/ ¤if;onf róJ 24;37-44 ESifh wpfydkif;qif wljzpfonf/

���� NASB ]]t&ifusvdrfhrnfr[kwf}} NKJV, NRSV ]]rnfonfhenf;ESifh rQt&ifusrnfr[kwf}} TEV ]] a&SUüoGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwf}} NJB ]]a&SUa&mufrIwpHkw&m&Sdrnfr[kwf}}

¤if;rSm ]]rnfonfhtcg- rnfonfhhtcgürS}} ]]rnfonfhtcgürQr ...}} [laomjyif;xefonfh tysufo abmESpfckxyfaejcif;yHkpHjzpfonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmcsdefütouf&Sifaom,HkMunfolrsm;enf;wl? aovGefcJhNyD;ol oefY&Sif; olrsm;onfvnf;umvtqHk;\tjzpftysufrsm;üyg0ifMuayrnf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf;\ ]]prevent}} - ]]wm;qD;}} onft"dyÜg,fvTJrSm;aponf/ xdkumv 1611 ckESpft*Fvdyfpum;\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]precede}} ]]a&SUuoGm;onf/ a&SUa&mufonf}} [lí jzpf\/ 'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmjcif;udk rnfonfhvlom;urS wm;qD;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ 4;16 ]]ocifbk&m;udk,fwdkifonf}} *&dusrf;üudk,fpm;apvTwfjcif;r[kwfbJ? a,½I\yk*¾dKvfudk,fwdkifjyefvnf<u vmjcif;udktav;teufjyKonf (a,m 5;25-28)/

����]]aumif;uifbHkrSqif;vmaom}} a,½Ionf ,HkMunfjcif;rdom;pkudkvufcH&efcrnf;awmf&Sd&m t&yfudk'kwd, tBudrfpGefYcGgíxGufvmvdrfhrnf (a,m 14;2?3)/

���� NASB, NKJV ]]a<u;aMumfjcif;? aumif;uifwrefrif;\toHESifh bk&m;ocif\wHydk;awmf}} NRSV ]]atmf[pftrdefYay;jcif;? aumif;uifwrefrif;\ac:zdwfjcif;ESifh bk&m;ocif\ wHydk; awmftoHESifh twl}} TEV ]]trdefYay;aoma<u;aMumfoH? aumif;uifwrefrif;\toHESifh bk&m;ocif\wHydk; oHwdkY&Sdvdrfhrnf/}}

267

NJB ]]bk&m;ocif\wHydk;rIwfonfhtcg aumif;uifwrefrif;onf trdefYudkatmf[pfay;vdrfhrnf/}} ar;cGef;rSm þNydKifwltjzpftysufoHk;rsdK;üaumif;uifbHk\yk*¾dKvfrnfrQyg0ifoenf;[líjzpfonf/ atmf[pf oHwpfck (þpum;onf "r®opfusrf;wpfckvHk;üþae&müomvQif&Sdonf)? toHwpfckESifh wHydk;rIwfjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ JB bmomjyefusrf;ütoHoHk;rsdK;pvHk;aumif;uifwrefrif;jyKjcif;NzpfNyD;? ¤if;aemufüa,½Iqif;oufvmonf/ tjcm;bmomjyefusrf;rsm;ürl ]]atmf[pfjcif;? trdefYay;jcif;ESifh a<u;aMumfjcif;}} wdkYudka,½IjyKonf[kqdkvdkjcif;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;aemufaumif;uifwrefrif;onf wHydk;rIwf&efqifhac:onf/ þtjzpftysuftwGufaumif;uifbHkonfjyifqifvsuf&Sd\/ ¤if;\jyu©'defü þtaMumif;t&m&Sdaeonf/ xdktjzpftysufonfrnfonfhtcsdefü rnfuJhodkYay:vmrnfrSm <uvmawmfrlrnfht&Sif\odjcif;ESifh qdkifonfenf;wl roJruGJrIef0g;0g;jzpfonf/ a,½Ionf rdrdvlwdkYudkvufcH&efjyefvnf<uvmayrnf/

����]]aumif;uifwrefrif;}} oD;oefYjyyk'fjzpfao ]]the}} rygojzifh ]]aumif;uifwrefrif;wpfyg;}} [lízwf&efjzpf onf/ 'H 10;13 ütrsm;oabmaqmifaomfvnf; or®musrf;pmonf rdau©v (,k' 9) wpfyg;wnf;udk omvQifazmfjy onf/ olonftpöa&;trsdK;om;wdkY\aumif;uifwrefjzpfonf/

���� ]]wHydk;awmf}} wHydk;rIwfjcif;onf ta&SUwdkif;jynfrsm;ü &Sifbk&ifeD;uyfvmNyDjzpfaMumif; aMumfjimaom xHk;wrf;pOf vmwpfckjzpfonf (a[NAJ 12;18-19)/ odkYaomf¤if;ü tjcm;tvkyfrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ 1/ bk&m;ocif\w&m;pD&ifjcif;? Asm 8;2/ 11;15-19 2/ &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;? 1aum 15;52 3/ a&G;aumufaomolrsm;udk aumif;uifwrefpk½Hk;jcif;? róJ 24;31? ¤if;rSm"r®a[mif;umvü tvGefta&;BuD;aomqufoG,fa&;enf;vrf;jzpfNyD;? bmoma&;ESifh ppfa&;rsm; twGuf oHk;onf (xGuf19;16/ a[&Sm, 27;13/ a,mv 2;1/ Zdyed 1;16/ Zmc&d 9;14/ 1aum 15;52)/ "r®a[mif;ü wHydk;ESpfrsdK;awGU&onf/ (1) aiGwHydk; (awm 10/ 2? 8-10/ 31;6) ESifh (2) odk;xD;\ b,fbuf csdKjzpfNyD; shophar [kac:onf (xGuf 19;16? 19/ 20;18/ 0wfjyK 25;9/ a,m½I 6)/ toHoHk;rsdK;pvHk;onf(a<u;aMumfoH? toHESifh wHydk;) aumif;uifwrefjyKaomtoHrsm;udk &nfñTef;jcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSmAsm'dwf 4;1 üaumif;uifwref\toHudkyifwHydk;rIwfoH[kac:onf (Asm 1;10)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / tpöa&;rsm;oHk;aom OD;csdKrsm;/ OD;csdKrsm;^ wHydk;rsm;ESifh qdkifaompum;av;vHk;a[NAJ pum;ü&Sdonf/ 1/ ]]odk;xD;\ OD;csdK}} (BDB 901) - ¤if;onfavrIwf*DwoHwpfrsdK;jzpfoGm;onf/ a,½I 6;5/ þpum;vHk; udkyif £Zufudk,fpm;twGuftmNA[Honf OD;csdKrSqGJaomodk;xD;twGufoHk;onf urÇm 22;13/ 2/ ]]wHydk;}} (BDB 1051) – odk;½dkif; (ibex)twGufoHk;aom tm½I&da0g[m&jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmxGuf 19;16? 19 üodemawmif a[m&yfawmifwGifoHk;aompum;vHk;jzpfonf/ a,m½I 6;5 üESpfrsdK;pvHk;okH;onf/ ¤if;rSm0wfjyK udk;uG,f&efESifh wdkufcdkuf&eftcsdefwkdYudkajymjyqufoG,fonf/ (a,a,acgü ESpfrsdK;vHk;oHk;onf/ a,m½I 6;4) 3/ ]]odk;xD;OD;csdK}} (BDB 385) - odk;xD;twGufzdkeD;&Sef;- phoenicianpum;vHk;jzpfonf/ (a,m½I 6;4? 6? 8? 13)/ ¤if;rSmESpf 50 jynfhh,kbdvwHydk;twGufvnf;oHk;onf (0wfjyK 25;13? 28? 40? 50? 52? 54/ 27; 17? 18? 23?24)/ (þoHk;rsdK;pvHk;cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdbJ? vSnfhíoHk;onfESifh wlygonf/ Mishnah (RH 3.2)onf odk;? qdwf (odkY) awmifqdwfponfhrnfonfhwd&pämefOD;csdKudk rqdkcGifhjyKaomfvnf;EGm;OD;csdKudkrIcGifhrjyKacs/)

268

4/ ]]wHydk;rsm;}} (BDB 348)- ]]qefYxkwf}} [laomBud,mrSqif;oufvmonfESifh wlNyD;? ajzmifhwef;aomt½dk; (wd&pämef OD;csdKrsm;uJhodkYtauG;r[kwfacs)/ þwHydk;rsm;udk aiGom;jzifh vkyfonf/ (tD*spfyHkpH)/ toHk;jyKyHkrSm-

(u) 0wfjyKjcif;tcef;tem;rsm; (awmvnf 10;2? 8? 10/ {Z& 3;10/ ae[rd 12;35? 41)/ ( c) ppfa&;udpötwGuf (awmvnf 10;9/ 31;6/ a[ma&S 5;8)/ ( *) &Sifbk&ifESifh qkdif&mudpörsm;twGuf (4"r® 11;14)/

þowåKOD;csdKrsdK;wpfckudka&mrNrdKU&Sd Titus \rkcfayguf -Arch of Titus ü o½kyfazmfxm;onf/ Josephus onfvnf;¤if;wkdYtaMumif;a&;om;onf/ Antig 3.12.6.

���� ]]c&pfawmfxJaoqHk;cJhNyD;olwdkYyxrx}} aovGefNyD;olwdkYonf olwdkYaoqHk;csdefESifh jyef&Sifíxjcif;umv ESpfckMum;b,fae&moGm;MuaMumif;þpum;pkonf ½IyfaxG;oGm;aponf/ þusrf;ydk'fonf ocsÐKif;xJolwkdY&Sdae &pfrnf [kqdkvdkonhfoabmjzpfonf (róJ 27;52-53)/ odkYaomf 2aum 5;6? 8 ürlolwdkYonfocifbk&m;ESifh twl&SdaeMu onf[kqdkvdkonf/ cEmudk,frhJtajctaeoabmw&m;wpfckonf jyóemudkajz&Sif;EdkifyHk&ygonf/ ½kyfcEmrSm ocsÐKif;üqufvufaeoGm;um touf0dnmOfrSmrlocifbk&m;ESifhtwl&Sdonf/ þae&mütajzray;aom ar;cGef;rsm;pGm &Sdonf/ þtaMumif;t&mudkor®musrf;pmonf&Sif;vif;pGmoGefoifrxm;acs/ William

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273

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Marshall wnf;jzwfaomrdrd\ New Testament Interpretation pmtkyfwGifyg0ifaom Approaches to New

Testament Exegesis aqmif;yg;ü aumif;pGm azmfjyxm;onfrSm – ]]þta&;tom;\Zmwfobift&nftaoG;udktrSwfjyKí bmoma&;or®mw&m;udkazmfjy&efbmompum; toHk;jyKyHkudkowdr&ygu þAsm'dwfusrf;udk em;vnfoabmaygufyHküjyif;xefpGmrSm;,Gif;oGm;MuNyD;vQif ¤if;\ ½lyg½Hkrsm;udkpmvmtwdkif;jzpfaom pum;ajypmtkyfwpfrsdK;jzpfoa,mifrsdK;ESifh vufjzifhxdudkifí& aomtjzpf tysufrsm; ESifh aeYpGJwyfí&aomordkif;aMumif;wpfckudka&;om;azmfjyjcif;rsdK;jzpfav[efrsdK;jzifh teufzGifh&efvTJrSm; pGmBudK;pm;tm; xkwfMuayrnf/ 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;tm;xkwfrIonf teufzGifhjcif;qkdif&m jyóemaygif;pHk xJajy;0ifjcif;jzpfonf/ ydkíqdk;onfrSm xkdodkYtm;xkwfjcif;onf Asm'dwfusrf;\toufwrQt a&;BuD;aom t"dyÜg,fudkyHkyef;ysuf,Gif;oGm;apum? c&pfawmftxJbk&m;ocif\tcsKyftcsmtmPmtpGrf;wefcdk;ESifh cspfjcif; arwåmudkaygif;pyfaomudk,fawmf\pdk;pHrIudk'@m&DuAsmqefaombmompum;jzifh pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f&mtwnfjyKjcif; jzpfonfh "r®opfusrf;þtydkif;\BuD;rm;vS aomwefbdk;udk vufvGwfqHk;½HI;oGm;ayrnf/ (5;5? 6/ jcaoFhonf odk;oli,fawmfjzpf\)}} (P. 235)/

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W.Rahdolph onfrdrd\pmtkyf Bibllical InterpretationüajymonfrSm- ]]þpmay\yHkpHrsm;? zGJUpnf;yHkESifh &nf&G,fcsufwdkYudkem;vnfrIvTJrSm;cJhjcif;aMumifh teufjyefrIrSm;,Gif;jcif; tEÅ&m,fudkordkif;wavQmufcHpm;vmcJhMuonf/ xdkusrf;udk,fwdkifonf rMumrDjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;udk zGifhjyjcif;jzpf onf[kqdkjcif;aMumifh tem*wf\vrf;jyajryHkESifh tao;pdwftpDtpütjzpf½IjrifvmcJhMuonf/ þ½IjrifyHk\ 0rf;enf; p&mtjypftemrSm usrf;\&nfñTef;&mabmiftwdkif;twmudkusrf;jyKol\acwfumvxuf pmzwfol\ acwfumv tjzpfrSwf,ljcif;yifjzpfonf/ þvTJrSm;aomcsOf;uyfrIonftem*wfqkdif&musrf;udk (txl;ojzifh Asm'dwfusrf;) ¤if;\trSwftom;rsm;taMumif;teufzGifh&efvuf&Sd tjzpftysufrsm;udktoHk;jyKEdkifaom pum;0Suf usrf;wpfrsdK;jzpfoGm;aponf/ teufzGifhq&mtaejzifh yxrOD;pGmtodtrSwfjyK&efrSmtem*wfqdkif&musrf;onf ¤if;\owif; pum;udk trSwftom;tm;jzifh ajymjyonf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ trSwftom;onf Oyrmtjzpf wifpm;jcif;jzpfaeonfhtcg? xdktrSwf tom;udkvHk;aphywfaph yuwdtwdkif;teufjyefjcif;onf½dk;pif; pGmyifrSm; ,Gif;aom teufjyefrIjzpfoGm;onf/ tem*wdåusrf;xJ&Sd tjzpftysufrsm;rSmordkif;0if (wu,fhtjzpftysuf) [kwfr[kwfonftaMumif;r[kwfacs/ tjzpf tysufrsm;ordkif;0ifjzpfEdkifonf/ jzpfysufcJhaumif;jzpfysufcJhEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwfjzpfvmEdkifonf/ odkYaomfusrf;jyK olonftjzpftysufrsm;udkwifjyí¤if;wdkY\ t"dyÜg,fudkyHk&dyfrsm;ESifh tajccHusaomyHkpHrsm;jzifhajymjyonf}} (P. 137)/ Ryken, Wilhost and Long man III wdkYwnf;jzwfaom Dictionary of Biblical Imagery pmtkyfüawGU&onfrSm- ]]þpma&;[efonf,aeYpmzwfoltrsm;pkwkdYudkacgif;½Iyfapí pdwfysufoGm;aponf/ rarQmfvifhrdaom o½kyfazmf rIESifh þavmujyifytawGUtBuHKrsm;onfudk;,dk;um;,m;EdkifNyD;? or®musrf;pmtrsm;pkESifh vdkufzufrnDjzpfaeyHk& onf/ þpmudkrsufarSmufumvtjzpf,lonfhtcg pmzwfoltrsm;pkwdkYudk}} ... onfhtcgbmjzpfvmrnfenf;}} [ktm;wufoa&mqHk;jzwfcsufcsapum? tem*wfumvqdkif&musrf;pum;\ &nf&G,fcsufudkvufvGwf oGm;aponf}} (P. 35)/ yÍörajrmufwif;rmrI (bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmf-wzuf- vuf&SdESifh tem*wf) bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfrSmypöyÜKefjzpfaomfvnf; tem*wfü&Sdao;onf/ "r®oabma&;&mü qefYusifae [ef&Sdaomfvnf; oabmnDñTwfrI&Sdaom þtcsufonf uyfumvtqHk;qdkif&mt"dutcsuftjzpfpl; pdkufrIjzpf vmonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;\ya&mzufjyKcsufrsm; tm;vHk;\yuwdNyD;jynfhpHkrIudktpöa&;tjzpfarQmfvifhrnf qdkvQif? EdkifiHawmf[lonf yx0Dqkdif&mwnfae&mwpfckü tpöa&;udke½dkrlvtwdkif;jyefjzpfapjcif;ESifh "r®oabmt &tcsdef rusrDay:xGef;jcif;(pre-eminent) jzpfoGm;onf/ xdkodkYjzpf&efrSmtoif;awmfonf tcef;BuD; 5 üvQdKU0SufpGm csDaqmifcH&jcif;NyD;? useftcef;rsm;onf tpöa&;ESifh oufqkdif&efvkdtyfayrnf/ (odkYaomfAsm'dwf 22;16 udkrSwfom;yg)/ odkYaomfpl;pdkufcsufrSm"r®a[mif;usrf;üuwdjyKaom? ar&Sd,tpjyKaom EdkifiHawmfjzpfaeygu¤if;onf c&pf awmf\yxrtBudrf<uvmjcif;ESifh twl&Sdaeum? pl;pdkufonfht&mrSmc&pfawmf\vl0ifpm;jcif;? touf&Sifjcif;? tao cHjcif;ESifh &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;jzpfvmayrnf/ "r®oabmqdkif&m tav;teufjyKonfht&mrSm ypöKyÜKefu,f wifjcif;jzpfaeayrnf/ EdkifiHawmfay:xGef;cJhayNyD? "r®a[mif;usrf;\ jynfhpHkrIrSm tESpfwpfaxmifpdk;pHrIr [kwfawmhbJ? vltm;vHk; twGufu,fwifjcif;udkc&pfawmfay;prf;jcif;yifjzpfaeayrnf/ or®musrf;pmonf c&pfawmf\<uvmjcif;ESpfckpvHk;ajymonfrSmaocsmrSefuefonf/ odkYaomft"dutav; teufjyKonfht&mudkb,frSmxm;rnfenf;/ uREfkyftaejzifhrI"r®a[mif;usrf;\ya&mzufjyKcsuftrsm;pkwdkYonf yxr<uvmjcif;? ar&Sd,\EdkifiHawmfwnfaxmifjcif; ('H 2)udk pl;pdkufonf[kxifygonf/ "r®a[mif;\pl;pdkufrIrSm bk&m; ocif\xm0&pdk;pHrIjzpfaomfvnf;xdkpdk;pHrIudkay:vGif (mainfestation)aponfh ,EÅ&m;rSmar&Sd, aqmif&GufaomtrIawmfjzpfonf (1aum 15;26-27)/ ar;p&mrSmb,f[mrSefuefoenf;r[kwfacs/ ESpfckpvHk;rSef uefonf/ odkYaomf b,f[mudktav;teufjyKvJ/ ajym&rnfht&mwpfck&SdonfrSm tcsdKUteufzGifhq&mwdkYonf ar&Sd,\tESpfwpfaxmifpdk;pHrIudkpl;pdkufvGef;Muojzifh (Asm'dwf 20)? crnf;awmf\xm0&pdk;pHrIudk

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or®musrf;enf;uspl;pdkufrIrjyKvdkuf &Muacs/ c&pfawmf\pdk;pHrIrSm rlvtajccHtjzpftysufjzpfonf/ c&pfawmf \<uvmjcif;ESpfckpvHk; "r®a[mif;usrf;ü roJuGJray:vGifojzifh ESpfckpvHk;ar&Sd,\acwå,m,Dpdk;pHrIr[kwfacs/ a,½I\a[majymrIESifh oGefoifrI\t"duaomhcsufrSm bk&m;ocif\ EdkifiHawmfjzpfonf/ ¤if;onfypöyÜKef (u,fwifjcif;ESifh trIawmfaqmif&Guf&mü) ESifhtem*wf (ysHUESHUpdrfh0ifrIESifh wefck;yg0gü) jzpfonf/ Asm'dwfusrf;onf ar&Sd,\tESpfwpfaxmifpdk;pHjcif;udk pl;pdkufcJhygrl (Asm 20) ¤if;onftpysdK;jcif;jzpfum tqHk;pGef;r[kwfacs/ (Asm 21-22) trSefrSm 'Ha,v 7 - &Sdar&Sd,\pdk;pHrIrSm tESpfwpfaxmifr[kwfbJJ? xm0&jzpfonf/ q|rwif;rmrI (tcsdefusa&mufcgeD;-wzuf-MuefffYMumOD;rnfjzpfaom c&pfawmf\<uvmjcif; Parousia) ,HkMunfoltrsm;pkwdkYonf ½kwfw&uf? rarQmfvifhbJa,½I<uvm&eftcsdefeD;uyfaeNyDjzpfonf[koGef oifjcif; cHMuonf (róJ 10;23/ 24;27? 34? 44/ rmuk 9;1/ 13;30/ Asm 1;1?3/ 2;16/ 3;11/ 22;7? 10? 12? 20)/ odkYaomf arQmfwvifhvifhjzpfol,HkMunfaomrsdK;qufwkdif;onf ,cktxdrSm;,Gif;oGm;cJhMuonf/(w&m;a[m 18;15 ESifh róJtcef;BuD; 2 Mum;umvonfvnf; ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifcefYyif&SdaMumif;owdjyKoifhonf- bm omjyefol) a,½I\ jyefvnf<uvmjcif;eD;uyfrI(csufjcif;jzpfrI) onfrsdK;qufwdkif;twGufuwdjyKxm; onfhwef cdk;BuD;aomajr§mfvifhjcif;jzpfcJhonfrSefaomfvnf;? vlwpfcsdK;(ñ§Of;yrf;ESdyfpufcHolwdkY) twGufomppfrSefonf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonfaemufwpfaeYüudk,fawmf<uvmawmhrnfhtvm;touf&Sifae&efjzpfaomfvnf; olonfaESmifhaES; MuefYMumaeOD;rnfhtvm;pDpOfum? r[mapcdkif;jcif;udkNyD;ajrmufapMu&efjzpfonf (róJ 28;19-20)/ c&pf0ifusrf;rsm;&SdtcsdKUusrf;ydk'frsm; (rmuk 13;10/ vkum 17;2/ 18;8) ESifh 1 ESifh 2 oufomavm edwkdYudk 'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmjcif; (Parousia)aESmifhaES;MuefYMumrItwGuftajcjyKMuonf/ yxrqHk;jzpf ysuf&rnfh ordkif; 0iftjzpftysuftcsdKU&Sdygonf/

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283

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txl;taMumif;t&m/ / u,fwifjcif;twGufoHk;aom *&dumvjyBud,mrsm;/ 1ouf5;9 u,fwifjcif;[lonfxkwfvkyfvdkufaomt&mr[kwfbJqufqHa&;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ u,fwif jcif;rSmvlwpf a,mufc&pfawmfudkrdrd\udk;pm;&mjyKvdkufonfESifhNyD;oGm;onfr[kwfacs/4if;rSmtpjyK vdkufjcif;rQomjzpfonf/ 4if;rSmrD;tmrcHoabmrsdK; (odkY) aumif;uifbHkrSmaexdkif&efvufrSwfrQom r[kwfbJ/c&pfawmfESifhwljcif;üBuD; xGm;aomtouf&Sifjcif;yHkpHjzpfonf/tar&duefütqdkwpf&yf&Sd&m ZeD;armifESHwkdYtdrfaxmifouf&vmonfESifhtrQ ½kyfcsif;ydkíqifwlvm Muonf[líjzpf\/ 4if;rSmu,f wifjcif;\yef;wkdifwnf;/ NyD;pD;cJhNyD;aomvkyfaqmifrI wpfckjzpfonfhu,fwifjcif; (AORIST)/ - wrefawmf 15;11 - a&mr 8;24 - 2wdarmao 1;9 - wdwk 3;5 - a&mr 13;11 (ESifhtem*wfudkOD;wnfcsufxm;onf)jzpfwnfaeaomtajctaewpf&yfjzpfonfhu,fwifjcif;/ (PERFECT) - {zuf 2;5?8 qufvufaeaomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckjzpfonfhu,fwifjcif;(ypöKyÜef) - 1aum&dEÅK 1;18/ 15;2 - 2aum&dEÅK 2;15 - 1ayw½k 3;21

284

tem*wfüNyD;jynfhpHkrnfhu,fwifjcif; (Bud,mjyyk'ftm;jzifh odkYr[kwf usrf;pum;tquftpyfoabm tm;jzifhtem*wf) - a&mr 5;9?10/ 10;9?13/ 1aum&dEÅK 3;15/ 5;5/ zdvdyÜd 1;28/ 1oufomavmed 5;8-9/ a[NAJ 1;14/ 9;28/ 1ayw½k 1;5?9/ xkdYaMumifhu,fwifjcif;onf,HkMunfjcif;jzifh qHk;jzwfjcif; wpfckESifh tpjyKonfrSefaomfvnf; (a,m 1;12/ 3;16/ a&mr 10;9-13)/,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifhtouf&SifaomyHkpHvrf;pOfwpfckjzpfay:ap&rnfjzpf (a&mr 8;29/ *v 3;19/{zuf 1;4/ 2;10)um? wpfaeYaomtcgusvQifrsufjrifNyD;jynfhpHkvmvdrfhrnf/ (1a,m 3;2)/ þaemuf qHk;tqifhudkbkef;BuD;apjcif;? csD;ajr§mufjcif;[kac:onf/ 4if;udkatmufygtwdkif;&Sif;jyEkdifonf/ 1/ tpjyKbkef;BuD;apjcif;?csD;ajr§mufjcif;-ajzmifhrwfjcif;(tjypf\'PfrSu,fwifjcif;) 2/ wdk;wufaeaomu,fwifjcif;-oefU½Sif;jcif;(tjypf\wefcdk;rSu,fwifjcif;) 3/ aemufqHk;u,fwifjcif;-bkefMuD;apjcif;(tjypf½Sd&mt&yfrSu,fwifjcif;)

5;10 ]]igwdkYtwGuftaocHol}} ¤if;onf igwdkYudk,fpm;,ZfaumiftjzpftaocHjcif;udkazmfjyonf (a[&Sm, 53/ rmuk 10;45/ 2aum 5;21)/

���� ]]igwkdYonf EId;aeonfjzpfap? tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap}} teufjyefjcif;ESpfrsdK;a&G;cs,fp&m&Sdonf/ (1) toif;awmfESifh qdkifNyD;aovGefcJhNyD;aom¤if;\toif;om;rsm;odkYr[kwf (2) Edk;Mum;jcif;r&Sdolrsm;ESihf rdrdudk,frdrd rxdef;aom,HkMunfrIrsm;twGufa,½ItaocHjcif;/

���� ]]igwdkYonf ocifbk&m;ESifh twltouf&SifMuvdrhfrnf}}aumif;uifbHkrSm ae&mwpfcktppftrSefjzpfaomf vnf; (a,m[ef 14;2-3) rlvtm;jzifh ¤if;rSma,½IESifh twl&Sdjcif;jzpfonf (a,m 14;3/ 2aum 5;6?8)/ aumif; uifbHkrSm u,fwifjcif;enf;wlyk*¾dKvfcsif;qufpyfrI awmfpyfrIjzpfonf/ 5;11 ]]tcsif;csif;tm;ay;}} ¤if;rSmPRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE jzpfonf/ ]]tm;ay;}} pum;vHk;- encourage rSm paraclētospum;vHk;rSvmonf (a,m 14;16? 26/ 15;26/ 16;17/ 1a,m 2;1)/ csDaqmifjcif;taMumif;aygvk\ aqG;aEG;rIonf (4;13-18) udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh trIawmftwGufowday;qHk;rrIESifh tqHk;owfonf (1aum 15;58/ {zuf 4;13)/ Mo0g' - doctrine onfbk&m;w&m;ESifh nDaomt ouf&Sif&efcGeftm;jzpf&ygrnf (vkum 12;48)/

���� ]]tcsif;csif;wnfaqmuf}} ¤if;rSmvnf; PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE aemufwpfckjzpfonf/ c&pfawmf jyefvnf<uvmjcif;ESifh aumif;uifbHkudkarQmfvifhjcif;onf tcsif;csif;tapcHvdkpdwfjzpfay:ap&rSmjzpfNyD;? aemufqHk; aomumvtjzpftysufrsm;qdkif&mvlom;\enf;pHepfrsm;twGuf,SOfNydKifwdkufcdkuf&efr[kwfacs/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / wnfaqmufjcif;^ckdifcHapjcif;? þpum;vkH; oikodome ESifh ¤if;\ tjcm;ykHpHrsm;udk aygvkrMumcPokH;avh&Sdonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tdrfw vkH;aqmufvkyfonf}} [lí jzpf\/ (róJ7;24) odkYaomf ¤if; a0g[m&udk atmufygwdkYtm;wifpm;azmfjyjcif; tjzpfokH;vmonf/ 1/ c&pfawmf\ udk,fcEmjzpfaom toif;awmf/ 1aum 3;9/ {zuf 2;21/ 4;16 2/ atmufygwdkYudk wnfaqmuf&ef (u) tm;enf;aom nDtpfudkrsm;/ a&mr 15;1 (c) tdrfeD;csif;rsm;/ a&mr 15;2 (*) tcsif;csif;/ {zuf 4;29/ 1ouf 5;11 (C) trIawmftwGuf oefY&Sif;olrsm;/ {zuf 4;11

285

3/ uRefawmfwdkYonf atmufygwdkYtm;jzifh wnfaqmufrIjyKMuonf/ (u) cspfjcif;arwÅm/ 1aum 8;1/ {zuf 4;16 (c) rdrdwpfOD;csif;\ vGwfvyfrIudk uefYowfí/ 1aum 10;23-24

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom)bmomjyefusrf;/ / 5;12-22 12odkYaomfoifwdkYudkigwdkY arwåm&yfcHvdkonfrSm nDtpfudkwdkYoifwdkYtxJtvkyfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom ocifbk&m; txJoifwdkYudktkyfcsKyfí oGefoifolwdkYudkwefbdk;xm;Muavmh/ 13olwdkY\tvkyfaMumifh arwåmtm;jzifhBuD;pGm wefbdk;xm;Muavmh/ tcsif;csif;Nidrf;csrf;pGmaexdkifMuavmh/ 14nDtpfudkwkdYoifwdkYudkigwdkY awmif;qdkonfrSm tkyfxdef;í r&aomolrsm;udk owday;qHk;rMuavmh/ pdwftm;i,folwdkYudk tm;ay;Muavmh/ tm;enf;ol udknDMuavmh/ vlwdkif;udkonf;cHavmh/ 15qdk;oGrf;rIudkqdk;oGrf;rIjzifhrnfolrQrwHkYjyefMubJ? tcsif;csif;ESifh vltm;vHk; twGuf aumif;aom t&mudkomtNrJ&SmMuavmh/ 16tpOf0rf;ajrmufMuavmh/ 17r&yfwHhbJ? qkawmif;Muavmh/ 18t&m&müaus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;Muavmh/ taMumif;rSm¤if;onf c&pfawmf a,½ItxJ oifwdkYtwGuf bk&m;ocif\ tvdkawmfjzpf\/ 190dnmOfawmfudk rNidrf;apMuESifh/ 20ya&mzufjyK ajymqdkrIrsm;udk txifrao;MuESifh/ 21odkYaomft&mcyfodrf;*½kwpdkufppfaq;Muavmh/ aumif;aomt&m udkpGJudkifMuavmh/ 22qdk;oGrf;rIrSef orQa&SmifMuOfMuavmh/

5;12 ]]nDtpfudkwdkY}} aygvkonf ¤if;udktaMumif;t&mopfwpfckodkYajymif;vJaMumif;jy&efoHk;avh&Sdonf (4;13/ 5;1)/ odkYaomftNrJwrf;r[kwfacs (5;14 ESifh 25? 26)/ þae&müaygvkajymonfrSm toif;awmfwpfckvHk;jzpf aMumif;jyonf/ ���� NASB ]]wefbdk;xm;}} NKJV ]]todtrSwfjyK}} NRSV ]]½dkaoav;pm;}} TEV ]]oifhawmfaom½kdaoav;pm;rIay;}} NJB ]]axmufxm;wwf}}

¤if;rSm PERFECT INFINITIVE jzpfNyD;vHk;aphywfaphtm;jzifh ]]odonf}} [líjzpfNyD; ]]to appreciate}} -]]ESpfoufav;pm;onf? wefbdk;udktodtrSwfjyKonf? wefbdk;udkodonf}} [laomt"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\ac:zdwfaom acgif;aqmifrIudk qDavsmfpGmESifh ½dkaoav;pm;pGm wHkHYjyefrIjyKMu& ygrnf (1aum 16;18/ zdvdyÜd 2;29/ 1wd 5;17)/

���� NASB ]]oifwkdYtxJtvkyfBudK;pm;tm;xkwf }} NKJV, NRSV ]]oifwkdYtxJBudK;pm;vkyfolrsm;}} TEV ]]oifwdkYtxJtvkyfvkyfolrsm;}} NJB ]]oifwkYdtxJtvkyfvkyfaeaomolrsm;}}

286

]]tvkyfBudK;pm;}}- labor \t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tm;oGefcGefpdkufBudK;yrf;onf}} –[líjzpf\ (1aum 16;16)/ þu@wpfckvHk;onftoif;awmftwGif;¤if;\acgif;aqmif (rsm;) ay:pdwfaeoabmxm;qdkif&mjyóemudk &nfñTef;jcif;ESifhwlonf/

1/ ]]oifwdkYtxJtvkyfBudK;pm;tm;xkwfol}} (PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE) 2/ ]]oifwkdYudktkyfcsKyfol}} (PERSENT MIDDLE PARTICIPlE) 3/ ]]oifwkdYudkoGefoifol}} (PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE)/ *&dusrf;ü&Sif;vif;csufay;aomþ

pum;pkoHk;rsdK;vHk;twGuf ARTICLE (the) wpfvHk;&Sdonf/ þ PARTICIPLE oHk;ckpvHk;onf acgif;aqmifudk ñTef;onf/

���� ]]ocifbk&m;txJoifwdkYudktkyfcsKyf}} ¤if;\vHk;aphywfaphrSm ]]a&SUüxm;onf}} [líjzpf\/ olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY jyKaomftrIawmftaMumif;bk&m;ocifxHwifjytpD&ifcHMuayrnf (1aum 3;10-17/ a[NAJ 13;17)/

����]]oifwdkYudkoGefoifol}} ¤if;\vHk;aphywfaphrSm put sense into jzpfonf/ þpum;pkudk ]]tkyfxdef;ír&aom olrsm;udkowday;qHk;r}} [líbmomjyefavh&Sdonf/ 5;12-22 ]]zsufqD;jcif;cH&rnfh? EIwfcrf;0ay:a&mufaeaom? usqif;onfhurÇmüoifhavsmfpGm touf&Sif &ef,HkMunfol rsm;udkawmif;qdkaom PRESENT IMPERATIVE wpfq,fhig;ckyif&Sdonf/ igwdkY\bk&m;w&m;ESifh nDaomtouf&SifrIonfaysmufqHk;olrsm;udkc&pfawmfxHodkY ñTefjyae&ayrnf/ 5;13 NASB, NKJV ]]arwåmtm;jzifhBuD;pGmwefbdk;xm;}} NRSV TEV ]]½dkaopGmESifh cspfMunfpGmqufqH}} NJB ]]olwdkYudk tBuD;qHk;½dkaoíarwåmxm;onf}} Bud,mrSm PRESENT INFINITIVE jzpfíqufvufaeaomtjyKtrludk tav;teufjyKonf/ Bud,m0daooe rSmoHk;vHk;pyfjzpfíaygvkoHk;BudrfoHk;onf ({zuf 3;20/ 1ouf 3;10)/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\acgif;aqmifwdkYudk ½dkaoav;pm;&rnf (1aum 16;18/ zdvdyÜd 2;29/ 1wd 5;17)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / Huperaygif;pyfpum; vHk;wdkYudkaygvkoHk;EIef;yHk *vm 1;13ü - ½I&ef/

���� ]]olwdkYtvkyfaMumifh}} acgif;aqmifrIrSmbk&m;ocifay;aomvufawmfjzpfonf ({zuf 4;11-13)/ bk&m;ocif onfwm0efwpfcktyfESif;onfhtcg? xdkwm0efudk*kPfjyKonf/ xdkwm0ef&&Sdolvlyk*¾dKvfESifh rqdkifacs/ ti,f 13 ü ]]tvkyf}} [kbmomjyefaompum;vHk;rSm ti,f 12 upum;vHk;ESifh rwlacs/ tvkyfBudK;pm;aomþ acgif;aqmiftkyfpk rsm;onf tvkyfvkyf&efjiif;qefolrsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;apjcif;jzpfEdkifonf (i,f 14 ESifh 2ouf 3;6-11)/

���� ]]tcsif;csif;Nidrf;csrf;pGmaeMu}} ¤if;rSmPRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE jzpfNyD; ,HkMunfolrsm;twGuf quf vufynwfay;jcif;ESifh "r®opfusrf;üygaeusawmif;qdkrIjzpfonf (rmuk 9;50/ a&mr12;18/ 2aum 13;11)/ ¤if;onftoif;awmfrsm;txJüawGUaeusjyóemwpfckudkay:vGifaponf/ c&pf,mefonf uGJjym;jcm;em; aom aemufcHt oD;oD;rS trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;rsm;udkvufcHonf (a&mr 14;1-15;13/ 1aum 8;1-13/ 10;23-33)/

287

5;14 ]]nDtpfudkwdkY}} þti,fonfrlvtm;jzifh acgif;aqmifawGudk&nfñGef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf (i,f 27)/ odkYaomf azmfjyonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;onf ,HkMunfoltm;vHk;twGufjzpfonf/ xdktwdkif; 1wdarmao 3 üvnf;jzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;c&pf,mefonf ]]bkef;BuD;}} ESifh ]]toif;om;}} tMum;uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;rsdK;r&Sdapacs/ igwdkYtm;vHk;onf bk&m;ocif\ac:jcif;cH&olrsm;? 0dnmOfawmfqkaus;Zl;&&Sdolrsm;? a,½I\ trIawmfaqmifcsif; rsm;jzpfMuonf ({zuf 4;11-13)/ 0dnmOfawmfqkaus;Zl;&&Sdolrsm;jzpfaom? bk&m;ocif\þrdom;pkxJrSmyif acgif;aqmifrsm;udk bk&m;ocifa&G;;cs,fonf/

���� NASB ]]tkyfxdef;ír&aomolrsm;udk owday;qHk;r}} NKJV ]]tkyfxdef;ír&aomolrsm;udk owday;}} NRSV ]]ysif;&dolrsm;udkowday;qHk;r}} TEV ]]ysif;&dolrsm;udk owday;;}} NJB ]]ysif;&dolrsm;udk owday;}}

¤if;ü PRESENT IMPERATIVES tcsdKUyg&SdNyD; qufvufjyKaeonf (0g) tusifhjzpfaejcif;udkqdkvdkonf/ ti,f 12-22 twGif;þyHkpHapcdkif;rIaygif;wqJhig;ck&Sdonf/ þwpfckürlt"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK;teufwpfckckjzpfEdkifonf/ (1) ppfwyfoHk;pum;vHk;jzpfNyD;? trdefYtwdkif;r[kwfaomtrltusihfodkYr[kwf(2) trsm;oHk;*&dpum;vHk;jzpfNyD; tD*spfjynfü awGU&aomaypm&Gufrsm;ü ]]ysif;&dolrsm;}} twGufoHk;onf/ þMo0g'pm\a&SUaemufpmtquf tpyfoabmt&aemuf qHk;t"dyÜg,fyGm;rSm ydkrdkoifhavsmfonf (2ouf 3;7-16)/

���� NASB, NRSV ]]pdwftm;i,folwdkYudktm;ay;}} NKJV ]]pdwftm;i,folwdkYudkESpfodrfh}} TEV ]]&Sufwwfoludktm;ay;}} NJB ]]pdk;&drfpdwfvGefwwfolawGudktm;ay;}}

PRESENT MIDDLE (deponent) IMPERATIVES wpfckjzpfNyD; ]]pdwfaeoabmxm;ao;wdrfol}} –little

minded jzpfonf/ KJV ü ]]pdwftm;aysmhol}} - feeble minded [kyg&Sdaomfvnf; trSefrSm ]]pdwftm;i,fol}} –fainhearted (0g) ]],HkMunf tm;enf;ol}}- little faithed t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf (a&mr 14;1-15; 13/ 1aum 8/ 10; 23-33/ ¤if;onf*&dbm omjyef"r®a[mif;usrf;\ a[&Sm, 35;4 udkñTef;qdkjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

����]]tm;enf;oludkulnD}} þ PRESENT MIDDLE IMPERATIVES udk udk,fcEm (0g) pdwftm;i,fjcif; t"dyÜg,f jzifhoHk;onf/ ¤if;onfa&mr 14;1-15;13 (1aum 8;7/ 9;22) wkdYüazmfjyaomc&pf,mefyHkpHrsdK; udkajymjcif;jzpfEdkif onf/ odkYr[kwfudk,fcEmqdkif&mjyóem udk&nfñTef;jcif;vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/

����]]vlwdkif;udkonf;cHMuavmh}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVES jzpfonf/ pdwfrwdkbJ? qufvufí pdwf&Snf&efrSm ynwfcsufwpfckjzpfon (1aum 13;4/ {zuf4;2)/ acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vlxkESpfbufpvHk;udkajym onf/ ¤if;onfueOD;toif;awmf\jyóemrsm;udkvnf;wcsufvSpf[vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ ]]onf;cH}} patience udkbmomjyef&m *&da0g[m&ESpfvHk;&Sdonf/ (1) makrothomia (2)hupomonē jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYESpfckpvHk;yg0ifaomusrf;ydk'frsm;rSm 2aum 6;6/ *vm 5;22/ aum 1;11/ 2wd 3;10 wkdYjzpfonf/ þusrf;ydk'fü yxrpum;vHk;udkoHk;onf/ ¤if;onf bk&m;ocif\p½dkufvu©Pmukd&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ (LXX

288

\a[&Sm, 57;15/ a&mr 2;4/ 9;22/ 1ay 3;20/ 2ay 3;9)/ ,HkMunfolwdkYrSmolwdkYzcif\p½dkufvu©Pm (oP²mefawmf)ESifh wl &efomí BudK;pm;Mu&efjzpfonf/

(1) wpfpHkwpfckESifh qdkifíonf;cH (patience)jcif;twGufvnf;oHk;onf/ a[NAJ 6;12/ ,mukyf5;7?8 odkYr[kwf (2)wpfpHkwpfa,mufudkonf;cHjcif;/ róJ 18;26? 29/ 1aum 13;1/ 1ouf 5;14/ ,mukyf 5;10/ ¤if;rSm 0dnmOf oabmü&ifhusufjcif;ESifh c&pfawmfESifh wlaomtouf&Sifjcif;\taxmuftxm;jzpfonf/

5;15 ]]qdk;oGrf;rIudkqdk;oGrf;rIjzifh rnfolYudkrQrwHkYjyef}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVES aemuf wpfckjzpfonf (róJ 5;44/ a&mr 12;17-21/ 1ay 3;9)/ ,HkMunfolwdkYjyKaomwHkYjyefrIonf r,HkMunfolwdkYESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;&ayrnf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonf a'gojzifh rjyKbJ? arwåmjzifhjyKrI&ayrnf/ cufcJrIrsm;ESifh tqifrajyaom tajctaewdkYrSmxda&mufrIt&SdqHk;oufaocH&eftcGifhaumif;rsm;jzpfavh&Sdonf/

���� NASB ]]aumif;aomt&mudk tNrJ&SmMu}} NKJV ]]aumif;aomt&maemuftNrJvdkuf}} NRSV ]]aumif;aomt&mvkyf&eftNrJ&SmBuH}} TEV ]]tcsdefwdkif;wGif;rdrd&nf&G,fcsufrSmaumif;aomt&mvkyf&ef}} NJB ]]oifwdkYonftaumif;qHk;udkomvQiftm;vHk;pOf;pm;&ygrnf}} þ PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVES udk vHk;aphywfaphtm;jzifh ]]aumif;aomt&mudkqufvufvdkufpm;}} [kbm omjyefavh&Sdonf (i,f 21/ a&mr 12;9)/ þae&mü ]]aumif;aom}} - good rSm agathos jzpfNyD;? udk,fusifhw&m; qdkif&mt&nftaoG;udktav;teufjyKavh&Sdonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;ESifh wpfqufwnf;pum;pkjzpfonfh ]]tcsif;csif;ESifh vltm;vHk;ay:}} ESifh rnfodkYqufpyfyHkudkr&Sif;vif;ol&Sdayrnf/ ti,f 21 ü kalosa0g[m& (aumif;onf? odkYr[kwf vSyonf)udkoHk;ygonf/ *&dtrsm;oHk;pum;Koine Greek üþpum;vHk;ESpfcktMum; t"dyÜg,fcsif;xyfaerIBuD;BuD;rm; rm;&Sdonf/ uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdonf[kqdkvdkoavm/ a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfo abmESpfckpvHk;t& ]]qdk;oGrf;rI}} – evil udk&nfñGef;onf (i,f 15/22)/ ti,f 15 onf,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh r,HkMunfol (vltm;vHk;)ay:c&pf,mefwdkY\tjyK trIudk&nfñGef;aomfvnf; ti,f 21 urlc&pf,mefacgif; aqmifrsm; (0g) c&pf,mef0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm;taMumif; qef;ppfcGJjzmjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSmt"dyÜg,fwlpum;vHk; rsm;jzpfonf[kuRefawmfavmavmq,ftm;jzifh ,lqygonf/ aygvkacwftrsm;oHk;*&düo'goabmESifh a0g[m &rsm; pum;pkrsm;udk ½dk;pif;pGmoHk;EIef;jcif;acwfpm;onf/ William Barclay a&;om;onfh New Testament Words

Pp. 151-161 ü kalos pum;vHk;taMumif; aumif;pGm aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/ ���� ]]tcsif;csif;ESifh vltm;vHk;twGuf}} ¤if;rSm ti,f 14 ESifh 3;12 wdkYESifh tvGefwlonf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonf udk,fusdK;xufvlYtzGJUtpnf;\aumif;usdK;udkydkí Munfh&ygrnf (a&mr 12;10/ 1aum 12;7/ zdvdyÜd 2;1-5)/ ,HkMunfoltcsif;csif;qufqHyHkonf r,HkMunfolrsm;udkqufqHyHküvnf;ay:vGifae&ygrnf (*vm 6;10)/ 5;16 ]]tpOf0rf;ajrmufMuavmh}} þ PERSENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE rSmzdvdyÜdMo0g'pm\OD;wnfcsufjzpf onf/ (2;18/ 3;1/ 4;4? 10)/ ¤if;onfc&pfawmfESifh uRefawmfwdkY\qufpyfyHk? tjcm;c&pf,mefrsm;ESifh y#dnmOf w&m;qdkif&mqufpyfyHkwdkYudktajcjyKaom avmutjrifjzpfNyD; ¤if;onftajctaeudktajcrjyKacs (a&mr 8;31-39)/ 8;17 ]]r&yfwHhbJ? qkawmif;}} tjcm; PRESENT MIDDLE (deponent) IMPERATIVES wpfckjzpfNyD; qkawmif;aom touf&Sifjcif;yHkpH? tcsdefwdkif; tcsdefwdkif;bk&m;ocifESifh rdwfo[m,zGJUaomtouf&Sifjcif; yHkpHrsdK;udk ñTef;qdkjcif;jzpf&ayrnf (1;3/ 2;13)/ aygvkonfþyHkpHqkawmif;jcif;vkdtyfyHkudkcHpm;od&Sdum

289

xdkodkYjyKjcif;onf olYtrIawmfvkyfief;udktusdK;oufa&mufrI&Sdonf[k,HkMunfonf (ti,f 25/ {zuf 6;18-19/ 2ouf 3;1)/ 5;18 NASB, NKJV ]]t&m&müaus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;}} NRSV ]]tajctaecyfodrf;wdkYü aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;}} TEV ]]tajctaecyfodrf;wdkYü aus;Zl;wifwwf}} NJB ]]t&m&mtwGufbk&m;ocifudk aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym}}

¤if;rSm PERSENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE aemufwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkY\ aus;Zl;awmf csD;rGrf;jcif; (0g) 0rf;ajrmufjcif;onftajctaeESifh roufqkdif&acs (a&mr 8;26-30? 31-39/ {zuf 5;20)/ aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf; jcif;[lonf ]]t&m&maMumifh}} r[kwfbJ? ]]tajctaecyfodrf;txJü}}jzpfygonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif; 1ouf 1;2 ü-½I/ ���� ]]bk&m;ocif\tvdkawmf}} ¤if;\vHk;aphywfapht"dyÜg,frSm {zuf 5;17 rSmuJhodkY ]]bk&m;ocif\ tvkdawmfwpfck}} jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\tvkdawmfrSm usqif;cJhNyD;aomvlom;onf c&pfawmftxJ ,HkMunf&efjzpfonf (a,m[ef 6;29)/ ¤if;aemufübk&m;ocif\tvkdawmftrsm;tjym;&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYteufwpf ckrSm ñSOf;qJjcif;ESifh wdkufcdkufrIum vüyif0rf;ajrmufvsufaus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;&efjzpfonf/ 4;3 \txl;t aMumif;t&m üMunfhyg/ 5;19 NASB, NKJV ]]0dnmOfawmfudkrNidrf;apESifh}} NRSV TEV ]]oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudkrxdef;csKyfygESifh}} NJB ]]0dnmOfawmfudkzdESdyf&efrBudK;pm;ygESifh}}

ti,f 19-20 wdkYrSm PERSENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE rsm;jzpfNyD; NEGATIVE PARTICLE rsm;ESifh wGJ xm;onf/ qufvufaeaom tjyKtrIwpfck&yfwyfoGm;aponf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ Williams \bmomjyef usrf;ü ]]0dnmOfawmfudk rGef;Muyfapjcif;&yfwHhyg}} [líyg&Sdonf/ ti,f 19-22 &Sd IMPERATIVE ig;ckwdkYwpfo abmwnf; &Sdae&ygrnf/ ti,f 19 ESifh 20 &Sdyxrtysufoabmckdif;aprIESpfckwdkYonf ti,f 21-22 &SdtjyKoabmcdkif;aprIoHk; ckwdkYtwGufabmifcwfay;&ygrnf/ ]]Nidrf;ap}} qdkonfhrSm ]]rD;Nidrf;owfonf}} [k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY\tjyK trIrsm;onf 0dnmOfawmf\tvkyfay:tusdK;oufa&mufrI&Sdonf (a[&Sm, 63;10/ {zuf4;30)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / 0dnmOfawmfonfyk*¾dKvfjzpfaMumif;/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif ]]bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmf}}(Oyrm? ruach)rSm YHWH \&nf½G,fcsufudk taumif txnfazmfaqmifaom pGrf;tm;jzpfaomfvnf; yk*¾dKvfjzpfaMumif; azmfjyrIt&dyfta&mifr½Sdacs/ ("r®a[mif; wpfql bk&m;)rnfodkYjzpfap "r®opfusrf;ü[k 0dnmOfawmfrSm yk*¾dKvftjynfhtpHkESifhyk*¾dKvfjzpfaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/ 1/ olYudk uJh&JUjypfrSm;Edkifonf/ (róJ 12;31/ rmuk 3;29) 2/ oGefoifonf (vkum 12;12/ a,m 14;26) 3/ oufaocHonf (a,m 15;26) 4/ tjypfudkjyonf? vrf;jyonf (a,m 16;7-15) 5/ ]]ol}}[kac:onf (hos) ({zuf 1;14)/ 6/ pdwfemusnf;apEdkifonf ({zuf 4;30)

