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JUGOIMPORT-SDPR broj 26, December 2008. LAZAR VIŠENAMENSKO OKLOPNO BORBENO VOZILO LAZAR – MULTI-ROLE ARMORED COMBAT VEHICLE MISIJA JUGOIMPORT- SDPR SISTEM INTEGRATORA ODBRAMBENE INDUSTRIJE REPUBLIKE SRBIJE THE MISSION OF YUGOIMPORT- SDPR - THE SYSTEM INTEGRATOR OF THE SERBIAN DEFENSE INDUSTRY

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Page 1: Yugoimport Magazine

JUGOIMPORT-SDPR broj 26, December 2008.

LAZAR VIŠENAMENSKO OKLOPNOBORBENO VOZILO

LAZAR – MULTI-ROLE ARMORED COMBATVEHICLE

MISIJA JUGOIMPORT- SDPR SISTEM INTEGRATORA ODBRAMBENE INDUSTRIJEREPUBLIKE SRBIJETHE MISSION OF YUGOIMPORT- SDPR - THE SYSTEM INTEGRATOR OF THE SERBIANDEFENSE INDUSTRY

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Glavni i odgovorni urednik

Zamenik glavnog iodgovornog urednika

Likovni urednik

Uređivački odbor

Prevod

Prepress - DTP

Fotografija

Štampa

Adresa redakcijeBulevar umetnosti 2

Beograd

telefoni: (381-11)222 44 00 222 44 44

faks: (381-11) 222 45 77222 45 99

Editor-in-Chief

Deputy Editor-in-Chief

Art Director

Editorial Board

Translation

Prepress – DTP

Photo

Printed at

Editorial Office2, Bul.umetnosti StBelgrade

phone (381-11) 222 44 00 222 44 44

fax (381-11) 222 45 77222 45 99

Izdava • Publisher

YUGOIMPORT-SDPR

Nenad Miloradović

Aleksandar Lijaković

Marko Kopitović

Odeljenje za prevodilačke poslove Translation department of

Yugoimport-SDPR

Marko KopitovićMarko Stojanović

Cicero

e-mail: [email protected]://www.yugoimport.com

Branko Todorović

Zoran Jelić, Milić Jauković, Vesna D.Stupar, Slobodan Jolkić, Miroljub

Trifunivić,Čedomir Gacovići Vesna I. Stupar

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PRENOSNI IZVIĐAČKI RADARI URAZVOJNOM PROGRAMUJUGOIMPORT- SDPRMOBILE SURVEILLANCERADARS IN YUGOIMPORT-SDPR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

REALIZOVANI AKTUELNIPROJEKTI VOJNOTEHNIČKOGINSTITUTA CURRENT PROJECTSREALIZED BYTHE MILITARY-TECHNICALINSTITUTE

MISIJA JUGOIMPORT- SDPR SISTEM INTEGRATORAODBRAMBENE INDUSTRIJEREPUBLIKE SRBIJETHE MISSION OFYUGOIMPORT- SDPR - THE SYSTEM INTEGRATOROF THE SERBIAN DEFENSEINDUSTRY

48

VELIKI JUBILEJ „PRVOGPARTIZANA“GREAT ANNIVERSARY OFPRVI PARTIZAN

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LAZAR VIŠENAMENSKOOKLOPNO BORBENO VOZILOLAZAR – MULTI-ROLEARMORED COMBAT VEHICLE

ZASTAVA ORUžJE AD ISTORIJA DUGA 155 GODINAZASTAVA ARMS AD 155 YEARS OF HISTORY

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Na pragu 2009. godine, u kojoj naše Javno Preduzećeobeležava 60-godišnjicu poslovanja, Jugoimport-SDPR sveviše učvršćuje svoju kompleksnu misiju koncipiranu prenekoliko godina, koju marketinški opisujemo kroz pojmove«integrišuće snage» i «sistem integratora» srpske odbram-bene industrije. Saglasno tome, poslovna strategijaJugoimport-SDPR, utemeljena poslednjih godina,podrazumeva podjednaka pregnuća zaposlenih u dve osnovnemisije našeg Javnog preduzeća, jasno uočljive u tekstu našeISO sertifikacije, koji se nalazi na početnoj strani internoginformacionog sistema Jugoimport-SDPR:

On the eve of 2009, in which our company will celebrateits 60th jubilee, Yugoimport-SDPR is re-enforcing its com-plex mission, outlined a few years back, that can be describedin terms of marketing as an «integrating force» and «systemintegrator» of the Serbian defense industry. In accordancewith this, the business strategy of Yugoimport-SDPR, laidout in the past few years, implies that the employees makeequal efforts to achieve two main missions, clearly high-lighted in the wording of the ISO certification displayed onthe first page of the company’s internal information system:

MISIJAJUGOIMPORT-

SDPR SISTEM

INTEGRATORAODBRAMBENE

INDUSTRIJEREPUBLIKE SRBIJE

THE MISSION OFYUGOIMPORT-SDPR - THE SYSTEMINTEGRATOR OFTHE SERBIANDEFENSEINDUSTRY

Pišedr Nenad MiloradovićAleksandar Lijaković

Bydr Nenad MiloradovićAleksandar Lijaković

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«Javno preduzeće “Jugoimport-SDPR” je prov-ereno i sertifikovano u skladu sa zahtevima ISO9001:2000 za sledeće aktivnosti:

Projektovanje i razvoj naoružanja i vojne opreme Spoljnotrgovinski promet, a

posebno spoljnotrgovinski prometnaoružanja i vojne opreme i pri-padajućih usluga i usluga inžin-jeringa»