290

7/ Nidrf;apEkdifonf (1ouf 5;19) oHk;yg;wpfqlqdkif&m usrf;ydk'frsm;onfvnf; yk*¾dKvfoHk;yg;taMumif;ajymonf/ 1/ róJ 28;19 2/ 2aum 13;14 3/ 1ay 1;2 0dnmOfawmfukd vlom;enf;wlvkyfaqmifoltjzpf azmfjyonf/ 1/ wref 15;28 2/ a&mr 8;26 3/ 1aum 12;11 4/ {zuf 4;30/ wrefawmf0w¬KwGif ppcsif;0dnmOfawmf\u@udk tav;teufjyKonf/ yifawukawåonf 0dnmOf awmf\tpr[kwfbJ? ¤if;\u@opfwpf&yfjzpfonf/ a,½Iü 0dnmOfawmftNrJ½Sdonf/ ol\a&ESpfr*FvmcH,l jcif;onf 0dnmOfawmftvkyf\tpr[kwfbJ? ¤if;\u@opfwpfckjzpfonf/ vkumonf xda&mufonfh trIawmfvkyfief;u@opfwpf&yftwGuf toif;awmfudk jyifqifay;onf/ a,½Ionf t"dupl;pdkuf&mjzpfaeqJ jzpfonf/ 0dnmOfawmfonf xda&mufaomwefqmyvm(means-enf;vrf;)jzpfaeqJjzpfum? crnf;awmf\ arwåmawmf? tjypfvGwfawmfrljcif;ESifh vlom;tm;vHk;wdkYtm; rdrd\o@mefawmftwdkif; jyefvnfjzpfapvmap jcif;rSm ol\yef;wdkifawmfjzpfygownf;/

5;20 NASB ]]ya&mzufjyKajymqdkrIrsm;txifrao;ygESifh}} NKJV ]]ya&mzufjyKrIrsm;udk txifrao;ygESifh}} NRSV ]]ya&mzufrsm;ajymaompum;rsm;udk txifrao;ygESifh}} TEV ]]0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;aomowif;pum;wdkYudktxifrao;ygESifh}} NJB ]]ya&mzuf0dnmOfqkudk ½Iwfcsjcif;rjyKygESifh}}

"r®opfusrf;&Sd ]]ya&mzufjyKjcif;}} - prophecy \t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufütjiif;yGm;rIrsm;pGm&SdcJhygonf/

xdk0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rSm 1aum 12;28-29 ESifh {zuf 4;11 wdkYü&Sdygonf/ "r®a[mif;acwfusrf;pm a&;om;olya&mzufrsm;ESifh wrefawmfrsm;acwftqHk;ydkif;umv\ ]]ya&mzuf}} 0dnmOfqkwdkYrnfodkYqufpyfyHkrSm raocsmacs/ ynm&Sif trsm;pkwdkYurl 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif;? zGifhjyawmfrljcif;udk "r®opfusrf;um vüuefYowfvdkMuonf (,k' 3? 20)/

"r®opfusrf;ya&mzufwdkYonf "r®a[mif;usrf;ya&mzufwdkYESifh t"dyÜg,fwlpum;vHk;r[kwfaMumif;rSm aocsmonf/ "r®opfusrf;\ya&mzufqkaus;Zl;rSm vufawGUusifhoHk;rIjzpfí? topfzGifjhyaomowif;pum;r [kwfacs/ odkYaomf wrefawmf 11;27-30 ESifh 21;10 -11 wdkYüa&SUa&;BudKwifa[mMum;rIudpörsm;yg0ifonf/ aum&dEÅLyxrESifh 'kwd,Mo0g'pmwdkY&Sdya&mzufESifh ya&mzufjyKjcif; wdkYonf (1aum 13;1/ 14;1? 39) {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mjcif;udkqdk vdkonf/ þa[majymjcif;onfwrefawmfrsm;? ya&mzufrsm;? {0Ha*vdq&mrsm;? oif;tkyfrsm;ESifh q&mrsm;ürnfodkYuGJjym;jcm;em;aMumif;aocsmrod&acs/

ti,f 20 onf ti,f 19 ESifh wpfenf;wpfvrf;qufpyfonf/ ¤if;onf oufomavmedtoif;awmfESifh rnfodkYqufpyfaMumif;aocsmrod&acs/ ,kHMunfolwdkYonf rrSefaomacgif;aqmifwdkYudk tifwdkuftm;wdkufjiif; qef& rnfjzpfaomfvnf; bk&m;w&m;ESifh nDaom acgif;aqmifwdkYudkrlpdwftm;xufoefpGmvufcH&ygrnf/ 5;21 NASB ]]t&mcyfodrf;*½kwpdkufppfaq;}} NKJV ]]t&mtm;vHk;prf;oyf}} NRSV ]]t&mcyfodrf;prf;oyf}} TEV ]]t&mtm;vHk;prf;oyfcHap}}

291

NJB ]]wpHkw&mrvkyfrDpOf;pm;yg}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE wpfckjzpfNyD; vHk;aphywfapht"dyÜg,frSm ]]t&mtm;vHk;twnfjyKrI &,lyg}}[líjzpfonf/ a&SUaemuftquftpyfoabmt& ¤if;ñTef;qdkEdkifonfrSm (1) toif;awmfacgif;aqmifrsm; (2) 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;rsm; (3) 0dnmOfa&;w&m;pum;rsm; odkYr[kwf (4) Mo0g'rsm;? *&dpum;vHk; (dokimazō3;5 \ txl;taMumif;t&m ü-½I) \qdkvdk&if;rSm ]]twnfjyKcsuf&Edkif&ef prf;oyfjcif;}} jzpfonf (1aum 12;10/ 14;29/ 1a,m 4;1)/ vltcsdKUrSm 0dnmOfoabmqefae[efxif&aomfvnf; trSefrSmxdkodkr[kwfacs (róJ 7;21-23/ aumavmoJ 2;16-23)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / c&pf,mefrsm;tcsif;csif;w&m;pD&ifMu&OD;rnfavm/ þtaMumif;enf;vrf;ESpfrsKd;jzifh aqG;aEG;&ayrnf/ 1/ ,kHMunfolrsm;tcsif;csif;rpD&ifMu&ef tMuHay;qkH;ronf (róJ 7;1-5/ vkum 6;37? 42/ a&mr 2;1- 11/,mukyf 4;11-12)/ 2/ ,kHMunfolwdkYtm; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk wefbkd;jzwf&ef tMuHay;qkH;ronf/ (róJ 7;6? 15-16/ 1aum 14;29/ 1ouf 5;21/ 1wd 3;1-13ESifh 1a,m 4;1-6)/ aumif;rGefpGmwefbdk;jzwfEdkif&ef owfrSwfcsufpHEIef;tcsKdU&Sdonf/ 1/ wefbkd;jzwfjcif;onf twnfjyK&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzpf&ygrnf/ (1a,m 4;1 ]]prf;oyf}} ¤if;rSmtwnfjyK csuftwGuf jzpfonf/) 2/ wefbkd;jzwfjcif;udk ESdrfhcsrIESifh El;nhHodrfarGUaom pdwfjzifh jyK&rnf (*v 6;1) 3/ wefbkd;jzwfjcif;onf vlyk*¾dKvftm; rsufESmvdkufí rjyK&/ (a&mr 14;1-23/ 1aum 8;1-13/ 10;23- 33)/ 4/ wefbkd;jzwfjcif;onf toif;awmf (0g) todkif;t0dkif;twGif; ]]jypfwifa0zefjcif;rcH&ol}} acgif;aqmifrnf olawGjzpfaMumif; owfrSwfazmfjyvdrfhrnf/ (1wdarmao 3)/

���� ]]aumif;aomt&mudkpGJudkif}} ]]pGJNrJpGmudkifpGJ}} qdkonfrSm tjcm; PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE wpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmprf;oyfcJhNyD;aomt&mwdkYESifh oufqdkifyHk&onf/ ¤if;rSm *&dpum;vHk; kalos(aumif;^vSy) jzpfí ti,f 15 rSmuJhodkY agathosr[kwfacs/ 5;22 ]]qdk;aomt&mrSeforQa&Smif}} þpum;vHk; ]]a&SmifMuOf}} rSmPRESENT MIDDLE IMPERATIVES jzpfonf/ ]]qdk;aom}} - evil rSmykv’dif (txD;) odkYr[kwf txD;r[kwf? trr[kwfaomeykv’difjzpfEdkifonf/ ¤if;onf róJ 6;13 uJhodkYaomusrf;ydk'frsm;üjyóemjzpfay:apEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;onfpmwefodkYr[kwf qdk;aom t&mwkdYudkNcHKí ajymjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ þae&mü raumif;aomvlyk*¾dKvfrsm; (0g) qdk;aomt&mudka,bk,stm;jzifh ajymjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ 1oufomavmedürrSefaomq&morm;rsm;taMumif;txl;wvnfazmfjyjcif;r&Sdojzifh ti,f 21 rSmuJhodkY trsdK;tpm;tm;jzifhaumif;jcif;ESifh oabmcsif;wlnDyHk&ygonf/ ]]rSeforQ}} – every form of udkESpfrsdK;em;vnfEdkifonf/ (1) KJV bmomjyefusrf;onf¤if;udkvkum 9;29 rSmenf; wl every appearance of evil ]]raumif;aomtqif;oP²meftrsdK;rsdK;}} [k bmomjyefonf/ ¤if;rSm þpum;vHk;udk ueOD;toif;awmf zcifBuD;rsm;em;vnfoabmaygufyHkjzpfonf/ odkYr[kwf (2) Didache 3;1 onf þpum;vHk;udk ]]qdk;aomt&mtm;vHk;}} \a,bk,st"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;NyD;? toGiftjyifomvQifr[kwfbJ? qdk;oGrf;rI ppfppftjzifhoHk;EIef;onf/

292

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 5;23-24/ 23,ckNidrfoufjcif;\ bk&m;ocifudk,fawmfwdkif oifwdkYudktjynfht0 oeYf&Sif;pifMu,fapawmfrlygapaom/ oifwdkYpdwf? 0dnmOfESifh udk,fcEmudk igwdkYocifa,½Ic&pf<uvmcsdefü tjypfwifp&muif;NyD! pHkvif jynfh0pGm apmihfa&Smufygapaom/ 24oifwkdYudk ac:awmfrlolonf opöm&Sdoljzpfojzifh? xdktwdkif;vnf; jzpfapawmfrlvdrfhrnf/

5;23 ]]Nidrfoufjcif;\bk&m;ocifudk,fawmfwdkif}} ¤if;rSm aygvka&;aompmrsm;ü oHk;aeustydwfpum; pkjzpfonf (a&mr 15;33/ 16;20/ 2aum 13;11/ zdvdyÜd 4;6/ 2ouf 3;16)/ bk&m;ocifudka&;om; azmfjyjcif;twGufaumif;rGef vSaombGJUemrawmfaywnf;/

���� ]]oefY&Sif;pifMu,fap ... apmihfa&Smuf}} ESpfrsdK;pvHk; AORIST OPTATIVE jzpfNyD;? pdwfqEjyKjcif; (0g) qkawmif;jcif;udkjyonf/ ,HkMunfolwkdYudk bk&m;ocifoefY&Sif;pifMu,fapí apmihfa&Smuf&efaygvkqkawmif;onf/ þt&mjyaeonfrSmoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;onfu,fwifjcif;&csdefü ay;aomqkvufaqmifjzpfonfenf;wl quf vuf aomwm0ef0wå&m;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif; 4;3 ü-½I/

���� ]]tjynfht0oefY&Sif;pifMu,fap}} þ0gusü *&demr0daooeESpfckjzpfonfh entirely, completely wdkYudk emrfoHk;ck jzpfonfh ]] 0dnmOf? pdwf? cEm}} wdkYESifhwGJzufxm;onf/ ¤if;onf uREfkyfwdkY\yk*¾dKvftjynfhtpHkudk azmfjyvdkjcif;jzpfí vlom;onfoHk;yg;wpfqlbk&m;uJhodkY oHk;rsdK;zufpyfjzpfonf[kqdkvdkjcif;r[kwfacs/ vkum 1;46-

47 ü jyonfrSm pdwfESif 0dnmOfonft"dyÜg,fwlpum;vHk;wGJrsm;jzpfonf/ vlom;ü soul &Sdonf[lír[kwfbJ?

olwdkYrSm soul yifjzpf onf (urÇmOD; 2;7)/ (q&mBuD;,k'oefonf soul udk - touf0dnmOf? spirit udk-pdwf0dnmOf[ktrsm;tm;jzifhoHk;EIef;onf-bmomjyefol)/ þpum;pkü,HkMunfolonf rdrdb0\u@pHkü oefY&Sif;pifMu,f&efac:zdwfcH&yHkudk tav; teufjyKonf (róJ 5;48/ {zuf 1;4)/

���� ]]oifwkdY\pdwf? 0dnmOfESihf udk,fcEmudk ... pkHvifjynfh0pGmapmifha&Smufygap}} ¤if;rSmvlom;onf (bk&m;uJhodkY) oHk;rsKd;pyfowå0gjzpfonfhqdkonfh ,xmblwaA'twGufusrf;ydk'fwpfydk'fwnf;jzifh twnfjyKcsufr [kwfacs/ a[NAJpum;vHk; nepheshudkvlom;ESifh wd&pämefESpfrsdK;vHk;twGuf urÇmOD;usrf;üoHk;NyD; (urÇm 1;24/ 2;19)]]spirit}} (ruah) udkrl vlom;twGufoufouf (ZD0touf) oHk;ygonf/ ¤if;rSmvlom;ütydkif;oHk;ydkif; (trichotomus) &SdaMumif; usrf;ydk'fwpfydk'fwnf;jzifh twnfjyKay;rIr[kwfonfenf;wl a[NAJ 4;12 onfvnf; xdkodkYr[kwfacs/

vlom;udkor®m usrf;pmwGif pkpnf;xm;ol (unity) tjzpfrlvtm;jzifh azmfjyonf (urÇm 2;7/ vlom;rsm;tydkif;oHk;ck? tydkif;ESpfck (0g) pkpnf;xm;oljzpfonf[laomoDtdk&DwdkY\tusOf;csHK;taMumif; Millard J.

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293

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294

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 5;28 28igwdkYocifa,½I\aus;Zl;awmfonf oifwdkYESifh twl&Sdygap/

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295

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296

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297

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298

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1;2 ]]aus;Zl;awmfESifh Nidrfoufjcif;onfoifwdkYü}} ¤if;rSm*&dEIwfqufyHkESifh a[NAJEIwfqufyHkaygif;pyfjcif;jzpf onf[k ½Ijrifolrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ rMumcPawGU&onfpum;pkjzpfaom ]]igwkdYcrnf;awmfbk&m;ocifESifh ocifa,½I c&pfawmf}} onfcrnf;awmfESifh om;awmfudkpum;quf ]]ESifh}} ESifh 0dbwfwpfckwnf;oHk;jcif;rSm (ti,f 1rSmenf;wl) a,½Ionfbk&m;jzpfaMumif; aygvk\"r®oabmw&m;udkjyonf/ "r®oabmw&m;tm;jzifh aus;Zl; awmfonfNidrfouf jcif;t&ifae&musavh&Sdonf/

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1;3 ]]igwkdYonfoifwkdYaMumifhbk&m;ocifudkaus;Zl;wifoifh}} ¤if;onftoif;awmfrsm;twGufaygvk\ qkawmif; jcif;toufwmudkay:vGifaponf (i,f 11/ 1ouf 1;2/ 2ouf 2;13/ zdvdyÜd 1;3-4/ 2aum 11;28)/ aygvkonf aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;ESifh wuGtNrJwrf;qkawmif;&efcHpm;&onf (1ouf 5;18)/ 1ouf 1;2 \ txl;taMumif; t&m/ / aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;ü -½I/

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299

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¤if;\vHk;aphywfaph t"dyÜg,frSm ]]apwemESifh jyKonf}} ]]oGufvufzswfvyfonf}} ]]BuHUckdifpGmcHEdkif &nf&Sdonf}} voluntary, active, steadfast endurance(1ouf 1;3)/ ¤if;onfvlrsm;ESifh tajctaeESpfrsdK;pvHk;ESifh qufpyfonf/ olwdkYb0touf&Sifjcif;rsm;txJ 0dnmOfawmftvkyfvkyfaMumif; oufaoom"u aemufwpf rsdK;jzpfonf/ *vm 5;4 \txl;taMumif;t&m/ / pGJNrJjcif;ü- ½I/

���� ]],HkMunfjcif;}} (faith) "r®a[mif;usrf;wGifþpum;vHk;udkbk&m;ocifonf ,HkMunftm;udk;&efxdkufwefrIESifh ,HkMunftm;udk;rIjzifh vl\wHkYjyefrItwGufoHk;onf (AmAÁ 2;4/ *vm 3;4 \txl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg)/ þae&mü ñ§Of;qJcH&jcif;Mum;xJolwdkY\opöm&SdrIudk azmfjy&efoHk;onf/ aygvkonfolwdkYü,HkMunfjcif;&Sdap&ef 1ouf 3;10 ü qkawmif;ay;í þae&mürIolwdkY\,HkMunfrItwGufolwdkYudk csD;usL;onf/ bk&m;ocif\ opöm&SdrIonf ,HkMunfjcif; rSwqifh,HkMunfolrsm;\opöm&SdrIjzpfvmonf/ *vm 3;6 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I/

���� ]]oifwkdYcH&aomñ§Of;qJjcif;ESifh 'ku©qif;&Jrsm;Mum;xJ}} 'ku©qif;&JcHjcif;onf usqif;cJhNyD;aom þavmuü ,HkMunfolrsm;twGufyHkrSefomvQifjzpfonf (róJ 5;10-12/ wref 14;22/ a&mr 8;17-18/ 1ouf 2;14/ 3;3/ ,mukyf 1;2-4/ 1ay 4;12-16)/ ¤if;onfrMumcPqdkovdkyif 0dnmOfa&;ü uRefawmfwdkYBuD;xGm;ap&efjzpfonf

300

(a[NAJ 5;8)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ab;'Pf 1ouf 1;10 ESifh c&pf,mefrsm;tb,faMumifh 'ku©qif;&JcH oenf;/ 1ouf 3;3 wdkYü-½I/ 2;5 ]]bk&m;ocif\ajzmifhrwfaomw&m;pD&ifrIudk&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjy}} ¤if;onfbk&m;ocif\ vlrsm;udkñ§Of;qJ aomr,HkMunfolrsm;ay:oGef;avmif;vwHhaomtrsufawmfudk &nfñTef;onf/ (zdvdyÜd 1;28) ]]ajzmifhrwf}} pum;vHk;avhvmrIudk *vm 2;21 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I/

���� NASB ]]oifwdkYonf ... xdkufwefolrsm;tjzpfoabmxm;jcif;cHrnftaMumif;}} NKJV ]]oifwdkYonf xdkufwefolrsm;tjzpfrSwf,ljcif;cHEdkif&ef}} NRSV ]]oifwdkYudk xdkufwefap&ef&nf&G,fonf}} TEV ]]þt&mtm;vHk;aMumifh oifwdkYonf xdkufwefvmMuayrnf}} NJB ]]oifwkdYxdkufwefvmap&ef}} ¤if;rSm AORIST PASSIVE INFINITIVE jzpfNyD;–]]xdkufwefoltjzpfausnmcH&onf}} [líjzpf\/ tjyKcHBud,m- PASSIVE VOICEonfjyKvkyfolrSmcrnf;awmfbk&m;jzpfonf[kqdkvkdonf/ ¤if;rSm'ku©qif;&JcH&jcif; \&nf&G,fcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ ¤if;onf tusifhp½dkufudkazmfaqmifay;onf (i,f 11/ a&mr 5; 3-4/ a[NAJ 5;8)/ ¤if;rSmc&pfawmftxJwnfae&mt&ajzmifhrwfjcif;&aomfvnf;? ,HkMunfolrsm;txJajzmifhrwfjcif;ü BuD;xGm;rI vdktyf&jcif;wdkY\ "r®oabmw&m;qdkif&m xl;jcm;rItwGufOyrmaumif;wpfckjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\a&SU awmfarSmufü uRefawmfwdkY&&Sdaom &yfwnfrIrSm trdefYawmf wpfckvnf;jzpfonf (IMPERATIVE)/ þor®mw &m;udktajy;NydKifyGJ üc&pfawmfESifhqufpyfrIjzifhtEdkif& cJhMuNyDjzpfonf/ ,cktcgolwdkYonf tajy;NydKifyGJü udk,fawmfay:opöm &Sd&Sdjzifh 0iffajy; Mu&ygrnf/ aqmif&GufrIrawmif;qdkbJ? aus;Zl;wifjcif;? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf c&pf,mefudkbk&m;w&m; ESifh tnDtouf&Sifaponf (1ouf 2;12/ {zuf 4;1? 17/ 5;2)/

���� ]]bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmf}} ¤if;rSmqifwlc&pf0ifusrf;oHk;usrf; - Sypnoptic GospelwdkYüaomhcsufpum;pkjzpf onf (*vm5;21 \txl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg)/ a,½I\yxrqHk;ESifh aemufqHk;w&m;a'oem? olajymaomOyrm rsm;\trsm;qHk;onf þacgif;pOftaMumif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf vlom;\pdwfESvHk;xJ ,ckbk&m;ocifpdk;pHaerIudkñTef;onf/ a,m[efc&pf0ifusrf;üþpum;pkESpfBudrfomvQifyg0ifonfrSm (a,½Iajym aomOyrmrsm;ürygcJhbl;acs) thHtm;oifhp&mjzpfonf/ a,m[ef\c&pf0ifusrf;ü ]]xm0&touf}} rSmaomhcsufp um;vHk;ESifh Oyrmwifpm;rIjzpfonf/ þpum;pkonf a,½I\oGefoifrIrsm;üaemufqHk;aomumvqdkif&mt"dutcsufESifh qufpyfonf/ ]]a&mufcJh NyD;jzpfaomfvnf;ra&muf&ao;aom}} "r®oabmw&m;qdkif&mþyg&ma'ghpf (qefYusifbufjzpfae[ef&Sdaomfvnf;nD ñGwfrI&Sdaom) onf*sL;vlrsdK;wdkY\acwfESpfacwfwnf;[laom? qdk;aomvuf&SdumvESifh a&mufvmvwåHYaom ar&Sd,tpjyKzGifhvSpfrnfhajzmifhrwfjcif;umvwdkYESifh qufpyfonf/ *sL;vlrsKd;wdkYonf0dnmOfawmf\ wefckd;ay;jcif;cH& aomppfa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf ("r®a[mif;acwfw&m;olBuD;rsm;uJhodkY) <uvmjcif;wpfBudrfudkomvQifarQmfvifhcJhMu onf/ a,½I\ESpfBudrf<uvmjcif;onfxdkacwfESpfacwfwdkYudkxyfoGm;aponfh (txl;taMumif;t&m/ /acwf uyf umvESpfck *vm 1;4 ü-½I)/ AufvifNrdKUüvltjzpf0ifpm;jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\EdkifiHawmfonfvlUordkif;xJcsuf csif;tpjyKvkdufonf twif;0ifvmonf/ odkYaomfa,½IonfAsm'dwf 19 rSmuJhodkYppfEdkifoltjzpf<urvmbJ? 'ku©qif;&JcHaomtapcHtjzpfESifh (a[&Sm, 53)? ESdrfhcsaomacgif;aqmif (Zmc&d 9;9)tjzpfom<uvmonf/ xkdYaMumifhEdkifiHawmfudktpjyKzGifhvSpfcJhaomfvnf; (róJ 3;2/ 4;17/ 10;7/ 11;12/ 12;28/ rmuk 1;15/ vkum 9;9? 11/ 11;20/ 21;31-32) jynfhpHkjcif;r&Sdao;acs/ (róJ 6;10/ 16;28/ 26;64)/

301

1;6 NASB ]]xkdYjyif ... ¤if;rSmrSefuefonfomjzpf\}} NKJV ]]¤if;onf ajzmifhrSefaomt&mjzpf\}} NRSV ]]¤if;rSm vdktyfonfomjzpf\}} TEV ]]bk&m;ocifonf rSef&mudkjyKvdrfhrnf}} NJB ]]bk&m;ocifonf tvGefrSefuefpGm}} ¤if;rSm yxrwef;pm;cRif;csufyg 0gusrsdK;udkqdkvdkNyD;? pma&;oltjrifürSefonf[krSwf,laomt&m (0g) a&;aompm\&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\ w&m;pD&ifrIrSm rSefuefonf/

���� ]]jyefay;&ef ... bk&m;ociftwGuf}} ¤if;rSmudk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m urÇmhpHepfjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf t&m&m udkrSefuefrQwapvdrfhrnf (*vm 6;7 \rSwfpkütjynfhtpHkMunfhyg)/ 1;7 ]]igwdkYudkyg}} aygvkonfvnf;'ku©cHpm;aeonf (1aum 4;9-13/ 2aum 4;8-12/ 6;4-10/ 11;24-27)/

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���� ]]cGeftm;BuD;rm;aomol\aumif;uifwrefwdkYESifh twl}} ¤if;rSmygaeusor®musrf;pmvmtaMumif;t &mjzpfonf (w&m;a[m 33;2/ Zmc&d 14;5/ róJ16;27/ 25;31/ rmuk 8;38/ ,k' 14/ Asm 19;14)/ olonfrdrd\oefY&Sif;olwdkYESifhvnf; twl<uvmayrnf/ (1ouf 4;13-18)/ aumif;uifwrefwdkYonf vlom;wkdYudk pka0;íoD;oefYcGJMurnf[króJ 13;39-41/ 24;31 wdkYt&od&Sd&onf/

���� ]]rD;awmufrD;vQHjzihf}} ¤if;rSm bk&m;ocif\w&m;pD&ifjcif;trSwftom;wpfckjzpfonf/ (a[&Sm, 29;6/ 30;27-30/ 66;14-15/ 'H 7;9-10)/ þpum;pkonf ti,f 7 odkYr[kwfti,f 8 b,f[mESifh qufpyfaMumif;½IyfaxG;rI&Sdonf/ ti,f 7 ESifh qdkygu¤if;onfaumif;uifwrefrsm;ESifh qufpyfNyD; ti,f 8 ESifh qdkyguw&m;pD&ifjcif; ESifh qufpyfayrnf/ bmomjyefusrf;rsm;jzpfonfh NKJV, NRSVESifh REB

wdkYonf¤if;udkti,f 8 üxm;ygonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / rD; or®musrf;pmü rD;onf tjyKoabmESifh tysufoabmt"dyÜg,fyGm;ESpfrsdK;vHk;&Sdonf/ (u) tjyKoabm

1/aEG;axG;aponf (a[&Sm, 44;15/ a,m 18;18)/ 2/ tvif;ay;onf (a[&Sm, 50;11/ róJ 25;1-13)/ 3/csufjyKwfonf (xGuf 12;8/ a[&Sm, 44;15-16/ a,m 21;9)/ 4/oefY&Sif;pifMu,faponf (xGuf 31;22-23/ okwåH 17;3/ a[&Sm, 1;25/ 6;6-8/ a,&rd 6;29/ rmvcd3;2-3)/

302

5/ oefY&Sif;jcif; (urÇm 15;17/ xGuf 3;2/ 19;18/ a,Zaus 1;27/ a[NAJ 12;29)/ 6/bk&m;ocif\ acgif;aqmifrI (xGuf 13;21/ awmvnf 14;14/ 3"r® 18;24)/ 7/ bk&m;ocif\cGeftm;ay;jcif; (wrefawmf 2;3)/ 8/ umuG,fjcif; (Zmc&d 2;5)/

(c) tysufoabm 1/avmifuRrf;onf (a,m½I 6;24/ 8;8/ 11;11/ róJ 22;7)/ 2/zsufqD;onf (urÇm 19;24/ 0wfjyK 10;1-2)/ 3/ trsufa'go (awmvnf 21;28/ a[&Sm, 10;16/ Zmc&d 12;6)/ 4/ 'Pfcwfjcif; (urÇm 38; 24/ 0wfjyK 20;14/ 21;9/ a,m½I 7;15)/ 5/ emufqHk;aomumvqkdif&m rSm;,Gif;aomedrdwfvu©Pm (Asm 13;13)/

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(C) or®musrf;pm&Sdtjcm;Oyrmwifpm;rIrsm;enf;wl (Oyrmwaq;? jcaoFh) rD;onfaumif;csD;r*Fvm (0g) usdefqJjcif;jzpfEdkifNyD;? a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmt&cGJjcm;&efjzpfonf/

1;8 NASB ]]jyefí ab;'Pfay;&ef}} NKJV ]]vufpm;acsvsuf}} NRSV ]]vufpm;acs'Pfcwfvsuf}} TEV ]]'Pfay;&ef}} NJB ]]jypf'PfuscHap&ef}}

¤if;rSmPRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmpdwfcHpm;rIjzifh? tmCwBuD;aom vufwkHjyefjcif; jzpfonf/ ]]tm;vkH;twGufjynfh0aomw&m;rQwrI}} jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifzefqif;aom vlom;onf bk&m;ocif\ tusifhp½kduf ay:vGifap&efjzpfonf/

���� ]]bk&m;ocifukdrodaomolwkdYay:}} 4if;onf rdpäm'dXdrsm;u tvif;w&m;ukd wrifoufoufjiif; qefMujcif;ESifh (qmvH 79;6/ a,&rd 10;25/ 1ouf 4;5/ a,m 3;17-21/ a&mr 1;18?25/ 2;14-15) oufomavmedNrdKU&Sd ,kHMunfolrsm;ukd ñSef;qJMujcif;wkdYtm;ay:vGifaponf/ þpum;pkonf bk&m;ocif taMumif; or®mw&m;odjrif&jcif; (]]odonf}} qkdjcif;ay:*&dt,ltq)ukd &nfñTef;jcif;omru bk&m;ocifESifh&if; ESD;aom rdwfo[m, (]]odonf}} qkdjcif;ay:a[NAJt,ltq) jyKjcif;ukdygñTef;qkdonf/ ]]od}} [laompum;vkH;ü &if;ESD;aomrdwfo[m,qkdonfh a[NAJt"dyÜg,fyGg;&Sdonf/ (urÇm 4;1? a,&rd 1;5/ rmuk 14;71/ wdwk 1;16)

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / odonf (Oyrmtjzpf w&m;a[m&musrf;udk trsm;qHk;oHk;onf) a[NAJpum;vHk;ü ]]odonf}}[laompum;vHk;ü (BDB 393) Qal yHkpHwGif t"dyÜg,f trsKd;rsKd; (t"dyÜg,fajymif;vJoGm;yHk)&Sdonf/ 1/ taumif;ESifhtqdk;em;vnfjcif;-urÇm 3;22/ w&m;a[m 1;39/ a[&Sm 7;14-15/ a,me 4;11/

303

2/ em;vnfjcif;jzifh od&Sdjcif;-w&m;a[m 9;2?3?6/ 18;21/ 3/ tawGUtMuHKtm;jzifh odjcif;-w&m;a[m 3;19/ 4;35/ 8;2?3?5/ 11;2/ 20;20/ 31;13/ a,m½I

23;14/ 4/ pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;-w&m;a[m 4;39/ 11;2/ 29;16/ 5/ yk*¾dKvftm;jzifhod&Sdjcif;

(u) yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;-urÇm 29;5/ xGuf 1;8/ w&m;a[m 22;2/ 28;35?36/ 33;9 (c) bk&m;wpfql-w&m;a[m 11;28/ 13;2?6?13/ 28;64/ 29;26/ 32;17 YHWH-w&m;a[m 4;35?39/ 7;9/ 29;6/ a[&Sm, 1;3/ 56;10-11/ (*) arxkHjyKjcif;-urÇm 4;1?17?25/ 24;16/ 38;26 6/ oif,l&&SdaomuRrf;usifrI (0g) todynm-a[&Sm, 29;11? 12/ tmrkwf 5;16/ 7/ ynm&Sdjcif;-w&m;a[m 29;4/ okwåH 1;2/ 4;1/ a[&Sm, 29;24 8/ bk&m;ocif\od&Sdjcif;/ (u) arma&SESifhqdkifí-w&m;a[m 34;10 (c) tpöa&;ESifhqdkifí-w&m;a[m 31;21?27?29

���� ]]{0Ha*vdremcHolrsm;}} tcsdKUaomteufzGifhq&mrsm;\tvdkt&þpum;ñTef;qkdonfrSm oufomavmed ,kHMunfolwkdYukdñSef;qJonfh 'kwd,tkyfpkwpfckjzpfonf[kqkdMuonf/ yxrpum;pkonf rdpäm'dXdt,l0g'Drsm; ukdñTef;qkdNyD; (]]bk&m;ocifukd rodaomolrsm;}}) 'kwd,pum;pkurl*sL;vlrsdK;wkdYukdñTef;qkdonf/ 1;9]]jypf'Pf}} 4if;rSm ti,f 8 rSmenf;wl}} ]]ab;'Pfjyefay;jcif;}} ESifh rl&if;pum;vHk;twlwljzpfonf/

����]]xm0&zsufpD;jcif;}} ]]xm0&}} pum;vHk;onf (róJ 18;8/ 25;41/ rmuk 3;29/ a[NAJ 6;2/ ,k' 7) ]]uyfumv}} -age ESifh rlvpum;vHk;twlwljzpfonf (róJ 28;20/ a[NAJ 1;2)/ róJ 25;46 ü¤if;onf aumif;uifESifh i&JESpfrsdK;pvHk;udk ajymonf (1ouf 2;16/ þuyfumv (age) twGif;vlwpfa,muf\ {0Ha*vdw&m;ay:wHkYjyefrIonf ol\tem*wfumv (age) udkwHqdyfcwfESdyfonf/ zsufqD;jcif; ]]destruction}} (olethros) udk1aum 5;5/ 1ouf 5;3/ 1wd 6;9 wkdYüvnf;awGU&onf/ xdkpum; vHk;\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]wnf&Sdaeap&efxdkufwefrltm;vHk;½IH;qHk;onf}} [líjzpf (Moulton, Milligan, p. 445)aomfvnf; tp azsmufypfvdkufjcif;rsdK;r[kwfacs/ (exolethreuō, LXX \w&m;a[m 18;19)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / xm0& Robert B. Girdlestone onfrdrd\pmtkyf Synonyms of the Old Testamentü ]]xm0&}} [laompum;taMumif; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mrSwfcsufwpfckjyKonf/ ]]emr0daooejzpfaom aiōnionsudk "r®opfusrf;ü tBudrfaygif;av;q,fausmfoHk;onf/ ]]xm0&touf}} ESifh qkdifjcif;jzpfNyD; vuf&Sdvufaqmifwpfydkif;ESifh tem*wftwGufuwdawmfwpfydkif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\ tqHk;r&Sd aomjzpfwnfjcif;tjzpfa&mr 16;26 üoHk;NyD; a[NAJ 9;12/ 13;20 wdkYü c&pfawmfjyKaom tjypfajzjcif;\tqHk;r&Sd aompHkvifjcif;twGufESifh twdwfumv\uyfumvrsm;twGuf a&mr 16;25/ 2wd 1;9/ wdwk 1;2 wdkYüoHk;ygonf/ þpum;vHk;udk xm0&rD; tm;&nfñGef;&ef róJ 18;8?25? 41/ ,k' 7wdkYüvnf;aumif;? xm0&jypf'Pfay;jcif; tm;&nfñGef;&ef róJ 25;46 wdkYüvnf;aumif;? xm0&w&m;pD&ifjcif; (0g) jypf'Pf

304

pD&ifjcif; tm;&nfñGef;&efrmuk 3;29/ a[NAJ 6;2 wdkYüvnf;aumif;? xm0&zsufpD;jcif; tm;&nfñTef;&ef 2ouf 1;9 wkdYüvnf;aumif;oHk;ygonf/ þpum;pkrsm;&Sd þpum;vHk;onf aemufydwfqHk; [laomoabm&Sdum? þw&m;pD&ifrIcsrSwfonfhtcg prf;oyf&m umv tajymif;tvJjyK&ef (0g) rdrd\uHMur®mjyefaumif;vmap&ef tcGifhta&;onf t<uif;rJhESifh tpOftNrJukefqHk; oGm;vdrhfrnf[kqdkvdkonf/ tem*wftaMumif;? vlYb0ESifh aemufydkif;qufvufwnf&SdrIwkdY\qufpyf? xm0&qdkaom tvif;\tjrifjzifhr,HkMunfjcif;\udk,fusifhw&m; qdkif&mBuD;av;rIwdkYtaMumif; uRefawmfwdkYtenf;i,frQomvQif em;vnfMuonf/ tjcm;wzufübk&m;ocifajym pum;udkjznfhpGuf&efrSm rSm;,Gif;aomt&m? tjcm;wzufü¤if;udk EIwfy,fjcif;rjyK&bJ? or®musrf;pmxJcsjyonfh twdkif;xm0&'Pfay;jcif; Mo0g'atmufü,drf;xdk;vsuf&SdaeMuonf rSefvQif c&pfawmftxJbk&m;ocif\ cspfjcif;arwåm{0Ha*vdowif;aumif;udk zufwG,fvsuf? auseyfpGmapmifhpm; arQmfvifhvsufaeMu&rSmjzpfonf enf;wl? uRefawmfwdkYodEdkifpGrf;r&Sdaom rJarSmifaeonfhaemufcHwpfck&SdaMumif;udkvnf;todtrSwfjyKMu&ayOD;rnf}} (pm 318-319)/

����]]ocifbk&m;&Sd&mrS ... a0;&modkY}}¤if;rSmi&J (hell)\tqdk;0g;qHk;aomjrifuGif;jzpfonf/ KJV bmomjyef usrf;\qmvH139;8 wGifajymonfrSm ]]tuREfkyfonfi&Judkrdrdtdyf&mjyKaomfvnf;udk,fawmfonfxdkt&yfü&Sd\}} [lí jzpfonf/ odkYaomfqmvHusrf;ü¤if;onf Sheol(0g)Hades udkñGef;qdkNyD; (aovGef;NyD;olrsm;csKyfxm;&mt&yf ae&m-róJ 11;23/ 16;18/ vkum 10; 15/ 16;23/ Asm 1;18/ 20;13? 14)? bk&m;ocifxHrSxm 0&cGJxkwf&mt&yfjzpfonf Gehenna r[kwfacs (róJ 5;22? 29? 30/ 10;28/ 18;9/ 23;15? 33/ rmuk 9;43? 45? 47/ vkum 12;5)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aovGefaomolrsm;b,frSm&Sdoenf;/ 1/ "r®a[mif;usrf; (u) vlom;tm;vHk;r&PmEdkifiH - Sheol odkYoGm;&rnf (pum;vHk;\t&if;tjrpfraocsm? BDB 1066)/ ¤if;udk aojcif;w&m; (0g) ocsØKif;tjzpfynmpmayrsm;ESifh a[&Sm,wkdYütrsm;tm;jzifh oHk;EIef;onf/ "r®a[mif; ü¤if;onf t&dyfxdk;aom? todtm½Hk&Sdaom? odkYaomf0rf;ajrmufrIuif;aom jzpfwnfrIjzpfonf (a,mb 10;21-22/ 38;17/ qmvH 107;10?14)/ (c) Sheol(r&PmEdkifiH) \vu©PmwkdYrSm

1/ bk&m;ocif\w&m;pD&ifrIESifh qkdifonf (rD;)? w&m;a[m 32;22/ 2/ w&m;pD&ifjcif; rwdkifrD'Pfay;jcif;ESifh qkdifonf qmvH 18;4-5/ 3/ bk&m;ocifvnf;&Sdaeonfh abaddon(zsufpD;jcif;) ESifh qufpyfonf/ a,mb 26;6/ qmvH139;8/ tmrkwf9;2/ 4/ wGif; - the Pit(ocsØKif;)ESifh qkdifonf/ qmvH 16;10/ a[&Sm, 14;15/ a,Zausv 31;15-17/ 5/ qdk;,kwfolrsm;t&Sifvwfvwf Sheol xJqif;onf/ awmvnf 16;30? 33/ qmvH 55;15/ 6/ BuD;rm;aomyg;pyfayguf&SdonfhBuD;rm;aomwd&pämeftvm;wifpm;avh&Sdonf/ awm 16;30/ a[&Sm, 5;14/ 14;9/ [AÁ 2;5/ 7/ xdkae&m&SdvlwdkYudk Repha’im [kac:onf (]]aovGefNyD;olrsm;\ 0dnmOfrsm;}} a[&Sm, 14;9-11)/

2/ "r®opfusrf;

(u) a[NAJpum;vHk; sheol udk*&dvdk Hesad (rjrif&aomavmu) [kbmomjyefonf (,k'oef\ jrefrmusrf;pmür&PmEdkifiH)/ (c) Hades \vu©PmwkdYrSm

305

1/ aojcif;w&m;udk ñTef;qdkonf? róJ 16;18/ 2/ aojcif;w&m;ESifh qufpyfonf? Asm 1;18/ 6;8/ 20;13-14/

3/ 'Pfay;&mt&yf (Gehenna) ESifh tvm;wlavh&Sdonf róJ 11;23 ("r®a[mif;udkudk;um;)/ vkum 10;15/ 16;23-24/ 4/ ocsØKif;ESifh tvm;wlavh&Sdonf/ vkum 16;23/

(*) ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf (&AÁd-*sL;usrf;wwfq&mBuD;rsm;rS) 1/ ajzmifhrwfaomtydkif;udk yg&'dokbHk[kac:onf/ (aumif;uifbHk\aemufemrnfwpfrsdK;) 2aum 12;4/ Asm 2;7)/ vkum 23;43/ 2/ qdk;,kwfaomtydkif;udk Tartarus 2ay2;4 [kac:NyD;? qdk;,kwfaomaumif;uifw refrsm;csKyfxm; &mae&mjzpfonf (urÇmOD; 6/ 1{Ekwf)/

(C) Gehenna

2/ "r®a[mif;usrf;\pum;pkjzpfaom ]][EéHKom;rsm;csdKifh0Srf; (a,½k&SifvifNrdKU\awmifydkif;) udkxif[yfay: vGifaponf/¤if;onfzdk;eD;&Sef;vlrsdK;wkdY\rD;bk&m; Molech (BDB 574) tm;uav;rsm;udk,Zfaumif tjzpf ylaZmf&mae&mjzpfonf (4"r® 16;3/ 21;6/ 2&m 28;3/ 33;6)/ xdkodkYjyKjcif;udk 0wfjyK 18;21/ 20;2-5 wdkYüwm;jrpfonf/ 2/ a,&rdonf ¤if;udkrdpäm'd|dt,l0g'Drsm;\ udk;uG,f&mae&mtjzpfrS YHWH \w&m;pD&if&mae &mt jzpfodkY ajymif;vJvdkufonf (a,&rd 7;32/ 19;6-7)/ 1{Ekwf90;26-27 ESifh Sib 1;103

wkdYü¤if;onfxm0&bk&m;w&m;pD&if&mawmufavmifaeaom ae&mwpfckjzpfvmonf/ 3/ rdrdwdkYbdk;bGm;ab;bifrsm;onf uav;rsm;tm;,ZfaumifjyKíylaZmfaom rdpäm'd|dt,l0g'usifhoHk;cJhMu jcif;onfa,½I\acwf*sL;vlrsdK;wkdYudkaMumufvefYwkefvIyfapojzifhxdkt&yfudka,½k&SvifNrdKU\trIduf usif;BuD;tjzpfajymif;ypfcJhMuonf/ xm0&w&m;pD&ifa&;twGufa,½IoHk;aom Oyrmwifpm;rItrsm; tjym;wkdYrSm þae&mjzpfonf (rD;? rD;cdk;? avmufaumif? ykyfapmfjcif;? rmuk 9;44?46)/ Gehenna pum;vHk;udka,½IuomvQiftoHk;jyKonf (,mukyf3;6rSty)/ 4/ Gehenna udka,½IoHk;EIef;yHk

(u) rD;? róJ 5;22/ 18;9/ rmuk 9;43/ ( c) tNrJ? rmuk 9;48/ (róJ 25;46)/ ( *) zsufqD;&mt&yf (0dnmOfESifh cEmESpfckpvHk;) róJ 10;28/ (C) rm&PmEdkifiH sheol ESifh tvm;wljzpfonf/ róJ 5;29-30/ 18;9/ ( i) qdk;,kwfolwkdYudk ]]i&J\om;rsm;}} [ko½kyfazmfonf/ róJ 23;15/ ( p) w&m;pD&ifcsufcsrSwfjcif;\&v'f/ róJ 23;33/ vkum 12;5/ (Z) Gehennaonf'kwd,aojcif; (Asm 2;11/ 20;6? 14) odkYr[kwf rD;tdkifESifh tvm;wljzpfonf/ (róJ 13;42? 50/ Asm 19;20/ 20;10? 14-15/ 21;8)/ rDD;tdkifrSmr&PmEdkifiH (Sheol) rSvlrsm;ESifh (Tartarus rS 2ay 2;4/ ,k' 6 odkYr[kwf wGif;eufBuD;- abyss vkum 8;31/ Asm 9;1-11/20;1-3 rS)qdk;aomaumif;uifwrefrsm;xm0&aexdkif&mt&yfjzpfvmonfESifh wlygonf/ (ps) ¤if;rSm vlom;rsm;twGuf&nf&G,fjcif;r[kwfbJ? pmwefESifh ol\aumif;uifwrefwkdY twGuf jzpfonf róJ 25;41/

(i) Sheol, Hades ESifh Gehenna wdkYxyfaejcif;\jzpfEdkifacsrSm – 1/ rl&if;tm;jzifhvlom;tm;vHk; Sheol/ Hades odkYoGm;cJhMuonf/ 2/olwdkY\ (taumif;^tqdkk;) tawGUtBuHKudkrlw&m;pD&ifawmfrl&m aeYtNyD;üomtouf0ifapaomf

306

vnf;?qkd;aomolrsm;rSmrlt&ifae&mrSmyifqufvufaeoGm;onf (xdkYaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf; KJVonf hades (ocsØKif;) udk gehenna (i&J)tjzpfbmomjyefjcif;jzpfonf)/ 3/ w&m;pD&ifawmfrl&maeY rwdkifrDn§Of;yrf;jcif;taMumif; "r®opfusrf;üwpfckwnf;aom azmfjy&musrf; ydk'frSmvkum 16;19-31 (vmZ½kESifh ola|;BuD;) &SdOyrmjzpfonf/ Sheol (r&PmEdkifiH)udkvnf; ,ck'Pf ay;&mt&yftjzpfa&;om;azmfjyonf (w&m;a[m 32;22/ qmvH 18;1-5)/ odkYaomfOyrmttm; jzifhazmfjyajymqdkrI wpfck wnf;ay:Mo0g'wpfckwnfaqmufír&acs/

3/ aojcif;ESifh &Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;tMum;tajctae (u) þb0aemufydkif;^wrvGefb0taMumif;a&S;acwftjriftawmfrsm;rsm;teufwpfrsdK;jzpfaom ]]0dnmOf

raowwfjcif;}}taMumif;"r®opfusrf;üoGefoifrIr&Sdacs/ 1/ vl\0dnmOfonfcEmtoufrwdkifrDwnf&Sdonf/ 2/ vl\0dnmOfonfcEmudk,fraorDESifh aoNyD;xm0&jzpfonf/ 3/ cEmudk,fudk tusOf;axmiftjzpfESifh aojcif;rSm cEmudk,frwnf&SdrDtajctaeodkYjyefa&mufjcif;t jzpf½Ijrifavh&Sdonf/ (c) aojcif;ESifh jyef&Sifxajrmufjcif;Mum;wGif cEmudk,frJhtajctaeESifh jzpfaMumif;"r®opfusrf;üt&dyft>rwf azmfjyonf/

1/ a,½Ionfudk,fcEmESifh 0dnmOfudkcGJjcm;íajymonf/ róJ 10;28/ 2/ tmjA[Honf ,cktcgudk,fcEmESifhjzpfEdkifonf/ rmuk 12;26-27/ vkum 16;23/ 3/ ½kyfqif;oP²mefawmfajymif;vJjcif;üarma&SESifh {vd,wkdYonfudk,fcEmESifhjzpfMuonf/ róJ 17/ 4/ 'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmcsdefwGif c&pfawmfESifh twlygvmaom 0dnmOfrsm;onf olwdkY\ udk,fcEmtopfrsm;udk yxrqHk;&&SdMurnf[kaygvktcdkiftrmajymonf/ 1ouf 4;13-18/ 5/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonf olwdkY\0dnmOfcEmrsm;udk&Sifjyefxajrmufjcif;aeYü &&SdMurnf[kaygvktcdkif trm ajymonf? 1aum 15;23? 52/

6/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf Hades odkYroGm;bJ? aoqHk;csdefüa,½IESifh twl&Sdonf[kaygvktcdkiftrmajym onf/ 2aum 5;6? 8/ zdvdyÜd 1;23/ a,½Ionfaojcif;udkatmifum? ajzmifhrwfolrsm;udkolESifh twlae&efaumif;uifbHkodkYac:oGm;onf/ 1ay 3;18-22)/

4/ aumif;uifbHk (u) þa0g[m&udkor®musrf;ü t"dyÜg,foHk;rsdK;jzifhoHk;onf/

1/ ajrBuD;txufavxk&yf0ef;a'o/ urÇm 1;1? 8/ a[&Sm,m 42;5/ 45;18/ 2/ eu©wfwm&mrsm;\aumif;uif&yf0ef;a'o/ urÇm 1;14/ w&m;a[m 10;14/ qmvH 148;4/ a[NAJ 4;14/ 7;26/ 3/ bk&m;ocif\ yv’ifawmf&Sd&mt&yf a'o/ w&m;a[m 10;14/ 3"r® 8;27/ qmvH 148;4/ {zuf 4;10/ a[NAJ 9;24/ (wwd,aumif;uifbHk 2aum 12;2)/

(c) or®musrf;pmonf wrvGefb0^aoNyD;aemufydkif;b0taMumif;rsm;pGmrzGifhjyacs/ taMumif;rSmusqif;cJh NyD;aomvlom;rsm;em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif&efvrf;r&Sd? odkYr[kwf em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifpGrf; r&Sdjcif; aMumifh jzpfEdkifonf( 1aum 2;9)/

(*) aumif;uifbHk[lonf ae&mwpfck (a,m 14;2-3) ESifh yk*¾dKvwpfyg; (2aum 5;6?8) ESpfrsdK;pvHk;jzpf onf/ aumif;uifbHk[lonf e*dkaetwkdif;jyefjzpfaom{'ifO,smOfjzpfEdkifonf (urÇm 1-2/ Asm 21- 22)/ urÇmajrBuD;onf oefY&Sif;apMu,fapjcif;ESifh e*dkaejyefjzpfapjcif;cH&ayrnf (wref3;21/ a&mr 8;21/ 2ay 3;10)/ bk&m;ocif\oP²mefawmfudk (urÇm 1;26-27) c&pfawmftxJe*dkaetwdkif;jyefjzpf prnf/ xdktcg {'ifO,smOfwGif&SdcJhaom &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifaomrdwfo[m,udkwpfcgjyefvnf&&Sdayrnf/

307

odkYaomf¤if;rSm Oyrmwifpm;rIjzpfEdkifNyD; (Asm 21;9-27 \aumif;uifbHkrSmBuD;rm;vSaomtefpm wHk;yHkNrdKUawmfjzpfonf) ¤if;twdkif;yuwdjzpfcsifrSjzpfayrnf/ 1aum&dEÅK 15 onf yuwd udk,fcEmESifh 0dOmP cEmwdkY\ uGJjym;jcm;em;rIudkrsdK;aphESifh BuD;xGm;aomtyifwdkYuJhodkYjzpfaMumif;a&;om;azmfjyonf/ aemufwpfcg 1aum 2;9 (a[&Sm, 64;4 ESifh 65; 17 wdkYudkudk;um;onf) onfBuD;rm;aomajrmfvifh jcif;ESifh uwdawmfjzpfonf/ udk,fawmfudkzl;jrif&onfhtcg udk,fawmfESifh wlMurnfudkuREfkyfwdkYod&yg onf (1a,m 3;2)/ 5/ taxmuftuljyKaompmtkyfrsm; (u) William Hendriksen, The Bible On the Life Hearafter

(*) Maurice Rawling, Beyond Death’s Door

����]]olYwefcdk;\bkef;awmf ... rS}} ¤if;udka[&Sm, 2;10? 19? 21 rS,ljcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ usqif;aomvlom; onftpöa&;\oefY&Sif;awmfrlol\bkef;wefcdk;awmf&Sd&mt&yfrSxGufajy;oGm;ayrnf/ vlom;\tBuD;qHk;vkdtyfrIrSm bk&m;ocifESifh rdwfo[m,jzpfjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;tjypfESifh ykefuefrIaMumifhuRefawmfwdkYonfbkef;Muufoa&&Sdaom rdwfo[m,jzpfrItwGufrdrdyHkoP²meftwdkif; uRefawmfwdkYudkzefqif;awmfrlolt&Siftm;aMumuf&GHUNyD;? txHawmfyg; rS xGufajy;Mujcif;jzifhzefqif;jcif;onf aMuuGJbG,f&mZmwfodrf;cJh&onf/

"r®a[mif;usrf;xJü bkef;awmf - glory (kbd, BDB 458) twGuftoHk;rsm;qHk;a[NAJpum;vHk;rSmrl&if;tm;jzifh ukefoG,fa&;pum;vHk;jzpfNyD; (csdefcGifcGufESpfvHk;ygaom csdefcGifudkqdkonf)/ ]]av;vHonf}} [k t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ av; vHonfht&monfwefbdk;&Sdonf (0g) yifudk,fobm0tm;jzifh wefbdk;&Sdonf[líjzpf\/ bk&m;ocif\bkef;Muuf oa&awmfudkazmfjy&ef þpum;vHk;üawmufyjcif;oabmpum;vHk;jznfhpGufxnfhoGif;avh&Sdonf (xGuf 15;16/ 24;17)/ a[&Sm, 60;1-2)/ olwyg;wnf;onfomvQif xdkufwefí *kPfjyKxdkufoljzpfonf/ olonf tjypfxJus aomvlom;Munfh&eftvdkYiSg xGef;awmufvGef;vSonf (xGuf 33;17-23/ a[&Sm, 6;5)/ bk&m;ocifudk c&pfawmfrS wqifh jzifhomppfrSefpGmoduRrf;Edkifonf/ (a,&rd 1;14/ róJ 17;2/ a[NAJ 1;3/ ,mukyf 2;1)/ ]]bkef;wefckd;awmf}} -glory pum;vHk;\t"dyÜg,frSm roJuGJacs/ (1) ]]bk&m;ocif\ajzmifhrwfawmfrljcif;}} ESifh tvm;wljzpfEdkifonf/ (2) bk&m;ocif\ ]]oefY&Sif;awmfrljcif;}} odkYr[kwf ]]pHkvifjynfh0awmfrljcif;}} odkYr[kwf (3) vlom;\ykefuefrIaMumifh aemufydkif;üysufpD;oGm;cJhaom (urÇm 3;1-22) vlom;udkzefqif;&m bk&m;ocif\ oP²mef awmfudk&nfñTef;jcif;vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ (urÇm 1;26-27/ 5;1/ 9;6)/ xkdpum;vHk;udk yxrqHk;toHk;jyK&mü rdrdvlrsdK;awmfESifh YHWH twl&Sdaejcif;udkazmfjy&efjzpfonf (xGuf 16;7?10/ 0wfjyK 9;23/ awmvnf 14;10)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / *vm 1;5 bkef;wefcdk;awmfü-½I/ 1;10 NASB, NKJV ]]rdrdoefY&Sif;olrsm;xJ bkef;wefcdk;BuD;jcif;cH&ef}} NRSV ]]rdrdoefY&Sif;olrsm;tm;jzifh bkef;wefcdk;BuD;jcif;vufcH&&Sd&ef}} TEV ]]rdrdvlrsm;tm;vHk;xHrS bkef;wefcdk;BuD;jcif;cH&ef}} NJB ]]rdrdoefY&Sif;olrsm;tv,fü bkef;wefcdk;BuD;jcif;cH&ef}}

þpum;pkudk tenf;qHk;ESpfrsdK;em;vnfEkdifonf/ 1/ [NAJ tD'H,H (pum;vHk;twkdif;t"dyÜg,frxGufaomtoHk;tEIef;) toHk;tEIef;wpfrsdK;udkay:vGifapNyD;?

'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;\bkef;Muufoa&onf a,½Itm;olYaemufvkdufrsm;xHrS bkef;wefcdk;vufcH&&Sd aponf/

308

2/ *&d0dbwf\yHkrSeft"dyÜg,fudkvnf;ay:vGifaponfhtjyif? 0dbwfESifh emrfudkxyfíoHk;EIef;aom? oHk;ae usr[kwfonfhaygif;pyfpum;vHk;jzpfNyD; (i,f 10? 12) a,½Ionf,HkMunfolrsm;tv,f (among) okdYr[kwf,HkMunfolrsm;txJbkef;wefcdk;BuD;apjcif;cH&ayrnf/

]]oefY&Sif;olrsm;}} – Saint udkzdvdyÜd 4;21 üwpfcguvTJvQif trsm;jyudef;ESifh omoHk;avh&SdNyD; þae&müyif

tpktaygif;oabmjzpfonf/ u,fwifcH&jcif;onf uRefawmfwdkYudkc&pfawmf\udk,fcEmESifh rdom;pkawmftwGif; &Sdaponf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / oefY&Sif;olrsm; 1ouf 3;13 ü-½I/

¤if;onf uRefawmfwdkY\taetxm; (positon)enf;wltawGUtBuHKESifhrsm;pGm roufqkdifacs/ uRefawmf wdkY\ taetxm;onf uRefawmfwdkY\ aeYpOfb0üydkíydkí vufawGUjzpf vmonfudkrsm;pGm arQmfvifhxm;onf/ ocifbk&m;jyef vnf<uvmonfhtcg uRefawmfwkdYudkcsufjcif;ESifh tjynfht0bkef;BuD; apvdrfhrnf (1a,m 3;2/ a&mr 8;30)/ a,½I onfbk&m;w&m; ESifhnDaom rdrdvlrsm;\ bk&m;w&m; ESifhnDaomb0 toufwmrsm;xJ bkef;BuD; apjcif;cH&onf/ (i,f 12/ 1ouf 2;12/ a,m 17;9-10)/

����]]xdkaeYü}} þtav;teufjyKjcif;pum;pkrSm "r®a[mif;usrf;\Oyrmwifpm;rIwpfrsdK;jzpfNyD;? bk&m;ocifonf rdrdzefqif;aomvlom;rsm;xHaumif;csD;r*FvmtwGufjzpfap (,HkMunfolrsm;)? odkYr[kwfw&m;pD&if&efjzpfap (r,Hk Munfolrsm;) jyefvnf<uvmrnfhtcsdeftcgudkajymonf/ tjynfhtpHkudk 1ouf5;2 \rSwfpküMunfhyg/

���� NASB ]],HkMunfcJhNyD;oltm;vHk;\thHMocsD;rGrf;jcif;cH&ef}} NKJV ]],HkMunfcJholrsm;tm;vHk;tv,fü 0rf;ajrmuftHhMojcif;cH&ef}} NRSV ]],HkMunfcJhNyD;oltm;vHk;tv,fü ... tHhMocsD;rGrf;jcif;cH&ef}} TEV ]],HkMunfoltm;vHk;\ *kPfjyKjcif;udkvnf;}} NJB ]]olYudk,HkMunfoltm;vHk;onf olUtm;bkef;wefcdk;awmfESifhjzpfonfudkjrifMu&}} ti,f 10üt"dyÜg,froJuGJaom pum;pkESpfck&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkY\jzpfEdkifacst"dyÜg,frSm (1) oefY&Sif;olwdkYonf c&pfawmfESifh twlbkef;BuD;jcif;cH&í ¤if;onf olwdkYudk thHMo0rf;ajrmufaponf/ odkYr[kwf (2) ,HkMunfolrsm; twGufbk&m;ocifjyKay;aomt&maMumifh aumif;uifwrefrsm;tHhMo0rf;ajrmufMuonf[líjzpf\ ({zuf 2;7/ 3;10/ 1aum 4;9)/

���� ]]oifwkdYxHigwkdY\oufaocHcsufudkoifwkdY,HkMunfMuonfESifhtnD}} ,HkMunfolwdkY\wHkYjyefrIrSm ti,f 8&Sd rdpäm'd|dwdkY\wHkYjyefrIESifh qefYusifbufjzpfonf/olwdkYonf{0Ha*vdw&m;udkowif;pum;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? yk*¾dKvf wpfOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;vufcHcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf (a,m 1;12/ 3;16? 36/ 6;40/ 11;25-26/ a&mr 10;9-13)/ 1;11 ]]oifwdkYtwGufigwdkYtNrJqkawmif;}} aygvkonfþtoif;awmfrsm;twGufrjywfrvyfqkawmif; onf(2ouf 1;3/ 2;12/1ouf1;2/ 5;13-18)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / Mum;0ifqkawmif;ay;jcif;udk 1ouf 1;2 ü-½I/

���� NASB ]]bk&m;ocifonfoifwkdYudkoifwdkYtm;zdwfac:jcif;ESifh xdkufwefolrsm;tjzpfrSwf,l&ef}} NKJV ]]bk&m;ocifonf oifwkYdudkþ zdwfac:ESifh xdkufwefolrsm;tjzpfrSwf,lyg&ef}} NASB, NJB ]]bk&m;ocifonfoifwkdYudkol\zdwfac:jcif;ESifh xdkufwefap&ef}} TEV ]]bk&m;ocifonfoifwkdYtm;oifwkdYtouf&Sif&efzdwfac:&mb0ESifh xdkufwefolrsm;jzpf ap&ef}}

309

xdkt&mudkbk&m;ocifvkyfonfrSefaomfvnf; (zdvdyÜd 1;6/ 2;13/ {zuf 4;4) ,HkMunfolwdkYonf 0dnmOfawmf udkcGifhjyKNyD; olESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ygrnf (zdvdyÜd 2;12/ {zuf 4;1)/ ¤if;onfbk&m;ocif\ tcsKyftjcmtmPmESifhvlom;\vGwfvyfaomqEtMum;qefYusifbufjzpfaeoa,mifjzpfaomfvnf;nDñTwfrI&Sdonfh (paradox)t&mwpfck jzpfNyD;? tpjyKjcif;wpfckESifh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh qufvufjzpfay:aom wHkYjyefrI[lí&Sd& ygrnf/ þusrf;ydk'fürl c&pf ,mef\b0opfudk tav;teufjyKonf/ ({zuf 4;1/ 5;2? 15)/ {0Ha*vdw&m;[lonf BudKqdk&efyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;? ,HkMunf&efowif;pum;ESifh xdkyk*¾dKvfuJhodkYtouf&Sif&efb0 opfwpfckjzpfonf/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ac:zdwfjcif;cH& bk&m;ocifonf ac:zdwfjcif;? a&G;aumufjcif;ESifh ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;olxHodkYydk;yef;jcif;rsm;jyKum? pwifjcif;jyKavh&Sdonf/ (a,m[ef6;44?65/ 15;16/ 1aum1;12/ {zuf1;4-5?11) ]]ac:zdwfjcif;}} [laoma0g [m&udk "r®ynmqkdif&m tjriftawmfrsm;rsm;ütoHk;jyKonf/ (u) bk&m;ocifonfc&pfawmf\NyD;pD;oGm;cJhaomtvkyfESifh 0dnmOfutjypfazmfjyrIrS wpfqifhtjypfom;rsm; tm; aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh u,fwifjcif;&&ef ac:zdwfonf/ (Oyrmtm;jzifh kletos a&mr 1;6-7/ 9;24onf "r®ynmtm;jzifh 1aum1;1-2 ESifh 2wd 1;9/2ay1;10ESifh qifwlonf)/ (c) tjypfom;rsm;onfu,fwifjcif;&&efudk,fawmf\emrawmfudkac:Muonf/ (Oyrm epikale wref 2;21/22;16/ a&mr 10;9-13)/ 4if;rSm *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;pum;wpfckjzpfonf/ (*) ,HkMunfolwdkYudk c&pfawmfuJhodkY touf&Sif&efac:zdwfonf/ (Oyrm klesis 1aum 1;26/7;20/ {zuf 4;1/ zdvdyÜd 3;14/ 2ouf 1;11/ 2wd 1;9) (C) ,HkMunfolwdkYudk trIawmfwm0efxrf;aqmif&efac:zdwfonf/ (wrefawmf 13;2/ 1aum 12;4-7/ {zuf 4;1)

���� ]]aumif;aomtvdkqE&SdorQ ... jynfhpHkap&ef}} aygvkonf olwdkY\topfaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;vufawGU jzpfvmap&ef qkawmif;ay;onf (1ouf 1;3)/ olwdkY\topfaomESvHk;om;enf;wl (a,Zausv 36; 26-27)topfaomEIwfvQm? topfaomajc? vufrsm;&&Sdxm;Muonf (a&mr 6;4/ 2aum 5;17/ aumavm 3;10)/ aygvkonf ]]aumif;jrwfjcif;}} – goodness [laomoabmudkoufomavmedMo0g'pmwdkYürMumcPoHk;EIef; onf/ 1/ agathos,1ouf 3;6/ 2ouf 2;16-17/

(u) agathon,1ouf 5;15 ( c) agathōsunē,2ouf 1;11

2/ kalon,1ouf 5;21 3/ eudokia,2ouf 1;11

1;12 ]] igwkdYocifa,½I\c&pfawmf ... olYtxJ}} ]]emr}} [lonf vlyk*¾dKvfudkudk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzpfaMumif; ¤if;ESifh tvm;wl0guszGJUpnf;yHkrSay:vGifxif&Sm;onf/ atmufygtxl;taMumif;t&m; üMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / bk&m;ocif\emrawmf ¤if;rSm"r®opfusrf;ü oHk;aeuspum;pkwpfckjzpfNyD; toif;awmfxJwGif oHk;yg;wpfqlbk&m;onf yk*¾dKvf

tm;jzifh &Sdaejcif;ESifh wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh tvkyfvkyfjcif;udkazmfjyonf/ ¤if;onf arSmfynmqdkif&m&Gwfqdk&aom pum;vHk;rsdK; r[kwfbJ? bk&m;ocif\p½dkufvu©Pmudkudk;um;azmfjyrIwpfckjzpfonf/

þpum;pkonf rMumcPyifa,½Ic&pfawmftm; ociftjzpf&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf (zdvdyÜd 2;11)/ a&ESpfr*Fvmü a,½Itm;,HkMunfudk;pm;aMumif; 0efcHxkwfazmf&mü (a&mr 10;9-13/ wref 2;38/ 8;12? 16/ 10;48/ 19;5/ 22;16/ 1aum 1;13? 15/ ,mukyf 2;7)/

310

1/ ewfqdk;armif;xkwf&mü (róJ7;22/ rmuk 9;38/ vkum 9;49/ 10;17/ wref 19;13)/ 2/ tema&m*gaysmufapjcif;ü (wrefawmf 3;6? 16/ 4;10/ 9;34/ ,mukyf 5;14)/ 3/ trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;ü (róJ 10;42/ 18;5/ vkum 9;48)/ 4/ toif;awmfwGif;pnf;urf; Muyfrwfjcif;jyK&mü (róJ 18;15-20)/ 5/ wyg;trsdK;om;rsm;xHw&m;a[m&mü (vkum 24;47/ wref 9;15/ 15;17/ a&mr 1;5)/ 6/ qkawmif;&mü (a,m[ef 14;13-14/ 15;2? 16/ 16;23/ 1aum 1;2)/ 7/ c&pf,mefudk&nfñTef;jcif;wpfrsdK; (wref 26;9/ 1aum 1;10/ 2ouf 2;19/ ,mukyf 2;7/ 1ay 4;14)/

uRefawmfwkdYonf a[majymolrsm;? trIawmfaqmif&Gufolrsm;? ulnDolrsm;? tema&m*gNidrf;apolrsm;? ewfqdk; armif;xkwfolrsm;pojzifh vkyf&mwGif udk,fawmf\p½dkufvu©Pm? udk,fawmf\wefcdk;awmf? udk,fawmf\ axmufrrI? udk,fawmf\emrawmftm;jzifh jyKMuonf/

���� ]]oifwkdYtxJüvnf;aumif;? oifwdkYonf olYtxJüvnf;aumif;}} a,½Ionf,HkMunfolrsm;txJbkef;BuD; ap jcif;cH&NyD;? ,HkMunfolwdkYonfvnf; olYtxJbkef;BuD;apjcif;cH&Muonf/

���� ]]igwkdY\bk&m;ocifESifh ocifa,½Ic&pf\aus;Zl;awmfESifh tnD}} crnf;awmf ESifh om;awmfudk tav;teuf qufpyfjcif;rSm oufomavmedMo0g'pmrsm;xJaygvkvkyfaeusyHkpHwpfckjzpfonf/ (1ouf 1;1?3/ 3;11? 13/ 5;18? 23/ 2ouf 1;2/ 2;12/ 2;13? 16/ 3;5)/

þpum;pkonfc&pfawmfudkom&nfñTGef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfvQif a,½Ionfbk&m;jzpfaMumif;tcdkif trm jyKaom"r®opf\tjcm;usrf;ydk'frsm;ESifh wpfnD;wnf;jzpfayrnf/ (a,m1;1/ 8;57-58/ 20;28/ a&mr 9;5/ zdvdyÜd 2;6/ wdwk 2;13/ a[NAJ 1;8/ 1a,m 5;20/ 2ay 1;1?11)/

aqG;aEG;jcif;ar;cGef;rsm; 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/

1/ tcef;BuD; 1 \t"duOD;wnfcsufrSmtb,fenf;/ ¤if;onf 1ouf 1 ESifh rnfodkYuGJjym;jcm;em;vJ/ 2/ 'ku©qif;&JcHjcif;onf c&pf,mefrsm;twGufbmjzpfvdkYyHkrSefjzpf&vJ (ti,f 5)/ 3/ bk&m;ocifonf vufpm;acsvdkaom? vufpm;acswHkYjyefwwfaomol[kwfygovm;/ okdYr[kwfygu ti,f 8 onf b,fvdkt"dyÜg,f&SdvJ/ 4/ i&J [lonfxm0&[kwfygovm;/

311

oufomavmedwfMo0g'pm 2 acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;\ pmydk'fcGJrsm;

UBS4 NKJV NRSV TEV NJB

'kp½dkufvl 2;1-12 u,fwifjcif;twGuf a&G;cs,fcHjcif; 2;13

,HkMunfjcif;udkpGefYy,f jcif;trIBuD; 2;1-12 cdkifNrJpGm&yf 2;13-17

ocifbk&m;\aeY 2;1-12 aus;Zl;wifjcif;ESifh wdkufwGef;jcif; 2;13-15 2;16-17

qdk;,kwfol 2;1-4 2;5-12 oifwkdYudku,fwif jcif;&&efa&G;cs,fonf 2;13-15 2;16? 17

ocifbk&m;<u vmjcif;ESifh ¤if;\tped'gef; 2;1-3 2;3-8 2;9-12 pGJNrJpGmae&ef tm;ay;jcif; (2;13-3;5) 2;13-17

ywfvnfzwf½Ijcif;oHk; (pm ... üMunfh)/ rl&if;pma&;ol\ &nf&G,fcsuftm;pmydk'fcGJtvdkufem;vnfjcif; tjcm4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um

tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/ 1/ yxrpmykd'f 2/ 'kwd,pmykd'f 3/ wwd,pmykd'f 4/ ponfjzifh………………

ti,f 1-12 tm;a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifh em;vnf&yHk

(u) þtydkif;taMumif;toif;awmfordkif;wpfavQmufvHk;ü&Sif;vif;azmfjyrIoDtdk&Dtrsm;tjym;&SdojzifhteufzGifh&ef tvGefcufcJonf/ (c) or®musrf;vmaeufcHordkif;

1/ þtcef;BuD;onfc&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;ESifh r,HkMunfolrsm;udkw&m;pD&ifjcif;taMumif;jzpf onfenf;wl? tcef;BuD; 2;1-12 onf tEÅD-c&pfay:vmjcif;ESifh w&m;pD&ifcHjcif;wkdYtaMumif;ajym ygonf/ ¤if;onf"r®opfusrf;xJþyk*¾dKvftaMumif;tao;pdwftusqHk;a&;om;azmfjyrIjzpfonf/

312

aygvkonfa,m[ef yHkpHa0g[m&jzpfaom tEÅDc&pfudkroHk;bJ (1a,m 2;18? 22/ 4;3/ 2a,m 7) ti,f 3 wGifolYudk ]]'kp½dkufvl}} – the man of lawlessness [lívnf;aumif; ti,f 8 ürl ]]t"r®vl}} the lawless one [lí vnf;aumif;ac:qdkonf/

2/ þtydkif;\a,bk,sordkif;aemufcHonfbk&m;ocif\vlrsm;ESifh qdk;,kwfaomol\vlrsm;aemufqHk;&if qdkifrItaMumif;"r®a[mif;ü yg&Sdaom,HkMunfrIyifjzpfonf (qmvH 2/ 48;4-8/ a,Zausv 38-39/ 'Ha,v 7/ Zmc&d 14)/ þy#dyu©onf ESpfzufpvHk;\acgif;aqmifvlom;wpfOD;jzpfvmonf/ xkdol onfbk&m;ocif\ar&Sd,jzpfonfhenf;wltEÅDar&dSvnf;jzpfonf (urÇm 3;15/ 'Ha,v 7/ 9;23-27)/

3/ "r®opfusrf;xJqufpyfaomusrf;ydk'fwdkYrSm róJ 24/ rmuk 13/ vkum 17/ 21/ 1ouf 4-5/ 1a,m 2 ESifh Asm'dwfusrf;wdkYjzpfonf/

4/ ti,f 1-12 ütcsdefumvoHk;rsdK;yg0ifonf/ (u) vuf&Sdtjzpftysufrsm; ( c) tem*wftjzpftysufrsm;/ odkYaomf'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;rwdkifrDjzpfonf/ ( *) ocifbk&m;\aeY the Day of the Lord yg0ifonfhtem*wftjzpftysufrsm;

(*) c&pfawmf<uvmjcif;qdkif&mtaMumif;t&m wpf&yfvHk;udk or®musrf;pmxJwifquf&mwGif wif;rmrIyg aomusdK;aMumif;azmfjyrIyHkpHjzifh jzpfaMumif;owdjyK&ygrnf/ ocifbk&m;rMumrD<uvmrnfjzpfaMumif;udk t&ifyxrjzpfysuf&rnfhtjzpftysuf tawmfrsm;rsm;wkdYonf csdefcGifvQmnDrQaponf/ þor®mw&m;rsm; teufwpfckckonf tjcm; or®mw&m;wpfckckudkracszsuf (0g) ¤if;ESifh qefYusifbufr[kwfacs/ tpjyKed'gef;ysdK; aomtjzpftysufrsm; tjzpfBudKwifa[mMum;csufrsm;udkOyrmtjzpfazmfjy&rnfqdkvQif-

1/ ,HkMunfjcif;w&m;udk pGefYvGwfjcif; (róJ 24;1-13/ 1wd 4;1/ 2wd 3;1 ESifh 2wd 2;3)/ 2/ r[mab;'PfBuD; (róJ 24;21-22? 29-31)/ 3/ vlrsdK;tm;vHk;odkY {0Ha*vdw&m;a[majym (róJ 24;24)/ 4/ tEÅDc&pfay:vmjcif; (róJ 24/2ouf 2/ Asm'dwf 13)/ 5/ wyg;trsdK;rsm;ESifh *sL;rsm;xJ u,fwifjcif;&olrsm;\eHygwf ta&twGufjynfhpHkjcif; (a&mr 11;11- 36)/

(C) þtcef;i,fudktem*wf üjzpfrnfht&mrsm;qkdif&mpmayrsdK;tjzpf½Ijrifoltrsm;tjym;&Sdonf/ atmufygtxl; taMumif;t&müMunfhyg/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / tem*wfjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;qkdif&mpmay (þtxl;taMumif;t&mudk þusrf;jyKol\ Asm'dwfusrf;teufzGifhjcif;rS,lygonf)

Asm'dwfusrf;rSm tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;qdkif&m*sL;vlrsdK;wdkY\ twktEIdif;uif;aom pmayjzpf onf/ bk&m;ocifonfordkif;udkxdef;csKyfaeaMumif;ESifh rdrdvlrsdK;udku,fwifvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;em;vnf oabmayguf jcif;udkazmfjy&efwif;rmrIESifh jynfhaomtcsdefumvrsm;udkoHk;EIef;avh&Sdonf/ þyHkpHpmayrsdK;udk atmufygwkdYonf xl;jcm; xif&Sm;aponf/

1/ bk&m;ocif\pBuFm0|mwpfckvHk; qkdif&mtcsKyftcsmtmPmudktcdkiftrmodjrifjcif;/(bk&m;wpfqlwnf; t,l0g'ESifh vlonfrdrd[mrdrda&G;cs,fydkifcGifhr&Sd[laom t,l0g'/) 2/ taumif;ESifh tqdk;wdkY? þuyfumvESifh vmrnfhuyfumvwdkYtMum;wkdufcdkufrI (ESpfrsdK;0g' dualism) 3/ vQdKU0SufpGmqufuyfaompum;vHk;rsm;oHk;jcif; ("r®a[mif;usrf;ESifh "r®a[mif;^opfMum;umv*sL; vlrsdK;wdkY\tem*wfüjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;qdkif&mpmayrsm;rS) 4/ ta&mifrsm;? udef;*Pef;rsm;? wd&pämefrsm;? wpfcgwpfav vlwpfydkif;^wd&pämefwpfydkif; owå0grsm;toHk;jyKjcif;/ 5/ aumif;uifwrefrsm;\Mum;0ifaqmif&GufrItm;jzifh Asm'dwf½lyg½Hkrsm;? tdyfrufrsm;toHk;jyKaomfvnf;

313

trsm;tm;jzifh aumif;uifwrefrsm;udk,fwdkifwdkuf½dkufMum;0ifaqmif&Gufonf/ 6/ tcsdefumv\tqHk;udk rlvtm;jzifh pl;pdkufjcif;/ (uyfumvtopf) 7/ twGJvdkuf? tpHkvkduftrSwftom;rsm;oHk;jcif;? ¤if;wdkYrSmtppftrSefr[kwfbJ? uyfumvtqHk;\ taMumif;ajymjyjcif;omjzpfonf/ 8/ þtrsdK;tpm;pmay\ tcsdKUaomOyrmwdkYrSm

(u) "r®a[mif;usrf;ü (1) a[&Sm, 24-27? 56-66 (2) a,Zausv 37-48 (3) 'Ha,v 7-12 (4) a,mv 2;28-3;21 (5) Zmc&d 1-6? 12-14

( c) "r®opfusrf;ü (1) róJ 24/ rmuk 13/ vkum 21 ESifh 1aum&dEÅK 15 (wpfenf;wpfvrf;jzifh) (2) 2 ouf 2 (trsm;tm;jzifh) (3) Asm'dwfusrf; (tcef;BuD 4-22)

( *) or®musrf;pmpkxJryg0ifaom tjcm;usrf;rsm; (D.S.Russell, The Method and Message of

Jewish Apocalyptic, Pp. 37-38)/ (1) {Ekwf? 2{Ekwf ({Ekwf\vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;) (2) ,kbdvrsm;usrf; (3) The Sibylline Oracles – Sibylline\tem*wådusrf;rsm; III, IV, V (4) trsdK;\ueOD;acgif;aqmifwpfqJhESpfyg;wdkY\ "r®usrf;/ (5) aqmvrkef\qmvHusrf; (6) arma&SESifh qdkifaom(0g) arma&S\rSef;qcsufrsm; (Assumtion of Moses) (7) rm&wka[&Sm, (8) arma&S\ tem*wådusrf; (tm'HESifh {0wdkY\b0) (9) tmjA[H\tem*wdåusrf; (10) tmjA[H\"r®usrf; (11) IIEsdras (IV Esdras) (12) bm½kwf (Baruch II, III)

9/ þpmayonf ESpfcktjrif (dualisms)jzpfonf/ ¤if;onfyuwdtjzpfrSef atmufygwkdYtMum;ESpfck w&m;rsm;? 0da&m"dw&m;rsm; (0g) wif;rmrIw&m;rsm;tjzpf½Ijrifonf-

(u) aumif;uifESifh ajrBuD;tMum; (c) qdk;,kwfaomacwf (qdk;,kwfaomvlrsm;ESifh qdk;,kwfaomaumif;uifwrefrsm;)? ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;\uyfumvtopf (aumif;jrwfaomvlrsm;ESifh aumif;jrwfaomaumif; uifwrefrsm;)tMum; (*) vuf&SdjzpfwnfrI-tem*wfjzpfwnfrItMum;/ þt&mtm;vHk;wdkYonf bk&m;ocif,laqmif vmvwHhaom? vkd&modkYa&mufí NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;qDodkYOD;wnfa&GUvsm;aeonf/ þurÇmonfbk &m;ocifjzpf apvdkaomurÇmrsdK;r[kwfaomfvnf;? olonf{'ifO,smOfxJtpjyKcJhaom &if;ESD;onfh rdwfo[m,udk e*dktwdkif;jyefvnfjzpfvmap&efqufvufupm;? tvkyfvkyf ípDrHaqmif&Gufaeonf/c&pfawmf<uvmjcif;onfbk&m;ocif\pDrHudef;twGufa&a0 awmifwef; (jrpfacsmif;rsm;qefYusifbufqDodkY pwifpD;qif;&m ^ jrpfzsm;cH&mawmifukef;?

314

awmifwef;) jzpfaomfvnf;<uvmjcif;ESpfrsdK;onfvuf&SdESpfck0g'Drsm;jzpfay:aponf/

pum;vHk;ESifh pum;pkavhvmjcif;

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ /2;1-12 1,ckigwkdYarwåm&yfcHvdkonfrSm? nDtpfudkwdkY? igwdkYocifa,½Ic&pfawmf<uvmjcif;ESifh olYxHigwdkYpk a0;jcif; taMumif;ESifh qkdifí 2oifwdkYwnfNidrfpGmae&mrSvG,fvifhwulwkefvIyfjcif;r&Sdap&ef? odkYr[kwf ocifbk&m;\ aeYa&mufawmhrnf[k 0dnmOfwpfyg;yg;tm;jzifhjzpfap? igwkdYxHrSjzpfav[efowif;pum;odkYr [kwfpmtm;jzifhjzpfap taESmifht,SufrjzpfMu&efjzpf\/ 3taMumif;rSm,HkMunfjcif;w&m;pGefYy,fjcif;? zsufpD;jcif;\ om;jzpfaom 'kp½dkufvlonf yxray:vmjcif;r&SdbJ? xkdaeYa&mufvmrnfr[kwfojzifhoifwdk Yudkrnfonfhenf;ESifhjzpfap? rnfolrQ rvSnfhjzm;apMuESifh/ 4taMumif;rSmxkdolonfbk&m;[kac:qdkorQodkY r[kwfudk;uG,f cHaomt&mrSeforQ udkqefYusifum? ¤if;wdkYxufrdrdukd,frdrdcsD;ajr§mufvsuf? rdrdukd,frdrd bk&m;ociftjzpfolYudk,folxkwfazmfjyovsuf? rdrd\ &mZmyv’ifudkbk&m;ocif\ AdrmefawmfxJ ae&mcsvdrfhrnf/ 5igonfoifwkdYESifh twl&SdpOf þt&m rsm;udkajymjyaMumif; oifwkdYrrSwfrdMuoavm/ 6xdkYjyifolonfrdrdtcsdefüay:vmrnftaMumif;? ,cktcsdefü olYudkrnf onfht&m xdef;csKyfaMumif; oifwdkYodMu\/ 7taMumif;rSm vQdKU0Sufxm;aom xdk'kp½dkuf onftvkyfvkyfaeNyDjzpfonf/ ,ckxdef;csKyf aomolonf olYvrf;rSz,f&Sm;cH&onf txdom xdef;csKyf vsuf&Sdaeayrnf/ 8NyD;vQifocifbk&m;onfrdrdyg; pyfrSxGufoufawmfjzifhowfjzwfjcif;cHum? rdrd\ ay:xGef;í <uvmawmfrljcif;tm;jzifht qHk;owfapjcif; cH&rnfhxdk'kp½dkufvlonfay:vmvdrhfrnf/ 9xkdol a&mufvmjcif;onf pmwef\vkyfaqmifrIjzpfaom wefcdk;edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;? rrSefaomthHMobG,ft&mtm;vHk;ESifh 10ysufpD;jcif; odkYa&mufvwHhaom olwdkYudk vSnfhjzm; &efqdk;oGrf;rI aygif;pHkwdkYESifhjzpfvdrfhrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf olwdkYonfu,fwifjcif;&&ef? cspfjcif; arwåmor®mw&m;udkrvufcHcJhMuaomaMumifhjzpf\/ 11þtaMumif;aMumifh rSm;,Gif;aom t&mudk,HkMunfMu &efbk&m;ocifonf vSnfhjzm;aomvTrf;rdk;rIudkolwdkYay:apvTwfawmfrlrnf/ 12taMumif;rSm or®mw&m;udk r,HkMunfbJ? qdk;oGrf;jcif;üarGUavsmfoltaygif;wkdYonfw&m;pD&ifjcif;cHEdkif&efjzpf\/

2;1 ]]<uvmjcif;ESifh ... qdkifí}} ]]&Sdonf}} –presence [kt"dyÜg,f&aom*&dpum;parousia jzpfonf/ þpum;vHk;\ xHk;wrf;pOfvmaemufcHrSm bk&if\<uvmjcif;twGuf yHkrSefoHk;aompum;vHk;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udk azmfjy&ef"r®opfusrf;ü pum;vHk;oHk;vHk;&Sdonf/

1/ parousia i,f 1? 18/ 1ouf 2;19 2/ epiphaneia i,f 8/ jrifEdkifaom0if;vufonfh<uvmjcif; 3/ apocalypsis i,f 1;6-7/ ]]zGifhonf}} [laomt"dyÜg,fjzpfí zGifhjyjcif;[laom&nf&G,fcsuftwGufjzpf onf/

aemufqHk;pum;vHk;udk ti,f 3? 6? 8 wkdYütEÅDc&pfay:vGifxif&Sm;vmjcif;twGufoHk;onf/ ]]'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;}} [laompum;vHk;rSmor®musrf;pmvmpum;vHk;r[kwfacs/ (usrf;jyKolonf a[NAJ 9;27 udkxnfhoGif;&Sif;vif;oifhonf –bmomjyefol)/ ¤if;udkyxrqHk;toHk;jyKolrSm ueOD;toif;awmfzcif wpfOD;jzpf ol*sufpwif;rm&wk-Justin Martyr jzpfonf/ 1ouf 2;19 &Sdtxl;taMumif;t&m/ / ]]a,½I<u vmjcif;}} ESifh 1ouf 3;13 &Sd ]]c&pfawmf<uvmjcif;twGuf "r®opfa0g[m&rsm;}} txl;taMumif;t&m wkdYudkMunfhyg/

���� ]]olYxHodkYigwkdY\pk½Hk;jcif;}} ¤if;onf 1ouf 4;13-18 &Sd ]]csDaqmifjcif;}} udkñTef;onf/ a&SUaemufpm tquftpyfoabmtm;jzifh ESpfBudrf<uvmjcif;r[kwfbJ? <uvmjcif;wpfckudk&nf&G,fonf (róJ24;27? 31/ 25;31/ rmuk 13;27)/ ti,f 3 onfab;'PfESifh tEÅDc&pfxif&Sm;jcif;ESpfckpvHk;udkoefY&Sif;olrsm;

315

awGUBuHK&aMumif;ajymonf/ þtcef;i,f ESpfckjzpfonfh 1 ESifh 3 onfab;'PfrwdkifrDESifh tESpfwpfaxmifpdk; pHjcif;rwdkifrD,HkMunfolrsm;udk vQdKU0SufpGmcsDaqmifjcif;tjrifESifh qefYusifonf/ (vkum 21;36 ]] ...oifwkdYonfjzpfvwHhaomtrIt&mESifh uif;vGwfí}} ... to escape all there things that will come to pass

…}} udkxnfhwGufpOf;pm;oifhonf- bmomjyefol)/ u,fwifjcif;r&olrsm;usefcJhaepOf ,HkMunfolrsm;udkwdwfwqdwfcsDaqmifjcif;tm;taxmuftuljyK&ef róJ 24;32-44 (vkum 17;22-37) wkdYudk oHk;avh&SdMuonf/ odkYaomfa&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmt& (aem{acwf) r,HkMunfolrsm;udk w&m;pD&ifjcif;cHap&efjzpfonf/ róJ 24;39ü ]]vlcyfodrf;wkdYudkokwfoify,f&Sm;}} - took them all away (vlcyfodrf;wkdYudk ,laqmifoGm;) onf[kqdk&mwGif a&vGrf;rdk;jcif;üzsufpD;cHolwdkYudkajymonf (i,f37-38)/ vQdKU0SufpGmcsDaqmifjcif;ESifh twl¤if;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;aomxdktjzpftysuf\aemufydkif;üa,½I\jrifEdkifaom <uvmjcif;qkdif&mü"r®oabmw&m; q&mtcsdKU\"r®oabmw&m;qdkif&m&nf&G,fcsuftrSefrSm tcsdefeD;uyfvmNyD[l aoma,½I\<uvmjcif;ESifh <uvmjcif;rwdkifrDwGifya&mzufpum;tcsdKUjzpfysuf&efvdktyfonf[laom tjrifESpf rsdK;wdkY tMum;wif;rmrIudk ajz&Sif;&efjzpfonfhjyif? "r®a[mif;ya&mzufjyKcsufrsm;tpöa&;vlrsdK;ü yuwdt wdkif;jynfhpHkvmap&ef? umvtydkif;tjcm;BuD;rsm;qdkif&m"r®oabmw&m;tjrift& tESpfwaxmifpdk;pHjcif;umv rwdkifrD (of dispensational pre-millenialism) toif;awmfudkurÇmajrrSz,f&Sm;&efjzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm 1ouf 2;13-16t&tHhtm;oifhp&mjzpfonf/ (tHhtm;oifhp&mbmrQr&Sdacs/ taMumif;rSm tqdkygusrf;ydk'fonf r,HkMunfolrsm; xHrS,aeYüvnf; cH&aom n§Of;qJrIrsdK;jzpfNyD;? 1ouf 5;1-10 üyg&Sdonfhr,HkMunfolrsm;cH&aomtrsufawmfrsdK;ESifh a&maxG;p&m taMumif;r&Sdacs/ -bmomjyefol)/ 2;2 NASB ]]oifwkdYonf Nidrf0yfpGmae&mrStapmwvsifwkefvIyfjcif;r&Sd}} NKJV ]]wcPESifh pdwfxJwkefvIyfjcif;r&Sd}} NRSV ]]tvsifpvdk pdwfxJwkefvIyfjcif;r&Sd}} TEV ]]oifwdkYtawG;vG,fvifhwulr½IyfaxG;}} NJB ]]apmpD;pGmpdwfvIyf&Sm;jcif;r&SdMuygESifh}}

¤if;rSmAORIST PASSIVE INFINITIVE jzpfNyD;? jyify ya,m*aMumifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m ½IyfaxG;rIESifh pdk;&drf aomutaMumif;ajymjcif;jzpfí? þae&müjzpfyGm;apolrSm0dnmOfwpfyg; (a spirit) odkYr[kwf owif;pum;wpfck jzpfonf/ þpum;vHk;tm;jzifhazmfjyvkdonfrSm ivsifvIyfjcif;wpfck (0g) bk&m;ocif (0g) 0dnmOfawmf<uvmjcif; jzpfEdkifonf (a[NAJ 12;26-28)/ ¤if;onf opöm&SdrI? prf;wpf0g;0g;jzpfaompdwfydkif;qkdif&m tajctaeudkyHk aqmifñTef; qdkonf (LXX - *&dbmomjyef"r®a[mif;usrf;\ qmvH 15;8 ESifh wrefawmf 2;25)/

]]tapmwvsif}} \qdkvdk&if;rSm (1)þtaMumif;t&mrsm;taMumif;olwdkYudkaygvkajymjyNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrDrSm yif½IyfaxG;rI? aMumuf&GHUrIESifh rSef;qrIrsm;jzpfay:aejcif;udkaygvktHhtm;oifhrdaMumif; odkYr[kwf (2)þ taMumif;t&may:tjcm;olwyg;\oabmxm;udk vufcH&eftoifhjzpfaeMujcif;wkdYjzpfonf/

���� ]]taESmifht,Suf ... jzpf}} ¤if;onf PRESENT PASSIVE INFINITIVE jzpfNyD;? jyify ya,maMumifh qufvufjzpfay:aeonfudkajymjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmþae&mü 0dnmOfwpfyg; (a spirit) odkYr[kwfowif; pum;wpfck jzpfEdkifonf/ ti,f 2 &Sdyxrpum;vHk;onfolwkdY\pdwful;jzpfpOfudkñTef;qdkjcif;jzpfygu? þ&Sm;yg; aompum;vHk; onfolwkdY\cHpm;rIrsm;udkñTef;qdkonf/ þpum;vHk;udk aemufqHk;aomumvqkdif&m taMumif;t&m rsm;ü omawGU& onf (róJ 24;6/ rmuk 13;7)/

316

���� NASB ]]0dnmOfwyg;yg;tm;jzifhjzpfap}} NKJV, NRSV ]]0dnmOftm;jzifhjzpfap}} TEV ]]¤if;udkya&mzufwpfOD;OD;ajymjcif;jzpfEdkifonf}} NJB ]]BudKwifa[mjcif;wpfckcktm;jzifhjzpfap}} oufomavmed,HkMunfolrsm;taESmifht,Sufrjzpf&ap&ef aygvkonft&moHk;ckazmfjyonf (metēudkoHk;cgoHk; vsuf)/ ¤if;wkdYrSm 0dnmOfwpfyg;yg;? owif;pum;wpfckckESifh pmwpfapmifwdkYjzpfonf/ yxra0g[m& ]]0dnmOfwpfyg;yg;}} a spirit (pneumatos)rSmya&mzufwpfOD;ajymaomowif;pum; (0g) tjcm;obm0vGefzGifhjy jcif;jzpfonf/ (1a,m 4;1 üpneumaudktEÅDtc&pfESifh qkdifívnf;oHk;onf)/

���� NASB ]]owif;pum;jzifhjzpfap}} NKJV, NRSV ]]pum;tm;jzifhjzpfap}} TEV ]]wpfa,mufa,muf\ a[majymjcif;tm;jzifhjzpfap}} NJB ]]aumvm[vaMumifhjzpfap}} þpumvHk; (logos) udk ]]wpHkwpfa,muf\udk,fydkifteufjyefrItm;jzifhjzpfap ]]odkr[kwf}} wpHkwpfa,muf\ a[majymrItm;jzifhjzpfap}} [lívnf;bmomjyefEdkifonf/

���� NASB ]]pmtm;jzifhjzpfap}} NKJV ]]igwdkYxHrSjzpfav[efpmaMumifhjzpfap}} NRSV ]]igwkdYxHrSjzpfav[efpmaMumifhjzpfap}} TEV ]]aumvm[vaMumifhjzpfap}} NJB ]]igwkdYxHrSjzpfonf[kqdkaompmwpfckckaMumifhjzpfap}} aygvkonfola&;aompmjzpfaMumif;ppfrSefckdifrmrI&Sdap&efoludk,fwdkifa&;jcif;pwifonf (3;17)/ ¤if;\&nf ñGef;csufrSm 1oufomavmedMo0g'pm (0g) oufomavmedNrdKUüaygvka[maomw&m;udkwpfa,mufa,mufvTJ rSm;pGmteufjyefjcif;aMumifhjzpfEdkifonf/

���� ]]ocifbk&m;\aeYa&mufawmhrnf[k}} ¤if;rSm PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfNyD;? ]]ocifbk&m;\ aeY a&mufcJhNyD}} [líjzpf\/ aemufqHk;umvüjzpfysufrnfhftaMumif;t&mrsm;qdkif&m þ"r®oabmw&m;wpfckvHk; rSm aygvk&Sif;vif;&eftm;xkwfonfht"dujyóemjzpfonf/ þajymqdkrIrrSefuefEkdifaMumif;&Sif;vif;&efenf;vrf; wpfck tjzpf (róJ 24;23?26) ti,f 3-12 udkjyefvnftoday;jcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,<uvmjcif;ESifh twljzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;rpwif&ao;acs (þtcef;BuD;\ ed'gef;üMunfhyg)/ ]]ocifbk&m;\aeY}} tjynfhtpHkaqG; aEG;rIudk 1ouf5;2 \ rSwfcsufüMunfhyg/ 2;3 NASB ]]oifwdkYudkwpfa,mufurQ rnfonfhenf;jzifhrqdkrvSnfhjzm;apESifh/}} NKJV ]]rnfonfhenf;jzifhrqdk oifwkdYtm;wpfa,mufurQrvSnfhjzm;apESifh/}}

317

NRSV ]]rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdk oifwkdYtm;wpfa,mufurQrvSnfhjzm;apESifh/}} TEV ]]rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqdkoifwkdYudkt½l;rvkyfapESifh/}} NJB ]]þenf;jzifhrnfonfhtcgürQ oifwkdYudkrnfolYurQrvSnfhjzm;apESifh/}} ¤if;rSmjyif;xefaomtysufoabmESpfcgESifh AORIST SUBJUNTIVE + tis jzpfNyD;? vlyk*¾dKvf tm;jzihfyg0ifrI udkqdkvkdonf/ wrifwum&nf&G,fcsufjzifh vSnfhjzm;jcif;jzpfonf/

���� ]]taMumif;rSm ... ray:vmbJ}} ¤if;rSmwwd,wef;pmcRif;csufyg 0gusrsdK;jzpfonf/ tjzpftysuftcsdKY yxrqHk;jzpfay:&ygrnf (þtcef;BuD;\ed'gef;]]*}})/ þ'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;rSm tZöKwåoEÅmefü&Sdaomt&mr [kwf/ þusrf;ydk'fütjzpftysufESpfckazmfjyonf/ (1) ,HkMunfjcif;w&m;pGeYfy,frIBuD;ESifh (2)]]'kp½dkufvlom;}} xif&Sm; ay:xGef;vmjcif;/

���� NASB ]],HkMunfjcif;w&m;pGefYy,frI ... yxray:vm}} NKJV ]]pGeYfvGwfrIyxray:vm}} NRSV ]]ykefuefrIyxray:vm}} TEV ]]aemufqHk;aomykefuefrIjzpfyGm;}} NJB ]]BuD;rm;aomawmfvSefrIjzpfyGm;}} þaygif;pyfa0g[m&apo + histēmi\vHk;aphywfapht"dyÜg,frSm ]]a0;&mürwfwyf&yfonf}} (*vm 5;4 &Sdtxl;taMumif;t&m/ / ,HkMunfjcif;w&m;pGefYy,frIü-½I) [líjzpf\/ ¤if;udktysufoabm (ykefuefrI) jzpfap? tjyKoabmjzpfap (tjypfrSa0;&modkY -2wd2;19) oHk;Edkifonf/ þpum;vHk;udk *&dpmayüEdkifiHa&;odkY r[kwfppfa&;ykef uefrIESifh qdkifíoHk;aomfvnf; (yvdkwyfcsfESifh wref 5;37)? qyfwl*sifh (a,m½I 22;22) ESifh usrf;y,frsm;ürl 0dnmOfa&;&mykefuefrItm;ñTef;qdkavh&Sdonf/ ykefuefolrnfoljzpfaMumif;raocsmaomfvnf; olwdkYonfbk&m;ocifudkjiif;qefí? udk,fawmfudktpm;xdk;&efBudK;pm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmrdpämt,l0g'Drsm;? *sL;rsm;odkYr[kwfjrifEdkifaomtoif;awmf (c&pf,mef[kqdkolrsm;) \tpdwftydkif;jzpfEdkifonf(róJ 24;3-12/ 1wd 4;1/ 2wd 3;1? 8? 13/ 1a,m 2;18-19)/

���� NASB ]]'kp½dkufvlonf ... ay:vGifxif&Sm;vm}} NKJV ]]tjypf\vlonf ay:vGifxif&Sm;vm}} NRSV ]]'kp½dkkufvlwpfa,mufonfay:vGifxif&Sm;vm}} TEV ]]qdk;oGrf;olwpfa,mufonfay:vm}} NJB ]]ykefuefrIonf ay:vmcJhNyD}} þae&mü *&dvufa&;usrf;wGifjyóemwpfck&Sdonf/ ]]'kp½dkuf}} lawlessness udk*&dpmvHk;BuD;vufa&;usrf;rsm;

jzpfaomא, B, Coptic ESifh Armenian bmomjyefusrf;rsm;ESifh ueOD;toif;awmfzcifBuD;wpfOD;jzpfol Tertullian \tqdkt&Origen ESifh Marcion wdkYoHk;aom*&dusrf;rsm;üawGU&onf/ aemufwpfcg ]]tjypf}} – pum;vHk; jzifhvufa&; usrf;rsm;jzpfaom A, D, F, G, K, L, P ESifh Vulgate ESifh Syria ombmjyefusrf;rsm;üawGU&NyD;? ueOD;toif; awmfzciftrsm;pkonfvnf;xdktwdkif;odxm;Muonf/ ]]lawlessness}} (anomias) udkaygvka&;aom

318

pmrsm;üawGU&cJhonf (a&mr 4;7/ 6;19/ wdwk 2;14)/ usrf;ul;q&mwdkYonf ydkrdkvlodrsm;aom ]]tjypf}} – -hamartiasESifh tpm;xdk; vkdufMujcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ ]]lawlessness}}- 'kp½dkufvl (ynwfw&m;rJhol) pum;vHk;udkti,f

7 ESifh 8 wkdYüvnf; oHk;onf/ USB4onf ]]lawlessness}} udkaocsmoavmuf (B) tqifhowfrSwfonf/ ti,f 9 ü pmwefudkrqdkvdkaomfvnf;olYudkemcHaomtapcH? ol0ifpm;&mvl (c&pfawmfudktwkcdk;rIwpfrsdK;jzpf onf/ Asm 13;1-8)jzpfonf/ aygvkonf tEÅDc&pf[laompum;vHk;roHk;cJhbl;aomfvnf; 1a,m 2;18/ 4;3 ESifh 2a,m 7 (aygvkuG,fvGefNyD;aemufa&;onf) wdkYonf xdkvludkyifñTef;qdkonf/ 1a,mü ]]tjypf}} -sin ESifh ]]'kp½dkuf}} -lawlessness wdkYudkwef;wlxm;onf (1a,m 3;4)/ aygvk\ ]]'kp½dkufvl}} -man of lawlessness onf tem*wfüjzpfrnfhvltjzpf*sL;vlrsdK;wkdYwifpm;aom ]]toHk; r0ifol}} – the worthless one (belial) udkyifrrSefaomar&dS,? pmwefrIwfoGif;jcif;cHaom urÇmhacgif;aqmif tjzpfquf pyfjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ þpum;vHk;udkatmufygusrf;ydk'fwdkYwGifþtjrifjzifhoHk;Edkifonf/

1/ w&m;a[m 13;13 YHWH xHrSrSm;,Gif;aombk&m;rsm;xHodkYtjcm;olrsm;udk OD;aqmifac:oGm;ol 2/ 1"r® 2;12 YHWH udkrodol 3/ e[Hk 1;15 vltjzpfwifpm;aomqdk;oGrf;rI 4/ Book of Jubilees - ,kbdvrsm;usrf; 1;20 vltjzpfwifpm;aom0dnmOf 5/ Ascension of Isaiah -a[&Sm,aumif;uifbHkodkYwwfjcif; 4;18 Bud,mrSm AORIST PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE jzpfonf/ ordkif;udkxdef;csKyfolrSm bk&m;ocifjzpfNyD;

pmwefr[kwfacs/ bk&m;ocif\tcsdefusa&mufonfhtcg (2;6) c&pfawmfudkwkyaom? qdk;oGrf;rI0ifpm;aom? pmwef\ tapcHonforkdif;jrifuGif;wGifolYudk,folay:azmfxkwfcGifh&&Sdvdrfhrnf/ (zGifhjyonf reveal pum;vHk;udk Asm'dwf 1;7 üc&pfawmftwGufoHk;onf)/

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD onf xdkodkYay:vmbJaeEdkifonf[kqdkvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ tem*wfumvay: vmrnfh tcsdefudkaocsmrod&aMumif;twnfjyKjcif;jzpfonf (i,f 6?8)/

aemufqHk;aomumv\þyk*¾dKvftaMumif;a&;om;azmfjyrIpum;pkwkdYudkowdjyKyg/ 1/ 'kp½dkufvl 2/ zsufpD;jcif;om; 3/ qefYusifol 4/ olYudk,folcsD;ajr§mufol 5/ olY&mZyv’ifudkbk&m;ocif\AdrmefawmfxJcsEdkif&ef 6/ bk&m;tjzpfolYudk,folazmfxkwf

þyk*¾dKvfonfbk&m;ocifudk qefYusif½HkomrubJ? bk&m;ocifudktpm;xdk;&ef tm;xkwfoljzpfonf/ 0dbwf jzpfonfhtEÅD – anti (qefYusif) \rl&if;t"dyÜg,frSm ]]\tpm;}} [líjzpfNyD;? aemufydkif;ü]]qefYusifbufjyKonf}} [lí jzpfvmonf/ þt"dyÜg,fyGm;ESpfckpvHk;onf 'kp½dkufvljzpfaom þyk*¾dKvfESifhudkufnDonf/ wefcdk;tmPm? xdef;csKyfrI ESifh udk;uG,frIudkoltvdk&Sdonf/ vlom;\usqif;rI? vlom;ESifh aumif;uifwref\trSDtcdkuif;vdkrIwdkY udkvltjzpfwifpm;onf ('Ha,v 11;3? 16? 36)/

þa&;om;azmfjyrIrsm;onf &Sifbk&ifrsm;ESifh wefcdk;tmPm&Sdolrsm;udk ay:vGifxif&Sm;aponf/ aumif;aom OyrmwpfckrSm ae½dk; - Nero bk&ifjzpfonf/

���� NASB ]]zsufpD;jcif; (destruction)\om;}} NKJV ]]ysufokef;oGm;jcif; (perdition)\om;}} NRSV ]]zsufpD;jcif;cH&ef Mur®miifapjcif;cH&ol (destined)}} TEV ]]i&JtwGufMur®miifapjcif;cHol}}

319

NJB ]]aysmufqHk;ol}}

þa[NAJtD'D,H (idiom -pum;vHk;twkdif;t"dyÜg,frxGufaomtoHk;tEIef;)\t"dyÜg,f&if;rSm ]]ysufokOf; oGm; jcif;\om;}} (ysufoHk;jcif;cH&ol) jzpfonf/ ¤if;udka,m[ef 17;12ü,k'&Smum½kwfESifh qdkifíoHk;onf/ aemufqHk; umvESifh qkdifonfhþyk*¾dKvfonf,k'&Smum½kwfenf;wl 0dnmOfa&;üaysmufqHk;aeoljzpfum? olonfbm oma&;üeuf ½dIif;pGmyg0ifaomfvnf; xm0&jypf'PfuscHap&efpD&ifjcif;cH&ayrnf (i,f 4)/ 2;4 NASB ]]bk&m;[ktqdkcHorQ? odkYr[kwfudk;uG,faomt&mrSeforQudkqefYusifum? ¤if;wkdYxufrdrd ukd,frdrdcsD;ajr§muf}} NKJV ]]bk&m;[kac:jcif;cHorQ? odkYr[kwfudk;uG,fcHorQwdkYudkqeYfusifum? ¤if;wdkYtm;vHk;xufrdrd udk,frdrdcsD;ajr§muf}} NRSV ]]bk&m;[ktqdkcHorQ? odkYr[kwfudk;uG,faomt&mrSeforQudkqefYusifum? ¤if;wdkYtm;vHk;xufrdrd udk,frdrdcsD;ajr§muf}} TEV ]]vlrsm;udk;uG,faomt&mwdkif;ESifh bk&m;tjzpfvlrsm;oabmxm;aomt&mwdkif;udkol qefYusifvdrhfrnf/}} NJB ]]bk&m;[kvlrsm;ac:orQwdkYxufrsm;pGmydkíBuD;jrwfonf/ udk;uG,fjcif;cHaomrnfonfht&mxuf rqdkrsm;pGmydkrdkBuD;jrwfonf[kqdkolrSm&efoljzpfonf/}}

¤if;wdkYrSmPRESENT MIDDLE PARTICIPLESESpfckjzpfonf/ þae&müwifjyaomyk*¾dKvfrSm bkef;wefckd; ESifh udk;uG,frIudk&Smvsufc&pfawmfudk wkyaom? tpm;xdk;aom? qdk;oGrf;oljzpfonf (a[&Sm, 14;13-14/ a,Zausv 28;2/ 'Ha,v 7;25/ 8;9-14/ 9;27/ 11;36-37/ róJ 24;15/ rmuk 13;14/ Asm'dwf 13)/

����]]olYudk,folcsD;ajr§muf}} ¤if;rSm *&daygif;pyfpum;vHk; huperairomai jzpfonf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / Huper aygif;pyfpum;vHk;rsm;aygvk oHk;EIef;yHk? *vm 1;13 ü-½I/

���� ]]rddrd&mZyv’ifudkbk&m;ocif\AdrmefawmfxJcs}} aemufqHk;aomumvqkdif&mtjzpftysufrsm;taMumif; a,½IajymorQESifh (róJ 24/ rmuk 13/ vkum 17?21) odkYr[kwfa,m[efajymorQ (1a,m2/ Asm'dwf)onftem*wfüjzpf ysufrnfht&mrsm;jzpfonf[k,HkMunfoltm;vHk;wkdYonf þpum;pkudkoHk;avh&SdMuonf/ xdkodkYjzifhygu ¤if;onf jyefvnfaqmufvkyfaom *sL;Adrmefawmfudkqdkvdk[ef&SdNyD;? a,aZausv 40-48 ESifh qufpyfEdkifygonf/ tjcm;teufjyefolrsm;urlþaemufqHk;aomumvqkdif&mtjzpftysufrsm;onf ]]rMumrDjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;}} udkzGifhjyjcif;jzpfNyD;? ajrxJyifv,fa'owGif yxr&mpkESpftwGif;ordkif;0iftjzpftysufrsm;udk&nfñGef;jcif;jzpf& rnf[k,HkMunfMuonf/

1/ a,½k&SvifAdrmefawmfü olY½kyfwkwpfckxm;aomumvD*lvm 2/ at? 'D 70 jynfhESpfwGif a&mrAdkvfcsKyfBuD;wkdif;wm;pfvufxJa,½k&Svifusa&mufjcif; 3/ ae½dk;ESifh 'kdar&SefwdkYtkyfpdk;pOf ,HkMunfolrsm;udktMurf;zufñSOf;qJjcif;

tjcm;olrsm;jzpfaom uRefawmfwdkUurl aemufqHk;aomumvqdkif&m þtjzpftysufrsm;onf yxr&mpkESpf ESifh tem*wfumvjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;ESpfrsdK;pvHk;udk&nfñGef;jcif;tjzpf½IjrifMuonf/ "r®a[mif;y a&mzufrsm;onf olwdkYacwfumvtjzpftysufrsm;udktajccHNyD;? ]]xm0&bk&m;\aeY}} tjzpftem*wfumvüxnfh oGif;Muonf/ xdkenf;jzifh"r®opfusrf;onf ¤if;\acwfumvESifh ¤if;ESifhwqufwnf;jzpfaom urÇmhordkif;\acwf

320

umvwkdif;twGuf owif;pum;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwkdYonf rl&if;usrf;jyKol\ordkif;aemufcHjzpfaomtcsdefumvESifh ae&ma'owdkYudk tav;teufoabmxm;&rSm jzpfaomfvnf; tHhtm;oifhbG,f&maumif;aom tESpf 2000 aemufusonfh 'kwd, tBudrf<uvmjcif;udkvnf;tav;teufjyK&rSmjzpfygonf/ (w&m;a[m 18;18? 19 ESifh róJ 2 tMum;umvonf vnf;þrQavmufyif&SdaMumif; owdjyKoifhonf -bmomjyefol)

tvGefwdusNyD;? vlwpfOD;oyfoyfESifh qkdifaomþusrf;ydk'fonf tem*wfwGifvlwpfOD;jzifhjynfhpHkjcif; odkYa&muf rnfhordkif;0iftjzpftysufudk ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomfþusrf;ydk'frSmvnf; roJruGJjzpfonf/ xl;jcm;pGmyif þajym yHkqdkyHkrsdK;onf (]]&GHU&SmbG,f&m}} - txGwftjrwfudkjypfrSm;usL;vGef aomþyk*¾dKvftwGuf 'Ha,vay;aomemrnf) yxrq,fvdk&Spf - Seleucid (pwkw¬ajrmuftEÅDtkwfum;pf? tydzed- Antiochus

Epiphanes IV)ESifha&mrvlrsdK; (wdkif;wm;pf) wkdYa,½k&SvifudkusL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJhMupOf Adrmefawmfy&0kPftwGif; rdpäm'dXdbk&m;rsm;\ yv’if;rsm;cs xm;cJhMujcif;ESifh udkkufnDaeonf/ uyfumvtqHk;qkdif&m þtoGifoP²mefonf AmAkvkefESifh (a[&Sm, 14) wk½k (a,Zausv 28) bk&ifwkdY\rmeESifh axmifvTm;jcif;rsm;ESifhvnf;qifwlaeonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf pmwef\vkyfaqmifrI aMumifh,HkMunfjcif;w&m;pGefYy,frItoGifoP²mefrsm;jzpfEdkifygonf/

]]Adrmefawmf}} - temple twGufoHk;aomþ*&dpum;vHk; (naos) rSm*sL;AdrmefawmftxJ&Sd toefY&Sif;qHk;Xme awmftwGufoHk;aompum;vHk;yifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf¤if;üxdkifcHkr&Sdacs/ xdkpum;udkyifrdpäm'dXdbk&m;rsm;yv’ifay: xdkif&mAdrmefawmfrsm;twGufvnf;oHk;onf/ ¤if;onfa,Zausv 40-48üygonfhtwdkif;*sL;Adrmefawmf jyefvnf wnfaqmuf&rnf[k ('Ha,v 9;24-27) qdkvdkjcif;jzpfEdkif aomfvnf;? xdkodkYjyK&efrvdktyfacs/ *sL;Adrmefawmfü xdkif&efae&mr&SdaMumif;owd&yg/ (þvdkyk*¾dKvftwGufxdkifcHkwpfvHk;onfjyóemjzpfygOD;rnfavm-bmomjyefol)/ *&dAdrmefawmf (zeus)üomyv’if&Sdonf/ þpum;pk\t"dyÜg,fudkyuwd twdkif;,lygu¤if;onf *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\ 0wfjyKudk;uG,f&mae&mudkñTef;qdkjcif;rjzpfEdkifacs/

toif;awmf\ueOD;zcifBuD;wpfOD;jzpfolc&Da&SmpwGrf- Chrysostom onf ]]Adrmefawmf}} pum;vHk;tm; aygvka&;aompmrsm;ütoif;awmfudkOyrmwifpm;rItwGufoHk;aeusjzpfonf[kteufjyefqkdonf (1aum 3;16-17/ 6;19/ 2aum 6;16/ {zuf 2;21)/ þ½IjrifyHkonf tEÅDc&pfrSm jrifEdkifaomtoif;awmftwGif;olUudk,f olay:vGifpGm xkwfjyoltjzpfjrifonf/

����]]bk&m;ociftjzpfolYudk,folxkwfazmfjyo}} xdk'kp½dkufvlonf olYudk,folbk&m;tjzpfwu,fyifajymonf/ olonfc&pfawmfudktpm;xdk;ol pmwef0ifpm;oljzpfonf/ a,m[ef\Asm'dwfusrf;üyk*¾dKvfoHk;aumifaygif;pmwef (Satanic Trinity)[lí&Sdonf/ (yifv,frSwufvmaom om;&J? ajrjyifay:rSwufvmaomom;&Jjzpfol rdpämya&mzufESifh pmwef)/ yifv,frSwwfvmolom;&JrSm c&pfawmf udk tpm;xdk;oljzpfonf/

1/ olYüaoavmufaom'Pf&m&Sdaomfvnf;touf&Sifaeonf/ Asm'dwf 13; 3?14/ 2/ ]]þom;&JESifh wlaom olrnfol&Sdoenf;}} [laombGJUemronf YHWH \ajymqdkazmfjyrI

udkay:vGifaponf/ a[&Sm, 40;18-22/ 43;11/ 44;6? 8? 9-20/ 45;6/ 3/ BuD;rm;aomthHMobG,f&medrdwfvu©Pmrsm;jyonf/ Asm'dwf 13;13/ 4/ olYaemufvdkufrsm;jzpfaMumif;trSwftom;wpfckay;onf/ Asm'dwf 13;16/ ¤if;rSm

c&pfawmf aemufvdkufaomolrsm;udk bk&m;ocifay;onfhtrSwftom;ay;jcif; yHkpHjzpfonf/ Asm'dwf 7;3/

2;5 ]]igonf ... þt&mwdkYudkajymjy}} ¤if;rSm IMPERFECT TENSE jzpfNyD;? þ,HkMunfolrsm;onf þtaMumif; t&mtm; aygvka[majymjcif;? oifjyjcif;tm;xyfcgwvJvJMum;cJhMuNyD;jzpfonf[kqdkvdkonf/ olwkdYonfþtaMumif;,aeYacwfopfpm½Iolrsm;rod&Sd&aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;Mum;cJh&Muonf/ (]]owdr&Muo avm}} ti,f 5 ESifh ]]oifwkdYod&SdMuonf}} ti,f 6)/ xkdYaMumifhacwfopfteufzGifhjcif;tm;vHk;wdkYESifhqdkifí

321

wpfckaomtwkdif;twmtxdajymEdkifonfrSm¤if;wkdYonf rjynfhpHkaomrSef;qrIrsm;omjzpfonf[líjzpf\/ *½kw pdkufjyKpkaomteufzGifhusrf;rsm;onf taxmuftuljyKaomfvnf; yHkaocsrSwfxm;aomMo0g'rsm;udkrl a&Smif&Sm; &ygrnf/ þpum;pkonf ti,f 1-5 (0g) ti,f 6-12 udk &nfñTef;jcif;[kwfr[kwfraocsmacs/ 2;6 ]]oifwkdYod&Sd}} ¤if;\qdkvdkyHkrSm (1) aygvkonf rnfolYudk rnfonfht&mudkñTef;qdkaMumif;þ,HkMunfolrsm;od xm;Muonf/ odkYr[kwf (2) olwdkYonf ,ckvuf&Sdü xdkyk*¾dKvf xdkwefcdk;aMumifh rdrdwdkYb0rsm;ü awGUBuHKcHpm;&Muonf[líjzpf\/

���� NASB ]],ckolYudk xdef;csKyfonfrSmrnfonfht&m}} NKJV ]]b,ft&mxdef;csKyfaeonf}} NRSV ]]olYudk,ckb,ft&muxdef;csKyfaeonf}} TEV ]]þt&m,ckrjzpfysuf&efxdef;csKyfolwpfpHkwpf&m&Sdonf}} NJB ]]olYudkaemufrSqGJaeqJjzpfaomt&m}} þBud,m\jzpfEdkifacst"dyÜg,frSm

1/ ]]aemufjyefqGJonf}} (vkum 4;24/ zdvdrkef 13)/ 2/ ]]pGJNrJpGmqkwfudkif}} (1ouf 5;21/ vkum 8;15)/ 3/ ]]z,fxkwfonf}} (or®musrf;vmOyrmay;p&mr&Sd)/

a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfonf ]]aemufjyefqGJ}} odkYr[kwf ]]xdef;csKyf ESifh ydkíeD;pyfonf/ wu,fhar;cGef;rSm xdef;csKyfonfrSmrnfol (0g) rnfonfht&menf;[líjzpfonf/ o'gyHkpHpdwf0ifpm;p&m tajymif;tvJwpfckawGU& onfrSmti,f 6 &7 üawGU&aomeykv’difonf ti,f 7 &8 üykv’difodkYajymif;vJoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ yk*¾dKvftm;jzifh jzpfaomvTrf;rdk;jcif;pGrf;&nfudkqdkvdkonf/ þtaMumif;aMumifhMobmay;zG,f&mteuf jyefrI tenf;qHk;oHk;ck&Sdonf/

1/ w&m;Oya'-wzuf-rif;rJhtajctaewpfzufonfa&mrtifyg,m&Sif\yk*¾dKvfjzpfonf/ 2/ aumif;uifwref\tcGifhtmPmonfaumif;uifwref (rsm;) tm;jzihfyk*¾dKvfjzpfonf/ Asm

7;1-3 3/ bk&m;ocifudkol\0dnmOfyk*¾dKvftm;jzifhodkYr[kwf{0Ha*vdowif;aumif;a[m&mü

0dnmOfawmf\ wefcdk;pGrf;tm;ay;jcif;/ yxroDtdk&DrSm tvGefa&S;usívlodrsm;ysHUESHUvsuf ueOD;toif;awmfzcifwpfOD;jzpfolwmwlvsefyxrqHk;

azmfjyajymqdkonf/ ¤if;rSmoufomavmedc&pf,mefrsm;em;vnfcJhMuonfha&SUaemufpmtquftpyft &udkufnD aomqHk;jzwf&efrljzpfonf/ aygvkonfvnf;ynwfcsuf (Law)ESifh qdkifíjzpfap? ynwfcsuf\tusdK; aus;Zl;ESifhjzpf ap? rdrdtawGUtBuHKtaMumif;ajymcJhonf (a&mr 13;1/ wrefawmf 17-18)/ 'kwd,oDtdk&DrSm eD;uyfpGm qufpyfonf/ ¤if;onfvlrsdK;rsm;tay:aumif;uifwref\xdef;csKyfrIESifh tcGifhtmPmtygt0ifolwdkY\pHepfo abmtaxmuftxm;tjzpf'Ha, 10 udk,lygonf/ wwd,oDtdk&DrSmaemufqHk;ay:jzpfonf/ ¤if;üaxmufcHp &mrsm;pGm&Sd aomfvnf;? ¤if;rSmvnf;wiful;wGufqrIqefvGef;onf/ ¤if;udktrsm;tm;jzifhtydkif;vkdufuyfum vBuD;0g'Drsm;onf (dispensationalists) vQdKU0SufpGmcsDaqmifjcif;udk taxmuftuljyK&eftoHk;jyKMuonf/

tEÅDc&pf\0dnmOf (c&pfawmfudkqefYusifaom0dnmOf) onf þurÇmütNrJ&Sdaeusjzpfaomfvnf; (1a,m 2;18/ 4;3/ 2a,m7) olonfwpfaeYaomtcgyk*¾dKvftjzpftqHk;owfay:vmayrnf/ pmwefonf bk&m;ocif\tpD tpOfudkrod&ojzifh acwfumvwdkif;üqdk;oGrf;olrsm;tqifoifh&Sdaponf/ xdef;csKyfaomþpGrf; tm;onftqHk;pGef aomobm0vGefjzpfí? bk&m;ocif\xdef;csKyfrIESifh tpDtpOfatmufwGif&Sdonf (i, 6-7)/

322

���� ]]olonf rdrdtcsdefüay:vmrnftaMumif;}} &nfñTef;&m yk*¾dKvf (0g) wefcdk;onfbk&m;ocif\xdef;csKyfrIcH& aMumif;ay:vGifonf/ tem*wfumvowfrSwfxm;aom tcsdefü? olonf rdrdukd,frdrday:vGifxif&Sm;ap& aomtcGihf&vdrfhrnf/ 2;7 ]]vQdKU0Sufxm;aomxdkt&m}} bk&m;ocifonf vlom;tm;a&G;EIwfu,fwif&efpkpnf;xm;aom&nf&G,fcsuf wpfckudkvlom;rusqif;rDuyif&SdcJhonf (wref 2;13/ 3;18/ 4;28/ 17;31/ vkum 22;22)/ þpDrHcsuf\t&dyf t>rufrsm;udk "r®a[mif;usrf;üzGifhjyonf/ (urÇm 3;15/ 12;3/ xGuf 19;5-6/ ya&mzuf usrf;rsm;&SdwpfckvHk;NcHKaomusrf;ydk'frsm;)/ odkYaomtpDtpOftjynfhtpHkrSmraocsmacs/ a,½IESifh 0dnmOfawmf<u a&mufvmjcif;onf xdkudpöudkydkíay:vGifvmaponf/ þa&G;EIwfjcif;pDrHudef;wpfckvHk;udka&;om;azmfjy&ef ]]vQdKU0Suf}} (,k'oef\jrefrm or®musrf;pm - ]]eufeJ}} ) [laompum;vHk;udkaygvktoHk;jyKonf (1aum 4;1/ {zuf 6;19/ aum 4;3/ 1wd 3;9)/ odkYaomfolonfþpum;vHk;udkuGJjym;jcm;em;aom tjriftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh oHk;EIef;onf/ 1/ wpfyg;trsdK;om;rsm; yg0ifcGifh&Edkif&eftpöa&;wdkY tcsdefydkif;wpfckxdpdwfrmausmjcif;/ wpfyg;trsdK;om;wkdY0if

vmjcif;onfya&mzufusrf;rsm;üajymaomc&pfawmfrSm a,½IyifjzpfaMumif; *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;vufcHvm&ef ,EÅ&m; wpfrsdK;tjzpftvkyfvkyfayrnf/ (a&mr 11;25-32)/

2/ c&pfawmftm;jzifh c&pfawmftxJyg0ifolwpfyg;trsdK;om;rsm;tm; {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;udkodapvdrfhrnf (a&mr 16;25-27/ aum 2;2)/

3/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmcsdefü,HkMunfolwdkY\ topfaomudk,fcEmrsm; (1aum 15;5-57/ 1ouf 4;13-18)/ 4/ t&mcyfodrf;c&pfawmftxJ aygif;pnf;jcif; ({zuf 1;8-11)/ 5/ wpfyg;trsdK;om;rsm;ESifh *sL;wkdYtarGawmfcHabmfcHzufrsm;jzpf ({zuf 2;11-3;13)/ 6/ c&pfawmfESifh toif;awmftMum;&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifrIudk xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;a0g[m&rsm;jzifh &Sif;vif;jcif;}}

({zuf 5; 22-23)/ 7/ y#dnmOfcHvlrsdK;awmftxJwyg;trsdK;om;rsm;yg0ifapjcif;ESifh c&pfawmf\0dnmOfawmfusdef;0yfjcif;onfus

qif;cJhNyD;aomvlom;txJ ysuf,Gif;chJaom bk&m;ocif\oP²mefawmfudk e*dkaejyefjzpfap&efjzpfonf (aum 1;26-28)/

8/ umvtqHk;\ tEÅDc&pf (2ouf 2;1-11)/ 9/ ueOD;c&pf,mef,HkMunfrI (0g) "r®oDcsif; (1wd 3;16)/

þpum;vHk;udkyif bk&m;ocifonf tem*wftwGufvQdKU0SufaompDrHcsufwpfck&Sdonf[laom tjrifjzifh vnf; oHk;EIef;Edkifonf/ pmwefü ]]vQdKU0SufaompDrHcsuf}} wpf&yf&Sdonf/ xdkqdk;oGrf;jcif;yk*¾dKvfonf c&pfawmfudk rnfodkY twkcdk;yHkudkþtcef;i,frsm;üajymonf/

���� ]]'kp½dkufonftvkyfvkyfaeNyDjzpfonf}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT MIDDLE INDICATIVE jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm 1a,m[efüvnf;zGifhjyaomt&mjzpfonf (1a,m 2;18-29/ 4;3)/ þaygif;pyfpum;vHk; ]]tvkyfvkyf}} - work

(energeō) tm;obm0udkausmfvGefí tvkyfvkyfjcif;rsm;üomvQifoHk;onf[kqdk&avmufatmifjzpfonf(1aum 12;6? 11/ 2aum4;12/ *vm 2;8/ 3;5/ {zuf 1;11? 20/ 2;2/ 3;7/ 4;16/ zdvdyÜd 2;13/ 3;21/ aum 1;29/ 1ouf 2;13/ 2ouf 2;9/ 1wd 2;12)/ þ0dnmOfa&;awmfvSefykefuefrIonf usqif;jcif;umvrSpí ay:vmcJhonf/ þawmfvSefykef uefrIonf wpfaeYaomtcgyk*¾dKvftjzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf/ vuf&Sdtcsdefürl bk&m;ocifonfvTrf;rdk;aomxdkt&mudk xdef;csKyfaeqJjzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmonf xdkqdk;oGrf;jcif;yk*¾dKvfESifh bk&m;ocif\ar&Sd,wdkYxdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrnfh aemufqHk;aomtcsdefumvwpfcktaMumif;wifjyonf (qmvH 2)/

323

���� NASB ]],ckxdef;csKyfaomolonf olYvrf;rSz,f&Sm;cH&onftxdom}} NKJV ]],ckxdef;csKyfaomolonf olYvrf;rSz,f&Sm;cH&onftxdom}} NRSV ]],ckxdef;csKyfaomolonf z,f&Sm;cH&onfhtcgomvQif}} TEV ]]aemufjyefqGJaomolonf vrf;rSz,f&SmcH&onfhwkdifyif}} NJB ]]aemufjyefqGJaomolonf yxrz,f&Sm;cH&rnf}} ¤if;rSm AORIST (deponent) SUBJUNCTIVE ygaom PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif (0g) olYudk,fpm;vS,fonf qufvufxdef;csKyfaeqJjzpfaomfvnf; wpfcsdefaomtem*wfumvürlxdef; csKyf aomvTrf;rdk;jcif;onfz,f&Sm;jcif;cH&ayrnf/ xdk ]]xdef;csKyfaomol}} rSmrnfoljzpfaMumif;ti,f 6 üMunfhyg/ rnfol (0g) rnfonfht&mjzpfyifjzpfap ordkif;udk xdef;csKyfolrSm xdk'kp½dkufvlr[kwfbJ bk&m;ocifjzpfonf/ 2;8 ]]NyD;vQif ... xdk'kp½dkufvlonfay:vmvdrfhrnf}} ar;p&mrSmtcsdefumvjzpfonf/ a&SUaemufpmtquf tpyf oabmt&xdef;csKyfaomwefcdk;udk bk&m;ocifz,f&Sm;vdkufonfESifh wNydKufeufwnf;jzpfonf[kqdkvkdonf/ olYvkyf aqmifrItao;pdwfudkatmufygusrf;ydk'füazmfjyonf (‘ 'Ha,v 7;13/ 8;29/ 9;24-27)/

���� NASB ]]ocifbk&m;onfowfjzwf}} (slay) NKJV ]]ocifbk&m;onfzsufpD;}} (consume) NRSV ]]ocifa,½IonfzsufpD;}} (destroy) TEV ]]ocifa,½Ionfowfjzwf}} NJB ]]ocifbk&m;onfowfjzwf}} (kill) þusrf;ydk'fü *&dvufa&;usrf;rsm;ü jyóemESpfck&Sdonf/ yxrrSm ]]ocif}} (0g) ]]ocifa,½I}} [lí jzpfonf/ bGJUemrwpfvHk;wnf;jzifh vufa&;usrf; B, Dc, K wdkYüawGU&onf/ bGJUemrESpfckjzifhawGU&onfhvufa&;usrf; wdkYrSm

/A, D*, G, P wdkYtjyifbmomjyefusrf;rsm;jzpfonfh Vulgate, Syrian ESifh Coptic rsm;jzpfonf ,א

'kwd,jyóemrSm Bud,mrsm;ESifhqdkifonf/ vufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh א, A, D*, G, P wdkYenf;wl bmomjyef usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh Vulgate, Syrian, Coptic wkdYü ]]zsufpD;}} destroy jzpfonf/ aygvkonf a[&Sm, 11;4 udkñTef;qdk jcif;jzpfEdkifNyD;? xdkae&mwGifqyfwl*sifhüBud,mrSm (slay - owfjzwf)jzpfonf/ rBuHKpzl;a0g[m& jzpfaomzsufpD; (consume) udkrlvufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh F, G ESifh yHkpHuGJjzifh Dc ESifh K wdkYüawGU&onf/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;onf þ awmfvSefykefuefrIudk tqHk;owfoGm;apvdrfhrnf/

���� ]]rdrdyg;pyfrSxGufaomxGufoufawmfjzifh}} ¤if;\"r®a[mif;usrf;aemufcHrSm a,mb 4;9/ 15;30 (0g) a[&Sm, 11;4/ 30;28? 33 wkdYjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;ü Asm 2;16/ 9;15 jzpfonf/ a[NAJESifh *&da0g[m&wdkYonf av? xGufoufESpfrsdK;vHk; (odkY) a,m[ef 3;8 üjyoonfhtwdkif;0dnmOfwkdYudk ñTef;qdkjcif;jzpfEdkifaomfvnf; þae&mürIa&SU aemufpmtquftpyfoabmt& ]]xGufouf}} jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf (1) olYEIwfxGufpum;\wefcdk; (*RefuJvfAif) odkYr[kwf (2) "r®a[mif;usrf;üajymaomEIwfxGufpum;\wefcdk;jzpfonf (urÇm 1/ a[&Sm, 55;11)/

324

���� NASB ]]tqHk;owfap}} NKJV, NRSV ]]zsufpD;}} TEV ]]owfjzwf}} NJB ]]tpazsmufypf}} ¤if;rSmaygvktvGefBudKufaompum;vHk;jzpfonf/ xdkpum;vHk;udk ol 27 BudrfoHk;onf/ þpum;pk\t"dyÜg,f rSm ]] tvkyfrvkyfEdkifjzpfoGm;aponf}} [líjzpfNyD; ]]tpazsmufypfjcif;}} (0g) zsufpD;jcif;r[kwfacs/ (a&mr 3;3/ 6;6)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / y,fzsufonf? bmrQr&Sdjzpfaponf (Kartargeō) *vm 3;17 ü-½I/

���� NASB ]]ay:xGef;jcif;}} NKJV ]]awmufyjcif;}} NRSV ]]ay:vGifxif&Sm;jcif;}} TEV ]]bkef;BuD;aomay:xGef;jcif;}} NJB ]]bkef;BuD;aomol\ay:xGef;jcif;}} þpum;vHk;udk trsdK;rsdK;bmomjyefEdkifonf/ ]]awmufyjcif;? 0if;vufjcif;? crf;em;jcif;? bkef;wefcdk;/}} ¤if; onf urÇmajrodkY jrifEdkifaomudk,fcEmjzifh c&pfawmfay:xGef;vmjcif;udk tcdkiftrmtwnfjyKonf (1wd 6;14/ 2wd 1;10/ 4;1? 8/ wdwk 2;11? 13/ 3;4)/ t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; ]]epiphany}} rSm þ*&dpum;vHk;rS bmomjyef,ljcif; jzpfonf/ 2;1 \rSwfcsufüMunfhyg/ c&pfawmf\jyefvnf<uvmjcif;txl;taMumif;t&m 1ouf 3;13 üMunfhyg/

���� ]]<uvmawmfrljcif;}} ¤if;rSm *&dpum;vHk;parousia jzpfNyD;? ]]&Sdaejcif;}} –presence[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ xdkacwf umvü¤if;onf bk&ifBuD;tvnftywf<uvmjcif;udkñTef;qdkonf/ ¤if;udk*&dpmayübk&m; (rsm;) <uvmjcif;twGufoHk;onf/ xdkpum;vHk;udka,½I\<uvmjcif;tjzpfti,f 1? 8 wdkYüoHk;aomfvnf;ti,f 9 ürlpmwef\taygifypönf;tjzpfoHk;onf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / a,½Ijyefvnf<uvmjcif;? 1ouf 2;19 ü -½I/ 2;9 ]]pmwef\vkyfaqmifrI}} 'kp½dkufvlonf pmwefxHrS wdkuf½dkufvmNyD;vQif pmwef\wefcdk;&&Sdonf (1ouf 2;18/ Asm 13;12 txl;taMumif;t&m/ / qdkoGrf;jcif;yk*¾dKvfü -½I)/ Theodore of Mopsuestia\acwfum vrSpí tEÅdc&pfudkc&pfawmftm;twkcdk;ol wkyoltjzpfjrifvmcJhMuonf/ þusrf;ydk'füþolonf c&pfawmfESifh rnfrQwlaMumif; owdjyKyg/ ]]ay:vmjcif;}} –revealed or unveiled ti,f 3? 6? 8/ ]]<uvmjcif;}} ti,f 9/ edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;i,f 9/ ]]olüqufuyfxm;aomaemufvkdufrsm;&Sdvdrfhrnf}} i,f 10? 12/

���� NASB ]]wefcdk;? edrdwfvu©PmESifh rSm;,Gif;aomtHhMobG,f&mrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh}} NKJV, NRSV ]]wefcdk;? edrdwfvu©PmESifh vSnfhjzm;aomtHHhMobG,f&mrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh}} TEV ]]pmwef\wefcdk;jzifh xl;qef;aomt&mrsm;? rSm;,Gif;aomedrdwfvu©Pmrsm;ESifh thHMobG,f&mrsm;tm;vHk;}} NJB ]]xl;qef;aomt&mtm;vHk;ESifh edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;ESifh a&SUajy;edrdwfrsm;jyo}}

xl;qef;aomt&mrsm; (miracles)onfbk&m;ocifESifh qdkifaomedrdwfvu©Pmtvdkvdkr[kwfacs (xGuf 7;11-12? 22/ w&m;a[m 13;1-5/ róJ 7;21-23/ 24;24/ rmuk 13;22/ Asm 13)/ pmwefonf

325

tm'H\om;orD;wkdYudk vSnfhpm;í½IyfaxG;oGm;ap&eft&mcyfodrf;udk twktyvkyfonf/ ouú&mZfpOftwdkif;ti,f 9onf ti,f 8 t&if jzpf&rnfESifh wlonf/ xdkenf;wlti,f 9-10 üvnf; tcsdeftaMumif;pOf;pm; bG,f&mrsm;yg0ifEdkifonf/ 2;10 ]]vSnfhjzm;aomqdk;oGrf;rIaygif;pHk}} pmwefonfr,HkMunfolwdkYudk vSnfhpm;onfenf;wl (róJ 13;19/ 2aum 4;4) ,HkMunfolwdkYvnf; 0dnmOfa&;ür&ifhusufEdkifbJ? qufvuf&SdaeMuygu vSnfhpm;onfomjzpf\ ({zuf 4;14)/

����]]cspfjcif;arwåm\or®mw&m;udkvufrcHcJhMu}} ¤if;rSmpdwful;oabmjzifh ajymjcif;r[kwfaomfvnf; ñTef;qdkonfrSm

1/ a,½I\yk*¾dKvfESifh tvkyf? a,m[ef 14;6 2/ 0dnmOfawmf a,m[ef 14;17/ 15;16/ 16;13 3/ a,½ItaMumif;owif;pum;? a,m[ef 17;17

]]vufcH}} udk 1ouf 1;6 ESifh 2;13 wkdYü{nfhonfhwpfa,mufudkudk,fwdkifBudKqdkjcif; t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf/ þr,HkMunfolwdkYonf {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;udk,HkMunf&efESifh a,½IudkBudKqdk&efjiif;qefcJhMuonf/ *vm 2;5 &Sd txl;taMumif;t&m/ / or®mw&m;ü-½I/

���� ]]u,fwifjcif;&&ef}} "r®a[mif;usrf;ü þpum;vHk;\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]½kyfydkif;qkdif&mu,fq,fjcif;}} jzpfonf (,mukyf 5;15)/ "r®opfürl0dnmOfa&;&m^xm0&t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ 2;11 NASB ]]þtaMumif;aMumifhrSm;,Gif;aomt&mudk,HkMunfap&efbk&m;ocifonfvSnfhjzm;aomvTrf; rdk;rIudkolwdkYay:apvGwfawmfrlrnf}} NKJV ]]xdktaMumif;aMumifhbk&m;ocifonf jyif;xefaomvSnfhjzm;jcif;udk olwdkYtwGufydkYay;rnf}} NRSV ]]þtaMumif;aMumifhbk&m;ocifonfwefckd;BuD;aomvSnfhjzm;jcif;udkolwdkYtm;ydkYay;vdrfhrnf}} TEV ]]þtaMumif;aMumifh bk&m;ocifonfolwkdYxJtvkyfvkyf&efrSm;,Gif;jcif;wefcdk;apvGwfvdrhf rnf}} NJB ]]olwkdYudkvSnfhjzm;&ef wefcdk;wpfckbk&m;ocifapvGwf&jcif;taMumif;}}

¤if;rSm PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE udktem*wftjzpfoHk;EIef;jcif;jzpfonf/ þae&m&Sdt"du or®mw&m;rSm bk&m;ocifonfpmweftygt0ift&mcyfodrf;xdef;csKyfaMumif;jzpfonf (a,mb 1-2/ Zmc&&d 3)/ þodkYapvGwfjcif;onf (1) or®mw&m;udkjiif;qefolwkdYay:bk&m;ocif\w&m;pD&ifjcif; (a&mr 11;7-10) odkYr[kwf (2) olwkdYr,HkMunfrI\aemufqufwGJrsm;tm;olwdkYtoufwmrsm;üay:vGifxif&Sm;vmbkdY bk&m;ocifw rifcGifhjyKjcif; wdkYteufwpfckckjzpfEdkifonf (qmvH 81;12/ a[ma&S 4;17/ a&mr 1;24? 26 ESifh 28)/ t"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK;xGuf Ekdifaomþoabmudk"r®a[mif;usrf;\zg½dktaMumif;üvnf;awGY&onf/ zm½dkrif;onfolYpdwfES vHk;udkrmaMumaponf[kajymNyD; (xGuf 7;14/ 8;15? 32) olYpdwfESvHk;udk bk&m;ocifrmausmap onf[kvnf;ajymonf (xGuf 4;21/ 7;3? 13/ 9;12? 35/ 10;1? 20? 27/ 14;4;8)/

trsm;udef;jyudk,fydkifemrfwdkYonf ti,f 10 &Sdr,HkMunfolwdkYudkajymonf/

���� NASB ]]olwdkY,HkMunfMuap&ef}}

326

NKJV ]]olwkdY,HkMunfMuap&ef}} NRSV ]],HkMunf&efolwdkYudk OD;aqmif}} TEV ]]olwdkY,HkMunf&ef}} NJB ]]olwkdYudk,HkMunfap&ef}} c&pfawmfudkjiif;qefaomvlom;udk bk&m;ocifjiif;qefonf (a[ma&S 5;6/ a,m 3;17-21)/ ¤if;onf ESpfrsdK;aomBudKwifowfrSwfjcif;r[kwfbJ? r,HkMunfrI\tusdK;qufrsm;jzpfonf (3"r® 22;19-23)/

���� NASB, NRSV TEV ]]rSm;,Gif;aomt&m}} NKJV ]]vdrfvnfjcif;}} NJB ]]rrSefaomt&m}}

¤if;rSmpifppftm;jzifh ]]vdrfvnfjcif;}} (a,m 8;44/ a&mr 1;25)jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmti,f 10 &Sd ]]or®mw&m;}} ESifh qefYusifbufjzpfonf/ ]]vdrfvnfol}} qkdonfrSm a,½Ionfc&pfawmfjzpfaMumif; jiif;qefoljzpfonf[k 1a,m [efMo0g'pmüajymonf (i,f 2;22)/ xdkvdrfvnfoludk ]]tEÅdc&pf}} [kac:onf/ 2;12 NASB ]]oltaygif;wdkYonfw&m;pD&ifjcif;cHEdkif&ef}} NKJV ]]olwdkYtm;vHk;jypf'Pf pD&if jcif;cHEdkif&ef}} NRSV ]]olwkdYtm;vHk; ... jypf'PfcHEdkif&ef}} TEV ]]taMumif;rSm ... jypf'PfcHEdkif&ef}} NJB ]]tm;vHk;udk jypf'PfpD&if&ef}}

KJV onf¤if;udk ]]jypf'PfcHonf}} - damned [kbmomjyefonf/ þpum;vHk;\t"dyÜg,frSm ]]rSefuefpGmpD&if jcif;cHonf}} – to be fairly judged (at? 'D 1611 ü ]]damned}} [kbmomjyefouJhodkY)/

����]]odkYaomfqdk;oGrf;jcif;üarGUavsmf}} olwdkYonf or®mw&m;bufüat;pufaeMu½Hkomru? qdk;oGrf;rIjyK&efaEG; axG;aeMuonf (a[NAJ 11;25)/ ti,f 13-17 tm;a&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifhem;vnf&yHk/

(u) þusrf;ydk'frSm oufomavmedc&pf,mefrsm;\aeYpOftouf&Sifjcif;ü bk&m;ociftpjyKay;jcif;ESifh a&G;cs,frIjyKaomaus;Zl;awmfaMumifh (2;11 \qefYusifbuf) bk&m;ocifxHqkawmif; jcif;jzpfonf/ wref 1;3-4 onf,HkMunfolrsm;aMumifhaus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;aom qkawmif;jcif; jzpfonfenf;wl þqkawmif;rIrSmolwkdY\b0toufwmxJ bk&m;ocifqufvufvkyfaqmifae jcif;twGuf qkawmif;jcif;jzpfonf/

(c) tcef;BuD; 2tqHk;owfonftcef;BuD; 1 tqHk;owfESifh rsm;pGmqifwlonf/ (*) ti,f 13 ESifh &nfñTef;aomusrf;ydk'frsm;onf ti,f 11-12 rsm;&Sdr,HkMunfolrsm;cH&aom ao'Pf pD&ifjcif;ESifh xif&Sm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;onf/

327

(C) þtydkif;ü pdwful;tkyfpkoHk;ck ay:vGifaeonfrSm 1/ ,HkMunfolESifh oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;? ti,f 13-14

2/ ,HkMunfol\pGJNrJrI ti,f 15 3/ ]]aumif;aomt&mrsm;}} rSjzpfvmaom,HkMunfol\cGeftm;&rIESifh ajrmfvifhjcif;? ti,f 16-17

(u@mwpfckpDü bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfjzifhtpjyKjcif;ESifh ,HkMunfolrsm;\oifhavsmfvHk avmuf pGmwHkYjyefrIjyKjcif;wdkY o[Zmwjzpfaeonf)/

pum;vHk;ESifh pum;pkavhvmjcif;

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 2;13-15 13odkYaomfigwkdYonf oifwkdYaMumifhbk&m;ocifudktNrJaus;Zl;wif&rSmjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifh qdkaomf ocifbk&m;tm;jzifhcspf&aomnDtpfudkwdkY? bk&m;ocifonf0dnmOfawmf\oefY&Sif;pifMu,fapjcif;ESifh or®mw&m;,HkMunfjcif;rSwqifh tptOD;uyifoifwkdYudku,fwifjcif;twGufa&G;cs,fcJhNyDjzpfaomaMumifh wnf;/ 14olonfigwkdY\{0Ha*vdw&m;tm;jzifhoifwkdYudkac:cJh&jcif;rSm oifwkdYonf igwkdYocifa,½Ic&pf awmf\wefcdk;awmfudk&ap&efjzpf\/ 15odkYjzpfínDtpfudkwkdYoifwkdYudkigwkdYEIwfjzifhjzpfap? igwdkYrSpmtm;jzifh jzpfapoGefoifaomtpOftvmrsm;ückdifNrJpGm&yfwnfí pGJudkifMuavmh/

2;13 ]]igwkdYonf ... bk&m;ocifudk tNrJaus;Zl;wif&rSmjzpfonf}} þor®mw&m;udkyif 5;18üawGU&onf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / aygvk\csD;rGrf;jcif;? qkawmif;jcif;ESifh aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;wdkYtaMumif; *vm 6;18 ü-½I/

���� ]]bk&m;ocif ... ocifbk&m; ... 0dnmOfawmf}} aygvkonf oHk;yg;wpfqlbk&m;tm;rMumc PñTef;qdkavh&Sdonf (a&mr 1;4-5/ 5;1? 5/ 8;1-4? 8-10/ 1aum 12;4-6/ 2aum 1;21/ 13;14/ *vm 4;4-6/ {zuf 1;3-14? 17/ 2;18/ 3;14-17/ 4;4-6/ 1ouf 1;2-5/ wdwk 3;4-6)/ ¤if;udkyiftjcm;"r® opfusrf;jyKolrsm;vnf;vufcHMuonf (róJ 3;16-17/ 28;19/ a,m[ef 14;26/ wrefawmf 2;32-33? 38-39/ 1ay 1;2 ESifh ,k' 20-21)/ *vm 4;4 \ txl;taMumif;t&m/ /oHk;yg;wpfqlü-½I/

���� ]]ocifbk&m;tm;jzifh cspf&aomnDtpfudkwdkY}} ]]cspf&aom}} qkdonfrSm agapaō-PREFECT PASSIVE

PARTICIPLE yHkpHjzpfonf/ ¤if;onfa&G;aumufjcif; (cGJcefYrSwfom;) udkqdkvkdonfhoabmjzpfonf (a&mr 1;7/ aum 3;12/ 1ouf1;4)/ ar&Sd,\bGJUemrawmfwpfckjzpfaom ]]igcspf&aom}} My Beloved (róJ 3;17/ 17;5) onf,cktcgolYaemufvdkufrsm;\bGJUemrjzpfvmonf/ olwdkYonfor®mw&m;udkcspfjrwfEdk;Muojzifh cspf&aomol rsm;jzpfMuonf (2;10)/

���� NASB ]]tptOD;uyifbk&m;ocifonfoifwkdYudka&G;cs,fcJhNyD;jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;}} NKJV ]]bk&m;ocifonf tptOD;uyif oifwdkYudk u,fwif&efa&G;cs,faomaMumifhjzpfonf}} NRSV ]]bk&m;ocifonfu,fwifjcif;&aom tOD;oD;rsm;tjzpfoifwkdYudka&G;cs,faomaMumifhjzpf onf}} TEV ]]yxrqHk;u,fwifjcif;&olrsm;jzpfap&ef bk&m;ocifonfoifwkdYudka&G;cs,fonf}} NJB ]]u,fwifjcif;&&ef tpuyifbk&m;ocifonfoifwkdYudka&G;cs,fonf}}

328

¤if;rSm AORIST MIDDLE INDICATIVE jzpfíbk&m;ocifudk,fawmfwdkifonf ,HkMunfolrsm;udk a&G;cs,fNyD; om;jzpfonf[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf ({zuf 1;4)/ ¤if;rSm "r®oabmw&m;t& 2;11 ESifh qefUusifbufjzpfonf/ a&G;aumufjcif;\"r®oabmw&m;rSm (1) oefY&Sif;pifMu,f&efac:zdwfjcif; ({zuf 1;4) jzpfNyD;? rsufESmom&aom&yfwnf csufr[kwfacs/ (2) aysmufqHk;oludkqefYusifjcif;rjyKbJ? u,fwifjcif;& ap&efjzpfonf/ þtaMumif;"r®opfusrf;ü aygvktawmfrsm;rsm;azmfjyonf (a&mr 9/ 1aum 7;7/ {zuf 1;4-13/ 2wd 1;9)/ ¤if;udkyif 1ouf 2;12/ 5;9 wdkY üñTef;qdkonf/ þusrf;ydk'f\pl;pdkufrIrSm u,fwifjcif;ESifh ordkif;udkbk&m;ocifxdef;csKyfaeaMumif;jzpfonf/ qkd;oGrf;rIrSm 0dnmOfa&;ESifh ½kyf0w¬Kavmuüjzpfwnfae aomfvnf; ESpfrsdK;oabm (dualism)r[kwfacs/ ,HkMunfolwdkYonf a&G;aumufjcif;taMumif;tjynfht0em;vnfo abmaygufEdkifjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; igwkdYocifa,½Ic&pfawmf\ crnf;awmfonf t&mcyfodrf;udktjynfht0ESifh arwåmawmftm;jzifh xdef;csKyffffaMumif;olwdkY,HkMunfpdwfcsMuonf/

a&G;aumufjcif;rSm tHhMobG,f&mMo0g'wpfckjzpfonf/ odkYaomf¤if;onf rsufESmomay;&ef ac:zdwfjcif; r[kwfaomfvnf; vrf;aMumif; (channel) wpfckwefqmyvmwpfcktjzpf (0g) tjcm;olrsm;a&G;EIwfjcif;&&Sd&ef enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfvm&efac:zdwfjcif;jzpfonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;üxdkpum;vHk;udktrIaqmif&Guf&efrlvtm;jzifhoHk; onf/ "r®opfürlxdkpum;vHk;udktrIaqmif&Gufjcif;udkjzpfay:apaom? u,fwifjcif;twGufrlvtm;jzifhoHk;onf/ bk&m;ocif\tcsKyftcsmtmPmESifh vlom;\vGwfvyfaompdwfqEwnf;[lonhf qefYusifbufjzpfaeo a,mif t&mESpfck wkdYudkor®musrf;pmonfwnfhrwfay;jcif;rjyKcJhbl;bJ? ESpfckpvHk;udktwnfjyKonf/ þtaMumif;t&m\ or®musrf;pmvmwif;rmrItwGufOyrmaumif;wpfckrSm bk&m;ocifonfrdrd\tcsKyftcsmtmPmjzifh a&G;cs,fjcif; taMumif;jzpfaom a&mr 9ESifh vlom;\wHkYjyefrIvdktyfaMumif;ajymaom a&mr 10 wdkYjzpfonf (10? 11? 13)/

þ"r®oabmw&m;wif;rmrI\aomhcsufrSm {zuf 1;4 jzpfEdkifonf/ a,½IrSm bk&m;ocifa&G;aumufaom vlom;jzpfNyD; vlom;tm;vHk;olYtxJtvm;tvmaumif;pGma&G;aumufcH&aomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ (umvfbwfcf-Karl Barth)/ usqif;aomvlom;\vdktyfrItwGufa,½IrSm bk&m;ocif\ ]][kwfuJh}} jzpfonf/ (umvfbwfpf-Karl Barth)/ BudKwifcefYxm;jcif;\yef;wdkifrSmaumif;uifbHkr[kwfbJ? oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif; (c&pfawmfESifh wljcif;) jzpf aMumif;twnfjyKaom{zuf 1;4 onf þudpöudk&Sif;vif;ap&ef axmufuljyKonf/ a,m 15;16 üa,½Ionf uRefawmfwdkYudktoD;rsm;oD;&ef a&G;cs,fonf[kqdkonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;\tusdK;aus;Zl; rsm;\qGJaqmifrIcH&NyD;? rdrdwdkY\wm0ef0wå&m;udk vpfvSL½IMuonf/ bk&m;ocif\ac:zdwfjcif; (a&G;aumufjcif;) rSm xm0&umvtwGufjzpfonfenf;wl tcsdefumv (,cktcsdef) twGufvnf;jzpfonf/

Mo0g'[lonf tjcm;or®mw&m;rsm;ESifh qufpyfaejcif;jzpfNyD;? xD;xD;BuD;jzifh tquftpyfuif;rJhaomt &mr[kwfacs/ aumif;rGefaomrsdK;uGJqifwlwpfcktjzpfMu,ftpkta0;wpfckESihf wpfyifwdkifMu,fpifwpfvHk;wdkYjzifh Oyrmay;Edkifygonf/ bk&m;ocifonfor®mw&m;udkta&SUwkdif;yHkpHjzifhwifjyí taemufwdkif;pmay[efudkroHk;acs/ qefYusif ae[ef&Sdaomfvnf;udkufnDrI (paradoxical) &SdaomtwGJrsm;aMumifhjzpfay:aom wif;rmrIudkz,f&Sm; jcif;rjyK&acs/

]]y#dnmOfw&m;}} t,ltq"r®oabmw&m;onf bk&m;ocif\tcsKyftcsmtmPmudk (tpjyKay;í? tpDtpOf csrSwfay;avh&Sdol) trdefYjzifhtpjyKí? vlom;onf aemifw&aom,HkMunfjcif;jzifh qufvufwkHYjyefrIjyK jcif;ESifh aygif;pyfay;avh&Sdonf/ yg&ma'ghoabm\wzufudktwnfjyKum? useftjcm;wpfzuftm;½Iwfcsjcif;udk owdxm;yg/ rdrdESpfoufaomMo0g' (0g) "r®oabmw&m;pHepfwpfckwnf;udkomvQif tcdkiftrmajymjcif;tm; owdxm;&efvdktyf onf/

]]tptOD;uyif}} [laompum;pkrSm *&dvufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh א, D, K, L ESifh Peshitta bmomjyef usrf;rsm;üyg&Sdonf (NEB)/ odkYaomfvufa&;usrf;rsm;jzpfonfh R, F, G, P ESifh Vulgate, Harclean Syriac bmomjyef usrf;wdkYürl ]]tOD;oD;rsm;}} jzpfonf (NIV, NAB )/ jyóemrSm ]tptOD;rSpí} jzpfonf (NIV, NAB )/ jyóemrSm ]tptOD;rSpí} [laompum;pkudk tjcm;b,fae&mürQaygvkroHk;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ A.T.

Robertsononf¤if;udkrl&if; toHk;EIef;rIyifjzpfonf[k,HkMunfonf/ (Word Picture in the New Testament,

329

vol.IV, P.54)/ ¤if;udk UBS4onf]]B }} tqifh (aocsmvkeD;yg;) owfrSwfonf/ aygvkonf ]]uyfumv (rsm;)}} – from the ages (aumavmoJ 1;26) odkYr[kwf ]]urÇmrwnfr&SdrD}} –before the age (1aum 2;7) wkdYudkrIoHk;EIef;ygonf/ odkYaomfaygvkonf a&G;aumufjcif;udk&Sif; vif;&ef ]]tOD;oD;rsm;}} pum;vHk;roHk;EIef;cJhbl;acs/

aemufqufwGJESifh rl&if;usrf;qkdif&ma0zeftuJjzwfrIed,rrsm;ü -½I/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / tBuD;tuJ - ARCHĒ– e,fy,f? ykdifeuf (domain) rSm *&da0g[m& arche jzpfjyD; t"dyÜg,frSm wpfpkHwpfck\ ]]tp}} odkYr[kwf ]]rlv}} jzpfonf/ 1/ zefqif;jcif;\ tp (a,m 1;11/ 1a,m 1;1/ a[jAJ 1;10) 2/ {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;\ tp (rmuk 1;1/ zd 4;15/ 2ouf 2;13/ a[jAJ 2;3) 3/ yxrrsufjrif oufaorsm; (vkum 1;2) 4/ edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;\ tp (xl;qef;aom edrdwfvu©Pmrsm;? a,m 2;11) 5/ rlvtajccH w&m;rsm; w&m;Ek (a[jAJ 5;12) 6/ owif;aumif;or®mw&m;ay: tajcjyKonfh pdwfcs&rI\ tp (a[jAJ 3;14) 7/ tptOD;? aum 1;18/ Asm 3;14 ¤if;udk ]]tkyfcsKyfonf}} (0g) ]]tcGifhtmPm^tmPmpuf}} tjzpf tokH;jyKvmcJhonf/ 1/ tkyfcsKyfaom vlom;t&m&Sdrsm;/ (u) vkum 12;11 (c) vkum 20;20 (*) a&mr 13;3/ wdwk 3;1 2/ tmPmydkif aumif;uifwrefrsm; (u) a&mr 8;38 (c) 1aum 15;24 (*) {zuf 1;21/ 3;10/ 6;12 (C) aum 1;16/ 2;10? 15 (i) ,k' 6 rSm;,Gif;ol þq&morm;wdkYonf avmuD? avmukwÅ&m tmPmydkifrsm;tm;vkH; txifao;Muonf/ olwdkYrSmbmomt,l0g'udk qefYusifonfh pm&dwÅrJh0g'rsm; jzpfonf/ olwdkYonf bk&m;ocifxuf?aumif;uifw refrsm;?vlrItmPmydkifrsm;ESifh toif;awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;xuf olwdkYudk,folwdkY yxrt&mü xm;Muonf/

����]]oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ oefY&Sif;apjcif;}} oefY&Sif;jcif;qkdif&m t,ltqESpfrsdK;wkdYonf olwdk[molwdkYay: vGifonf/ (1) tpjyKoefY&Sif;jcif;onf c&pfawmftxJtaetxm;jzpfum (2) wdk;wufjzpfay:aeaom oefY&Sif;jcif; onfc&pfawmfESifh wljcif;üwdk;wufjcif;jzpfonf/ (a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm 4;19)/ 0dnmOfawmfonf uRefawmfwdkYudk c&pfawmfxHokdY ydk;yef;aoG;aqmifonf/ tjypftaMumif;uRefawmfwdkYudk azmfjyoabmaygufapí? {0Ha*vdowif; aumif;udkem;vnfaponf/ uRefawmfwdkYudk c&pfawmftxJ AdwådZHay; (ESpfjcif;ay;) íuRefawmfwkdYtxJc&pfawmfudk yHkazmfay;onf (a,m 16;8-16)/ 1ouf 4;3 &Sd ]]oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;}} txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I/

����]]or®mw&m;udk,HkMunfjcif;}}ti,f 13 &Sdor®mw&m;onf ti,f 14 ESifhwlonf/ 2;14 ]]oifwkdYudkac:cJh&jcif;rSm}} ¤if;rSma&G;aumufjcif;taMumif;aemufxyftav;teufjyKjcif;wpfckjzpfonf/ (1ouf 2;12/ 5;9? 24)/ ao;i,fín§Of;qJcHum? pdwfysuftm;i,faeaom þ,HkMunfol vlpkuav;rSm

330

bk&m;ocif \a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfonf/ olwkdYudk oefY&Sif;&ef ({zuf 1;4)? c&pfawmfESifh wl&ef (a&mr 8;28-29/ *vm 4;9) ac:zdwfonf/

����]]igwkdY\{0Ha*vdw&m;tm;jzifh}}{0Ha*vdw&m;onf ,HkMunf&efowif;pum;ESifh vufcH&efyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;jzpf onf/ ¤if;rSm usqif;cJhNyD;aomvlom;twGufaumif;csD;r*FvmpD;qif;&m puf,EÅ&m;jzpfonf/ tjcm;aomvrf; aMumif;r&Sdacs/

����]]oifwdkYonf igwkdYocif... \bkef;wef;cdk;awmfudk&&Sd&ef}} ¤if;onf 1;12 udkyifjyefvnfazmfjyjcif;jzpf onf/ ]]wefcdk;awmf}} -glory rSmt"dyÜg,fowfrSwf&efcufaoma0g[m&jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk "r®a[mif;usrf;üenf;vrf; rsm;pGmjzifhoHk;EIef;onf/ þusrf;ydk'fürlc&pfawmfjyKcJhaom tvkyfrSwqifh ({zuf 1;4) 0dnmOfawmf\oefY&Sif;apjcif; &&Sdap&efcrnf;awmfonf,HkMunfolwdkYtm;ac:zdwfjcif;udkay:vGifaponf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYrSm c&pfawmfESifh wl&ef jzpfNyD;? c&pfawmf'kwd,tBudrfjyefvnf<uvmonfhtcgudk,fawmf\bkef;wefcdk;awmfudka0rQ&&SdMurnfjzpfonf/ (1a,m 3;2)/ 1;9 ESifh txl;taMumif;t&m/ / bkef;wefcdk;awmf*vm 1;5 ü-½I/

���� bk&m;ocif\y#dnmOfcHemrawmfrSm"r®a[mif;usrf;ü YHWH jzpfonf/ þBud,mudk ESpfrsdK;bmomjyefEdkifyHkrSm ]]igonfigjzpfay:wnf&Sdapaom t&myifjzpfvdrfhrnf}} (odkY) ]]igonf igjzpfonfhtwdkif;jzpf\}} [líjzpf\/ *sL; vlrsdK;wdkY onfor®musrf;pmzwf½IMuonfhtcg þemrawmfudk toHxGufqdk&ef0efav;Muonf/ taMumif;rSm ]ig\emrawmfudkrkomESifh qdkifír>rufqdkESifh}} [laom (xGuf 20;7) ynwfawmfudk vGefusL;&m a&mufrSmpdk;MuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ (]]rkom}} – in vain jzpfí ]]tcsnf;ESD;? taMumif;rJh}} [lívnf;bm omjyefqdkEdkifonf)/ xdkYaMumifh olwdkYonf xdk pum;vHk;udkadonjzifhtpm;xdk;NyD; ]] ydkif&Sif? vifa,musfm;? ocif - master or Lord}} [lít"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ t*Fvdyfor®musrf;pmü YHWH udkpmvHk;BuD; LORD jzifhbmom jyefMuonf/ "r®opfusrf;a&;olrsm;onf þa0g[m&udkyifa,½IüoHk;MuonfhtcgolYudk "r®a[mif;usrf;\ bk&m;ocifESifh wef;wljzpfaMumif;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ txl;taMumif;/ / bk&m;\emrawmfrsm; 1ouf 1;9 ü-½I/

����]]a,½I}}"r®opfusrf;a&;olrsm;onf þemrnfoufoufudkomvQif oHk;EIef;Muonfhtcg emZ&ufNrdKUom;a,½I \vlom;jzpfjcif;udktav;teufjyKjcif;jzpfonf/

����]]c&pfawmf}}rSm ]]bdodyfqDoGef;avmif;jcif;cH&ol}} [kt"dyÜg,f&Sdaom ]]ar&Sd,}} \a[NAJpum;vHk;udkt&Sdtwkdif; ,ljcif;jzpfonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;übdodwfqDoGef;avmif;&aom&mxl;oHk;rsdK;&Sd&m ya&mzufrsm;? ,Zfyka&m[dwf rsm;ESifh &Sifbk&ifrsm;jzpfonf/ xdkodkYjyKjcif;rSm txl;wm0efxrf;aqmif&efbk&m;ocif\ac:jcif;ESifh wefqmyavm wyfqif jcif;\trSwftom;jzpfonf/ a,½Ionf "r®a[mif;\ &mxl;oHk;rsKd;pvHk;jynfhpHkaponf (a[NAJ 1;2-3)/

txl;taMumif;t&m/ / or®musrf;pmxJ&SdaombdodyfqDoGef;avmif;jcif; (BDB 603) (u) wifhw,fvSyap&efoHk;onf (w&m;a[m 28;40/ ½ko 3;3/ 2"r® 12;20/ 14;2/ 2&mcsKyf 28;15/ 'H 10;3/ tmrkwf 6;6/ rdu©m 6;15)/ (c) {nfhonfrsm;üoHk;onf(qmvH 23;5/ vkum 7;38/ 46/ a,m 11;2)/ (*) a&m*gaysmufuif;ap&efoHk;onf (a[&Sm, 61;1/ a,&rd 51;8/ rmuk 6;13/ vkum 10;34/ ,mukyf5;14)/ «a,Zausv 16;9 üusef;rma&;t"dyÜg,fjzifhoHk;onf»/ (C) ocsØK[fbkdYjyifqif&efoHk;onf (urÇm 50;2/ 2&m 16;14/ rmuk 16;1/ a,m 12;3?7/ 19;39-40)/

331

(i) bmoma&;twGuf? t&m0w¬Krsm;ü urÇm 28;18/ 31;13 «wkdifü»/ xGuf 29;26 «,Zfyv’ifü»/ xGuf 30;26/ 40;9-16/ 0wfjyK 8;10-13/ awmvnf 7;1 «wJawmfü»)/ (p) acgif;aqmifrsm;cefYtyfjcif;ü 1/ ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;

(u) tm½kef (xGuf 28;41/ 29;7/ 30;30)/ ( c)tm½kef\om;rsm; (xGuf 40;15/ 0wfjyK 7;36)/ ( *) tqifhtwef;azmfjyaompum;pk (0g) bGJUemr (awm 3;3/ 0wfjyK 16;32)

2/ &Sifbk&ifrsm; (u) bk&m;ocifu(1"r® 2;10/ 2"r® 12;7/ 4"r® 9;3? 6? 12/ qmvH 45;7/ 89;20)/ ( c) ya&mzwfrsm;u (1"r® 9;16/ 10;1/ 15;1? 17/ 16;3?12-13/ 3"r® 1;45/ 19;15-16)/ ( *) ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;u (3"r® 1;34? 39/ 4"r® 11;12)/ (C) oufBuD;^vlBuD;rsm;u (w&m;olBuD; 9;8? 15/ 2"r® 2;7/ 5;3/ 4"r®23;30)/ ( i)ar&Sd,bk&iftjzpfa,½Iu (qmvH 2;2/ vkum 4;18 «a[&Sm, 61;1»/ wrefawmf 4;27/ 10;38/ a[NAJ 1;9 «qmvH 45;7»/ ( p) a,½I\aemufvdkufrsm; (2aum 1;21/ 1a,m 2;20? 27 «chrisma»)

3/ ya&mzufjzpf&eftvm;tvm&Sdolrsm; (a[&Sm, 61;1) 4/ bk&m;ocif\u,fwifrItwGuftoHk;cHwefqmyvmjzpfaomr,HkMunfolrsm; (u)uk½kbk&if (a[&Sm, 45;1)

(c)wk½kbk&if (a,aZausv 28;14/ þusrf;ydk'füolonf{'ifO,smOfudkOyrmwifpm;oHk;EIef;onf)/ 5/ ar&Sd,\bGJUemrawmf? okdYr[kwfpum;vHk;jzpfNyD;? bdodyfqDoGef;avmif;cH&ol}} (BDB 603)[kt"dyÜg,f &Sdonf/

2;15 ]]nDtpfudkwdkY}} þpum;vHk;udk rdrdajymaomtaMumif;t&majymif;vJaMumif;azmf&efaygvkoHk;avh&Sdonf/

���� ]]cdkifNrJpGm&yfwnf}}¤if;rSmPRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE ESpfckteufyxrjzpfonf/ pGJNrJjcif;udk Oyrmwif pm;oHk;EIef;rIjzpfaom ¤if;udkaygvkrMumcPoHk;onf/ (1ouf 3;8/ 1aum 16;13/ {zuf 6;11? 13)/ ,HkMunfolwkdYonf udk,fum,ESifh pdwfydkif;qkdif&mn§Of;qJrIrsm;ESifh rSm;,Gif;aomoGefoifrIrsm; &ifqkdif&onfhtcgpGJNrJ &efvdktyfyHk tm;tav;teufajymjcif;jzpfonf/ þa0g[m&udk 1aum 15;1 üc&pfawmftxJuRefawmfwdkY\ taetxm;twGuf oHk;EIef;onf/ txufüa&G;aumufjcif;taMumif;tav;teufjyKrIudk þtcsufonf csdefcGif vQmnDrQaponf/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / pGJNrJjcif;taMumif; *vm 5;4 ü-½I/

����]]pGJudkif}}¤if;rSm PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE aemufwpfckjzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYrSm aygvka[maom or®mw&m;rsm;udk qufvufpGJudkifMu&efjzpfonf (1aum 11;2)/ ¤if;onf a&G;aumufjcif;taMumif;tm; "r®oabm w&m;t&o[mZmwjzpfaponf/

���� ]]tpOftvmrsm;}} þpum;vHk; (pardosis)udkt"dyÜg,ftrsdK;rsdK;jzifhoHk;onf/ 1/ 1aum 11;2? 23 ü{0Ha*vdor®mw&m;twGuf 2/ róJ 15;6/ 23;1/ rmuk 7;8/ *vm 1;14 wdkYü*sL;vlrsdK;wdkY\ tpOftvmrsm;twGuf 3/ aumavmoJ 2;6-8 üaemhpwpft,l0g'rsm;twGuf

4/ a&mrumodkvpftoif;awmfonfþtcef;i,ftm;or®musrf;pmESifh tpOftvmrsm;üwef;wltcGifhtm Pm&Sdjcif;twGufusrf;ydk'fwpfckwnf;jzifhtwnfjyKcsuf,l&eftoHk;jyKonf/ odkYaomfþusrf;ydk'fonf

332

wrefawmf rsm;ajymaom (0g) a&;om;aomor®mw&m;udk ajymjcif;jzpfonf (3;6)/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 2;16-17 16,ckigwkdY\ocifa,½Ic&pfawmfudk,fwdkifESifh igwdkY\tz? bk&m;ocifwnf;[laomigwkdYudkcspfí xm0& ESpfodrfhjcif;? aumif;aomajrmfvifhjcif;udkaus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh igwkdYudkay;awmfrlolonf 17aumif;aomt vkyfESifh aumif;aompum;wkdif;twGuf oifwkdY\pdwfESvHk;rsm;udk ESpfodrfhícdkifcHhygapaom/

2;16-17 ¤if;rSm 1;2 ESifh 3;16 wdkYenf;wl qkawmif;csufwpfckjzpfonf/ 2;16 ]]igwkdY\ocifa,½Ic&pfawmfudk,fwdkifESifh igwkYd\tzbk&m;ocifwnf;[laom igwkdYudkcspfíxm0& ESpfodrhfjcif;? aumif;aomajrmfvifhjcif;udk aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifhigwkdYudkay;awmfrlolonf}} *&dusrf;ü uwåm;yk'f ESpfck&Sdaomfvnf; tenf;jyudef;emrfpm; ]]oludk,fwdkif}}- himself wpfckESifh SINGULAR AORIST

PARTICIPLE ESpfck (cspfjcif;cH&aom? ay;jcif;cH&aom) ESpfck&Sdonf/ xdkYjyifa,½Iudkt&ifqHk;azmfjyaMumif;udkvnf; owdjyKyg/ ¤if;onf uwåm; (jyKvkyfol) rsm;\nDñTwfrIESifh wef;wlnDrIudkjyonf (1ouf 1;1? 2/ 3;11)/ om;awmfESifh tzonfigwkdYudk xm0&ESpfodrfhjcif;ESifhaumif;aomajrmfvifhjcif;ay;cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ 1ouf 1;1 \txl;taMumif;t&m/ / crnf; awmfü-½I/

���� NASB,NRSV ]]xm0& (eterual)ESpfodrhfjcif;}} (comfort) NKJV ]]tNrJwnfaom (everlasting)ESpfodrhfjcif;}} (consolation) TEV ]]xm0&&J&ifhjcif;}} NJB ]]rukefcef;EdkifaomESpfodrhfjcif;}}

,HkMunfolrsm;&&SdaomESpfodrfhrIESifh ajrmfvifhjcif;rSmc&pfawmfrSwqifhMunfhjrifívkyfaqmifaombk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfay:tajcjyKonf/ 1ouf 4;18 uJhodkYaomoif;tkyfqdkif&mtm;ay;rIusrf;ydk'frsdK;udk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ ‘ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;taMumif; ajym&mü aygvk\tjrifrSmuRefawmfwdkY\ tcsdefZ,m;rsm;ESifh oDtdk&Drsm;jynfhpHkap &efr[kwfbJ? aeYpOfc&pfawmfESifh wl&eftm;ay;bkdYjzpfonf (1aum 15;58)/

���� ]]aumif;aomajrmfvifhjcif;}} þwdusaomyHkpHudk"r®opfusrf;wGifþae&müomvQifoHk;onf/ ]]ajrmfvifh}} [laom pum;vHk;udk "r®opfusrf;ü'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif; t"dyÜg,fjzifh oHk;avh&Sdonf/ (*vm 5;5 \txl;taMumif; t&m/ /ajrmfvifhjcif;ü-½I)/ þ"r®oabmw&m;udk pl;pkdufaomoufomavmedMo0g'pmrsm;ü ¤if;rSmtxl;wvnf rSefuefonf/ ]]aumif;aomajrmfvifhjcif;}} [lonf bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhom &&Sdonf/ 2;17 a,½Ic&pfawmfESifh tzbk&m;ocifonfuRefawmfwdkYudkcspfcJhNyDjzpfí olwdkY\aus;Zl;awmfaMumifhigwkdYudkxm0& ESpfodrfhjcif;ESifh aumif;aomajrmfvifhjcif;ay;cJhMuNyDjzpfonf/ ¤if;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm

1/ uRefawmfwdkY\ pdwfESvHk;rsm;udkESpfodrfh&ef/ 2/ uRefawmfwdkY\ pdwfESvHk;rsm;udk (u) aumif;aomtvkyfwdkif;vkyfap&ef/ ( c) aumif;aompum;wdkif;ajym&ef cGeftm;&SdapbdkYjzpfonf/

333

¤if;rSm*&dvdkti,f 17 &Sd ]]ajrmfvifhjcif;}} pum;vHk;ESifh twlwljzpfonf/ *&dusrf;üþti,fESpfckpvHk; 0gus wpfaMumif;wnf;jzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolwdkYtm; ]]aumif;aomt&mrsm;}} ajym&efESifh vkyf&efcGeftm;ay; &jcif;jzpfaMumif; rSwfom;yg/ uRefawmfwdkYonfaumif;aomt&mwdkYudkvkyf jcif;aMumifh u,fwifjcif;&onfr[kwf aomfvnf;? aumif;aomt&mrsm;vkyfíajym &eftwGufu,fwifcH&olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ c&pfawmfESifh uRefawmfwkdY \awmfpyfrI? qufpyfrIonfuRefawmfwkdYudkc&pfawmfESifh wljcif;qDodkYOD;wnfoGm;ap&rSmjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwdkYudk aumif;aomtvkyfrsm;vkyf&efac:zdwfonf ({zuf 1;4/ 2;10)/ ,HkMunfolwdkif;twGufyef;wdkifrSm uRefawmfwdkY uG,fvGefonfhtcgaumif;uifbHkoGm;a&;twGufomvQifr[kwfbJ? ,ckyifvQifc&pfawmfESifh wl&efjzpfonf/ þaumif;aomtvkyfrsm;ESifh ajymqdkrIrsm;onf igwkdYudku,fwifaomt&Sif tm;roduRrf;olrsm;udk odapEdkif&ef uRefawmfwkdYudkulnDyHhydk;onf/

���� ]]pdwfESvHk;rsm;}} *vm 4;6 \txl;taMumif;t&mü-½I aqG;aEG;jcif;ar;cGef;rsm; 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/ 1/ tb,fhaMumifh 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;taMumif;toif;awmfütvGefjiif;cHkcJhMu&vJ/ 2/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;rSmtNrJwrf;eD;uyfaejcif;avm? odkYr[kwf tcsdKUaomt&mrsm;t&ifyxrjzpfysuf&OD; ravm/ 3/ bk&m;ocifonf vlawGr,HkMunfap&efvkyfoavm/ 4/]]vdrfvnfjcif;}} [lonf b,ft&mvJ/

334

oufomavmedwfMo0g'pm 3 acwfopfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;\ pmydk'fcGJrsm;

UBS4 NKJV NRSV TEV NJB

igwdkYudkqkawmif; ay;Mu 3;1-5 ysif;&djcif;udk owday; 3;6-15 aumif;csD;ay;jcif; 3;16 3;17-18

igwdkYudkqkawmif; ay;Mu 3;1-5 ysif;&djcif;udkowday; jcif; 3;6-15 aumif;csD;ay;jcif; 1;16-18

tqHk;owfawmif;qdk jcif;? jypfwifjcif;? qkawmif;jcif; 3;1-5 3;6-13 3;14-15 3;16 3;17-18

igwdkYudkqkawmif; ay;Mu 3;1-2 3;3-4 3;5 tvkyfvkyf&ef 0wå&m; 3;6-10 3;11-12 3;13-15 aemufqHk;pum; 3;16 3;17 0.1375

pGJNrJ&eftm;ay;jcif; (2;13-3;5) 3;1-5 ysif;&djcif;? rpnf; vHk;jcif;udk qefY usif 3;6 3;7-9 3;10-12 3;13-15 qkawmif;jcif;ESifh EIwfqufjcif; 3;16 3;17-18

4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um

tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/ 1/ yxrpmykd'f 2/ 'kwd,pmykd'f 3/ wwd,pmykd'f 4/ ponfjzifh………………

335

ti,f 1-18 udka&SUaemufpmtquftpyfoabmjzifh em;vnf&yHk (u) aygvkonfrdrd\owif;aumif;a[majymrItwGuf qkawmif;ay;&efajymonf/ ({zuf 6;19/ aumavmoJ 4;3)/ olwdkYxHrdrdyxrqHk;a[majympOfuenf;wl tem*wfumvüa[mrnfolYa[majymcsufrsm;twGufbk&m;ocif\ aumif;csD;ay;jcif;udkol&Smonf (i,f 1)/ (c) tvkyfvkyf&efjiif;qefol,HkMunfolrsm;üawGU&onfhtwdkif; 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;taMumif;rSm;,Gif;aom oGefoifrIrsm;\ysufpD;apaomaemufqufwGJrsm;taMumif;aygvkBudKíowday;onf/

pum;vHk;ESifh pum;pkavhvmrI

NASB (aemufqHk;jyifqifxm;aom) omomjyefusrf;/ / 3;1-5 1aemufqHk;taejzifh nDtpfudkwkdYigwdkYtbdkYqkawmif;ay;&efrSm bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfonf oifwdkY rSmenf;wlvsifjrefpGmjyefYESHYí? csD;ajr§mufjcif;cHap&ef 2vlwdkif;ü,HkMunfjcif;&Sdonfr[kwfojzifh qefYusifbufjyK wwfolrsm;ESifh qdk;oGrf;olrsm;rSu,fvGwfjcif;cH&&efwnf;/ 3odkYaomfocifbk&m;rSmopöm&Sd onfjzpfí? oifwdkYudk cdkifcHhapum? qdk;oGrf;olrSumuG,fvdrfhrnf/ 4igwdkYynwfonfhtwdkif;oifwdkYonf vkyfaeNyD;? qufvufí vkyfaeMuOD;rnf [kvnf;oifwdkYESifh qdkifíigwdkYonfocifbk&m;ü,HkMunfpdwfcs rI&SdMu\/ 5ocifbk&m; onfoifwdkY\ pdwfESvHk;rsm;udkbk&m;ocif\arwåmawmfESifh c&pfawmf\wnfMunf jcif;odkYñTefMum;Edkifygap/

3;1 ]]aemufqHk;taejzifh}} aygvkonfþpum;pk (usefaomt&m[lívnf;jzpfEdkifonf) udkol\aemufqHk;aom t"duor®mw&m; (0g) taMumif;t&mjzpfaMumif;oD;oeYftrSwftom;jyKjcif;jzpfonf (1ouf 4;1)/ ¤if;rSmed*Hk; tydkif;\tpjzpfonf/ ol\tqHk;owfa&;om;rIudk ed'gef;ysdK;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf (2aum 13;11)/ ¤if;rSmt"dutcsufwpfckudk pmtm;jzifh trSwftom;jyKvkdufjcif;oabmvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ (1ouf 4;1)/

���� ]]igwdkYtwGufqkawmif;}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT MIDDLE (deponent) IMPERATIVE wpfckjzpfonf/ aygvkonf qkawmif;jcif;vdktyfonfh[kcHpm;&NyD;? ¤if;onfolYtrIawmfvkyfief;xda&mufaponf[k,HkMunfonf (1ouf 5;25/ {zuf 6;19/ aumavmoJ 4;3)/ 1ouf 1;2 \txl;taMumif;t&m/ / Mum;0ifqkawmif; ay;jcif; ü- ½I/

���� ]]ocifbk&m;\EIwfuywfawmfonf}} aygvkonfolYtwGufr[kwfbJ? {0Ha*vdw&m;twGufqkawmif;ay;&ef arwåm&yfcHonf/ urÇmOD; 15;1ç4 ü ]]xm0&bk&m; (YHWH)\EIwfuywfawmf}} [laompum;pkonftmjA[Hajymaombk&m; ocif\owif;pum;udk ñTef;onf/ ¤if;pum;pkudkyif 1"r® 15;10 ESifh a[&Sm, 1;10 wdkYütem*wdåa[mcsuf oabmjzifhoHk;onf/ "r®opfusrf;ü¤if;onf yHkpHESpfrsdK;jzifhvmonf/ 1/ (ajymaompum;tjzpf)rhema jzifhajymjcif;/ vkum 22;61/ wrefawmf 11;16/ 1ay 1;25/

1/ logos jzifhajymjcif;/ wref 8;25/ 13;44/ 48? 49/ 15;35/ 16;32/ 19;10? 20/ 1ouf 1;8/ 4;15/ þyHkpHESpfckü "r®oabmw&m;t&uGJjym;rI&dSyHk ray:acs/

336

���� NASB, NASB ]]vsifjrefpGmysHUESHUí? csD;ajr§mufjcif;cH}} NKJV ]]vGwfvyfrI&í csD;ajr§mufjcif;}} TEV ]]vsifjrefpGmqufvufysHUESHUí bkef;toa&&&Sd}} NJB ]]vsifjrefpGmysHUESHUí? *kPftoa&&SdpGmvufcHrI&}}

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ESpfck&Sdonf/ ]]ysHUESHU}} –spread\rl&if;t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tajy;NydKifonf}} (PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCT) jzpf\/ ¤if;onfqmvH 147;15 udkñTef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ þusrf;ydk'f&Sd ]]bkef;toa&}} – glory (PRESENT PASSIVE SUBJUNC) udk ]]*kPfjyK}} – honour tjzpfem;vnf&ygrnf/ ¤if;onf{0Ha*vdowif; aumif;udkvlrsm;onf vufcHí ¤if;aMumifh0rf;ajrmufMujcif;udkqdkvdkonf/ usqif;aom vlom;rsm;onf {0Ha*vdw &m;udkaumif;pGmwHkYjyefí (i,f -2) olwdkY\b0ajymif;vJoGm;Muonfhtcg owif;aumif;onf*kPfjyKcsD;jr§ifhcH&onf/ 3;2 ]]qefYusifbufjyKolrsm;ESifh qdk;oGrf;olrsm;rSu,fvGwfjcif;cH&ef}} ¤if;rSm AORIST PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

wpfckjzpfonf/ þumvjyyk'f tjyifemr0daooeESpfckESifh ]]the}} wkdYujyaeonfrSm aygvkb0ü twdtusjzpfysufaomt&mwpfckjzpfaMumif;jyonf/ xdktjzpftysufrSmrnfonfht&mjzpfaMumif; þtoif;awmf url em;vnfxm;onf (1ouf2;26)/ aum&dEÅKNrdKUrS þpma&;olaygvkonf xdkNrdKUü aexdkifpOfprf;oyfrIrsm;pGm cHcJh&onf/ (2aum 4;8-11/ 6;4-10/ 11;23-28)/

���� ]]vlwdkif;,HkMunfjcif;&Sdonfr[kwfojzifh}} ¤if;rSmtrSeftm;jzifh the faith jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf (1) {0Ha*vd owif;aumif;udk rdrdudk,fwdkifvufcHjcif;? odkYr[kwf (2) Mo0g'oabmjzifh {0Ha*vdw&m;\or®mw&m;/ qdk;oGrf;rI onfaumif;aomt&muJhodkYrsufESmzHk;wyfqifavh&Sdonf (róJ 7;21-23)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / ,HkMunf *vm 3;6 ü-½I/ 3;3 ]]odkYaomfocifbk&m;rSmopöm&Sdonf}} þae&mü ]],HkMunf}} – faith pum;vHk;udk¤if;\"r®a[mif;usrf; t"dyÜg,f jzpfonfh opöm&Sdjcif; - faithfulnessoabmjzifhoHk;onf/ a,½Ionf ti,f 2 &Sdqkd;oGrf;olrsm;ESifh qefYusifbufjzpf onf (1ouf 5;24)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / "r®a[mif;usrf;xJ ]],HkMunf}} *vm 3;6 ü-½I/

����]]ckdifcHhap}} qyfwl*sif; (LXX ) üþpum;vHk;udk NrdKUuJhodkYaomt&mwpfckwnfaxmifjcif;twGufoHk;onf/ ¤if; pum;vHk;udk vlwpfa,muftm;wnfaqmufcdkifcHhapjcif; (0g) twnfjyKay;jcif;tm;Oyrmwifpm;jcif;tjzpfoHk;vmcJh Muonf (a&mr 16;25/ 1ouf3;2/ 2ouf 2;17/ 3;3)/ opöm&Sdaomocifbk&m;onf olYvlwdkYudk qdk;oGrf;jcif;? qdk;oGrf;aom vlrsm;ESifh qdk;oGrf;ol (rm&fewf) rSumuG,fí ckdifcHhapvdrfhrnf/

���� ]]umuG,f}} ¤if;rSm þtcef;BuD;&Sdppfbufqkdif&mpum;vHk;rsm;pGmteufwpfckjzpfonf (1ay 1;3-12/ 1a,m 5;18)/

���� ]]qdk;oGrf;aomol (rm&fewf pmwef)rS}} t"dyÜg,fcGJyHkpHjzpfaom þ*&dpum;vHk;rSm eykv’dif (0g) ykv’difjzpfEdkifonf/ ta&SUwdkif;toif;awmfzcifBuD;rsm;ESifh wmusL;vsif;wdkYonf¤if;udkykv’diftjzpfbmomjyefMuNyD;? taemufwdkif;toif;awmfzcifBuD;rsm;onf eykv’diftjzpfbmomjyefMuonf (a&mr 12;9)/ "r®a[mif;usrf;onf ykv’difudkaxmufcHyHk&ygonf (róJ 5;37/ 6;13/ 13;19? 38/ a,m 17;15/ {zuf 6;16/ 1a,m 2;13-14/ 3;12/ 5;18-19)/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ / raumif;rI\yk*¾dKvf? 1ouf 2;18ü-½I/

337

¤if;üjzpfEdkifacs ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ (1) aygvkacwfrrSefaomq&morm;rsm; (tEÅdc&pfrsm; - 1a,m 2;18)/ odkY r[kwf (2) aemufqHk;aomumvüjzpfysufonfht&mrsm;qdkif&m tEÅdc&pf (Asm 13)/ qdk;oGrf;rIonftNrJ&Sdaeonf enf; wlopöm&Sdolocifbk&m;rSmvnf; tpOf&Sdaeonf/ olonf rdrdaemufvdkufwdkYudk qdk;oGrf;aomvlrsm;rSu,fí vHkNcHKpGm&Sd aeapum? qdk;oGrf;aomol (rm&fewf) xHrSvnf;umuG,fícGeftm;cdkifcHhapayrnf/ 3;4 ]] oifwkdYESifh qdkifíigwdkYonf ocifbk&m;ü,HkMunfpdwfcsrI&SdMu\}} ¤if;rSm PERFECT ACTIVE

INDICATIVE jzpfNyD;? twdwfüjzpfay:cJhNyD;? ,cktcgtajctaewpf&yfjzpfvmcJhaomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckudk ajymonf/ aygvk\pdwfcsrIrSm ]]ocifbk&m;txJ}} jzpfaomfvnf; þ,HkMunfolrsm;üvnf;jzpfonf/ tvm;wlcsdef cGifvQmnDrQrI wpfckudk zdvdyÜd 2;12-13 üawGU&onf/ u,fwifjcif;onftcsKyftcsmtmPm&Sdaom bk&m;o cifxHawmfrSjzpfonfh enf;wlwHkYjyefaqmif&GufrIjyKaomvlom;xHrSvnf;jzpfonf/ (vkyfaejcif;ESifh qufvufvkyfae rnfht&m) vlom;udk bk&m;ocifqufqHrItm;vHk;onfcRif;csufrJhjzpfaomfvnf; y#dnmOfw&m;qdkif&muwdawmfrsm; jzpfaomcRif;csufrsm; vnf;yg0ifonf/

����]]ynwf}} – command- ¤if;rSm ppfoHk;a0g[m&jzpfonf/ þusrf;ydk'fü¤if;udk xyfcgwvJvJoHk;onf (i,f 4? 6? 10? 12)/ ¤if;onfwrefawmfwpfyg;tjzpfaygvkü&SdaomtcGihftmPmudkjyonf/ þpum;vHk;\&nfñGef;csufrSm (1) aygvk\a[majymjcif; (2) ol\yxrMo0g'pmjzpfaom 1oufomavmed (3) ol\vuf&SdñTefMum;csuf rsm;jzpfonfh 2oufomavmedMo0g'pm ponfwdkYjzpfEdkifygonf/ 3;5 ]]ocifbk&m; ... bk&m;ocif ... c&pfawmf}}–Lord (ocif) [laompum;vHk;\ t"dyÜg,froJuGJ ESpfrsdK;xGuf EdkifyHkrSmay:vGifonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ü ¤if;rSmYHWH jzpfavh&Sdonf/ "r®opfusrf;jyKolrsm; onf YHWH \ vkyf aqmifrIwkdYudka,½I\vkyfaqmifrItjzpfazmfjyonfhtcg "r®a[mif; usrf;ydk'fwkdYudkudk;um;avh&SdMuonf/ yHkaor[kwf jcif;ü&nf&G,fcsuf&SdEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm "r®opfusrf;\rIwf oGif;cHrl&if;usrf;jyKolrsm;onf a,½IrSmbk&m;jzpf aMumif;ESifh oHk;yg;wpfqlbk&m;\pkpnf;nDñGwfaom vkyfaqmifrIudktwnfjyKvdkMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf (2;16-17)/

���� ]]ñTefMum;}} – direct ¤if;rSm AORIST ACTIVE PASSIVE wpfckjzpfNyD;? qkawmif;jcif;wpfckudk xif[yfay:vGifaponf (1ouf 3;11-13)/ ¤if;rSmvnf;ppfoHk;a0g[m&wpfckyifjzpfum? ]]twm;tqD;rsm;udkz,f &Sm;NyD;ajzmifhwef;aponf}} [líjzpf\/ ¤if;onf"r®a[mif;\Oyrmwifpm;rIwpfckjzpfonfh ]]aumif;rGefa[mif;EGrf; aomajzmifhrwfjcif;vrf;rsm;}} (vkum 1;79/ 1ouf 3;11) udkñTef;jcif;wpfckjzpfonf/ þqkawmif;rI\rsufESm pmESpfrsdK;rSm (1) bk&m;ocif\arwåmawmfESifh (2) c&pfawmf\wnfMunfjcif;jzpfonf/

���� ]]pdwfESvHk;rsm;}} "r®a[mif;usrf;ü¤if;udk vlyk*¾dKvfwpfckvHk;twGuf oHk;aomfvnf; ydkítxl;oD;oefYjzifhpdwfESifh qdkifíoHk;onf/ ¤if;onfþusrf;ydk'fü tudkufnDqHk;jzpfonf/ *vm 4;6 &Sdtxl;taMumif;t&müMunfhyg/

����]]bk&m;ocif\arwåmawmf}} – the love of God ydkifqdkifjcif;jyaomþpum;pkudk uwåm;yk'f (0g) uHyk'ftjzpf ESpfrsdK;pvHk;oHk;Edkifonf/ uRefawmfwdkYudk bk&m;ocifcspfjcif;twGufESifh bk&m;ocifudkuRefawmfwdkYcspfjcif; ESpfrsdK;vHk;tjzpfem;vnfEdkifonf/ þusrf;ydk'fü uRefawmfwdkYudk bk&m;ocifcspfjcif;ESifh ydkíqDavsmfonf/

���� ]]c&pfawmf\wnfMunfjcif;}} þpum;pkudkaygvka&;aompmrsm;ü þae&mwGifomoHk;onf/ ¤if;rSmt"dyÜg,f roJuGJacs/ (odkY) t"dyÜg,fESpfrsdK;xGufEdkifonf/ ¤if;rSm ]]apwemtavsmufaqmif&Gufjcif;? pdwf&SnfpGmonf;cHjcif;}}

338

twGufoHk;aompum;vHk;jzpfonf/ c&pfawmf\pdwf&SnfpGmonf;cHjcif;OyrmaMumifh (zdvdyÜd 2;6-11) ,HkMunfolrsm; onfpdwf&SnfpGmonf;cHEdkifMuonf/ ydkifqdkifrIjyyk'f (of ) onfc&pfawmfuJhodkYpdwf&Snfonf;cHjcif; (0g) ,HkMunfolrsm;udkay;aom c&pfawmf\pdwf &Snfonf;cHjcif;udkqdkvdkonf/¤if;onftxufupum;pkuJhodkYuRefawmfwdkYudkay;aomc&pfawmf\pdwf&Snfonf;cHjcif; udkajymyHk&ygonf/ þonf;cHjcif;onf atmufygwdkYteufwpfckckudkajymonf/

1/ olwkdYcH&aomvuf&Sd ñSOf;qJjcif;/ 2/ rSm;,Gif;aomq&morm;rsm;udk olwdkYwkefYjyefrIjyKjcif;ESifh ¤if;aMumifhtoif;om tcsdKUysif;&daeMujcif;/ 3/ (ti,f 11 üajymaomolrsm;uJhodkYr[kwfbJrnfonfhtcsdefüjzpfap^aemufusrSjzpfap a,½Ijyefvnf <uvmjcif;\tvif;xJwGif,HkMunfolwdkYonf onf;cHvsuf? udk;pm;vsuf&SdaomarQmfvifhapmifhpm;aom ,HkMunf jcif;jzifhtouf&Sifjcif;/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ /3;6-15 6,cktcgnDtpfudkwdkY? igwkdYonfoifwkdYtm;igwkdY ocifa,½Ic&pfawmf\ emrawmfjzifhynwfMu onfrSm? igwkdYxHrSoifwdkY vufcHaomxHk;wrf;pOfvm twdkif;r[kwfbJ? rw&m;pGmtouf&SifaomnDtpfudkrSeforQ tm;a&SmifMuavmh/ 7taMumif;rSmoifwdkYonfigwkdY\Oyrmudk rnfuJhodkYvdkufoifhaMumif;odxm;oifh ygonf/ taMumif;rSm igwdkYonf oifwdkYtv,füpnf;rJhurf;rJhrjyKcJhMuacs/ 8odkYr[kwfigwdkYonf r0,fbJ wpfpHk wpfa,muf\ tpmudkpm;cJhMuoavm/ odkYaomfigwkdYonf oifwkdYwpfa,mufa,muftwGuf 0efxkyfrjzpfap&ef nESifh aeYyifyef;cHí tNrJBudK;pm; tvkyfvkyfMuonf/ 9igwkdYüþt&mtwGuf tcGifhtmPmr&Sdír[kwfbJ? oifwkdYonf igwdkY\yHkpHudk vdkufEdkif&efoifwdkYtwGufpHerlem tjzpfigwkdYudk,figwdkYay;qyf &efjzpfonf/10taMumif; rSmigwkdYonf oifwdkYESifhtwl&SdcJhMupOf oifwkdYudk igwkdYñTefMum;avh&SdonfrSm? Tvkyfr vkyfvdkolwpfa,muf atmuf&SdcJhygu xdkoludktpm;vnf; rpm;apESifh [líkjzpf\/ 11taMumif;rSmoifwkdY teuftcsKdUonf tvkyfvHk;0rvkyfbJ olwyg;udpöü 0ifpGufovdkvkyfum? rw&m;pGmtouf&SifaeMuonf[k igwdkYMum;&\/ 12,ckxdkuJhodkYaom olrsm;onf Nidrf0yfpGmtvkyfvkyfvsuf? olwdkY\tpmudkpm;&efocifa, ½Ic&pfawmftm;jzifh igwkdYonf ynwfíwdkufwGef;Mu\/ 13odkYaomfnDtpfudkwdkY? oifwkdYrSmrIaumif;aom t&mvkyfjcif;udk rNiD;aiGUMuESifh/ 14þpmüigwdkYñTefMum;onfudkremcHol&Sdygu xdkoludktxl;rSwfom;í xdkoludk&Sufap&eftaygif;tazmfrvkyfMuESifh/ 15odkYaomf&efolvdkoabmrxm;bJ? nDtpfudk wpfa,muft aejzifh tBuHay;qHk;rMuavmh/

3;6 ]]igwkdYonfoifwkdYtm;igwkdYocif ... \emrawmfjzifhynwfonfrSm}} ¤if;onfodvESifh wdarmaowkdYudk yg0ifapaom,Ofaus;onfh trsm;jyudef;jzpfaomfvnf; trSefrSmwrefawmfBuD;&Sifaygvkajymaompum;jzpfonf/ toif;awmfudk (i,f 10? 12) OD;aqmif&efESifh ynwfcsufay;&ef c&pfawmftxJol\tcGifhtmPmESifh 0dnmOfawmfrIwf oGif;rIudkolod&Sdxm;onf/ ]]emrtm;jzifh}} qdkonfrSm vlwpfa,muf\trSwftom;(0g) yk*¾dKvfudk&nfñTef;aoma[NAJtD 'D,HwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/

���� ]]emrtm;jzifh}} ¤if;onfvlwpfa,mufudkudk,fpm;jyKaomtrSwftom;jzpfonf *sL;ESifhtm&yftEG,f0if (semitic) rsm;\ tD'D,HwpfrsdK;jzpfonf (1;12)/ aygvkonf rdrdudk,fydkiftcGifhtmPmjzifhrajymacs/ txl;taMumif;t&m/ /udk,f awmf\emrawmf 2ouf 1;12 ü -½I/

���� ]]a&SmifMuavmh}} ¤if;rSmPRESENT MIDDLE INFINITIVE jzpfNyD; aeYpOfoHk;*&dbmomü IMPERATIVE

apcdkif;jcif;tjzpfoHk;avh&Sdonf/ ]]oifwkdYudk,fwdkifqufvufa&SmifMuavmh}} (i,f 14) [líjzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolwdkY onfbk&m;pum;remcHaomolrsm;ESifh vlcsif;&if;EDS;aomqufqHa&;rjyK&acs (a&mr16; 17/ 1aum 5;11/ 2ouf

339

3;14)/ ¤if;onfr,HkMunfolrsm;? rSm;,Gif;aom,HkMunfolrsm;ESihf wpfcgwavoifhawmfovdkaygif;oif;qufqH jcif;rsdK;udkrqdkvdkacs (i,f15)/

���� NASB ]]rw&m;pGmtouf&Sifaom}} NKJV ]]pnf;urf;rJhusifhBuHaom}} NRSV ]]ysif;&díaeaom}} TEV ]]ysif;&daomb0jzifhaeaom}} NJB ]]tvkyfvkyf&efjiif;qefaom}} ¤if;\rSm ppfoHk;pum;vHk;aemufwpfrsdK;jzpfNyD; ]]pnf;urf;ESifh rnDñTwfaomtusifh}} [líjzpfonf (i,f 6? 7? 11)/ ¤if;udkþae&müysif;&daom? yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIr&Sdaom ,HkMunfolrsm;udkajymonf (1ouf 4;11-12/ 5;14)/ 'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;eD;uyfaeonfESifh wljcif;aMumifh,HkMunfolrsm;pGmonf b0\ykHrSefudpörsm;udk &yfwHhaeMuonf/ tjcm;toif;om;wdkYonf olwdkYudkaxmufyHhMuvdrhf[k olwdkYarQmfvifhMuonf/ txl;t aMumif;t&m/ / csrf;om<u,f0jcif;/ 1ouf 4;2 ü-½I/

���� NASB ]]igwkdYxHrSoifwdkYvufcHaom}} NKJV ]]igwdkYxHrS olvufcHaom}} NRSV ]]igwkdYxHrS olwdkYvufcHaom}} TEV ]]olwkdYudkigwdkYay;aom}} NJB ]]oifwdkYudkigwdkYvufqifhurf;aom}} þBud,myHkpHü*&dvufa&;usrf;uGJjym;rIwpfck&Sdonf/ 1/ parelabosan(0g)parelabon (AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE, THIRD PERSON PLURAL) – ]]olwdkYvufcHaom – -NRSV 2/ parelaben (AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR) - ]]olwdkYvufcHaom-

NKJV 3/ parelabete (AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE, 2nd PESON PLURAL) - ]]olwdkYvufcHaom-NASB,

NJB aygvka&;aompmrsm;ü emrfpm;rsm;ESifh qdkifívufa&;usrf;uGJjym;rIrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ 3;7 ]]oifwkYdonf igwkdY\Oyrmudk ... vdkufoifh}} xdktcsdefüpmaytu©&mjzifha&;aom "r®opfusrf;r&Sdao;acs/ þ,HkMunfolrsm;onf (1) aygvk\{0Ha*vdw&m;vufcH&efESifh (2) ol\Oyrmtwdkif; vdkufemMu&efjzpfonf (i,f 9/ 1aum 4;16/ zdvdyÜd 3;17/ 4;9/ 1ouf 1;6)/ 3;8 ]]igwkdYonfr0,fbJ? wpHkwa,muf\tpmudkpm;cJhMubl;oavm}} ¤if;rSma[NAJtD'D,H (pum;vHk;twkdif; t"dyÜg,frxGufaom) toHk;tEIef;wpfckjzpfonf/ aygvkonftjcm;*sL;bmoma&;q&mBuD; (&AÁd)rsm;enf;wl rdrdaeYpOf vdktyfrIrsm;twGuftvkyfvkyfonf (1aum 9;12? 18/ 11;7/ 2aum 11;9/ 12;13-14/ 1ouf 2;9)/ *&d-a&mr urÇmwGifvSnfhvnfoGm;vmí nmpm;olrsm;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;onfolwdkYudkaiGay;ap&efaoG;aqmifa&; twGuf vlwdkYudkacsmif; ajrmif;vdkuf&SmMuonf/ aygvkonfaiG&ap&efw&m;a[moltjzpfpGyfpGJcH&avh&Sdonf/ þodkYpGyfpGJcH&rnfudkodojzifh olYw&m; emolrsm;xHrS aiGudkawmf½Hkwef½Hk vufrcHacs/

340

����]]yifyef;cHítNrJBudK;pm;tvkyfvkyfMuonf}} *&dvlrsdK;rsm;twGufvufrIvkyfief;rSm aus;uRefrsm;twGuf omvQifjzpfaomfvnf; or®musrf;pmurltvkyfvkyfjcif;rSm bk&m;ocifcdkif;jcif;jzpfaMumif;twnfjyKonf/ urÇmOD; usrf;ü tvkyfvkyfjcif;[lonf usqif;jcif;rwdkifrDESifh ¤if;aemufydkif;ESpfrsdK;pvHk;üjzpfonf (urÇm 2;15/ 3;19/ xGuf 31;3/ 35;35/ w&m;a[m 5;13/ a[&Sm, 54;16)/ þae&müajymonfrSm vlwpfa,mufonf rdrdvdktyfrIrsm;twGuftvkyfvkyf&jcif;rSmt"duta&;BuD;jzpfonf/ tcsdKU,HkMunfolwdkYonf 'kwd,tBudrfjyef vnf<uvmcgeD;aeNyD[krSwf ,lNyD;? tvkyfvkyf&efjiif;qefMuonf/

���� ]]nESifhaeY}} ¤if;rSm*sL;vlrsdK;wdkY\ tcsdeftpDtpOfjzpfonf (urÇm 1;5? 8? 13? 19? 23? 31)/ ¤if;rSm ]]tcsdefjynfh tvkyfvkyfonf}} [kqdkvdk&mjzpfaom tD'D,HoHk;EIef;yHkwpfrsdK;jzpfNyD;? wpfaeY 24 em&Dtvkyf vkyfonf[kt"dyÜg,fr&Sdacs/ 3;9]]igwdkYüþt&mtwGuf tcGifhtmPmr&Sdír[kwfbJ}} ,HkMunfolwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\acgif;aqmifwdkYudk axmufyHh&ef [laomoabmw&m;udktwnfjyKjcif;jzpfonf (1aum 9;4-17/ *vm 6;6)/ odkYaomfþae&mü rlolonf (1) tvkyfrvkyfbJ&yfwHhaeolrsm;twGuferlemwpfckay;jcif;ESifh (2) olrsm;a0zefjypfwifjcif; rcHap&efjzpfonf/

���� ]]yHkpH}} txl;taMumif;t&m / /yHkpH 1ouf 1;7 ü-½I/ 3;10 ]]oifwdkYudkigwdkYñTefMum;avh&SdonfrSm}} ¤if;rSm IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfNyD; aygvkonf olwdkYESifh twlaepOfxyfcgwvJvJajymcJhNyD;jzpf&ayrnf/ þynwfcsufrSmtopfr[kwfacs/ þjyóem onf þ toif;awmfü apmapmuyifaygvkroGm;rDay:cJhNyD;jzpf&ygrnf/

���� ]]cJhygu}} ¤if;rSmyxrwef;pm;cRif;csufyg 0gusrsdK;jzpfonf/ toif;awmfü þuJhodkYaomvlrsm;&SdcJh onf/

���� ]]tvkyfrvkyfvdk ... oludktpmvnf;rpm;apESifh}} ¤if;rSmPRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE jzpfNyD; PRESENT ACTIVE IMPERATIVE vdkufygvmonf/ ¤if;rSm þtcef;BuD;wpfckvHk;\t"dutcsufjzpfonf/ ¤if; onfacwå,m,Dtvkyfr&Sdjcif;udkajymjcif;r[kwfbJ? tvkyfrvkyfbJ? aejcif;yHkpHudkajymygonf/ qif;&Jolrsm;udk Munfh½IulnD&efaygvkajymaomtjcm;Mo0g'pmrsm;ESifh csifhcsdef&efvdktyfonf (wrefawmf 24;17/ a&mr 15;26-29/ 2aum 8-9/ *vm 2;10)/ þynwfcsufudk (1) tvkyfrvkyfvdkolrsm;udktpmrauR;&ef (0g) (2) c&pf,mefrsm;jyKae ustwlxrif;pm;yGJrsm;? rdwfqHkpm;yGJ love feast rsm;üryg0ifapjcif; twGufajymjcif; tjzpftMurf;tm;jzifhem; vnfEdkifonf (i,f 13?14)/ 3;11 ]]igwkdYMum;&\}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT ACTIVE INDICIATIVE jzpfNyD; ]]qufvufMum;&onf}} [kqdkvdkonf/

���� NASB ]]olwyg;udpöü0ifpGufovdkvkyf}} NKJV ]]olwyg;udpöü0ifpGufolrsm;jzpf}} NRSV ]]tvkyfwpfckrSrvkyf}} TEV ]]tjcm;olrsm;udpöü aESmifh,Sufjcif;rSvGJvQifbmrQrvkyf}} NJB ]]vlwdkif;udk0ifa&mufpGufzuf}}

341

¤if;rSm*&dusrf;ü ]]tvkyf}} - ]]tvkyfrvkyfaomfvnf; (epgazomenous) vkyfovdkrsdK;jyKonf}} (periergazomenous) [líjzpfNyD;? olwdkY ]]tvkyf}} rSmvlwdkif;\udpö (tvkyf) ü0ifpGufjcif;jzpfvmonf/ aygvkonf þ tcef;BuD;ü ]]tvkyf}} [laompum;vHk;rMumcPoHk;onf (3;8? 10? 11? 12 ESifh 1ouf 4;11)/

3;12 aygvkonf owday;qHk;rjcif;twGufjyif;xefaompum;vHk;rsm;oHk;avh&Sdonf/

1/ ynwfonf –command – PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE 2/ wdkufwGef;onf-exhort- PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE 3/ a,½Ic&pfawmftxJ

¤if;\qdkvdkcsufonf (1) xdkysif;&dolwdkYrSm c&pf,mefrsm;jzpfonf/ (odkY) olwdkYudkaygvkynwfcsufay;

onfrSm a,½I\emrawmftm;jzifhjzpfonf/

���� ]]Nidrf0yfpGmtvkyfvkyf}} ¤if;rSmaygvkjyKcJhonfhowday;tBuHjyKrIudkyifxyfrHawGU&jcif;jzpfonf (1ouf 4;11/ 1wd 2;2)/ qdkvdkonfrSm ,HkMunfolwdkYonfxl;qef;aomjyKaeusr[kwfaomtusifhrsm;udktm½Hkpl;pdkufíraebJ? oifh avsmfaom? NidrfoufrI&Sdaom? vlBuD;vlaumif;qefaom? onf;cHaom? tusifhodu©m&Sdaom? cspfaom? *½kpdkufaom? tvkyfvkyfaomaexdkifyHkrsdK; (3;11 ESifh qefYusifbuf) udktm½Hkpl;pdkuf&efjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYacwf\,HkMunfolrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkY\xl;qef;aom,HkMunfrIrsm; (0g) vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udka&SU wef;wifwwfMuonf/ aygvkonf tvkyfvkyfjcif;ESifh oufaocHjcif;üOyrmjzpfonfenf;wl? acwfopf,HkMunfol rsm;vnf;xdkenf;wljzpfMu&ygrnf/ owif;pum;onf qefYusifwdkufcdkufrIjzpfyGm;apygu? owif;,laqmifvm olrsm; aMumifhr[kwfacs/

���� NASB, NKJV ]]olwdkYtpmudkpm;Mu}} NRSV ]]olwdkYtvkyfudkvkyfMu}} TEV ]]olwdkYtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;&eftvkyfvkyfMu}} NJB ]]olwdkYpm;bdkYtvkyfvkyf}}

¤if;onfoifhudk,fwdkif\tm;xkwfrIjzifh oifhudk,foifaxmufyHh&efajymjcif;jzpfonf/

3;13 ]]aumif;aomt&mvkyfjcif;udk rNiD;aiGUMuESifh}} ¤if;onftoif;awmf\Nidrf0yfaom vlBuD;vlaumif; qefaom aeYpOftouf&SifyHkudk ñTef;qdkonf/ (vkum 18;1/ 2aum 4;1/ *vm6;19) vlrsm;wdkYonfbk&m;w &m;ESifh nDaom touf&SifrIudkapmifhMunfhíowdjyKrdMuonf/ 3;14 ]]ygu}} ¤if;onfyxrwef;cRif;csufyg0gusrsdK;jzpfNyD;? pma&;oltjrifrSrSefonf[krSwf,laomt&m (0g) a&;aom pm\&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/

���� NASB ]]xdkoludktxl;rSwfom;í}} NKJV ]]xdkoludkrSwfom;í}} NRSV ]]olwkdYudkowdxm;í}} TEV, NJB ]]olYudkowdxm;í}}

342

¤if;rSmPRESENT MIDDLE IMPERATIVE jzpfonf/ ¤if;\twdtust"dyÜg,frSm ]]BudK;uGif;wyfonf}} (0g) ]]trSwftom;jyKonf}} [líjzpf\/ ¤if;rSmpdwftm;jzifh ]]owdxm;jcif;}} udkwifpm;jcif;jzpfonf/

���� ]]olYudktaygif;tazmfrvkyfMuESifh}} ¤if;rSm PRESENT (deponent) INFINITIVE udk IMPERATIVE (cdkif;apjcif;)tjzpfoHk;jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSmti,f 6 &Sd ]]a&SmifMuavmh}} ESifhwlonf/ ¤if;üatmufygwkdYteuf b,f[mjzpfaMumif; raocsmacs/

1/ toif;awmfrSxkwfy,fjcif; 2/ toif;awmfpkaygif;rdwfqHkpm;jcif; (love feasts) rsm;ürygapjcif; 3/ acgif;aqmifrI (0g) rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;tajctaersm;ü z,f&Sm;jcif;yHkpHwpfrsdK;/ ¤if;onf&if;ESD;aomrdwfo[m,udk&nfñTef;onhf 1aum 5;9? 11 ESifh qifwlonf/ (þpum;vHk;udk

1aum 5ESifh þae&müomawGU&onf)/ aygvkonfolwdkYtm;tjcm;olrsm;udkvGefuJoGm;apjcif;rsdK; rjzpfapvdkonfenf;wl? olwdkYudkvnf;,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;udkrpGefYcGgapvdkacs (,aeYjyKMuonfenf; wlaemufqHk;aomumvüjzpfysufrnfht&mrsm;qdkif&mNydKifbuf*dkPf;wpfckaxmifjcif;rsdK;)/

���� ]]xdkoludk&Sufap&ef}} toif;awmfwGif;pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm jyefvnfa&G;eIwf&efjzpfovdk pnf;urf;&Sdap&efvnf;jzpfonf (i,f 15/ *vm 6;1/ 1ouf 4;15)/ yef;wdkifrSm e*dkrlvtwdkif;jyefjzpfap&efjzpf onf/

NASB(aemufqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 3;16 16,ckNidrfoufjcif;t&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifonf oifwdkYudktajctaewdkif;üNidrfoufjcif;tqufrjywfay; awmf rlygap/ ocifbk&m;onf oifwkdYtm;vHk;ESifh twlaeygapaom/

3;16 ]]Nidrfoufjcif;t&Sif}} ¤if;rSmcrnf;awmfbk&m;\yHkrSefbGJUemrawmfwpfckjzpfonf (a&mr 15;33/ 16;20/ 2aum 13;11/ zdvdyÜd 4;9/ 1ouf 5;23/ a[NAJ 13;20)/ 2oufomavmed\tqHk;owfyHkonf 1oufomavmed tqHk;owfyHkESifh qifwlyHkrSwfxm;yg/ aygvkonfol\pma&;jcif;yHkpHudkqufvufoHk;aejcif;jzpfonf/

����]]ocifbk&m;onfoifwkdYtm;vHk;ESifh twl&Sdygapaom}} *&dpum;vHk; ]]tm;vHk;}} (pantos)onfþtcef; i,fESifh ti,f 18 üESpfcg&Sdonf/ aygvk\owday;tBuHKjyKcsufürSm;,Gif;olrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf/ ]]ocif}} the Lord onfa,½I (0g) crnf;awmfudk&nfñGef;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ ¤if;ESifh qifwlusrf;ydk'f 1ouf 3;11 üMunfhyg/

NASB\(aemuffqHk;jyifqifaom) bmomjyefusrf;/ / 3;17 -18 17igaygvkonf þEIwfqufpum;udkighvufa&;jzifha&;\/ 4if;rSmiga&;aompmwdkif;\ xl;jcm;aomtrSwf tom;jzpf\/ ¤if;rSmig\pma&;yHka&;enf;jzpfonf/ 18igwdkYocifa,½I\aus;Zl;awmfonfoifwdkYtm; vHk;ESifh twl&Sdygap/

3;17 ]]þEIwfqufpumudk ighvufjzifha&;\}} aygvkonf olYpmrsm;udkk pm;a&;wpfa,muftm;wdkifay;onf/ odkYaomfola&;jcif;jzpfaMumif; aocsmap&eftydwf0gusudkolYvufjzifha&;avh&Sdonf (2;2/ 1aum 16;21/ *vm 6;11/ aumavmoJ 4;18/ zdavrkef 19)/ ¤if;onf aygvk\aemufydkif;pmrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf yHkpHwpfckjzpfEdkifygonf/

343

3;18 þtqHk;owfyHkonf 1ouf 5;28 ESifh tvGefwlonf/ *&dvufa&;usrf;trsm;pkü ]]tmrif}} aygif;xnfhaomf

vnf; אESifh B wdkYürygacs/ pmul;q&mwdkYonf ¤if;udkusrf;wdkif;üjznfhpGufMujcif;oabmoufa&mufonf/

aqG;aEG;jcif;ar;cGef;rsm; 4if;rSmteufzGifhrItwGuf vrf;ñTefjcif;tm;avhvmrIjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm or®musrf;pmtm; rdrd[m rdrdteufzGifh&mü rdrdwGifwm0ef&Sdonf[k qdkvkdonf/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfOD;csif;pDonf rdrd&&Sdxm;onfh tvif;xJ avQmufoGm;Mu&ayrnf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufjyef&mü oifudk,fwdkif? or®musrf;pmESifh oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfwdkYrSm y"getusqHk;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmtm; teufzGifhjcif;tvkyfudk teufzGifhusrf;a&;olrsm; tay:üom yHkcs&ef r[kwfacs/ tqdkygusrf;udkyif wpfxdkifwnf;jzifh 'kwd,tBudrfzwfyg/ t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;udk tusOf;a&;um tqdkyg taMumif;t&mudk 0guswpfckwnf;jzifh azmfjyyg/ 1/ or®musrf;pmudkjiif;y,folrsm;udk toif;awmfonf rnfokdYjyK&rnfenf;/ 2/ uREfkyfwdkY\wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;aomacwfopftaetxm;twGuf þtcef;i,fonfbmudkajymvJ/ 3/ ti,f 16 \or®mw&m;rSm tb,faMumifh vGefpGmta&;BuD;&vJ/

344

aemufqufwGJ wpf *&do'ga0g[m&rsm;tm;tusOf;csKyf&Sif;vif;jcif;

Koine Greek bmomudk Hellenistic Greek-[,fvifepf*&dpum; [kvnf;ac:avh&Sdonf/ r[mt

vufZEm;- Alexander the Great (336-323 bDpD) bk&ifBuD;\atmifEdkifcsdefrSpNyD; ajrxJyifv,fywf0ef;usifurÇm \bHkpum;jzpfvmum ESpfaygif; 300 cefYwnfwHhcJhonf (300 bDpD-at'D 500)/4if;pum;rSmem;vnfvG,faomt qifhjrifh*&dpum;rQomr[kwfbJ *&dpum;topfwpfrsdK;jzpf vmum a&S;acwfta&SUtv,fykdif;ESifhajrxJyifv,f urÇmü 'kwd,bmompum;jzpfvmcJhonf/

"r®opfusrf;üoHk;aom*&dpum;rSm tEIdif;rJhbmompum;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomfvkumESifh a[NAJMo0g'pma&;om;olwdkYrSty xkdusrf;tm;a&;om;olrsm;onf rdrdwdkYrlvbmompum;tjzpf tm&rdpum;ajym olrsm; jzpfMuonfESifhwlonf/ xdkYaMumifholwdkY\ta&;tom;rsm;udktm&rdtoHk;tEIef; ESifhzJGYpnf;yHkrsm;vTrf;rdk; aeonf/ xkdYjyif Koine Greek bmomjzifha&;om;aomSeptuagint ("r®a[mif;*&dbmomjyefusrf;)udkvnf;olwdkY zwf½Ium tudk;tum;jyKMuonf/ odkYaomfxdkusrf;udk rdcifbmom Greek r[kwfaom*sL;ynm&Sifrsm;a&;om; cJhMujcif;jzpfaejyefonf/

þtcsufonfuRefawmfwdkYudk owday;aeonfrSm "r®opfusrf;tm;o'gzGJUpnf;yHkudk vdkufítwif;tusyf wGef;tm;ray;Edkif[laomtcsufjzpf\/ 4if;onftwktEIdif;rJhonfrSefaomfvnf;(1)*&dbmomjyef"r®a[mif;usrf; Septuagint (2) a,m&SzwfuJhodkYaom*sL;pmayta&;tom;rsm; (3) tD*spfEdkifiHüawGU&aomaypmrsm;ESifh rsm;pGmwlnDonf/ odkYjzpfvQif"r®opfusrf;tm;o'genf;uscsOf;uyfavhvmrIrnfodkYjyKrnfenf;¿

Koine Greek ESifh "r®opfusrf;\ Koine Greek pum;wdkYrSmyHkaoum;usr&Sdacs/ xkdumvrSm½dk;pif;aom o'goabmacwfpm;csdefjzpfonf/ usrf;pum;uqufpyfoabmrSm t"duvrf;jyjzpfayrnf/pum;vHk;rsm;onf ydkíus,fjyefYaompum;tquftpyftm;jzifhom t"dyÜg,f&SdMuojzifh o'gzGJUpnf;yHkudkem;vnfoabmayguf&efrSm (1) usrf;jyKyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;\pma&;[efESifh (2) oD;jcm;pum;tquftpyfrsm;\tvif;tm;jzifhjzpfonf/ *&dyHkpHESihfzJGUpnf;yHktwdtusjzifhrnfonfhtqHk;tjzwfay;aomt"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufudkrSray;Edkifacs/

Koine Greek pum;onfBud,mudktajcjyKaombmompum;jzpfonf/ teufjyef&efaomhcsuf rSmBud,mrsm;\trsdK;tpm;ESifhyHkpHjzpfonf/ 0guswpfck\tpdwftykdif;rsm;ü Bud,mrSmt&ifyxrvm NyD;4if;\ta&; ygxl;jcm;rIudkay:vGifaponf/ *&dBud,mrsm;avhvmonfhtcgrSwfom;&eftcsufoHk;csuf&Sdonf/ (1) umvjyyk'f\ t"dutxl;jyKrI? jyKvkyfol(0g)tjyKcH&ol(passive or active)wnf; [laomvoice ESifh mood ac:pum;vHk;a0g [m&yHkoP²mefajymif;vJyHkrsm; (2) Bud,mwpfck\tajccH t"dyÜg,fESifh(3) taMumif;t&m(0g) pum;tquftpyfo abm\toGm;tvm(syntax)wdkYjzpfonf/ 1/ umvjyyk'frsm; ( TENSE )

(u) umvjyyk'f (tense) odkYr[kwf oGifjyifoabmjyaom Bud,mrsm;onf NyD;pD;cJhNyD;aomvkyf aqmifrIwpfck odkYr[kwf rNyD;pD;ao;aomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckESifh rnfodkYqufpyfaMumif;yg0ifonf/ 4if;udk]]NHyD;pD;jcif;}}- perfective ESifh ]]rNyD;pD;ao;jcif;}}- imperfective [kac:onf/ (1) Perfective tenses-NyD;pD;aom yk'frsm;ü vkyfaqmifrIwpf&yf jzpfay:onfqkdonhf tcsufudkpl;

pdkufonf/ wpfpHkwpf&mjzpfysufcJhaMumif;uvTJvQifwjcm;taMumif;t&mrazmfjyacs/ xkdt jyKtrl\tp? qufvufoGm;jcif;ESifh tqHk;owfjcif;wkdYudkrajymjyacs/

(2) Imperfective tenses -rNyD;pD;aomyk'frsm;ü vkyfaqmifrIwpf&yfqufvufaejcif;\jzpf pOfudk pl;pdkufjyKonf/ 4if;udktwdkif;t&SnfjyvkyfaqmifrI? umvtwkdif;t&Snfjyvkyf aqmifrIwkd; wuf jzpfay:rIjyaomvkyfaqmifrI rsm;...pojzifhESifh azmfjyEkdifonf/

(c) umvjyyk'frsm;udkpma&;olonf tjyKtrlwpf&yfqufvufjzpfaeyHkudk rnfodkY½IjrifaMumif; atmufygtwdkif; rsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ (1) vkyfaqmifrIjzpfay:cJhonf = AORIST (2) vkyfaqmifrIjzpfay:cJhumtusdK;oufa&mufrIwnfNrJonf = PERFECT (3) vkyfaqmifrIonftwdwfumvüjzpfay:cJhumtusdK;oufa&mufrIwnfNrJcJh aomfvnf;

,ckrwnfNrJawmhacs = PLUPERFECT (4) vkyfaqmifrIjzpfay:aeonf = PRESENT

345

(5) vkyfaqmifrIjzpfay:vsuf&SdcJhonf = IMPERFECT (6) vkyfaqmifrIjzpfay:vdrfhrnf = FUTURE

umvjyyk'frsm;onf teufjyef&mü rnfodkYyHhykd;rIay;aMumif;cdkifcHhaom Oyrm wpfckrSm]]u,fwifonf}} [laoma0g[m&jzpfonf/ u,fwifjcif;\ jzpfpOfESifh tqHk;owfrIESpfrsdK;pvHk;jy&ef þa0g[m&udkrwlaom umvjyyk'f - Tense tawmfrsm;rsm;üoHk;onf/

(1) AORIST = ]]u,fwifcJhonf}} (a&mr 8;24) (2) PERFECT = ]]u,fwifcJhNyD;&v'frSmqufvufwnfaeonf}} ({zuf 2;5?8) (3) PRESENT = ]]u,fwif(jcif;&)aeonf}} (1aum 1; / 15;2) (4) FUTURE = ]]u,fwif(jcif;&)vdrfhrnf}} (a&mr 5;9?10/10;9)

(*) Bud,mwpfck\umvrsm;udktm½HkjyK&mü teufjyefolrsm;onf rlvusrf;jyKoltaejzifhumv wpfckt wGif;rdrdudk,frdrdtb,faMumifhxkdodkYjyo&jcif;\taMumif;&if;udk&SmMuonf/AORISTrSmtem;oyfryg aomumvjyjzpfonf/4if;rSm ]]twdtusr[kwfaom}} ]]rSwfom;csufrygaom}} (0g) ]]tvHwifjcif; r&Sdaom}} Bud,myHkpHjzpfonf/ usrf;pum;tquftpyfoabmtm;jzifhomtwdtusem;vnfNyD; toHk;jyKyHk trsdK;rsdK;&SdEdkifonf/ 4if;onfwpfpHkwpf&mjzpfysufcJhaMumif;½dk;½dk;av;azmfjyonf/ twdwfum v\oabmonf INDICATIVE MOODESifhomqkdifonf/ tjcm;umvjyyk'f (TENSE) rsm;oHk;ygu ydkrdkwdusapvdkíjzpfonf/ odkYaomfrnfonfhumvjyyk'fenf;/

1/ PERFECT TENSE 4if;onfvkyfaqmifrIwpfckNyD;pD;oGm;cJhaMumif;ESifh4if;\&v'f (0g) 4if;aMumifhjzpfvmaomt&mrSmaysmufysufroGm;bJqufvuf&SdaeaMumif;ajymonf/wpf enf;tm;jzifh4if;rSm AORIST ESifh PRESENT TENSE (twdwfESifhypöKyÜefESpfrsdK;aygif;pyfjcif; jzpfonf/ azmfjyvkdonfht&mrSm qufvuf&Sdaeaom&v'fjzpfEkdifonfenf;/ wlvkyfaqmifrINyD; pD;oGm; aMumif;vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ Oyrm {zuf 2;5 ESihf 8 ü ]]oifwkdYonfu,fwifjcif;cHcJhMu umqufvufíu,fwifjcif;cHMuonf/}}

2/ PLUPERFECT TENSE 4if;rSm PERFECT ESifhwlaomfvnf;&v'frSmqufvufroGm; bJ&yfqdkif; cJhNyDjzpfaMumif;azmfjyrIjzpfonf/ Oyrm ]]ayw½konfwHcg;tjyifbufü&yfvsuf&Sd aecJhonf}} (a,m 18;16)

3/ PRESENT TENSE 4if;onfrNyD;qHk;ao;aomvkyfaqmifrIwpfckudkajymonf/ vkyf aqmif rIwpfckqufvufae aMumif;azmfjyonf/ Oyrm ]]ocifbk&m;txJwnfae onfqufvufí tjypfrjyKacs/}} ]]bk&m;ocifjzpfbGm;apaomolonfqufvufítjypfrusL;vGefacs/}} (1a,m 3;6?8)/

4/ IMPERFECT TENSE ypöKyÜefumvjyyk'f PRESENT TENSE ESifh qufpyfrIü PLUPERFECTESifhwdkY\qufpyfyHktwkdif;jzpfonf/ þ IMPERFECT onfNyD;jywf jynfpHkjcif;r&Sd aomvkyfaqmifrI wpfckonf twdwfüjzpfysufcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg&yfwHhcJhNyD;jzpfonf odkYr[kwf vkyfaqmifrIwpfck\tprSmtwdwfumvüjzpfaMumif;jyonf/Oyrm ]]xkdYaemufa, ½k&SvifwpfNrdKUvHk;olYxHokdYtqufrjywfoGm;aecJhMuonf}} odkYr[kwf]]xdkYaemufa,½k&Svif wpfNrdKUvHk;olYxHodkYxGufoGm; &efpwifcJhMuonf}} (róJ 3;5)

5/ FUTURE TENSE 4if;onftem*wfumvüjzpfvwHhaom vkyfaqmifrIudkajymonf/ trSef wu,fjzpfysufEdkifacs&Sdjcif;? jzpfEdkifaomtvm;tvm&Sdjcif;ukdajymonf/ aocsmjzpfrnfh t&mudkajymavh&Sdonf/ Oyrm ]]r*Fvm&SdMu\...olwdkYonf...Mu\}} (róJ 5;4-9)

2/ jyKol tjyKc (VOICE ) (u) Voice onfBud,m\tvkyfESifh4if;\uwåm;wnf;[laomvkyfaqmifolwdkY\qufpyfrIudkazmf

jyonf/ (c) ACTIVE VOICE onfBud,m\tvkyfudkxkd0gus\uwåm;udk,fwkdifvkyfaMumif;ajymjcif;jzpf

NyD;txl;wvnfajymjcif;rygbJyHkrSefarQmfvifhxm;onfhtwdkif;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ (*) PASSIVE VOICE onfxkd0gus\ uwåm;rSmBud,mjyKaomvkyfaqmifrIudkcH&oljzpfNyD; vkyf

aqmifolrSm0gusüazmfjyjcif;r&Sdaomjyifyvlyk*¾Kvf (0g) t&mwpfckjzpfonf/ xkdvkyfaqmifrI udkjyKoljyifyvl (0g) t&mtm;"r®opfusrf;*&düatmufyg0dbwfrsm; (0g) cases rsm;tm;jzifh azmfjyonf/

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(1) vltm;jzihfwdkuf½dkufvkyfaqmifrIudk hupo 0dbwfESifhtwl ABLATIVE CASE jzifh azmfjyonf/(róJ 1;22/ wref 22;30)

(2) vltm;jzifhwdkuf½dkufr[kwf? oG,f0dkufvnf;r[kwfbJtv,ftvwftaetxm;jzifh (Mum;ae)vkyfaqmifrIudk(0g) erf0dbwfESifhtwl ABLATIVE CASE azmfjyonf/ (róJ1;22)

(3) vltm;jzifhr[kwfaomvkyfaqmifrIudk en 0dbwfESifhtwl INSTRUMENTAL

CASEjzifhazmfjyonf/ (4) wpfcgwpfavvltm;jzifhvkyfaqmifrIjzpfap? vltm;jzifhr[kwfaomvkyfaqmifrIjzpfap?

INSTRUMENTAL CASE jzifhomazmfjyonf/ (C) MIDDLE VOICE [lonfh0gus\uwåm;onf Bud,m\vkyfaqmifrIudkjyKoljzpfum xdkBud,m

\vkyfaqmifrIüwkduf½dkufyg0ifonf/ þzGJYpnf;rIonf0guswpfck(0g)0guswpfykdkif;\ uwåm;ukdwpf enf;enf;jzifhtxl;jyKonf/ þzGJUpnf;yHkrsdK;t*Fvdyfbmompum;ür&Sdacs/ *&dbmompum;ü þzJGU pnf;ykHwGifjzpfEdkifaomt"dyÜg,fESifh bmomjyefEdkifyHkus,fjyefYpGm&Sdonf/ Oyrm tcsdKUrSm- 1/ REFLEXIVE -uwåm;\vkyfaqmifrIonfuwåm;tay:üyifoufa&mufonf/ Oyrm

]]olYudk,folBudK;qGJcsonf}}(róJ 27;5) 2/ INTENSIVE - uwåm;onfvkyfaqmifrIukdrdrdtwGufyifjyKvkyfonf/ Oyrm ]]pmwef

onftvif;\aumif;uifwreftjzpfolYukd,fola,mifaqmifonf}} (2aum 11;14) 3/ twHkYtvSnfh tjyeftvSef- uwåm;ESpfckwdkYwpfckay:wpfck twHkYtvSnfhvkyfaqmif

jcif;/ Oyrm ]]olwdkYtcsif;csif;wkdifyifMu\}}(róJ 26;4)

3/ pdwftajctaejyyk'f MODE (odkYr[kwf) MODE (u) Koine Greek ü (pdwf) tajctaejyyk'fav;rsdK;av;pm;&Sdonf/ Bud,monf wu,fhtjzpft

ysufjzpfaMumif;ESifh tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh pma&;ol\pdwfxJütrSefyifjzpfysufaMumif;jyonf/ tajctaejyyk'frsm;udk us,fjyefYaomtrsdK;tpm;ESpfrsdK;jzifhcGJjcm;Edkifonf/ tppftrSefjzpfysufrIudk azmfjyjcif; (INDICATIVE )ESifh jzpfysufEdkifajctvm;t vmudkazmfjyjcif;( SUBJUNCTIVE

IMPERATIVE ESifh OPTATIVE) [líjzpfonf/ (c) INDICATIVE MOOD rSmyHkrSef MOOD jzpfNyD;jzpfay:cJhNyD;aomt&m (0g) jzpfay:aeaomt&mudk

azmfjyjcif;jzpfítenf;qHk;taejzifh pma&;ol\pdwfxJjzpfay:aejcif;udkjyonf/ jzpfay:rIrSmwdus aomtcsdefwpfcsdefüjzpfaMumif; Greek pum;üom&Sdum þae&müajymonfhtrsdK;tpm; rSm'kwd ,wef;pm;yifjzpfaeao;onf/

(*) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD onftem*wfüjzpfEdkifacs&SdaomvkyfaqmifrIudkjyonf/ wpfpHkwpf&m rSmrjzpfysufao;aomfvnf;jzpfysufrnfhtvm;tvmaumif;&Sdonf/ 4if;onfFUTURE

INDICATIVE ESifh rsm;pGmwlonf/ uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrSm SUBJUNCTIVE onfwpfpHkwpfckaomtwkdif;twm txdoHo,&Sdjcif;udkjyonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomü4if;udk ]]could

}} ]] would }} ]] may }} (0g) ]] might }} pum;vHk;rsm; jzihfazmfjyonf/ (C) OPTATIVE MOOD onfoabmw&m;tm;jzifhjzpfEdkifaompdwfqE&SdMuonf/ 4if;onf

SUBJUNCTIVE xufjzpfEdkifacs&SdrIaemufxyfwpfvSrf;qkyfukdifjcif;jzpfonf[k wGufqxm;Mu onf/ OPTATIVE onftajctaetcsdKYatmufüjzpfEdkifacs&SdyHkudkazmfjyonf/ "r®opfusrf;ü OPTATIVE rSm&Sm;yg;onf/ 4if;onftrsm;tm;jzifhaygvk\ xif&Sm;aom]]rnfonfhtcgü rQxdkodkYrjzpf&}} ]]May it never be}} (KJV ]] God forbid}}) pum;pküawGU&NyD; wq,fhig;BudrfoHk;onf/ (a&mr 3;4?6?31/ 6;2?15/7;7?13/9;14/11;1?11/ 1aum 6;15/ *vm 2;17/3;21/6;14)/ tjcm;Oyrmrsm;rSm 1ouf 1;38/20;16/ wref 8;20 ESifh 1ouf 3;11/

i/ IMPERATIVE MOOD 4if;onfjzpfEdkifajc½Sdaomapcdkif;jcif;udk txl;jyKaomfvnf;?xdktxl;jyKrI onf ajymqdkol\MuH½G,fcsufay:üjzpfonf/ 4if;onfpdwfapwemtm; jzifhjzpfEdkifajc½SdrIudk ajymjcif; rQomjzpfum? tjcm;ol\a&G;cs,frIay:üomrlwnfonf/IMPERATIVE qkawmif;jcif; rsm;ESifh wwd,yk*d¾Kvftm;jzifhjyKaomawmif;qdkrI arwåm&yfcHrIrsm;ütxl;ojzifhoHk;onf/ þapcdkif;jcif; rsm;udk"r®opfusrf;wGif PRESENT ESifhAORIST rsm;üomawGY&onf/

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(p) tcsdKUo'gpmtkyfrsm;ü PARTICIPLE rsm;udk MOOD wpfrsdK;tjzpfaz:jyonf/ þESpfrsdK;rSm"r®opf*&d pum;ütvGefwljyD; VERBAL ADJECTIVE tjzpfrSwf,lavh½Sdum?t"duMud,mESifhqufpyfí bmom jyefavh½SdMuonf/ PARTICIPLE rsm;udktrsdK;rsdK;us,fjyefYpGmbmomjyefEdkifonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjyef usrf;trsdK;rsdK;üMunfh&eftaumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ Baker yHkESdyfwdkufrSxkwfa0 aom The Bible in Twenty Six TranslationrSmrsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKygonf/

(q) AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE rSmtjzpftysufwpfckudk yHkrSef(0g) ]]owfrSwfcsufrxm; aom}} yHkpHjzifhrSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf4if;ütjcm;umvjyyk'f (tens)voice (jyKol? tjyKcHyk'f) odkYr[kwfpma&;ol ajymvdkaomt&mudktwdtusteufaz:Edkif&eft"dyÜg,f r½Sif;jzpfonf/

4/ *&dbmompum;rwwfuRrf;olrsm;twGuf atmufygtaxmuftuljyKpmtkyfrsm;rS vdktyfaomtaMumif;trsdK; rsdK;&½SdEdkifonf/

(u) Freberg, Barbara ESifh Timothy wdkYa&;om;jyKpkonfh Analytical Greek New Testament Grand

Rapids: Baker pmyHkESdyfwdkuf 1988/ (c) Marshall, Alfred a&;om;jyKpkonfh Interlinear Greek-English New Testament. Grand Rapids:

Zondervan pmyHkESdyfwdkuf 1976/ (*) Mounce, William D. a&;om;jyKpkonfh The Analytical Lexicon to the Greek New

Tastement. Grand Rapids: Zondervan pmyHkESdyfwdkuf1993/ (C) Summers, Ray wdkYa&;om;jyKpkonfh Essentials of New Testament Greek Nashville:

Broadman pmyHkESdyfwdkuf 1950/ (i) tqifhjrifhjrifhoifMum;ay;aom Koine Greek pmay;,loifcef;pmrsm; Moody Bible Institute

, Chicago, IL rS&Edkifonf/

5/ emrfrsm; - NOUNS (u) 0gusrsm;zGJUpnf;yHkt&emrfrsm;udktaMumif;t&m (case) rsm;tm;jzifhtrsdK;tpm;cGJonf/ (case)

[lonfemrfyHkpHwpfckrScGJxGufum Mud,mESifh0gus\ tjcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh qufpyfyHkudkjyonf/ Kiine Greek pum;ü(case) \tvkyfvkyfyHkrsm;pGmwdkYudk0dbwfrsm;jzifhjyonf/ (case) onf qufpyfrItrsdK;rsdK;udkowfrSwfaz:jyEdkifojzifh? 0dbwfrsm;onf4if;wdkYudkydkrdk½Sif;vif;aponf/

(c) Greek bmompum;ü (case) wdkYudkatmufygtwdkif;trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ 1/ NOMINATIVE CASE trnfemray;&efoHk;avh½SdjyD;0gus (0g) 0gustydkif;wpfck\uwÅm;

jzpfavh½Sdonf/ 4if;udkjzpfjcif;wGJpyfrIjyaomMud,mrsm; to be (or) become wdkY ESifhtwl PREDICATE NOUN ESifh ADJECTIVE rsm;üvnf;oHk;onf/

2/ GENITIVE CASE az:jyrItjzpfoHk;um? 4if;ESifhqufpyfaompum;vHk;\*kPft*Fg (0g)t&nf tcsif;owfrSwfavh½Sdonf/ 4if;onfrnfonfhtrsdK;tpm;jzpfaMumif;ar;cGef;udktajzay;onf/ 4if;onft*Fvdyf0dbwf “of ” jzifhaz:jyavh½Sdonf/

3/ ABLATIVE CASE udk GENITIVEuJhodkYpum;vHk;yHkpHajymif;vJtoHk;jyKyHk wlnDaomfvnf; 4if;udk oD;jcm;cGJxkwfjcif;tm;azmfjy&efoHk;onf/ 4if;onf tcsdef? ae&m? rlv&if;jrpf? rlvtp (0g) twdkif; twm (degree) wpfckrScGJxGufjcif;? oD;jcm;jzpfoGm;jcif;udkjyavh½Sdonf/ 4if;udkt*Fvdyf0dbwf “from” jzifhaz:jyonf/

4/ DATIVE CASE yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&mrsm; az:jy&efoHk;onf/ tjyKoabmjzpfap? Tysufoabm jzpfapaz:jyEdkifonf/ 4if;rSmwkduf½dkufuHyk'fwnf; (DIRECT OBJECT) jzpfavh½Sdonf/ t*Fvyf0dbwf “to” jzifhaz:jyavh½Sdonf/

5/ LOCATIVE CASE rSm DATIVE uJhodkYpum;vHk;ajymif;vJyHkwlnDaomfvnf;ae&m? tcsdef (0g) usdK;aMumif;qifjcifwHk;w&m;qdkif&muefYowfrIrsm;\ taetxm; (odkY) wnfae&mudk az:jyonf/ 4if;udkt*Fvdyf0dbwfrsm;jzpfaom “in, on, at, among, during, by, upon,

beside” rsm;tm;jzifhaz:jyavh½Sdonf/ 6/ INSTRUMENTAL CASE onf DATIVE uJhodkYpum;vHk;ajymif;vJyHkwlnDonf/ 4if;

348

onfenf;vrf; (means) odkYr[kwfwGJpyfrIudkaz:jyonf/ 4if;udkt*Fvdyfpum;vHk; “by” odkYr[kwf “with” jzifhaz:jyavh½Sdonf/

7/ ACCUSATIVE CASE udkvkyfaqmifrIwpf&yf\ tqHk;owftm;az:jy&efoHk;onf/ tuefYtowfudkaz:jyonf/ 4if;udkt"dutm;jzifh direct object üoHk;onf/ 4if; onf]]rnfrQtuGmta0;}} odkYr[kwf ]]rnfonfhtwdkif;twm}} [laomar;cGef;udktajzay; avh½Sdonf/

8/ VOCATIVE CASE udk wkduf½dkufajymqdkrIrsm;üoHk;onf/ 6/ pum;qufrsm;ESifh qufpyfrIrsm; (CONJUNCTIONS AND CONNECTORS)

(u) *&dpum;ü qufpyfay;aom pum;vHk;rsm;pGm&Sdojzifh tvGefwdusaombmompum;jzpfonf/ 4if;wkdYonfawG;awmrIrsm; (0gustydkif;rsm;? 0gusrsm;ESifh pmydk'frsm;) udkqufpyfay;onf/4if;wkdYrSm tvGeftoHk;rsm;ojzifh 4if;wkdYryg&Sdjcif;onf teufzGifh&mütvGeft"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ þpum;quf rsm;ESifh tquftpyfrsm;onfpma&;ol\ tawG;rnfonfhb,fudka&S;½IaMumif;jyonf/ pma&;olrnf onfht&mtm;ajymvdkaMumif;twdtusqHk;jzwfcsufay;avh&Sdonf/

(c) pum;qufESifh tqufpyftcsdKU\pm&if;ESifh 4if;wdkY\t"dyÜg,frsm;udk atmufwGifazmfjyonf/ (4if;wkdYrSmtrsm;pkudk H.E. Dana and Julius K. Mantey’s wkdY\A Manual Grammar of the Greek

New Testament pmtkyfrSaumufEIwfonf) (1) tcsdefumv\tquftpyfrsm;/

(u) epei, epeide, hopote, hos, hote, hotan (SUBJ)- “ When” - b,ftcg? aomtcg (c) heos - while - pOfwGif? tcdkuf (*) hotan, epan (subj) – whenever - b,ftcgrqdk? tcgwdkif; (C) heos, achri, mechri, (subj)-until -wdkifatmif? txd (i) priv (infin) – before t&if? tOD;? rwdkifrD (p) hos- “since” “when” “as” -]]rpí? uwnf;u? &um;? aomaMumifh}}]]b,ftcg? aomtcg}} tvm;wl? ouJhodkY? uJhodkYaom? taejzifh?ojzifh? aepOf? aeqJ? pOfwGif? twdkif;? uJhodkY? yrm}}

2/ usdK;aMumif;qifjcifrItm;qufpyfay;jcif; (u) &nf&G,fcsuf

(1) hina (SUBJ), hopos (SUBJ), hos- “in order that,” “that” -]]&ef? &eft vdkYiSg? ap&efiSg}} ]][k? [lí}}

(2) hoste (ARTICULAR ACCUSATIVE INFINITIVE) – “that” -]][k? [lí}} (3) pros (ARTICULAR ACCUSATIVE INFINITIVE) odkYr[kwf eis

(ARTICULAR ACCUSATIVE INFINITIVE) – “that” - [k? [lí (c) &v'f (&nf&G,fcsufESifh &v'fwkdYü o'gzGJYpnf;yHkt& eD;uyfpGmqufpyfrI&Sdonf)/

(1) hoste (INFINITIVE 4if;rSm toHk;rsm;qHk;jzpfonf)- in order that “thus”]]&ef? &eftvdkYiSg? ap&efiSg}} xdkodkY? odkYjzifh}} (2) hiva (SUBJ) “so that” ]]&efiSg? bdkU&ef? ap&ef}} (3) ara – “ so ” xdkrQavmuf? xdkaMumifh? xdkodkYyif

(*) Causal or reason - taMumif;w&m? taMumif;wpfckudktaxmuftyHhjyKaom (1) gar (taMumif;&if;^tusdK;oufa&mufrI (0g) taMumif;w&m;^ed*Hk;csKyf)- “for” “because

of” ]]tbdkY? twGuf? tb,f aMumifhqdkaomf}} (2) dioti, hotiy – “because” - tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf (3) epei, epeide, hos - ]]rSpí uwnf;u? &xm;aomaMumifh}} (4) dia (with ACCUSATIVE) ESifh (with ARTICULAR INFIN) – because

(C) Inferential - ,lqjcif;qdkif&m (1) ara, poinun, hoste – “therefore” - ]]odkYjzpfí? odkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh xdkodkYjzpfí}} (2) dio (tjyif;xefqHk; INFERENTAL CONJANCTION) – “on whichaccount” “wherefore”

349

“ therefore” -]]xdktaMumif;aMumifh}} (3) oun – “therefore” “so” “then” “ conseguently” - ]]tusdK;quftm;jzifh}} (4) toinoun – “accordingly” - ]]vdkufavsmfnDpGm}}

(i) qefYusifbufjzpfaom? uGmjcm;aom? jcm;em;aom (1) alla (jyif;xefaomADVERSATIVE) – “but” “except” - ]]rQom? rSwpfyg;? aomfjim;vnf;? apumrl}} ]]rSwyg;}} (2) de- “but” “however” “yet” “on the other hand” - ]]odkYaomf? apumrl? rQom?rSwyg;}} ]]xd? ao;? odkY&mwGif? odkYayrJh? odkYjim;vnf;}} tjcm;wzufü}} (3) kai – “but” (4) mentoi, oun – “however” (5) plen – nerver- the – less (vkumc&pf0ifusrf;ütrsm;qHk;) - ]]odkYygvsufESifh}} (6) oun – however

(p) EIdif;,SOfjcif; (1) hos, kathos (EdIif;,SOfaom0gustydkif;wpfckudkrdwfqufpwifay;onf) (2) kata (aygif;pyfpum;vHk;rsm; - katho, kathoti, kathosper, kathaper) (3) hosos (a[NAJMo0g'pmü) (4) e – “than” - xuf?om

(q) qufvufaejcif; (0g) twGJvdkuf? tpOftquf (1) de – “and” “now” - ]]ESifh? í}} ]],ck}} (2) kai – “and” (3) tei – “and” (4) hina - oun - “that” – ]]xdkt&m[k? [lí}} (5) oun, then (a,m[ef xJü)

3/ tav;teufjyKaomtoHk;tEIef;rsm; (u) alla – “certainty” “yea” in fact” - ]]aocsmaomtjzpf}} ]][kwfygonf}} ]]trSefpifppf}} (c) ara –“indeed” “certainly” “really” - ]]trSeftm;jzifh? trSefwu,f}} ]]pifppftm;jzifh}} (*) gar –“but really” “certainly” “indeed” - ]]trSeftm;jzifh? trSefwu,f}} (C) de – indeed (i) ean –“even” “-” ]]yifvQif? awmifrS}} (p) kai – “even” “indeed” “really” (q) mentoi - “indeed” (Z) oun - “really” “by all means” – tppf

7/ cRif;csufyg 0gusrsm; (u) cRif;csufyg0gusqdkonfrSm cRif;csuf0gustpdwftydkif; (clause) wpfck odkYr[kwfwpfckxufydkíyg

aom0gusjzpfonf/ þo'gzGJUpnf;yHkonfteufjyefrIudkudkyHhydk;ay;onf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf 0gus\ t"duBud,monf tb,fhaMumifhxdkodkYvkyfaqmif&aMumif;\tajctaersm;? tusdK; taMumif; (0g) taMumif;&if;rsm;udkazmfjyay;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ cRif;csufyg0gusav;rsdK;av; pm;&Sdonf/ 4if;wdkYonfpma&;oltaejzifh rSefonf[krSwf,lxm;jcif; (0g) ol\qEoufoufjzpf aomBuH&G,fcsufrS qif;oufvmonf/

(c) yxrwef;pm;cRif;csufyg0gusonfpma&;ol\tjrifrS rSefonf[krSwf,laomvkyfaqmifrI (0g) jzpfaeaom? &Sdaeaomt&m (0g) t*Fvdyfpum;vHk; “ if ”- ]]vQif? cJhvQif}} ESifhjyvQifyif ol&nf&G,f aomt&mudkjyonf/ ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;ü4if;udk “ since ”rSpí? uwnf;u? &um;? aomaMumifh tjzpfbmomjyefEdkifonf/ (róJ 4;3/ a&mr 8;31)/ odkYaomfyxrwef; pm;rsm;tm;vHk;udktjzpf rSef[kqdkvkdjcif;r[kwfacs/ rMumcPyifusdK;aMumif;jyaqG;aEG;wifjy

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rIrsm;üjzpfap? rSm;,Gif;aMumif; tm;pdwf0ifpm;p&mtaumif;qHk;tcsufrsm;jzifh jy&efoHk;avh&Sd onf/ (róJ 12;27)/

(*) 'kwd,wef;pm;cRif;csufyg 0gusrsm;udk ]]tjzpfrSef ESifh qefYusifbuf}} [kac:onf/ tcsufwpf csuftjzpf,l&avmufatmiftrSefr[kwfaomt&mwpfckjyonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 1/ olonfrdrdr[kwfaomya&mzufwpfOD;trSefjzpfcJhrnfqdkvQif? ]] oludkzufvSJwuif;jyKaeol trsdK;orD;rnfoljzpfaMumif;ESifh xdktrsdK;orD;\tusifhpm&dwårnfodkYjzpfaMumif; olod&Sdvdrfh rnfjzpfaomfvnf;? ol (He )onfr[kwfcJh}} (vkum 7;39) 2/ ]]oifwdkYYonf? oifwdkYr,HkMunfMuaom? arma&SudktrSef,HkMunfcJhMuygu? oifwkdYr,HkMunf

aomighudk,HkMunfMuvdrfhrnf}} (a,m[ef 5;46) 3/ igonfrdrdxdkodkYrjyKcJhonfht&mjzpfaom vlrsm;tm;auseyfap&ef tm;xkwfaeao;onfqdkvQif igjzpfaeonfht&mjzpfaomc&pfawmf\ aus;uRefwpfa,mufr[kwfawmhNyD}} (*vm 1;10)

(C) wwd,wef;pm;onf tem*wfüjzpfEdkifacs&SdaomvkyfaqmifrIudkajymonf/ 4if;onfjzpfEdkifacs&Sd aomxdkvkyfaqmifrIudk trSef[krSwf,lonf/ 4if;onfrarQmfrSef;aom? rarQmfvifhaomt jzpftysufudkqdkvkdavh&Sdonf/ 0gusygt"duBud,m\vkyfaqmifrIonf ]]xkdt&m? 4if;(it)}}ESifh jzpfaom0gustpdwftydkif;\vkyfaqmifrItay:rarQmfvifhaom (BudKwifrcefYrSef;Edkifaom) t&m jzpfonf/ Oyrmrsm;rSm 1a,m[efxJrSm 1;6-10/ 2;4? 6? 9? 15? 20? 21? 24? 29/ 3;21/ 4;20/ 5;14? 16/

(i) pwkw¬trsdK;tpm;rSm jzpfEdkifacsESifhtvSrf;a0;qHk;jzpfonf/ 4if;rSm"r®opfusrf;xJawGU&onf/ trSefrSmcRif;csufESpfydkif;vHk;þt"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufESkifhudkufnDaompwkw¬wef;pm; cRif;csuf yg0gusppfppf[lír½Sdacs/ wpfpdwfwpfydkif;tm;jzifhpwkw¬trsdK;tpm;\OyrmrSm 1ay3;14jzpf onf/ tvm;wl OyrmwpfckrSm wrefawmf8;31 tqHk;owfydkif;jzpfonf/

8/ wm;qD;jcif;rsm; (u) PRESENT IMPERATIVE ESifh MEPARTICLE wGJaeonfhtcg(4if;omvQifr[kwf) qufvuf

aecJhjyDjzpfaomvkyfaqmifrIwpfck&yfwefYvdkufjcif;udk txl;ajymonf/ OyrmtcsdKUrSm]]ajrMuD; ay:bP²mpkjcif;udk&yfwefYMuavmh...}} (róJ 6;19) ]]oifhtouftwGufpdk;&drfaejcif; udk&yfwefYMuavmh,...}} (róJ 6;25) ]]oifwdkY\cEmåudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; rSm;,Gif; aomwefqmyvmtjzpftjypfüay;vSLjcif;udk&yfwefYMuavmh...}} (a&mr 6;13) ]]oifwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm;jypfrSm;jcif;udk&yfwefY&vdrfhrnf/({zuf 4;30) ]]pyspf&nfaomufjcif;udk&yfwefYMuavmh...}} ({zuf 5;18)

(c) AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE onf MEPARTICLE ESifhwGJonfhtcg ]]vkyfaqmifrIjyK&eftpjyKjcif; udkyifrjyKESifh}} [lítav;teufjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ OyrmtcsdKUrSm]]xifjrif&efpwifjcif;yifrjyKMuESifh}} (róJ 6;31) ]]pdk;&drf&eftpjyKjcif;rnfonfhtcgürQrjyKMuESifh}} (róJ 6;31) ]]oifonfrnfonfh tcgürQr½Suf...}} (2wd 1;8)

(*) DOUBLE NEGATIVE ESifh SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD wGJonfhtcgtxlav;eufpGmjiif; y,fjcif;jzpfonf/ ]]r[kwf? rnfonfhtcgürQr[kwf}} odkYr[kwf]]rnfonfhtajctaeürQ}}[lí jzpfonf/ OyrmtcsdKUrSm ]]olonfaojcif;udkrnfonfhtcgürQrMuHK&?olonfrnfonfhtcgürQMuHK& vdrfhrnfr[kwf}} (a,m 8;51)/ ]]igonfrnfonfhtcgürQ...vdrfhrnfr[kwf?rnfonfhtcgü rQ...}} (1aum 8;13)/

9/ THE ARTICLE (The ESifh a, an)

(u) Konine Greek ü DEFINITE ARTICLE “The” (wpfckck? wpfpHkwpf&mtm;twdtusñTGef;&ef oHk;onf)udkoHk;EIef;yHkrSm t*FvdyfbmomESifhtwlwlyifjzpfonf/ 4if;onf]]ñTefjy&mjr§m;OD;}} (pointer) enf;wlpum;vHk;? emrnfwpfck (0g) pum;pkwpfcktm; tm;½HkjyKap&efñTefjyonf/"r®opf usrf;ü4if;udktoHk;jyKyHkrSmusrf;jyKolwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;wpfrsdK;pDjzpfonf/ þ ]]The}}pum;vHk;onf atmufygtwdkif;vnf;tvkyfvkyfEdkifonf/ 1/ o½kyfjy½Sif;vif;rIay;aomemrfpm; demonstrative PRONOUN enf;wluGmjcm;csuf?jcm;em;

351

csufudkjy&ef/ 2/ tpjyKaz:jycJhjyD;aomtaMumif;t&m(SUBJECT)odkUr[kwfvlyk*¾dKvftm;&nfñTef;jcif;tjzpf 3/ 0guswpfck\uwåm;(SUBJEC)tm;qufpyfay;aomMud,mwpfckjzifh owfrSwfaz:jyjcif;tjzpf

]]Oyrm}}bk&m;ocifonfemrf0dnmOfjzpfawmfrl\/(a,m 4;24)/ ]]bk&m;ocifonfcspfjcif; arwåmjzpfawmfrl\}} (4;8? 6)

(c) Koine Greek üt*FvdyfbmomrSmuJhodkY ‘a’(or) ‘an’ (wpfck?wpfa,muf)wnf;[laom INDEFINTE ARTICLE r½Sdacs/ þtoHk;tEIef;r½Sdjcif;onf- 1/ wpfpHkwpfck\Muiftifvu©Pm(0g)t&nftaoG;tm;pl;pdkufjcif; 2/ wpfpHkwpf&m\trsdK;tpm;tm; pl;pdkufjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

(*) "r®opfusrf;a&;om;olrsm;ü ARTICLE rsm;oHk;EIef;yHktvGefuGJjym;jcm;em;onf/

10/ *&d"r®opfusrf;ütav;teufaz:jyyHktrsdK;rsdK; (u) tav;teufjyK&efoHk;EIef;yHkrSm "r®opfusrf;jyKolwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ wajy;nDESifh

pnf; urf;wust½SdqHk;rSm vkumESifha[jAJusrf;jyKolrsm;üjzpfonf/ (c) AORIST ACTIVE INDICATIVE rSmpHjzpfjyD;tav;teufjyKrI\trSwftom;wpfpHkwpf&mryg

aMumif;cyfapmapmüaz:jycJhjyD;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf4if;üteufzGifhEdkif&eft"dyÜg,fwdkaomtjcm; umvjyyk'f? voice odkUr[kwf mood [lír½Sdacs/ xdkodkYjzpfjcif;aMumifh AORIST

ACTIVEINDICATIVE udko'genf;ust"dyÜg,f½SdaomoabmjzifhtoHk;rrsm;[laomoabmroufa&mufacs/ Oyrm a&mr 6;10üqdkvQifESpfcgyifoHk;onf/

(*) trsm;oHk; Koine Greek \pum;vHk;tpDtpOf (1) Koine Greek pum;rSmt*Fvdyfenf;wlpum;vHk;a½SUaemuftpDtpOfay:rwnfrSDbJ?

tajymif;tvJjyKaombmompum;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhpma&;olonfarQmfvifhxm; onfh yHkrSeftpDtpOfudk atmufygtMumif;rsm;aMumifhajymif;vJEdkifonf/ (u) pma&;olonfpmzwfoltm;tav;teufajymvdkonfht&may:rlwnfí (c) rdrd\pm½IolwtHhwMojzpfrnf[kpma&;ol,lqonfht&may:rlwnfí (*) pma&;olav;eufpGmcHpm;&onfht&may:rlwnfí

(2) yHkrSef*&dpum;\a&SUaemuftpDtpOfonfyiftwnfwus&Sdonfr[kwfacs/ odkYaomfyHkrSef[k,lqxm;onfhtpDtpOfrSm (u) qufpyfay;aomBud,mrsm;ü

(1)Bud,m (2)uwåm;yk'f (3)jynfhpHkaprI

(c) uHyk'frvdkaomBud,mrsm; (transitive verbs)ü (1)Bud,m (2)uwåm;yk'f (SUBJECT) (3)uHyk'f (OBJECT) (4)INDIRECT OBJECT (5)0dbwfESifhqdkifaompum;pk

(*) emrfygaompum;pkrsm; (1)emrf (2)MODIFIER (&Sif;vif;? wdusapaompum;vHk;) (3)0dbwfygaompum;pk

3/ pum;vkHk;tpDtpOfonfteufzGihf&mütvGefw&mta&;BuD;Edkifonf/ Oyrmrsm;rSm (u) ]]nmvufudkigESifhAmebtm;rdwfo[m,twGufay;Muonf}} (*vm2;9) rdwf

o[m,jyKjcif;qdkif&m ]]nmvuf}} pum;pkonfae&majymif;um4if;\ta&;BuD; yHkazmfjy&ef a&SUüwifxm;onf/

(c) ]]c&pfawmfESifhtwl}} (*v 2;20)pum;pkudka&SUüxm;onfc&pfawmf\aojcif;udk

352

tv,füxm;onf/ (*) ]]4if;onfwpfppD? wpfppDESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;aomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifhjzpfonf}}

(a[NAJ 1;1)[laomtydkif;udkyxrydkif;ü a&SUqHk;üxm;onf/ 4if;rSmbk&m;ocif onfrdrdudk,frdrdrnfodkYzGifhjyaMumif;ajymjcif;jzpfízGifhjyrItm;ajymvkdjcif;r [kwfacs/

(C) tav;teufjyKrItm;twdkif;twmwpfckxdazmfjyavh&SdyHkrSm (1) yHkpHajymif;xm;aomBud,myHkpHxJüyg&SdNyD;jzpfaomemrfpm;wpfcktm;xyfrH

azmfjyjcif;/ Oyrm-]]ig? igudk,fwkdifonfoifwkdUESihftwl{ueftrSef&Sd vdrfhrnf}} (róJ 28;20)

(2) arQmfvifhxm;onfhpum;qufwpfck odkYr[kwf pum;vHk;csif;? pum;pkcsif;? 0gustydkif;csif;odkYr[kwf 0guscsif;wdkY\ tquftpyf wpfckckryg&Sdjcif;/ 4if;udk asyndeton(csnfaESmifrxm;)[kac:onf/ pum;qufudkarQmfvifhxm; aomfvnf;ryg&Sdonfhtcg tm½HkpdkufrIjyKap onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh- (u)awmifay:a'oem/ róJ 5;3 (yg0ifonfht&mudktav; teufjyonf) (c) a,m[ef 14;1 (taMumif;t&mtopf) (*) a&mr 9;1 (u@topf) (C) 2aum 12;20 (yg0ifonfht&mtav;teufjyKonf)

(3) azmfjyygtaMumif;t&mwpfcktwGif;ygaompum;vHk;odkYr[kwfpum;pkwdkY tm;xyfrHazmfjyjcif;/ Oyrm ]]bkef;toa&awmfudkcsD;rGrf;apjcif;iSg}} ({zuf 1;6?12?14) þpum;pkudkoHk;yg;wpfql\tvkyftm;azmfjy&ef oHk;onf/

(4) a0g[m&wpfckESifhwpfckpyfMum;wGifpum;vHk;(0g)pum;vHk;wGJrsm; (tD'D,) rsm;udkupm;jyíoHk;EIef;jcif;/ (u) euphemisms (oG,f0dkufoHk;EIef;)- aoonf pum;vHk;tpm;

]]tdyfaysmfonf}}[ktpm;xdk;umoG,f0dkufoHk;EIef;ajymqdkjcif;/ (a,m[ef11;11-14) odkYr[kwfa,musfm;t*FgZmwftpm; ]]ajc axmuf}} [kajymjcif;/ (½ko 3;7-8/ 1"r® 24;3)

(c) circumlocutions (vSnfhywfoHk;EIef;jcif;)/ bk&m;ocif\em rawmftm;tpm;xdk;oHk;EIef;jcif;rsm;/ Oyrm ]]aumif;uifEdkifiH awmf}} (róJ 3;21) odkYr[kwf]]aumif;uifrStoHwpfoH}} (róJ 3;17)/

(*) ajymyHkqdkyHkrsm; (1) rjzpfEkdifaomcsJUum;ajymqdkjcif;-(róJ 3;9/ 5;29-30/

19;24) (2) aysmhajymif;aomtvGeftuRHazmfjyrI- (róJ 3;5/

wrefawmf 2;36) (3) vltjzpfwifpm;ajymqkdjcif; - (1aum 15;55) (4) t"dyÜg,fajymif;jyefaumuf&aomajymqdkoHk;EIef;jcif; -

(*vm 5;12) (5) uAsmtvuFmpmydk'frsm; - (zd 2;6-11) (6) pum;vHk;rsm;vSnfhywfupm;íoHk;EIef;jcif;- (u) ]]toif;awmf}} (Church) (1)]]toif;awmf}} - Church ({zuf 3;21) (2)]]ac:zdwfjcif; ({zuf 4;1?4) (3)]]ac:zdwfcH&aom}} ({zuf 4;1?4)

353

(c) ]]vGwfvyf}} (1)]]vGwfvyfaomrdef;r}} (*v 4;31) (2)]]vGwfvyfjcif;}} (*v 5;1) (3)]]vGwfvyf}} (*v 5;1) (*) pum;vHk;wGJrsm; (idiomatic) oHk;EIef;yHkþtoHk;tEIef;rsdK;onf"avhxHk;pHESifhbmom pum;udktajccHaomoD;oefUt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/ (1) 4if;onf ]]tpm}} udkyHkaqmifjcif;jzpfonf(a,m 4;31-34) (2) 4if;onf ]]Adrmefawmf}} udkyHkaqmifjcif;jzpfonf (a,m2;19/ róJ 26;61) (3) 4if;onfoem;Muifemjcif;\ a[NAJtD'D,HtoHk;tEIef;]]rkef;wD;}} jzpfonf/ (urÇm 29;31/ w&m;a[m 21;15/a,m 12;25/ a&mr 9;13)/ (4) ]]tm;vHk;}} onf ]]trsm;tjym;}} ESifhtNydKifjzpfonf/a[&Sm, 53;6(tm;vHk;)udk 53;11?12 &Sd (trsm;)ESihfEIdkif;,SOfyg/ xdka0g[m&wdkYrSm a&mr 5;18 ESifh 19 wdkY üjyouJhodkYt"dyÜg,fwljzpfonf/ (5) pum;vHk;wpfvHk;wnf;oHk;jcif;xufpum;pktjynfhtpHkoHk;jcif;/ Oyrm ]]ocifa,½Ic&pfawmf}} (6)autos tm;txl;wvnfoHk;EIef;yHk (u) ARITICLE (the,a,an) wkdYESifhwGJonfhtcg (*kPftifvu©Pmjytaejzifh) same]]twlwl}} [kbmomjyefonf (c) ARTICLE rygbJ (Bud,moabmjzifh -predicate) oHk;onfhtcg INTENSIVE

REFLEXIVE ]]olUudk,fwkdif}} ]]4if;udk,fwkdif}} tjzpfbmomjyefonf/ (*) Greek or®musrf;pmroHk;aomolrsm;taejzifhtxl;jyKrIudktrsdK;rsdK;cJGjcm;od&SdEdkifonf/ (1) cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmaoma[NAJ?*&dtbd"gefESifh*&d t*FvdyfvkdwGJaomusrf;pmudkokH;jcif;jzifh (2) t*Fvdyfbmomjyefusrf;rsm;udktxl;ojzifhbmomjyefjcif; oDtkd&Drwlaomusrf;rsm;udkEIdkif;,SOfjcif;/

Oyrm/ vHk;aphywfaphbmomjyefusrf;wpfusrf;tm; (KJV, NKJV, ASV, NASB, RSV,NRSV) ]]tjynfht0udkufnDaom}}-dynamic equivalent bmomjyef usrf;wpfusrf;(Williams, NIV,

NEB, REB, JB, NJB, TEV) ESifhEIdkif;,SOfavhvmjcif;/ 4if;twGufaumif;aom taxmuftuljyKusrf;rSm Baker yHkESdyfwkdufrSxkwfa0aom ]] TheBible in Twenty –Six Translation}} jzpfonf/

(3) Joseph Bryant, Rotherham (Kregel 1994) a&;om;jyKpkonfh The Emphariged Bible (4) tvGefvHk;aphywfaphusaombmomjyefusrf;wpfusrf;ukdoHk; jcif; (u) The American Standard Version of 1901 (c) Youngs’ Literal Translation of the Bible-by Robert Young (Guardian yHkESdyfwdkuf1976) o'gavhvmjcif;onfyifyef;ysif;&dbG,f&maumif;aomfvnf; aumif;pGmteufjyefjcif;twGufvkdtyfonf/ þtusOf;csKyft"dyÜm,fowfrSwfcsufrsm;?rSwfcsufjyKrlrsm;ESifh OyrmwdkYrSmþpmwGJ twGif;ay;xm;onfho'gqdkif&m rSwfpkrsm;ydkíem;vnfap&ef *&dbmomrwwfuRrf;aompm½Iolrsm;udktm;ay;ulnD&efjzpfonf/ þt"dyÜg,f owfrSwfcsufwdkYrSm½dk;&Sif;vGef;tm;BuD;onfrSmaocsmonf/4if;wdkYudkMo0g'wpfckcsrSwf&efjzpfap? yHkaoum;csjzpfap roHk;&yg/ "r®opfusrf;\0gustxm;todktm;ydkrkdem;vnfoabmaygufap&efajcvSrf;wpfvSrf;rQomjzpfygonf/ xdkYjyif"r®opfusrf;tm;enf;ynmtqifhjzifh teufzGifhusrf;rsdK;uJhodkYaom tjcm;avhvma&; taxmuft uljyKusrf;rsm;udk ydkrdkem;vnfoabmaygufap&ef þt"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufwdkYonf pm½lolrsm;udktaxmuft uljyKvdrfhrnf[krsm;pGmarQmfvifhrdygonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonfrdrd\ teufjyefrIrSefuefjcif; ½Sdr½Sdor®musrf;pm\vufa&;usrf;wdkYxJawGY½Sd&onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;ay: tajcjyKEdkifpGrf;½Sd&ayrnf/ o'gonftaxmuftultrsm;qHk;ay;aomtrsdK;tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ tjcm;trsdK;tpm;rsm;üordkif;0iftaMumif;t&mrsm;? usrf;pum;tquf tpyf?acwfjydKifpum;vHk;toHk;t EIef;ESifhtvm;wlusrf;ydk'frsm;jzpfygownf;/

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aemufqufwGJESpf rl&if;usrf;qdkif&mtuJjzwfpDppfjcif;

þuP²rSmþteufzGifhusrf;üawGY&aomrl&if;usrf;qdkifrSwfcsufrsm;udk½Sif;vif;&efjzpfonf/atmufygwdkYudk tusOf;csKyfítoHk;jyKonf/ 1/ t*Fvdyfusrf;pmrsm;\rl&if;vufa&; (u) "r®a[mif;usrf; (c) "r®opfusrf; 2/ rl&if;vufa&;usrf;rsm;qdkif&mtuJjzwfpDppfrI “textual criticism” [lívnf;ac:aom “lowercriticism” qdkif&mjyomemrsm;ESifhoDtdk&Drsm;udktusOf;csKyf½Sif;vif;jcif;/ 3/ aemufxyfavhvm&eftMuHjyKaompmtkyfrsm;/ 1/ t*Fvdyfusrf;pmrsm;\rl&if;vufa&;usrf;rsm; (u) "r®a[mif;usrf; 1/ Masoetic text (MT) a[jAJo&usrf;udk at'D(100)ckESpfü&AÁd Aquiba jyKpkonf/ o&rsm;?

toHtedrfhtjrifhjyrsm;? ab;rSwfcsufrsm;? tjzwftawmufoauFwrsm;ponfwdkYudkat'D (6) &mpktwGif;pwifjznfhpGufvmcJhMu&mat'D (9) &mpktwGif;tjyD;owfcJhonf/ 4if;udk Masoretes ac:usrf;wwfrdom;pkwpfpkvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/olwdkYoHk;aomrl&if;usrf;rsm;rSm Misnah, Jalmad,

Peshitta ESifh Vulgate usrf;rsm;enf;wljzpfonf/ 2/ Septuagint(LXX)tvufZjEm;NrdKUpmMunfhwdkuftwGuf wd,ajrmufawmfvrDbk&ifBuD;\(285-

246bDpD) axmufyhHrSKjzifh*sL;usrf;wwfq&mBuD;70OD;wdkYt&uf 70 twGif;jyKpkcJhMuaomusrf; [kac: onf/ xdkodkbmomjyef&eftvufZjEm;NrdKUüaexdkifol *sL;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;arwåm&yfcHcJhjcif;jzpf onf[k,lqMuonf/ þtaMumif;tm; “Letterof Aristeas” üawG&onf/ LXX onfrMumcP yif&AÁd Aguiba \rl&if; usrf;(MT)ESifhuGJjym;aom a[jAJrl&if;usrf;wpfusrf;tm; trSDjyKaMumif;awGY& onf/

3/ Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) þyifv,faousrf;pmvdyfrsm;udk Essenes ac:*sL;oD;jcm;cGJ xGwfa&;*dkPf; wpf*dkPf;onfa&mracwfwGif (200bDpDrS at'D70)a&;om;jyKpkcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ yifv,faoywf0ef; usifae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;üawGU&aom þa[NAJvufa&;usrf;rsm;onf (MT) ESifh LXX ESpfckpvHk; aemufydkif; uGJjym;jcm;em;aoma[jAJusrf;tkyfpkwpfckjzpfaMumif;ay:vGifonf/

4/ teufzGifholrsm;onf "r®a[mif;usrf;tm;em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif&ef þrl&if;vufa&;usrf;rsm; tm;EdIif;,SOfrIonfrnfodkYulnDEdkifyHkwdusaomOyrmwpfcsdKYrSm-

(u) LXX onfbmomjyefq&mrsm;ESifhusrf;pmynm½Sifrsm;tm; MT udkem;vnfoabmayguf Edkif&efulnD yHhydk;onf/ (1) LXX \a[½Sm 52;14 ]]vltrsm;onfolYtm;tHhMordef;armMuonfESifhtnD}} (2) MT \a[½Sm 52;14]]vlrsm;pGmwdkYonfoifhtm;tHhMordefarmcJhonfESifhtnD}} (3) LXX \uGJjym;jcm;em;aomemrfpm;rsm;udka[½Sm 52;15 onftwnfjzpfaponf/ (u) LXX ]]odkYjzpfívlrsdK;rsm;pGmwdkYonfolYudktHhMoMuvdrfhrnf/}} (c) MT odkYjzpfíolonfvlrsdK;rsm;pGmwdkYudkyufjzef;onf/ (c) DSS onfbmomjyefq&mrsm;ESifhusrf;pmavhvmolrsm;tm; MT udkem;vnfoabmayguf&eful nDonf/ (1) DSS \a[½Sm 21;8]]xdkYaemufuif;apmifhaomolonfatmf[pfvsufuif;arQmfpif ay:uREfkfyf&yfvsuf...}}

(2) MT \a[½Sm 21;8]]jyD;vQifuREfkyfonfjcaoFhwpfaumifudkatmf[pfonf/ uREfkyf\t½Sif ocif? uREfkyfonfaeYtcsdefwGifuif;arQmfpifay:tjrJ&yfvsuf½Sdygonf...}} (*) LXX ESifh DSS ESpfrsdK;pvHk;a[½Sm 53;11udk½Sif;vif;aponf/ (1) LXX & DSS ]]rdrdpdwf0dnmOfüa0'emcHjyD;aemufolonf tvif;udkjrifvdrfhrnf/ olonf tm;&auseyfvdrfhrnf/}}

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(2) MT ]]rdrdpdwf0dnmOf\a0'emudkoljrifvdrfhrnf/ olonftm;&auseyfvdrfhrnf/}} (c) "r®opfusrf; 1/ *&d"r®opfusrf;tjynfhtpHk(0g)tpdwftydkif;aygif;(5300)ausmf½Sdonf/ (85)avmufrSmay&Gufay:a&;

om;jcif;jzpfum vufa&;usrf;(268)wdkYrSmpmvHk;MuD;rsm;jzifha&;xm;onf/ aemufydkif;at'D(9)&mpk cefY wGif pmvHk;ao;usrf;ay:vmonf/ *&dvufa&;usrf;(2700)½Sdonf/ 0wfjyKudk;uG,f&müoHk;aom usrf;ydk'frsm;pkpnf;onfhusrf;aygif;(2100)½SdjyD; 4if;wdkYudk lectionaries [kac:onf/

2/ aypmjzifha&;onfh"r®opfusrf;tpdwftydkif;rsm; yg0ifaom*&dvufa&;usrf;(85)cefYjywdkufrsm;üodrf; qnf;xm;½Sdonf/ 4if;wdkYteuftcsdKUrSmat'D'kwd,&mpk&ufpGJyg aomfvnf;trsm;pkwdkYrSmat 'D(3)&mpkESifh(4)&mpktwGif;jzpfonf/ þvufa&;usrf;rsmwpfusrf;ürS "r®opfusrf;tjynfhtpHkrygacs/ 4if;wkdYrSm"r®opfusrf;\tapmqHk;rdwÅLrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifhuGJjym;rIydkíenf;&jcif;r[kwfacs/ 4if;wdkYt euftrsm;tjym;rSma'oEÅm&wpfcktwGif;oHk;&eftjrefula&;jcif;jzpfonf/*½kwpdkufvkyfMujcif;r[kwf ojzifh? uGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;pGm½Sdonf/

3/ Codex Sinaiticus udka[jAJpvHk; N (aleph) odkYr[kwf (01) trSwftom;jyKonf/odeawmif ay:ü½Sdaom St.Catherine bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif;ü Tischendorf qdkolawGU½SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ at'D(4)&mpkumvüjzpfum LXX \"r®a[mif;usrf;ESifh *&d"r®opfusrf;ESpfckpvHk;yg0ifonf/ 4if;rsm;trsdK;tpm;tm;jzifh “The AlexandrianText” jzpf onf/

4/ Codex Alexandrinus “A” odkYr[kwf (02) tjzpfod½Sdxm;um; tD*spfEdkifiH tvufZ`'m;jrdKUü awGY½SdjyD;(5)&mpkumv*&dvufa&;usrf;jzpfonf/ 5/ Codex Vaticanus udk “B” odkYr[kwf (03) tjzpfod½Sdxm;um; a&mrjrdKUAmwDuefpmMunfh wdkufü

awGU½Sdjcif;jzpfjyD;? at'D(4)&mpktv,fumvüa&;om;jcif;jzpfonf/ LXX\"r®a[mif;usrf; ESifh*&d"r® opfusrf;ESpfrsdK;vHk;yg0ifonf/ 4if;rSm “The Alexandrian”trsdK;tpm; jzpfonf/

6/ Codex Ephraemi udk “C” odkYr[kwf(04) tjzpfod½Sdxm;Muum(5)&mpkumv*&d vufa&;usrf;jzpf jyD;?wpfpdwfwpfydkif;zsufqD;xm;onf/

7/ Codex Bezae udk “D” odkYr[kwf (05) [kod½Sdxm;Muum? (5)odkYr[kwf (6)&mpkumv*&dvufa&; usrf;jzpfonf/ 4if;rSm “The Western Text”[kac:aomusrf;\t"duusrf;jzpfonf/ 4if;üjznfhpGufrI trsm;tjym;um King James bmomjyefusrf;\t"du *&dtajcjyKusrf;jzpfonf/

8/ "r®opfvufa&;usrf;rsm;udk tcsdKUaomxl;jcm;rIrsm;wlnDyHkudkvdkufumtkyfpk (3) ck odkYr[kwf (4)ckcGJjcm;Edkifonf/

(u) tD*spfjynfrS Alexandrian rl&if;usrf; (1) P75, P66 at'D(200)cefYc&pf0ifusrf;rsm; (2) P46 at'D(225)cefYaygvk\usrf;rsm; (3) P72 at'D(225-250)cefYayw½kESifh,k' (4) Codex B, Vaticanus [kac:um;at'D (325) cefY"r®a[mif;?"r®opftm;vHk; yg0ifonf/ (5) Origen onfþtrsdK;tpm;udkudk;um;onf/ (6) þtrsdK;tpm;jzpfaomtjcm;vufa&;usrf;rsm;rSm Aleph, C, L, W, 33wdkYjzpfonf/ (c) ajrmuftmz&durS Western rl&if;usrf; (1) ajrmuftmz&dutoif;awmfzcifMuD;rsm;jzpfonfh Tertulian, Cyprian ESifh Old Latin bmomjyefusrf;rsm;üudk;um;onf/ (2) Irenaeus uudk;um;onf/ (3) Tatian ESifh Old Syriac bmomjyefusrf;rsm;üudk;um;onf/ (4) Codex D “Bezae” onfþtrsdK;tpm;udkvdkufonf/ (*) Constantinople rS Eastern Byzantine rl&if;usrf; (1) (5300) aomvufa&;usrf;rsm;\ (80%) üþtrsdK;tpm;xif[yfay:vGifonf/ (2) tEÅDtkwfjrdKUrStoif;awmfzcifMuD;rsm;jzpfonfh Cappadoceans, Chrysostom ESifh Therodoret wdkYtudk;tum;jyKMuonf/ (3) Codex A rSmc&pf0ifusrf;rsm;üomjzpfonf/

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(4) Codex E rSm(8)&mpk"r®opfusrf;tjynfhtpHkjzpfonf/ (C) pwkw¬ajrmufjzpfEdkifacstrsdK;tpm;rSmygvufpwdkif;rS Caesarean trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ (1) rlvtm;jzifhrmuküomvQifjzpfonf/ (2) P45 ESifhW wdkYvnf;jzpfonf/ 2/ rl&if;usrf;qdkif&mpDppfa0zefrIac: “lower critism” qdkif&mjyomemrsm; ESifhoDtdk&Drsm; (u) uGJjym;jcm;em;rIay:ayguf&jcif; 1/ owdrrlaom(0g)rawmfwqjzpfjcif; (trsm;pkjzpfonf) (u) wlaompum;vHk;rsm;aemufwpfck½Sdonfudk a&;ul;&mü rjrifvdkuf&ojzifh xdkpum;rsm;tMum;½Sd pum;vHk;rsm;tm;vHk; usefcJhjcif;(homoioteleuon) (1) pmvHk;xyf(0g)pum;pkxyfaeonfudkrjrifbJusef&pfjcif;(haplography) (2) pum;pkwpfck(0g) pmwpfaMumif;aemufxyfygonfudkarhoGm;jcif;(dittography) (c) EIwfwdkufwdkifay;jcif;udka&;ul;&mü pmvHk;aygif;rSm;jcif;udkrMum;vdkuf&jcif;/ (itacism) þt

aMumif;aMumifhpmvHk;aygif;trSm;rsm;ESifhtoHxGufwlaom*&dpum;vHk;rsm;pmvHk;aygif;rSm; ,Gif;rIjzpfay:onf/

(*) tapmqHk;*&drl&if;usrf;rsm;ütcef;MuD;? tcef;i,fcGJjcm;jcif;? pmtjzwftawmufESifh pum;vHk;csif; cGJjcm;rIr½SdcJhacs/ xdkYaMumifhpmvHk;rsm;cGJ&müae&mrSm;,Gif;umuGJjym;jcm;em;aom pum;vHk;rsm; jzpfay:apEdkifonf/ 2/ &nf&G,fcsufjzifh (u) ul;a&;aomusrf;\o'gyHkpHydkrdkyDjyifap&eftajymif;tvJvkyfjcif; (c) tjcm;usrf;ydk'frsm;ESifh wajy;nDjzpfoGm;ap&eftajymif;tvJvkyfjcif;/(harmonization of

parallels) (*) uGJjym;jcm;em;aomtrsdK;tpm;ESpfrsdK; odkYr[kwf ykdrsm;aomtrsdK;tpm;rsm;ukd&Snfvsm;aomtrsdK;t pm;wpfcktjzpfaygif;pyfjcif; (conflation) (C) vuf&Sdrl&if;pmü jyóem&Sdonf[kodjrifonfhtcsuftm; trSm;jyif&eftajymif;tvJvkyfjcif; (1aum 11;27 ESifh 1a,m 5;7-8)

(i) orkdif;qdkif&mjzpfap? ydkrkdqDavsmfaomteufjyefrItwGufjzpfaprSwfcsuftcsdKUtm;ab;rSwfcsuf tjzpfxm;onfudk aemufykdif;ü tjcm;usrf;ul;q&mwpfa,mufonf pm om;xJxnfhvkdufjcif;rsdK;/ (Oyrma,m 5;4)

c/ rl&if;usrf;qdkif&m tuJjzwfpDppfjcif; (rl&if;usrf;uGJrsm;&Sdonfhtcga&G;cs,fqHk;jzwf&efwuúaA'enf; usvrf;ñTef)

(1) zwf½I&müryDrjyifjzpfrItrsm;qHk; odkYr[kwf oHk;aeuso'genf;rjzpfqHk;aomusrf;onfrl&if;jzpf Edkdifonf/

(2) ykdíwdkwkwfpGma&;xm;aomusrf;onfrl&if;jzpfEdkifonf/ (3) ydkrkda[mif;aomusrf;udktomay;onf/ taMumif;rSmordkif;aMumif;jzpfNyD;tjcm;taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm rltm;vHk;nDwlwef;wljzpfonf/ (4) a'ouJGjym;aomvufa&;usrf;rsm;onfrl&if;jzpfavh&Sdonf/ (5) t"duusaom"r®oabmw&m;qdkif&m aqG;aEG;rIjzpfay:&mumvwpfcktwGif;oHk;yg;wpfqltm; 1a,m 5;7-8 rSmenf;wlvufa&;usrf;rsm;ütajymif;tvJ jyKjcif;rsm;ESifhqkdifíMo0g'qkdif&m wGifydkrdktm;enf;aom usrf;rsm;rSm ydkrdkESpfoufp&maumif;onf/ (6) tjcm;rluJGrsm;\rlvtpudktaumif;qHk;&Sif;vif;csufay;Ekdifaomusrf;/ (7) 'ku©ay;aomþrluGJrsm;\o[ZmwjzpfrItm;ulnDaomudk;um;rIESpfckrSm (u) J.Harold Greenlee a&;om;jyKpkaom Introduction to New TestamentTextual Criticism

]]tjiif;yGg;bG,f&mvufa&;rl&if;usrf;ay: rnfonfhc&pf,mefMo0g'rSrlwnfjcif;r&Sdacs/ "r®opf usrf;avhvmolrsm;onfrdrda&G;cs,faom(0g) ESpfoufaomvufa&;usrf;onf0dnmOf awmfrIwf oGif;xm;onfhyxrrl&if;usrf;xufMo0g'tm;jzifhydkrdktm;aumif;apvdkaomqEr&Sdoifhacs/}}(pm 68)/

(c) W.A.Criswell onf The Birmingham News ac:owif;pm\ GregGarrison tm;or®musrf;

357

pmxJ&Sd pum;vHk;wdkif;0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;jcif;jzpfonf[kolr,HkMunfaMumif;ajymjy&mü Criswellu ]]&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif;bmomjyef q&mtrsdK;rsdK;tm;jzifh,aeYacwfopfumv vlxkvufxJ&SdorQpum;vHk;wkdif;[m0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;wmr[kwfygbl;/ rl&if;usrf;qkdif&m

tuJjzwfpDppfrI udkuRefawmftvGef,HkMunfygw,f/ xdkenf;wlpGmbJrmuktcef;BuD; 16 tqHk;ydkif; wpf0uf[mrdpäm0g'jzpfw,fvdkYuRefawmfxifx,f/ 0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;wmr[kwfygbl;/ xGifvHk; oufoufjzpfw,f/ rmukusrf;&JUed*Hk;csKyfrSmygonfht&mawGrsdK;tjcm; rnfonfhvufa&;usrf; awGrSmrSrawGU&ygbl;/ 'gudk wpfa,mufa,mufjznfhpGufvkdufwmyg... }}SBC \*dkPf;csKyfjzpfolt rSm;uif;pifa&;orm;BuD;onfvnf;aAaoo'a&uefrSm a,½It aMumif; a,m[eftcef;BuD; 5 urSwfwrf;rSmvnf;aemufydkif;jznfhpGufcsuf jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;x,f/ ,k'rdrdudk,frdrdBudK;qJGcstqHk;pD&ifykHtaMumif;rSwfwrf; ESpfckwdkYuGJjym;jcm;em;yHk(róJ 27 ESifh wrefawmf 1)tm;aqG;aEG;&m wGifolonf]]'g[m,k'&JUolYudk,foltqHk;pD&ifjcif;t aMumif;ay:½IjrifyHkuJGjym;jcm;em;rItm;&Sif;vif;ajymjyvkdwJht&mwpfck&SdvdkYbJjzpfw,f/,k'rdrdudk,frdrdtqkH;pD&ifrIrSwfwrf;ESpfckor®musrf;pmxJ&Sdw,f/rl&if;usrf;qkdif&mtuJjzwfpD&ifrI[mtHhMobG,f&m odyÜHynmwpfrsdK;jzpfw,f/ 'g[mao;eyfwJht&mr[kwfovdk rcdk;rcHhjyKjcif;vnf;r[kwfygbl;/ 'g[mpGrf;tm; wefcdk;ESifhjzpfNyD; t"duvnf;usw,f...}}

3/ vufa&;usrf;rsm;qdkif&mjyóem (rl&if;usrf;qkdif&mpDppftuJjzwfjcif;) (u) aemufxyfzwf½I&eftBuHjyKaompmtkyfrsm; (1) Biblical Criticism: Historical, Literary and Textual by R.H.Harrison

(2) The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and

Restoration byBruce M. Metzger (3) Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism by J.H Greenlee

358

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tjrifwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ tajccHtm;jzifha,½Ionfu@tm;vHk;ü yHkrSefomrefvlom;yifjzpfum ola&ESpfr*FvmcH,lcsdefü(róJ 3;17/ rmuk 1;11) odkYr[kwfjyef&Sifxajrmufcsdefü (a&mr 1;4)bk&m;ocifonfolYtm;txl;t"dyÜg,fwpfrsdK;jzifhom;awmft&mücsD;ajr§mufonf[laomtqkdjzpf\a,½IonfpH wif&atmiftouf&SifcJhojzifhtcsdefwpfcsdef (a&ESpfr*FvmcHcsdefjyef&Sifxajrmufcsdef) bk&m;ocifonf olYudkrdrd ]]om;awmf}} tjzpfcsD;ajr§mufonf/ (a&mr 1;4/ zd 2;9)/4if;rSmueOD;t oif;awmfumvESifh&Spf&mpkwdkYüvlenf;pkwdkY\tjrifjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifonf vlom;wpfa,mufjzpf vmonfhtpm; (vl0ifpm;awmfrljcif;) þtjrifonf4if;udkajymif;jyefvSefum vludkbk&m;jzpfvm aponf/

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Alexandrian School ]]tvufZjEm; ausmif;awmf}}/ 4if;rSmor®musrf;pmteufzGifhjcif;enf;wpfrsdK; jzpfumat'D'kwd,&mpkacwftwGif; tD*spfEkdifiHtvufZjEm;NrdKUüjzpfay:onf/ *&dawG;ac:&Sifyvmwdk \wynfhausmfjzpfcJhol zdvkd\ajccH teufjyefjcif;enf;udkoHk;onf/ 4if;udkyHkyrmjyKíwifpm;jcif; enf;vrf;(allegorical)[kac:onf/ 4if;onftoif;awmfudkjyefvnfjyKjyifa&; (Reformation) acwf

umvwdkifatmifvTrf;rdk;cJhonf/ 4if;udkt"duaxmufcHMoZm&Sdolrsm;rSm Origen ESifh Augustine wdkYjzpfonf/ Moises Silva a&;om;aom Has The Church Misread The Bible? (Academic1987)ü Munfhyg/

Alexandrinus tD*spfEdkifiHtvufZjEm;NrdKUrSig;&mpkumv*&dvufa&;usrf;jzpfonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;? Apocrypha (umodkvpftoif;awmfüoHk;aomusrf;ig;usrf;) ESifh"r®opfusrf;trsm;pkyg0ifonf/ 4if;rSm*&d"r®opfusrf;\tjynfhpHkqHk;t"duusrf;wpfusrf;jzpfonf/ róJ? a,m[efESifh 2aum&dEÅK usrf;rsm;\tcsdKUtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSty) ]] A }}tjzpfemrnfwyfaom(Vaticanus)ESpfrsdK;vHk;ESifhwlnD aomvufa&;usrf;tm;rl&if;jzpfonf[kor®musrf;pmavhvmoltrsm;pkwkdYrSwf,lMuonf/

Allegory ]]yHkyrmjyKwifpm;jcif;}} 4if;onfrlvtm;jzifhtvufZjEm;NrdKU*sL;bmomtodkif;t0dkif;rSxGef; um;vm aomor®musrf;pmteufjyefjcif;enf;wpfenf;jzpfonf/ 4if;enf;udktvufZjEm;NrdKUom;zDvkd (Philo)onfvlodrsm;xifay:ausmfMum;aponf/ 4if;\t"dutcsufrSm or®musrf;pm\ordkif;aemuf cHESifhusrf;pum;tquftpyftaMumif;t&moabmudkvpfvsL½Ium or®musrf;pmtm;,Ofaus;rI"avh xHk;pH(0g)awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIoabmw&m;wpf&yfESifhtH0if*Gifusjzpfapvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;onfor®m usrf;pmusrf;csufwkdif;\aemufuG,fü zHk;uG,faeaom(0g)0dnmOfa&;&mt"dyÜg,f&Sdonf[kqdkum4if; udk&SmazGazmfxkwf&eftm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ a,½IonfróJ 13 üvnf;aumif;? aygvkonf*vmwd 4vnf;aumif; or®musrf;w&m;tm;azmfjy&efyHkOyrmjyKumwifpm;azmfjyrIoHk;aMumif;rSmrSefygonf/rnf odkYjzpfap 4if;wkdYrSmtrsdK;tpm;jcif; EIdif;,SOfjyjcif;jzpfumyHkyrmjyKjcif;pifppfr[kwfacs/

Analytical Lexicon ]]cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmrIjyKaoma[NAJ? *&dtbd'gef}}4if;rSm"r®opfusrf;p&Sd*&dpum;vHk;wkdif;od&Sd ap&efavhvmrIwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 4if;ü*&dtu©&mtpOfvdkufyHkpHESifhtajccHt"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;jcif; rsm;yg0ifonf/ pmvHk;csif;,SOfíbmomjyefaom(interlinear translation)usrf;wpfusrf;ESifhwGJíoHk;ygu *&dbmomruRrf;usifaom,HkMunfaompm½Iolrsm;tm;*&d"r®opfusrf;udk o'genf;usESifh0guszJGUpnf; yHkrsm;jzifhcJGjcrf;pdwfjzmíavhvmEkdif&eftaxmuftuljyKonf/

Analogy of Scripture ]]or®musrf;pm\qifwlrItm;EIdif;,SOfavhvmjcif;}}/ or®musrf;pmwpfckvHk; bk&m;ocifrIwfoGif;jcif;jzpfí txJ&SdtaMumif;t&mrsm;wpfckESifhwpfckqefYusifzDvmrjzpfbJ wpfckESifh

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wpfcktjyeftvSefjznfhqnf;ay;onf[laomtjriftwGufoHk;aompum;pkjzpfonf/ þwiful;t wnfjyK jcif;onf or®musrf;pmtm;teufzGifh&mü tvm;qifwlaomusrf;NydKifrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;\tajc cHrljzpfonf/ Ambiguity ]]roJuGJaomt"dyÜg,f}} pmjzifha&;om;aomrSwfwrf;rSwf&mwpfckü jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaomt"dyÜg,f

ESpfrsdK;(0g)odkYxufydkaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;ukdwpfcsdefwnf;üñTef;qkdazmfjy&mrSjzpfay:aomraocsm? ra&&mrIudkac:qkdonf/ a,m[efonfþroJruGJjzpfrIudkwrifwumoHk;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/

Anthropomorphic ]]vlom;uJhodkYazmfjyajymqdkjcif;}} 4if;rSmbk&m;ociftaMumif;uRefawmfwkdY\ bmoma&; pum;jzifhajymaoma0g[m&jzpfonf/ 4if;rSmvlom;qdkonf *&da0g[m&rSqif;ouf vmonf/ qdkvkdonfrSmbk&m;ocifudk vlom;jzpfae[efrsdK;jzifhajymqdkazmfjyrIjzpfonf/ bk&m;ociftm;vlom;ESifh qkdifaomcEmudk,f? vlrIa&;ESifhpdwfydkif;qkdif&ma0g[m&rsm;jzifh oHk;EIef;azmfjyjcif;jzpf onf/ (urÇm 3;8/3"r® 22;19-23)/ 4if;rSmtrSeftm;jzifhqifwlrIjzifhEIdif;,SOfazmfjyrIrQomjzpfonf/ bk&m;ociftaMumif;ajym&ef toHk;jyKbdkYvlom;rStytjcm;a0g[m&(0g)trsdK;tpm;r&Sdao;aMumif; jzpfonf/xdkYaMumifhbk&m;ocifudkuRefawmfwkdYodonfrSmrSefaomfvnf;tuefYtowfESifhjzpfonf/

Antiochinn School ]]tEÅDtkwfausmif;awmf}}4if;rSm qD;&D;,m;EdkifiHtEDÅtkwfNrdKUüat'DoHk;&mpktwGif; xGef;um;vmcJhaomor®musrf;pmteufzGifhjcif;enf;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 4if;rSmtD*spfEkdifiHtvufZjEm;NrdKU \yHkyrmjyKaomwifpm;jcif;enf;udkwHkYjyefrIjzpfonf/ 4if;enf;\t"dutcsufrSmor®musrf;pm\ orkdif;0ift"dyÜg,fudktm½HkjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;enf;onfor®musrf;pmudkyHkrSefvlom;pmayrsm;enf;wl teufjyefonf/ þausmif;awmfonfc&pfawmfüobm0ESpfrsdK;( Nestorianism )&SdonfodkYr[kwfobm wpfrsdK;&Sdonf (bk&m;tjynfht0ESifhvlom;tjynfht0) [laomtjiif;yGg;rIüyg0ifygwfoufonf/ 4if;udka&mrumodkvpftoif;awmfonfvTJrSm;aomt,l0g'tjzpfowfrSwfum yg&Sm;(tD&ef)odkYa&TUypf

vkdufaomfvnf;ausmif;awmftwGif;rlt"dyÜg,fxl;jcm;rIr&Sdacs/ 4if;rSmaemufykdif;wGiftqifhjrifhy½dk wufpwifhjyefvnfjyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;twGufteufzGifhjcif;qkdif&med,mrBuD;rsm;\tajccHjzpfvmyg

onf/(rmwifvlomESifh uJvfAif) Antithetical 4if;a[NAJuAsmtvuFmrsm;\pmaMumif;rsm;tMum;qyfpyfay;&eftoHk;jyKaoma0g[m& oHk;vHk;

teufwpfckjzpfvmonf/ (okwåH 10;1?15;1)/ Apocalyptic Literature ]]tem*wftaMumif;zGifhjyrIqdkif&mpmay}}4if;rSmjynfyurÇmhtiftm;BuD;EkdifiH

\usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufrIcH&aomumvrsm;twGif;toHk;jyKonfh t"dyÜg,fvQdKU0SufzHk;uG,fxm;aom ta&;tom;rsdK;jzpfonf/ urÇmhtjzpftysufrsm;udkyk*¾dKvftm;jzifh wnf&Sdaoma&G;EIwfjcif;jyKol bk&m;ocifonf xdef;csKyfaeum txl;ojzifhtpöa&;udkpdwf0ifpm;*½kpdkufonf[laom ,HkMunfrIjzpfonf/ þpmayrsm;onf bk&m;ociftm;xkwfrItm;jzifh tqHk;pGefaomatmifjrifrIudk uwday;xm;onf/

4if;üt"dyÜg,fvQdKU0Sufxm;onfhtrSwftom;rsm;qef;Mu,faomt&mrsm;pGmyg0ifonf/ xdkpmayrsm;üor®mw&m;wpf&yfudkta&mifrsm;? eHygwfrsm;? ½lyg½Hkrsm;? tdyfrufrsm;? aumif; uifwrefrsm;\Mum;0ifaqmif&GufrIrsm;jzifhazmfjyumtaumif;ESifhtqdk;ESpfrsdK;tm;pl;&SpGmay:vGifap avh&Sdonf/

pmaytrsdK;tpm;\OyrmtcsdKUrSm (1)"r®a[mif;usrf;üa,Zausv(tcef;BuD; 36-48)?'Ha,v (tcef;BuD; 7-12)? Zmc&dESifh (2) "r®opfusrf;róJ 24? Rmuk 13? 2oufomavmedtcef;BuD;ESifhAsm 'dwfusrf;wkdYjzpfonf/

Apologist (Apologetics)4if;a0g[m&*&dpum;]]w&m;Oya't&avQmufvJumuG,fjcif;}} [laompum; vHk;rSqif;oufonf/ c&pf,mef,HkMunfrItwGuftaxmuftxm;? usdK;aMumif;jyumaqG;aEG;&ef"r®o abmw&m;t&tm;xkwfrIjzpfonf/

Apriori 4if;onftrSef[k ]]BudKwifrSwf,ljcif;}} ESifht"dyÜg,fwljzpfonf/ 4if;ütrSef[krSwf,lxm; aom,cifuvufcHxm;cJhMuonfht"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;csufrsm;? ed,mrrsm;ESifhtaetxm;rsm;tm;jzifh qifjcifpOf;pm;rIjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ ppfaq;jcif;(0g)cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;rjyKbJvufcHjcif;jzpfonf/

Arianism olonfoHk;&mpkESifhav;&mpktapmydkif;umvrsm;ü tD*spfEdkifiHtvufZjEm;NrdKUtoif;awmfrS OD;aqmiftoif;awmfvlBuD;(q&mBuD;) wpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/ olYtqdkrSma,½Ionfa&S;rqGuyifwnf&Sd vmcJhaomfvnf;bk&m;r[kwf(crnf;awmfESifhtESpfom&csif;rwl[líjzpfNyD;okwåHusrf; 8;22-31 udkt

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ajccHjcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ olYtm;tvZjEm;NrdKU*dkPf;tkyfBuD;onfpwifzdwfac:cJh&m(at'D 318)4if;tjiif; yGg;rIrSmESpfaygif;rsm;pGm&SdaecJhonf/ 4if; þtm&D,m;eDpf0g'onf ta&SUydkif;toif;awmf\w&m;0if,Hk MunfrIjzpfvmonf/ at'D 325 wGif Nicea aumifpDonfolYudkjypfwif½IHUcsvsufom;awmfonftjynfh t0wef;wlnDjcif;ESifh bk&m;jzpfjcif;tm;twnfjyKcJhonf/

Aristotle olonfa&S;acwf*&dawG;ac:&SifBuD;wpfOD;jzpfum yvmwdk\wynfhESifhr[mtvufZjEm; bk&ifBuD;\q&mjzpfonf/ olonf,aeYwkdifacwfynmoifMum;a&;\u@rsm;pGmüvTrf;rdk;aeqJjzpf onf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomfavhvmrIESifhcJGjcrf;pdwfjzmrItm;jzifh&aomtodynmudktav;teufjyK aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ 4if;rSmodyÜHenf;usenf;pepf\oabmw&m;wpf&yfjzpfonf/

Autographs 4if;rSmor®musrf;pm\rl&if;a&;om;rIrsm;twGufay;aomemrnfjzpfonf/ vufjzifha&; aomþrl&if;pmrsm;tm;vHk;ysufpD;paysmufuG,fcJhMuNyDjzpfonf/ tqifhqifhul;,laomrdwåLyGg;rsm;om usef&pfonf/ 4if;rSma[NAJESifh*&dvufa&;usrf;trsdK;rsdK;ESifha&S;a[mif;bmomjyefusrf;rsm;\rlv&if; jrpfjzpfonf/

Bezae 4if;rSmat'Dajcmuf&mpkumv*&dESifhvufwifvufa&;usrf;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 4if;udk ]] D }}[k rSwfom;onf/ 4if;üc&pfawmfusrf;rsm;? wrefawmf0wåKESifhtcsdKUaomtaxGaxGMo0g'pmrsm;yg0if onf/usrf;ul;q&mrsm;\jznfhpGufcsuftawmfrsm;rsm;jzifhxl;jcm;rI&Sdonf/ 4if;rSm King James

VersionaemufuG,fut"du*&dvufa&;usrf;jzpfaom ]] Textus Receptus }} \tajccHjzpfonf/ Bias 4if;rSmtaMumif;t&modkYr[kwf tjrifwpfrsdK;tm;wiful;íjyif;xefpGmESpfoufrItm;azmfjy&efoHk;

aoma0g[m&jzpfonf/ txl;oD;oefYtaMumif;t&m odkYr[kwf ½IjrifyHkwpf&yftm;rdrdqE\ iJhuGufrI uif;&Sif;pGmr½IjrifEkdifaom pdwfaeoabmudkajymjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;rSmrsufESmvkdufaomtaetxm; wpfrsdKjzpfonf/

Biblical Authority ]]or®musrf;pm\tcGifhtmPm}}þa0g[m&udkt"dyÜg,ftxl;wvnftwGufoHk; onf/ rl&if;pma&;olonfrdrdacwfumvüajymaomt&mudkem;vnfum xkdor®mw&m;udkuRefawmfwkdY acwfütoHk;jyKjcif;tjzpft"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;rIay;Muonf/ uRefawmfwdkY\wpfckwnf;aomtcGifhtmPm ydkifvrf;jytjzpfor®musrf;pmtm;½Ijrifjcif;udkor®musrf;pm\tcGifhtmPm[kt"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;csufay; Muonf/ rnfodkYjzpfapvuf&Sdumv? rqDavsmfaomteufjyefrIrsm;udktaMumif;jyKum uREkfyfonf ordkif;aMumif;ESifho'genf;usbmomjyefjcif;enf;rSmenf;wl or®musrf;pm\tcGifhtmPmudkuefYowf xm;ygonf/

Canon þa0g[m&udk0dnmOfawmftm;jzifhtwktEIdif;uif;aomrIwfoGif;a&;om;onfhtrsm;tm;azmfjy &efoHk;onf/ 4if;rSm"r®opfusrf;ESpfckpvHk;udkajymjcif;jzpfonf/

Christocentric þa0g[m&udka,½I\ A[dkcsufrjzpfjcif;tm;ajym&efoHk;onf/ a,½IrSmor®musrf;pm wpftkyfvHk;\ocifjzpfonf[laom oabmjzifhuREkfyfoHk;ygonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;onfolYudkñTefjy um olonf4if;\jynfhpHkjcif;ESifhyef;wdkifjzpfonf/ (róJ 5;17-48)

Commentary txl;oD;oefYokawoejyKpmtkyftrsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 4if;onfor®musrf;pmxJ usrf;wpfusrf;\a,bk,saemufcHordkif;udkazmfjyonf/ xdkYjyifusrf;wpfusrf;\tykdif;wpfykdif;\ t"dyÜg,fudk&Sif;jy&eftm;xkwfonf/ tcsdKUaomusrf;jyKolrsm;onf vufawGUtoHk;csjcif;ukdtm½Hkpdkuf umtcsdKUwkdYurlusrf;udkenf;ynmususavhvmrIudkydkí*½kjyKmMuonf/ þpmtkyfrsm;rSmtaxmuft uljyKaomfvnf; rdrdudk,fwkdifavhvmrIjyKNyD;üom4if;usrf;wdkYudkavhvmoifhonf/ teufzGifhusrf;a&; ol\teufzGifhrIwdkYudkqef;ppfjcif;rjyKbJrnfonfhtcgürQrvufcH&acs/ uGJjym;jcm;em;aom"r®oabm w&m;½Iaxmifhrsm;rSteufzGifhusrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk EIdif;,SOfavhvmjcif;onftaxmuftuljzpfap avh&Sd\/

Concordance or®musrf;pmavhvmrItwGufokawoejyKjcif;qdkif&mvufpGJwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 4if;rSm pum;vHk;wdkif;"r®a[mif;? "r®opfusrf;rsm;üawGU&aomae&mjypm&if;jzpfonf/ trsdK;rsdK;taxmuft uljyKyHkrsm;rSm (1) t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;wpfvHk;wdkif;\ a[NAJ odkYr[kwf *&dpum;vHk;udkowfrSwfjcif; (2) wlnDaoma[NAJ(0g)*&dpum;vHk;toHk;jyK&mtvm;wlusrf;ydk'frsm;EIdif;,SOfazmfjyjcif; (3) rwlaom a[NAJ(0g)*&dpum;ESpfvHk;tm;t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;wpfvHk;wnf;jzifh bmomjyefonfhae&mudkjyojcif; (4) pum;vHk;wpfvHk;tm;usrf;wpfusrf;üjzpfap? rl&if;pma&;olwpfOD;ujzpfap tBudrfaygif;rnfrQoHk;

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aMumif;azmfjyjcif; (5) usrf;csuf ydk'fwpfcktm;or®musrf;pmxJ&SmazGawGU&SdEkdif&efulnDjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ (Walter Clark’s How to Use New Testament Greek Study Aids, pp.54-55)

Dead Sea Scrolls ]]yifv,faousrf;pmvdyfrsm;}} 4if;rSmyifv,faoteD;wGif 1947 ckESpf üawGU&Sdaoma[NAJESifhtm&rdpum;jzifha&;onfha&S;acwfpmwGJrsm;jzpfonf/ 4if;wkdYrSmyxr&mpkESpft wGif;*sL;bmom*dkPf;\bmoma&;pmMunfhwkdufrsm;jzpfonf/ a&mrvlrsdK;wdkY\odrf;ydkufrIESifh rsdK;cspf orm;rsm;tMum;at'D 60 jynfhESpfumvrsm;twGif;zdpD;rIrsm;aMumifhom;a&vdyfpmrsm;udk tvHkydwf umwHqdyfcwf aomc&m;tdk;rsm;txJausmuf*lrsm; (0g) wGif;aygufrsm;twGif; 0Sufxm;Mujcif; jzpfonf/ 4if;wkdYonf yxr&mpk ygvufpwkdif;\orkdif;aMumif;udkem;vnfoabmaygufapum

Masoretic Text ("r®a[mif;a[NAJusrf;) onftapmydkif;bD?pDESpfumvrsm;wkdifatmif tvGefwdusrSef uefaMumif;twnfjyKonf/ 4if;wkdYudk ]] DSS }} [ktwdkaumufemrnfowfrSwfonf/Deductive wwåaA'enf; odkYr[kwf usdK;aMumif;qifjcifrIenf;wpfrsdK;jzpfum? a,bk,soabm ed,rrsm;rS twdtusvufawGUususqifjcifoHk;oyfrIjzpfonf/ 4if;rSmwwåaA'enf;usqifjcif;rI ESifh qefUusif bufjzpfonf/ txl;jyKavhvmrIrSonf taxGaxGed*Hk;csKyf (oDtdk&D) rsm;xkwfazmfjcif; jzpfonf/

Dialectical 4if;rSmwif;rmrIwpfcktwGif; qefYusifae[ef&Sdaom (paradoxical) taMumif;t&m rsm;\ESpfzufpvHk;yg0ifaom pkpnf;nDñGwfonfhtajzudk&SmazGpOf;pm;qifjcifaomenf;jzpfonf/ or®m usrf;pm\or®mw&m;trsm;tjym;üqefYusifae[eftwGJrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ BudKwifcefYxm;jcif;- vGwfvyfaomqE? vHkNcHKjcif;-pGJNrJjcif;? ,HkMunfjcif;-vkyfaqmifjcif;? qHk;jzwfcsuf-wjynfhawmf jzpfjcif;? c&pf,mefvGwfvyfrI-c&pf,mefwm0ef0w¬&m;--pojzifh/

Diaspora 4if;rSmuwdawmfjynf\ yx0De,fedrdwfjyifywGifaexdkifol tjcm;*sL;rsm;udkazmfjy&ef ygvufpwdkif;a'oae *sL;rsm;toHk;jyKaom *&da0g[m&jzpfonf/

Dynamic equivalent ]]tjynfht0udkufnDjcif;}} 4if;rSmor®musrf;pm bmomjyefjcif;oDtdk&dwpfckjzpfonf/ or®musrf;pm;bmomjyefjcif;[lonf rl&if;a[NAJpum;vHk; (0g) *&dpum;vHk;wpfvHk;tm rdrd\pum;vHk; wpfvHk;jzifhazmfjyvdkufjcif;rSonfrl&if;pum;vHk; oHk;EIef;yHkESifh pum;vHk;pkpnf;yHkwkdYudk ydkíavsmhxGufum? 4if;wkdYtm;jzifhazmfjyaomtawG;udkomvQif bmomjyefjcif;odkY tqifhvdkufajymif;vJjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifonf/ þoDtdk&DESpfckMum;ü ]]tjynfht0udkufnDjcif;}} (dyramic eqvivalent )url rl&if;pmudktav;teufjyif&eftm;xkwfaomfvnf; acwfopfo'genf;ESifh toHk;tEIef;rsm;jzifh bmomjyefonf/ bmomjyefjcif;qkdif &m oDtdk&DtrsdK;rsdK;wkdYtaMumif;tvGefaumif;aom aqG;aEG;rIwpfckrSm Fee ESifh Stuart wkdYa&;om;aomHow toRead the Bible for All It’s Worth, p-35

ESifh Robert Bratcher \TEV ed'gef;pum;jzpfonf/ Eclectic - þa0g[m&udk rl&if;usrf;qdkif&m pDpftuJjzwfrIESifh qkdifíoHk;onf/ rl&if;vufa&;usrf;rsm;ESifh

eD;pyfaom rl&if;usrf;wpfckowfrSwfEdkif&ef rluGJ*&drl&if;usrf;rsm;tm;a&G;cs,fjcif;udk &nfñGef;onf/ 4if;onf*&drl&if;tkyfpkwpfckcktm;rl&if;tjzpftwif;rSwf,ljcif;udkjiif;y,fonf/

Eisegesis - 4if;rSm exegesis ESifh qefusifbufjzpfonf/ Exegesis onfrlvpma&;ol\ BuH&G,fcsufudk ]]azmfxkwfonf}} qdkvQif? Eisegesis onfbmomjcm;wpfck\ tawG;udk ]]xnfhoGif;}} jcif;tm;qdkvdkonf/

Etymology ]]pum;vHk;rsm;\ rlvZpfjrpfudkavhvmaomynm}} 4if;rSmpum;vHk;rsm;tm;avhvmrI\ u@ wpfckjznfNyD;pum;vHk;wpfvHk;\ rlvteuft"dyÜg,fudktwnfjyKajymEdkif&ef tm;xkwfrIjzpfonf/ þrl&if;t"dyÜg,fudktajccHjcif;jzifh txl;wvnfoHk;EIef;yHkwkdYudk ydkívG,fulpGmcGJjcm;od&SdEdkifonf/ teufjyef&mü pum;vHk;\ZpfjrpfrSm t"dutm½Hkpdkuf&mr[kwfbJ a&;om;aomumvESifh acwfNydKif t"dyÜg,fESifh oHk;EIef;yHkrsm;rSmt"dutm½HkjyK&mjzpfonf/

Exegesis usrf;ydk'fwpfydk'ftm;teufjyefjcif;vkyfief;qkdif&ma0g[m&jzpfonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]azmfxkwfonf}} [kt"dyÜg,f&um? rl&if;pma&;ol\&nf&G,fcsuftm; ordkif;aMumif;pmtquftpyf? 0guswnfaqmufyHkESifh pum;vHk;\acwfNydKif(a&;om;csdef) t"dyÜg,frsm;tm;jzifh em;vnf&eftm; xkwfjcif;jzpfonf/

Genre - 4if;rSmjyifopfpum;vHk;jzpfNyD; uGJjym;jcm;em;aom pmaytrsdK;tpm;sm;udk jyonf/ 4if;rSmpmay ta&;tom;rsm;tm;wlnDaom vu©Pmrsm;tvdkufpmaytrsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;jzpfonf/

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xkdodkYcGJjcm;&müordkif;qdkif&m ta&;tom;? uAsm? tvuFm? okwåHpum;rsm;? tem*wfüjzpf ysufrnfht&mrsm;?ynwfcsuf?Oya'qdkif&mponfhwdkYjzpf\/

Gnosticism ]]aemhpwpft,l0g'}} rdrdwkdYod&orQrSm þvGJrSm;aom t,l0g'onf 'kwd,&mpkESpfumv aemhpwpfpmayrsm;rS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomftpjyKpdwful;rsm;rSm yxr&mpk (ESifhrwdkifrD) umvrsm;ü &SdcJhNyDjzpfonf/

'kwd,&mpkumv Valentian ESifh Cerinthian Gnosticism t,l0g'rsm;taMumif;tcsdKUuþodkYazmf jycJhMuonf/ (1) ½kyf0w¬KESifh emrf0dnmOfwdkYrSm wnf&Sdazmfwnf&Sdzufrsm;jzpfonf/ ½kyf0w¬Konf qdk;oGrf;í emrf0dnmOfrSmaumif;jrwfonf/ emrf0dnmOfjzpfaombk&m;onf yHkyef;oP²mef ESifhjzpfaomqdk;oGrf;onfh½kyf0w¬Kü wdkuf½dkufyg0ifygwfoufjcif;rjyKEdkifacs/ (2) bk&m;ESifh 0w¬Kypönf;Mum;qif;oufolrsm; (eonsodkYr[kwf aumif;uifwrefe,fy,ftqifh)/ tedrfhqHk; (0g) aemufydwfqHk;rSmpBuFm0|m (Kosmos)udkzefqif;aom"r®a[mif;usrf;xJazmfjyonfh YHWH jzpfonf/ (3) a,½Ionf YHWHuJhodkYqif;oufolwpfyg;jzpfaomfvnf; tcsdK;tqtm;jzifh YHWH xufydkíjrifhum? ppfrSefaombk&m;xufydkíeD;uyfonf/ tcsdKUwdkYonf olUudktjrifqHk;tjzpfxm; aomfvnf; bk&m;xufydkavsmhenf;NyD;? vl0ifpm;ol bk&m;r[kwfacs[kqdkMuonf/ (a,m[ef 1;14) ½kyf0w¬K[lonfqdk;oGrf;ojzifha,½Ionfvl om;ukd,fcEm&SdonfqdkvQif bk&m;rjzpfEdkifacs/ olonf0dnmOf\wapäjzpfonf/ (1a,m1;1-3/ 4;1-6)/ (4)u,fwifjcif;udk a,½Itm;,HkMunfjcif;ESifh txl;oD;oefY vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;uomvQifodaomtodynmESifhaygif;pyfjcif;tm;jzifh&&Sdonf/ aumif;uif bHkt&yfrsm;udkjzwfoef;oGm;Edkif&eftodynm(pum;0Suf) vkdtyfonf/ bk&m;xHawmfa&mufEdkif&ef *sL;bmoma&;ynwfw&m;vnf;vkdtyfonf/aemhpwpfrdpäm'dXdq&mrsm;onfqefYusifbufudk,fusifhw&m;pHepfESpfrsdK;axmufcHMuonf/(1)vltcsdKUtwGufu,fwifjcif;&&eftouf&Sifjcif;yHkpHvHk;0rvdktyfacs/ olwdkYtwGufu,fwifjcif;ESifh0dnmOfvljzpfjcif;wdkYudk aumif;uifwrefqkdif&me,fy,f (eons) rSwqifh&aomtodynm (pum;0Suf) xJxkyfydk;xnfhoGif;ay;onf/ odkYr[kwf (2) tjcm;olrsm; twGufrltouf&Sifjcif;yHkpHrSm u,fwifjcif;twGuftqHk; tjzwfay;aomt&mjzpfonf/ olwdkYonfppfrSefaom 0dnmOfvljzpfjcif;\taxmuftxm;tjzpftajccHESpf odrfhrIrsm;rcH,lbJ? tvGefESdrfhcs½dk;pif;pGm touf&Sifjcif;yHkpHudktav;teufxm;Muonf/

Hermeneutous teufzGifhjcif;udk vrf;ñTefaom ed,rrsm;twGufoHk;aom a0g[m&jzpfonf/4if;üwdusaom vrf;ñTefrIrsm;ESifh uRrf;usifrI (qkvufaqmif - gift) ESpfrsdK;vHk;yg0ifonf/ or®musrf;pm teufzGifhjcif;ütrsdK;tpm;ESpfrsdK;yg0ifonf/ a,bk,sed,rrsm;ESifh txl;ed,rrsm;[líjzpfonf/ 4if;onfor®musrf;pmüawGU&aompmaytrsdK;tpm;rsm;ESifhqdkifonf/pmaytrsKd;tpm;(genre )wpfckpDü udk,fydkifoyfoyfvrf;ñGefrIrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; wlnDaomt,ltqrsm;ESifh teufjyefjcif;vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/

Higher Criticism - 4if;rSmordkif;aMumif;qdkif&mESifh usrf;wpfusrf;\pmayzGJUpnf;yHkudk tm½Hkpkdufum? or®musrf;pmtm;bmomjyefjcif;enf;jzpfonf/ Idiom pum;vHk;wpfvHk;csif;\ t"dyÜg,ftm;jzifhr[kwf? pum;vHk;csif;qufpyfrI\yHkrSef t"dyÜg,ftm;jzifhvnf;r[kwfbJ rl&if;rdcifbmompum;ajymolrsm; oHk;EIef;yHkudkvkdufí t"dyÜg,f&Sdaom pum;vHk;wGJrsm;jzpf onf/ Oyrmt*FvdyftD'D,H “to do with” \t"dyÜg,frSmESifhqdkifonf/ (concerned, related) jcif;rsdK; jzpfonf/

Illumination bk&m;ocifonf vlom;tm;pum;ajymjcif;twGuf ay;aomemrnfjzpfonf/ a0g[m&oHk;ck jzifhazmfjyonf/ (1) zGifhjyawmfrljcif;-bk&m;ocifonf vlYordkif;xJvkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhonf/ (2) rIwfoGif;awmfrljcif; - bk&m;ocifonf rdrdvkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh 4if;wkdY\rSefuefaom t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk jcif;udkay;um? 4if;tm;vlom;rsm;twGuf rSwfwrf;wif&vltcsdKUa&G;cs,fonf/ (3) &Sif;vif;jyojcif; - bk&m;ocifonfrdrdudk,frdrd zGifhjyawmfrljcif;tm;vlom;rsm;em;vnfoabmaygufap&ef ulnDjcif;wkdY rdrd\0dnmOfawmfudkay;xm;onf/

Inductive 4if;rSmoD;oefYoabmrSwpfckvHk;NcHKiHkjcif;oabmodkYajymif;oGm;aom wwåaA'enf; (0g) qifjcif awG;ac:jcif;enf;pHepfjzpfonf/ acwfopfodyÜHynm\ vufawGUprf;oyfaomenf;pepfjzpfonf rlvtm;jzifht&pöwdkw,f\csOf;uyfenf;jzpfonf/

Interlinear or®musrf;udka&om;&m bmompum;rsm;rwwfajrmufolwkdY or®musrf;pm\ t"dyÜg,fESifhwnfaqmufyHkrsm;pDppfavhvmEdkif&ef ulnDay;aomud&d,mwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;

363

pmrl&if;bmompmvHk;wpfvHk;csif;\atmufü t*Fvdyfpum;vHk;wpfvHk;csif;xm;&Sdonf/ þuJhodkYaom usrf;wpfusrf;tm; ]]pDppf avhvmaomtbd"gef}} (a[NAJ? *&d) ESifh wGJzufygua[NAJESifh *&d yHkpHtajccHt"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;csufrsm;&&Sd vdrfhrnf/ Inspiration bk&m;ocifonf rdrdzGifhjyawmfrljcif;tm;rSefuefpGmESifh &Sif;vif;pGmrSwfwrf;wif&ef or®musrf;pma&;om;olrsm;udk vrf;jyvsuf? vlom;rsm;tm;pum;ajymcJhjcif;tm;azmfjy&efoHk;onf/ þ,HkMunfrIudk a0g[m&oHk; ckjzifhazmfjyonf/ (1) zGifhjyawmfrljcif; - bk&m;ocifonfvlU ordkif;xJvkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhonf/(2) rIwfoGif;awmfrljcif; - bk&m;ocifonfrdrd\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh 4if;wkdY\ rSefuefaom t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;udkay;um? 4if;tm;vlom;rsm;twGufrSwfwrf;&ef vltcsdKU wkdYtm;a&G;cs,fcJhonf/ (3)&Sif;vif;jyojcif; - bk&m;ocifonf rdrdukd,frdrdzGifhjyawmfrljcif;tm; vlom;rsm;em; vnfoabmaygufap&efulnDay;bdkYrdrd\0dnmOfawmfudkay;xm;onf/

Language of description &Sif;vif;azmfjyaombmompum;/ 4if;rSm "r®a[mif;usrf;a&;om;&mü oHk;aom tD'D,Hrsm; (pum;vHk;wGJrsm;) ESifh qufpyfíoHk;onf/ 4if;onftm½Hkig;yg;tm;jzifh od&aompum;vHk;rsm;jzifhuRefawmfwdkY\ urÇmtaMumif;ajymjyonf/ 4if;rSmodyÜHenf;us &Sif;vif;azmfjyrI r[kwfonfenf;wlxdkodkYaomt"dyÜg,fvnf;r&Sdacs/

Legalism ]]enf;Oya'o0g'}} þpdwfaeoabmxm;rSm pnf;urf;csufrsm; (0g) bmoma&; qif,ifusif;yyHkrsm;ay:tvGeftuRHtav;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\vufcHrI&&Sd&ef enf;vrf; tjzpfenf;ya'rsm; twkdif;vkyfaqmifjcif;udktm;udk;tm;xm;jyKonf/ 4if;onfqufqHa&; udkavQmh wGufumvkyfaqmifrIudk ajr§mufpm;onf/ oefY&Sif;aombk&m;ESifh tjypfjynfhaomvlom;rsm;Mum; y#dnmOfw&m;tm;jzifh qufqHa&;ü xdkrsufESm ESpfrsdK;pvHk; nDwlnDrQta&;BuD;onf/

Literal (vHk;aphywfaph) rlvpmESifh ordkif;aMumif;udktajcjyKumteufzGifhjcif; enf;vrf;wpfrsdK;jzpfNyD; tEÅDtkwfNrdKUrS pwifonf/ vlom;\bmompum;jzifha&;om;rI\yHkrSefESifhay:vGifaomt"dyÜg,ftm;jzifh teufjyefjcif;udkqdkvdkonf/ odkYwaphyHkaqmifaomwifpm;azmfjyrIrsm;yg&SdaMumif;vnf; todtrSwfjyK onf/

Literary genra (pmaytrsdK;tpm;)vlom;csif;ajymqdkqufoG,frIyHkpHrsm;jzpfonfh uAsmtvuFm odkYr[kwf ordkif;jzpfpOftm;a&;om;pDuHk;rIyHkpHrsm;udk ñGef;onf/ pmaytu©&mjzifh a&;om;rItm;vHk;\ a,bk,sed,rrsm;tjyif? pmayyHkpHtrsdK;tpm;wdkif;ü4if;wkdY\ udk,fydkifteufzGifhrIudk,fpD&Sdonf/ Literary unit (pmpk) 4if;onfor®musrf;pmxJ&Sd usrf;wpfusrf;\t"dutydkif;cGJrsm;udk ñTef;onf/ 4if;ütcef;i,ftenf;tusOf; (0g) pmydk'frsm; (0g) tcef;BuD;tcsdKUyg0ifEdkifonf/ 4if;rSm t"duusaomtaMumif;t&mwpfckyg0ifonfhpmpkwpfpkjzpfonf/

Lower criticism ]]rl&if;usrf;qdkif&mtuJjzwfpDppfjcif;}} textual criticism üMunfhyg/ Manuscript ]]vufa&;usrf;rsm;}}*&d"r®opfusf;\uGJjym;jcm;em;aom rdwåLyGm;rsm;udkajymonf/ oHk;rsdK;oHk; pm;cGJjcm;avh&Sdonf/ (1) 4if;wkdYudka&;om;&mypönf;ay:rlwnfí (ay&Guf? om;a&) odkYr[kwf (2) a&;om;jcif;yHkpH (pmvHk;BuD;odkYr[kwf pmvHk;ao;^qGJía&;om;jcif;)/ “MS” (tenf;jyudef;)odkYr[kwf “MSS” (trsm;jyudef;) jzifha&;om;azmfjyavh&Sdonf/

Masoretic Text - at? 'D udk;&mpkumvüa&;om;aom a[NAJ"r®a[mif;usrf;udk ñTef;onf/ 4if;udk*sL;usrf; wwfynm&Sifrsm; rsdK;qufESifh csDumxkwfvkyfjyjcif;jzpfNyD/ toHxGufo&trSwftom;rsm;ESifh tjcm;trSwf tom;rsm;yg&Sdonf/ 4if;rSm uREfkyfwdkY\t*Fvdyf"r®a[mif;\ tajccHrl&if;pmjzpfonf/ a[NAJ MSS rsm;? txl;ojzifhyifv,fao usrf;pmvdyfrsm; Dead Sea Scrolls ac:txl;ojzifh a[&Sm,tem*wådusrf;onf þ a[NAJ"r®a[mif;usrf;udk twnfjyKonf/ 4if;udktwdkaumuftm;jzifh “MT” [krSwfom;onf/

Metonymy 4if;rSmpum;ajymjcif;trsdK;tpm;yHkpHwpfrsdK;jzpfum? t&mwpfcktm;\trnf;tm;4if;ESifhqdkif aomtjcm;t&mwpfckudk udk,fpm;jyK&eftoHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm ]]a&aEG;tdk;qlaeNyD}} [kqkd&mü ]]a&aEG;tdk;txJ&Sd a&qlaeNyD}} [kqdkvdkonf/

Muratorian Fragments "r®opfvufa&;usrf;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ a&mrjrdKUüat'D(200)umvtwGif;a&; onf/4if;üy½dkwufpwif"r®opfusrf;(27)usrf;yg½Sdonf/(4)&mpkumvtwGif;t"dutoif;awmf aumifpDMuD;rsm;onf/or®musrf;pmygusrf;rsm;twnfjyKjcif;rjyKrSDuyifa&mrtifyg,m\uGJjymjcm;em;aoma'oEÅ&toif;awmfrsm;onfor®musrf;pmygusrf;tm;twnfjyKjcif;jyKcJhJMujyD;jzpfaMumif;jyoonf/

364

Natural revelation bk&m;ocifonf rdrdudk,frdrdzGifhjyawmfrIjcif;\trsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ 4if;üobm 0w&m; (a&mr 1;19-20) ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&maumif;qdk;cGJjcif;odwwfrI MowåyÜpdwf (a&mr 2;14-15) jzpfonf/ 4if;udk qmvH 19;1-6 ESifh a&mr 1-2 wkdYüajymonf/ 4if;onf or®musrf;pmESifh emZ&ufNrdKUom;a,½Itm;jzihfbk&m;ocifonf rdrdudk,frdrdtxl;wduspGmzGifjhy awmfrljcif;ESifh uGJjym;onf/þ"r®oabmw&m;udk c&pf,mefodyÜHynm&Sifrsm;tMum; (Oyrm - Hugh Ross a&;aom pmrsm;)]]tdkrif;aomurÇm}} vIyf&Sm;rItzGJUonfjyefvnf; tav;teufjyKvmMuonf/ þtrsKd;tpm; oabmudktajcjyKum? or®mw&m;rSefvQif bk&m;ocif\or®mw&m;csnf;yifjzpfonf[kqdkMuonf/ obm0onf bk&m;ociftaMumif;od&efzGifhxm;aomwHcg;jzpfonf/ 4if;rSm txl;zGifhjyawmfrljcif; (or®musrf;pm)ESifhuGJjym;onf/ 4if;onfacwfopfodyÜHynmtm;obmm0\oabmw&m;udk vGwfvyfpGmpl;prf;&SmazGrIjyKaponf/ uREfkyf\oabmt& taemufwkdif;acwfopfodyÜHenf;usurÇm tm; oufaocH&ef4if;rSmtvGefaumif;aomtcGifhta&;jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf/

Nestorianism – olonfig;&mpkumvü uGefpwifwDEdky,f\ rsdK;ESpfacgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfonf/ olonf qD;&D;,m;EdkifiH? tEÅDtkwfNrdKUüynmoifMum;cJh&ma,½Iüobm0ESpfrsdK;&SdNyD;? vlom;tjynfht0ESif tjynfht0 bk&m;jzpfonf[k tcdkiftrmqkdonf/ 4if;rSm obm0wpfrsKd;[laom tvufZ`Em;NrdKU\ rd½dk;zvm;0g'ESifhuGJjym;onf/ Nestorius \t"dupdk;&drf;ylyefrIrSm rm&dtm; tyfESif;onfh ]]bk&m\r,fawmf}}[laombGJUawmfjzpfonf/ olYtm;rdrd\tEÅDtkwfausmif;awmf xGwfjzpfjcif; udktaMumif;jyKumtvufZ`Em;NrdKUu Cyril onfqefYusifbufjyK\/ tEÅDtkwfrSm or®musrf; teufzGifh&müordkif;aMumif;? o'genf;usESifh rl&if;pmudk tajcjyKjcif;\XgecsKyfjzpfaom? tvufZ`Em;rSmrIOyrmjyKwifpm;aomteufzGifhjcif;\XmecsKyfjzpfonf/ aemufqHk;ü Nestorious udk&mxl;rS z,f&Sm;umjynfESifh'Pfay;onf/

Original author (rl&if;pma&;ol) 4if;onf or®musrf;pmtm; vufawGUa&;om;olrsm;udkac:onf/Papyri - tD*spfEdkifiHrS pma&;ud&d,mwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ jrpfurf;üaygufaomusLyifwpfrsdK;rS vkyfjcif; jzpfNyD; ay&GufuJhodkY oHk;onf/ uRefawmfwdkY\a&S;tusqHk; "r®opfusrf;rsm;udk þay&Gufpmrsm;ay:a&;jcif;jzpf onf/

Parallel passages (tvm;wlusrf;ydk'f? usrf;NydKifrsm;) or®musrf;pmwpftkyfvHk;bk&m;ocifay;jcif; jzpfojzifh4if;udktaumif;qHk;teufzGihfay;olESifh qefYusifae[ef&Sdaom or®mw&m;tcsif;csif;tm; o[ZmwjzpfapolrSm or®musrf;pmudk,füyifjzpfonf[laomcH,lcsufjzpfonf/ r&Sif;vif;? roJuGJ aomusrf;ydk'fwpfydk'ftm;teufjyef&eftm;xkwf&mü 4if;rSmtaxmuftuljzpfonf/ taMumif;t&m wpfcktm;t&Sif;vif;qHk;azmfjyonfhusrf;ydk'fwpfck&SmazGawGY&Sd&efESifh xdktaMumif;t&mukdor®musrf;pm \tjcm;ae&mrsm;tm;vHk;ürnfodkYazmfjyaMumif;&SmazGawGY&SdEdkif&efvnf;ulnDonf/

Paraphrase 4if;rSmor®musrf;pmbmomjyefjcif;\ oDtkd&DwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmbmomjyef jcif;[lonfhrl&if;a[NAJpum;vHk; (0g) *&dpum;vHk;wpfvHk;tm;rdrdpum;vHk;wpfvHk;jzifhazmfjyvkdufjcif; rSonfrl&if;pum;vHk;oHk;EIef;yHkESifhpum;vHk;pkpnf;yHkwdkYudkydkíavQmhwGufum 4if;wdkdYtm;jzifhazmfjyaom tawG;udkomvQifbmomjyefjcif;qDodkY tqifhvkdufajymif;vJjcif;jzpfonf[kqdkEdkifonf/ þoDtkd&DESpf ckMum;ü&Sdaom ]]tjynfht0udkufnDjcif;}} (dynamic equivalent)url rl&if;pmudkt av;teufjyK &eftm;xkwfaomfvnf;acwfopfo'genf;ESifh toHk;tEIef;rsm;jzifhbmomjyefonf/ bmomjyefjcif; oDtdk&Dt rsdK;rsdK;wdkYtaMumif; tvGefaumif;aomaqG;aEG;rIwpfckrSm Fee ESifh Stuart

wdkYa&;om;jyKpkaom]] How toRead the Bible For All It’s Worth”, p 35 jzpfonf/ Paragraph (pmydk'f)/ 4if;rSm pmpkwpfcktm; pum;ajyjzifh teufjyefjcif;\ tajccHjzpfonf/ 4if;üA[dkjyK&m

tawG;wpfckESifh 4if;tm;qifhyGm;wdk;csJUjcif;[líyg&Sdonf/ t"dutcsufudkpGJudkifxm;ygu tao;tzGJUrsm;udk t"duxm;rdjcif;odkYr[kwf? rl&if;pma&;ol\&nf&G,fcsuftm; vufvGwfoGm;jcif; rsdK;&Sdrnf r[kwfawmhacs/

Parochialism 4if;a'oEÅ&"r®oabmw&m;^xHk;wrf;"avhqdkif&m xJaomhcwfxm;aom? wpfzufapmif; eif;usrIrsm;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf or®musrf;pm\ or®mw&m; (0g) 4if;tm;vufawGUtoHk;csjcif;onf vl\,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHudk ausmfvGefaMumif;todtrSwfrjyKacs/

Paradox (qefYusifaeoa,mifrSefaomt&mrsm;) wpfckESifh wpfckqefYusifjzpfum? wif;rmrI&Sdae oa,mifjzpfaeaomfvnf; ESpfbufpvHk;trSefcsnf;omvQifjzpfaom or®mw&m;rSm;udkqdkvdkonf/ 4if;

365

wkdYudkor®mw&m;tm; qefYusifaom bufESpfzufqufwnfaqmufonf/ or®musrf;pm\or®mw&m; trsm;tjym;udk qefYusifaeoa,miftwGJrsm; (odkYr[kwfusdK;aMumif;jyazmfjyrIrsm;) jzifh wifqufxm; onf/ or®musrf;pm or®mw&m;rsm;onf oD;jcm;wnfaeaomMu,frsm;r[kwfbJ? Mu,frsm;tm;jzifh yHkoP²mefazmfaqmifaomMu,fpkrsm;jzpfonf/

Plato (yvmwdk) a&S;acwf*&dvlrsdK;awG;ac:&SifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ ol\'óeduaA'onf ueOD;toif; awmftm; tD*spfEdkifiHtvufZ`Em;NrdKUu ynm&Sifrsm;rSwqifhESifh aemufydkif;ü Mo*wfpwif(Augustine) rSwqifhtvGefvTrfrdk;cJhonf/ urÇmay:&Sdt&mcyfodrf;wkdYonf 0dnmOfa&;&mrlvyHkpHwpfck\ yHkwlESifh 4if;tm;xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfrI rsm;omjzpfonf[kqdkonf/ aemufydkif;wGif "r®ynm&Sifrsm;onf yvmwdkY\ ]yHkyef;oP²mef pdwfxl;tBuH}} wdkYudk 0dnmOfa&;&me,fy,fESifh wef;wlxm;Muonf/

Presupposition taMumif;t&m? udpö&yfwpfcktm;BudKí od&Sdem;vnfrIjzpfonf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf aMumif;udpö&yfwpf&yftm; or®musrf;pmü r&SmazGrD rdrdwkdY\xifjrifrIrsm;ESifh pD&ifqHk;jzwfrIrsm;azmf aqmifavh&SdMuonf/ þuJhodkYwiful;aompdwfoabmxm;udkiJhuGufrI (bias) odkYr[kwf wzufapmif; eif;usrI? rSef;qrI? BudKíem;vnfod&SdrI[kac:qdkMuonf/

Prooftexting (usrf;csufwpfcsufwnf;jzifh twnfjyKjcif;) usrf;csufwpfcsuf\ usrf;pum;tquftpyf odkYr[kwf ydkrdkus,fjyefUaompmpktm; *½krpdkufbJusrf;csufwpfcsufwnf;udk;um;í or®musrf;pmteufjyefjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;onfusrf;csufrsm;udkrlvpma&;ol\&nf&G,fcsufrS vrf;vTJ oGm;apumrdrd\t,ltqwpfcktm; or®musrf;pm\ tcGifhtmPmudkpGJudkifvsuftwnfjyKcsuf ,l&ef tm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf/

Rabbinical Judaism (&AÁdq&mBuD;rsm;\ *sL;bmom) *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\ yHkpHb0onf AmAkvkefodkYjynfESif'PfcHcsdef (586-538 bDpD) twGif;pwifonf/ ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;ESifh Adrmefawmf \vTrf;rdk;rIz,f&Sm;cH&ojzifh a'oEÅ&w&m;Z&yf (Synagogues) rsm;onf *sL;vlrsdK;wkdY\b0ü tm½HkjyK&mt&yfrsm;jzpfvmcJhonf/ *sL;vlrsdK;wdkY\ "avhxHk;pH? rdwfo[m,jyKrI? 0wfjyKudk;uG,frIESifh or®musrf;pmavhvmrI\ a'oEÅ&A[dkXmrrsm;jzpfaom þw&m;Z&yfrsm;onf trsdK;om;a&;&m bmoma&;b0\tm½HkjyK&m ae&mrsm;jzpfvmonf/ a,½I\acwfü ]]usrf;wwfyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ bmoma&;}}jzpfaom4if;onf ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;\ bmoma&;ESifh tNydKifjzpfonf/ at? 'D 70 üa,½k&Svifusonfhtcg zg&d&SJrsm;BuD;pdk;aomusrf;wwfyk*¾dKvfyHkpHonf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;\bmoma&; b0udkxdef;ausmif;onf/ 4if;onfEIwfwkdufvufqifhurf;aom a&S;½dk;pOfvmusrf; (Talmud) ü &Sif;vif;onfhtwdkif; Torah (ynwådusrf; - "r®a[mif;usrf;\yxig;usr;f) tm;w&m;Oya'tjzpf teufjyefíusifhoHk;onf/

Revelation (zGifhjyawmfrljcif;) bk&m;ocifonfvlom;tm;pum;ajymjcif;udkaz:jy&efoHk;aomemrnf jzpfonf/ t"dyÜg,ftjynfhtpHkudka0g[m&oHk;rsdK;jzifhaz:jyonf/ (1)zGifhjyawmfrljcif;-bk&m;ocifonf vlYordkif;xJvkyfaqmifawmfrlcJhonf/ (2)rIwfoGif;awmfrljcif;-bk&m;ocifonfrdrdvkyfaqmifrIrsm;ESifh\ 4if;wdkY\rSefuefaomt"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;udkay;um? 4if;tm;vlom;rsm;twGufrSwfwrf;wif&efvltcsdKU a&G;cs,fonf/ (3)½Sif;vif;jyojcif;-bk&m;ocifonfrdrdudk,frdrdzGifhjyawmfrljcif;tm;vlom;rsm;tm; em;vnfoabmaygufap&efulnDay;zdkYrdrd\0dnmOfawmfudkay;xm;onf/

Semantic field pum;vHk;wpfvHk;ESifhqdkifaomt"dyÜg,f\tqifhtwef;tjynfhtpHkudkñTef;onf/ 4if;rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;aomtquftpyfrsm;üpum;vHk;wpfvHk;\ t"dyÜg,fyGm;rsm;rnfodkYjzpfay:aMumif;ajym jcif;jzpfonf/

Septuagint a[jAJ"r®a[mif;usrf;tm;*&dvdkbmomjyefaomusrf;\emrnfjzpfonf/ tD*spfEdkifiH tvufZ`Em;jrdKUpmMunfhwdkuftwGif;rSL;ynm½Sif(70)wdkY &ufaygif;(70)twGif;bmomjyefa&;om;cJhMu jcif;jzpfonf[ka½S;½dk;pOfvmt&ajymMuonf/ a½S;½dk;pOfvmt&tcsdefumvrSmbDpD(250)0ef;usifjzpf onf/ (trSefpifppftm;jzifh4if;tm;jyD;pD;ap&efESpfaygif;(100)ausmfMumcJh[ef½Sdonf/ þbmomjyef usrf;ta&;MuD;&jcif;rSm (1)4if;onfa[jAJ"r®a[mif;usrf;ESifhEIdif;,SOf&efa½S;a[mif;usrf;wpfusrf;udk uRefawmfwdkYtwGufayonf/ (2)4if;onfbDpD(3)&mpkESifh(2)&mpktwGif;*sL;bmomjyeftwwf\tajc taeudkjyonf/ (3)*sL;rsm;onfa,½SKudkrjiif;y,frDyifar½Sd,tm;em;vnfod½SdyHkudkjyonf/ 4if;\t wdkaumufrSm “LXX" jzpfonf/

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Sinaiticus 4if;rSmat'Dav;&mpk*&dusrf;wpfusrf;jzpfonf/ 4if;udk*smrefynm½Sif Tischendorf qdkolonfa½S;½dk;pOfvmtqdkt&odeawmifjzpfaom Jebel Musa awmifukef;ay:½SdpdefYuufo&if;bkef; MuD;ausmif;üawGU½SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;udka[jAJyxrtu©&m [ ] jzpfaz:jyjyD;? "ra[mif;ESifh"ropf usrf;ESpfckpvHk;yg0ifonf/ 4if;rSmuRefawmfwdkYü½Sdaoma½S;tusqHk;pmvHk;MuD;vufa&;usrf; MISS wpf ckjzpfonf/

Spiritualizing (0dnmOfoabmjzpfapjcif;) ordkif;aMumif;ESifhusrf;csufwpfcsuf\usrf;pum;tquf tpyftaMumif;t&moabmudkab;z,fumtjcm;pHEIef;rsm;jzifh teufjyefjcif;jyK&mü4if;onfOyrmjyK wifpmaz:jyrIESifhoabmcsif;wlonf/

Synonymous 4if;onfwdusaom(0g)tvGefqifwlaomt"dyÜg,f½dSonfha0g[m&rsm;udkac:qdkonf/ (trSefrSmt"dyÜg,fcsif;tjynfht0wlnDaompum;vHk;[lír½Sdacs/) xdkpum;vHk;rsdK;rSmtvGefeD;pyfvSo jzifht"dyÜg,fraysmufysufbJ0guswpfcktwGif; ae&mvJíyifoHk;Edkifonf/ yHkpHcsif;wlaoma[jAJuAsmyHk pHoHk;rsdK;teufwpfrsdK;tm;az:jy&efvnf;oHk;onf/ þodkYoHk;&müwlnDaomtaMumif;t&mudkjyonfh uAsm\pmaMumif;ESpfaMumif;udkac:onf/ (qmvH 103;3)

Syntax 4if;onf0guswpfaMumif;\wnfaqmufyHkudkñTef;aom*&da0g[m&wpfckjzpfonf/ taMumif; t&mwpfcktm;tjynfhtpHkaz:jy&ef0guswpfck\tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm;pkpnf;xm;jcif;udkac:onf/

Synthetical a[jAJuAsm? tvuFmtrsdK;tpm;rsm;udkaz:jyaoma0g[m&oHk;rsdK;teufwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ t"dyÜg,fwjznf;jznf;ydkíay:vGifoGm;apaomyHkpHjzifh? wpfckay:wpfckxyfíwnfaqmufxm;onfh uAsmpmaMumif;rsm;udkajymaoma0g[m&jzpfjyD;wpfcgwpfav “Climatic” [kvnf;ac:onf/ (qmvH19;7-9)

Systematic theology teufjyefjcif;\tqifhwpfqifhjzpfumor®musrf;pmxJrsm;udkpkpnf;íqifjcif aomyHkpHjzifhajymjy&eftm;xkwfrIjzpfonf/ 4if;onfordkif;aMumif;qkdif&moufoufxufwuúaA'enf; usjzpfonf/ c&pf,mef"r®oabmw&m;tm;trsdK;tpm;cGJumwifjyonf/ (bk&m;ociftaMumif;? vlom;taMumif;? tjypftaMumif;u,fwifjcif;taMumif;...pojzifh)/

Talmud *sL;vlrsdK;wdkY\EIwfyg;pyfjzifh vufqifhurf;aoma&S;½dk;pOfvmt,l0g' (EIwf&mZ0if) tm; eDwdusrf;wpfusrf;tjzpfa&;om;jcif;jzpfonf/ *sL;wdkYonf 4if;udkodemawmifay:wGifbk&m;ocif onfarma&Stm;ay;tyfjcif;jzpfonf[k,HkMunfMuonf/ trSefrSmordkif;wpfavQmuf*sL;q&morm; rsm;\ynmpum;rsm;udkpkpnf;xm;onfESifhwlonf/ pmjzifha&;xm;aom Talmud eDwdusrf;ESpfusrf;&Sd onf/ AmAkvkef Talmud usrf;ESifhydkíwdkawmif;aomrNyD;pD;onfhygvufpwdkif; Talmud usrf; wkdYjzpfonf/

Textual criticism (rl&if;usrf;qkdif&mpDppftuJjzwfjcif;) 4if;rSmor®musrf;pm\vufa&;usrf;rsm; tm;avhvmrIbmom&yfjzpfonf/ e*dkrl&if;usrf;rsm;r&SdawmhbJ rdwåLusrf;rsm;vnf;wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;Muojzifhrl&if;usrf;qkdif&mpDppftuJjzwfrIrSmvkdtyfonf/ uGJjym;rIrsm;udk&Sif;jy&efESifh"r®a[mif;? "r®opfvufa&;usrf;rsm;\rl&if;toHk;EIef;rsm;(teSD;pyfqHk;) od&SdEdkif&eftm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;udk ]] lower critiousm }} (atmufajctqifhpDppftuJjzwfrI)[kvnf;ac:onf/

Textus Receptus þemrnfrSm 1633 at'Dü Elzevir \*&d"r®opfusrf;tm;jzifhay:vmonf/ tajccH tm;jzifhydkrdkaemufusaom*&dvufa&;usrf;tenf;i,fESifhvufwifbmomjyefusrf;rsm;jzpfonfhEramus (1510-1535) Stephanus (1546-1559)ESifh Elzevir (1624-1678) wdkYrSxkwfvkyfaom*&d"r®opf usrf;yHkpHwpfckjzpfonf/ An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament p.27 ü

A.T. Robertson u]]Byzantine usrf;[mvufawGYrSm Textus Receptus jzpfvmw,f}}[kqkdonf/ Byzantineusrf;rSmueOD;*&dvufa&;usrf;tkyfpkoHk;ckxJuwefbdk;tenf;qHk;usrf;jzpfonf/ (Western usrf;?Alexandian usrf;ESifh Byzantine usrf;)4if;ü&mpkESpfrsm;csDumvufjzifhusrf;rsm;a&;ul;jcif;\t rSm;rsm;pkyHkyg&Sdonf/ rnfodkYjzpfap A.T.Robertson uyifajymonfrSm]] Textus Receptus onf uRefawmfwkdYtwGuf r,fr,f&&ESifh rSefuefaomusrf;udkvHkNcHKpGmodrf;qnf;ay;onf}}(pm 21)[kqdk onf/þtpOftvm*&dvufa&;usrf; (txl;ojzifh Erasmus \wwd,ajrmufwnf;jzwfjcif; - 1522) rSm1611 at'Düt*Fvdyfbm omodkYjyefqkdaom King James Version udkarG;zGm;ay;onf/

Torah 4if;rSma[NAJpum; ]]oifMum;jcif;}} jzpfonf/ 4i;frSmarma&Sa&;aomusrf;rsm;\w&m;0ifemrnf jzpfvmonf/ (urÇmOD;rSw&m;a[m&musrf;txd) 4if;rSm*sL;rsm;twGuf"r®a[mif;usrf;\tcGifhtmPm t&SdqHk;tydkif;jzpfonf/

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Typological 4if;rSmteufjyefjcif;txl;yHkpHwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ütvm;wlvu©Pmjzifh awGY&onhfh"r®opfusrf;\or®mw&m;rsm;jzpfonf/ þtrsdK;tpm;teufzGifhjcif;rSm Alexandrian teufjyefjcif;enf;\t"dutcsufjzpfonf/ þyHkpHteufjyefjcif;udktoHk;jyKyHkrSm;,Gif;rIaMumifh"r®opf usrf;xJrSwfwrf;wifxm;onfhwdusaomOyrmrsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;tm;uefYowfvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/

Vaticanus at'Dav;&mpk*&dvufa&;usrf;jzpfonf/ 4if;udk AmwDuef pmMunfhwdkufxJawGU&Sd&onf/ 4if;ü"r®a[mif;usrf;tm;vHk; Apocrypha ac:umodkvpftoif;awmfüomoHk;aomusrf; i,f 15 usrf;ESifh"r®opfusrf;rsm;yg0ifonf/ rnfodkYjzpfaptcsdKUusrf;rsm;ryg&Sdacs/ (urÇmOD;? qmvHusrf;? a[NAJ? oif;tkyfMo0g'pmrsm;? zdavrkefESifhAsm'dwfusrf;rsm;) 4if;rSmrl&if;vufa&;usrf;rsm;\pum;vHk;oHk;EIef; yHkrsm;udktqHk;tjzwfay;&mütvGeftaxmuftuljyKaomvufa&;usrf;jzpfonf/ 4if;udk ]] B }} jzifht rSwftom;jyKonf/

Vulgate, Jerome \vufwifbmomjyefor®musrf;pm\emrnfjzpfonf/ 4if;rSma&mrumodkvpftoif; awmftwGufbmomjyef&mütoHk;jyKaomtajccHokdYr[kwftrsm;oHk;usrf;jzpfvmonf/

Wisdom Literature (ynmpmayrsm;) 4if;rSmta&SUtv,fydkif;üa&S;acwf(ESifhacwfopfurÇm) wGifawGU aeuspmaytrsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/4if;rSmtajccHtm;jzifhatmifjrifaomb0twGuftqdktrdefYrsm; udkuAsmtvuFmrsm;? okwåHpum;rsm;odkYr[kwfpmpDpmuHk;rsm;tm;jzifhrsdK;qufopfwpfquftm; BudK; pm;oGefoifrIjzpfonf/ 4if;rSmtpktaygif;xufwpfOD;csif;tm;&nfpl;jcif;jzpfonf/ orkdif;udk&nfñTef; udk;um;jcif;rjyKaomfvnf;b0tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifhavhvmrSwfom;rIrsm;udktajcjyKonf/ or®musrf; pmüa,mbusrf;rSpíaqmvrkefoDcsif;wkdifatmif YHWH \yg&SdrIESifhudk;uG,frIjzpfonf[kqdkaomf vnf; þbmoma&;avmutjrifonfvlom;tm;vHk;ESifhtcsdefumvwdkif;twGuf&Sif;vif;aomt&mr [kwfacs/pmaytrsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;taejzifh4if;onfa,bk,sor®mw&m;udkazmfjyonf/ odkYaomfþpmayrsdK;udktajctaetm;vHk;ütwdtusroHk;Edkifacs/4if;wdkYrSmtajctaewpfckcsif;wkdif;twGufr[kwf aomor®mw&m;tMurf;zsif;rsm;jzpfonf/ þynm&SdBuD;rsm;onfb0\cufcJaomar; cGef;rsm;udkar;jref;&JMuonf/ 4if;wkdYonfa&S;½dk;pOfvmbmoma&;tjrifrsm;udkpdefac:avh&Sdonf/ (a,mbESifha'oemusrf;) 4if;wkdYonfb0\tjzpfqdk;rsm;taMumif; vG,fulaomtajz rsm;twGufnDñGwfrQwrIESifhwif;rmrIrsm;azmfaqmifay;Muonf/

World Picture and Worldview 4if;wkdYrSma0g[m&wGJrsm;jzpfonf/ ESpfrsdK;pvHk;zefqif;jcif;ESifhqkdifaom awG;ac:ajrmfjrifa&;qdkif&mt,ltqrsm;jzpfonf/ World Picture (urÇmh½kyfyHkoGifjyif)[laom a0g[m&onf]]b,fvdk}} zefqif;aMumif;tm;ñTef;qdkNyD;]]Worldview}}(urÇmhtjrif)url]]rnfolzefqif; onf}} [laomtcsufESifhqkdifonf/ þa0g[m&wkdYonf urÇmOD;tcef;BuD; 1-2 ürlvtaMumif;t&m rSmb,fvdkzefqif;onfhtaMumif;r[kwfbJ b,folzefqif;aMumif;tm;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonfqkdaomt eufjyefjcif;ESifhudkufnDonf/

YHWH "r®a[mif;usrf;txJbk&m;ocif\y#dnOfw&m;qkdif&memrawmfjzpfonf/ 4if;tm;xGuf 3;14 üt"dyÜg,fowfrSwfonf/ 4if;rSma[NAJa0g[m&]]&Sdonf? jzpfonf}} (to be)\ CAUSATIVE yHkpHjzpfonf/*sL;wkdYonfxdkemrawmfudktcsnf;ESD;ac:&ma&mufrnfpdk;&drfumrac:&JMuojzifh]]bk&m;ocif}}[kt"dyÜg,f&Sdaom Adonai jzifhtpm;xkd;oHk;pGJMuonf/ 4if;rSmþy#dnOfcHemrawmftm; bmomjyefqkd yHkjzpfonf/

368

aemufqufwGJ av; ,HkMunfjcif;qkdif&m Mo0g'azmfjycsuf

uREkfyfonf,HkMunfjcif;azmfjyrIrsm;udktxl;wvnfpdwf0ifpm;jcif;r&Sd/ or®musrf;pmomvQif jzpfonf[k qdk&efydkíESpfoufygonf/ rnfodkYjzpfapuREkfyfESifh&if;ESD;aomolrsm;onfuREkfyf\,HkMunf jcif;Mo0g'qkdif&m tjrpfudktuJjzwfap&ef ,HkMunfjcif;azmfjyrIonf taxmuftuljzpfapvdrfhrnfudkoabmaygufem;vnfygonf/ ,aeYuRefawmfwdkY\acwfumvü"r®oabmw&m; qdkif&mtrSm;ESifh vSnfhjzm;jcif;rsm;vGef;ojzifh uREkfyf\"r®oabm w&m;tusOf;csKyfudkatmufwGifazmfjyay;ygonf/

1/ "r®a[mif;? "r®opfESpfckpvHk;jzpfaomor®musrf;pmonf0dnmOfawmfrIwfoGif;aom? rrSm;,Gif;Ekdifaom? tcGifhtmPm&Sdaom? bk&m;ocif\xm0&EIwfuywfawmfjzpfonf/ 4if;rSmbk&m;ocif \rdrdudk,frdrdzGifhjyawmfrIjzpfum? Obm0vGefOD;aqmifrIjzifhvlom;rsm;rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;rSmbk&m;ocifESifhol\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGufuRefawmfwdkY\wpfckwnf;aom&Sif;vif;onfhor®m w&m;jzpfonf/ 4if;rSmtoif;awmf\,HkMunfjcif;ESifhusifhoHk;rItwGufwpfckwnf;aomt&if;tjrpfjzpf onf/

2/ xm0&jzpfaomzefqif;&Sifa&G;EIwf&Sifbk&m;ocifwpfqlomvQif&Sdonf/ olonf½lyt&m? t½lyt&m? cyfodrf;aomt&mwdkY\zefqif;&Sifjzpfonf/ olonfrSefuefíw&m;rQwawmfrlaomfvnf; cspfjcif;arwåm&SifESifh*½kpdkufawmfrloltjzpfrdrdudk,frdrdzGifhjyawmfrlonf/ olonfoD;jcm;pDjzpfaomf vnf;tESpfom&csif;wlaomcrnf;awmf? om;awmfESifh 0dnmOfawmfwnf;[laom yk*¾dKvfoHk;yg;jzifhrdrd udk,frdrdzGifhjyawmfrlonf/

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