O s n o v n oobeležje prve

navedene misije –misije sistemi n t e g r a t o r a

odbrambene industrije Republike Srbijejeste poseban akcenat na izvođenju projekata razvoja i orga-nizacije proizvodnje složenih borbenih sistema. Misija jeusvojena sa namerom da se supstituiše proizvodnja kapital-nih borbenih sistema (proizvođenih u bivšim republikamaSFRJ) za potrebe sistema odbrane RS i za izvoz, i koncipi-rana je u skladu sa savremenim trendom i po ugledu navodeće u svetske proizvođače složenih sistema NVO a kojifunkcionišu po principu ’’Sistem integratora’’. Shodno tome,krajnji cilj ustanovljenja ove nove misije Jugoimport-SDPRjeste opremanje VS kapitalnim borbenim sistemima kon-cipiranim, razvijenim i proizvedenim u Srbiji, zatim znača-jno povećanje ukupnog obima izvoza i značajan porast upošl-javanja kapaciteta preduzeća odbrambene industrije i drugihdomaćih preduzeća, a uz očuvanje, revitalizaciju i proširen-je istraživačko-razvojnih kapaciteta MO i civilnih instituta.

«The state-owned company“Yugoimport-SDPR” is verified

and certified in accordance withISO 9001:2000 for the following activ-

ities: Design and development of arms anddefense equipment Foreign trade, with the emphasis on

the foreign trade in armaments anddefense equipment and pertaining services

including engineering services»

The main feature of the first mis-sion – system integrator of the

Serbian defense industry – isexecution of development

projects and production ofcomplex weapon systems.This mission was adopted inorder to substitute production ofcapital weapon systems (produced in the former SFRYRepublics) and meet the defense needs of the Republic ofSerbia, and was conceived in accordance with the currenttrends, on the model of the world’s leading manufacturersof complex weapon systems acting as system integrators.The final aim of this new mission is to provide capital weaponsystems - designed, developed and produced in Serbia - forthe Serbian Armed Forces, to increase overall export andemploy defense and other local companies, and to keep, revi-talize and broaden the research and development capabili-ties of the MoD and civilian institutes. The mission includescomplex activities consisting of various processes, rangingfrom weapon design solutions made in cooperation withpotential MoD users, analysis of main target markets andworld trends in development of relevant categories of defenseequipment, up to starting up serial production.

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Misijom su integrisane kompleksne aktivnosti kojeobuhvataju niz procesa, počev od koncipirnja idejnihrešenja borbenih sistema usaradnji sa potencijalnimkorisnicima iz MO, anal-ize osnovnih ciljnih tržiš-ta, analize svetskih tren-dova u razvoju sredstavaNVO odgovarajućih kategorija, pa svedo organizacije serijske proizvodnje.

Nova misija Jugoimport-SDPRverifikovana je usvajanjem planova i programa poslovanja uposlednjih 5 godina od strane organa upravljanja preduzeća(u kojima učestvuju predstavnici MO i drugih organa vladeRS), zatim usvajanjem od strane MO RS strategije ulagan-ja Jugoimport-SDPR u razvoj kapaciteta za proizvodnjusloženih NVO, koji su ugovoreni sa stranim i domaćim kupci-ma i/ili iz usvojenog programa razvoja Javnog preduzeća. Ovamisija dobila je svoju potvrdu sertifikatom ISO 9000 : 2001za projektovanje i razvoj naoružanja i vojne opreme i kon-ačno, nakon obavljene sertifikacije procesa proizvodnje odstrane Odeljenja za kontrolu kvaliteta Uprave za odbram-bene tehnologije Sektora za materijalne resurse Ministarstvaodbrane Republike Srbije, 11.12.2007. godine, dobijeno jerešenje na osnovu kojeg Jugoimport-SDPR J.P. ima dozvoluza proizvodnju naoružanja i vojne opreme (složenih bor-benih sistema artiljerijskih, oklopnih, telekomunikacionihkao i municije, KIS, zaštitne opreme).

U toku poslednjih godina, realizacijom navedene misijerazvijeno je i uvedeno u serijsku proizvodnju koju Jugoimport-SDPR neposredno realizuje ili organizuje, 10 sistema NVOmeđu kojima:

- Samohodno artiljerijsko oruđe NORA-B/52 - Modernizovana haubica 105 mm, - Minobacač 60 mm,- Municija 105 mm povećanog dometa - Municija 155 ERFB/BB - Bacač granata jednometni 40 mm BGJ 40, - Minobacački balistički računar i KIS M07/M07-G- Prsluk zaštitni balistički i prsluk taktički- Školski avion Lasta

The new mission of Yugoimport-SDPR was verifiedthrough the business plans made in the past five years bythe company management (including MoD and other gov-

ernment authorities) andthrough adoptingYugoimport’s strat-egy of investmentinto facilities pro-ducing complexdefense equipment,which had already

been contracted for with foreign or domes-tic customers or adopted by the company’s

development program. This mission was substantiated byISO 9000:2001 for design and development of armamentsand defense equipment. The certificate being obtained, theQuality Control of the Department of Defense Technologiesof the RS MoD Division of Material Resources issued aDecision allowing Yugoimport-SDPR to produce armamentsand defense equipment (complex weapon systems, artillery,armored and telecommunications equipment, as well asammunition, CIS and protective equipment).

Acting on the said mission, in the past few years 10 weaponsystems were developed and introduced into serial produc-tion, carried out directly by Yugoimport-SDPR. They include:

- Self-propelled artillery weapon NORA-B/52- Upgraded 105 mm Howitzer- 60 mm mortar- 105 mm ammunition, extended range- 40 mm BGJ 40 grenade launcher, single-shot- Mortar ballistic computer and CIS M07/M07-G- Bulletproof and tactical vests- Lasta training aircraft

Twenty-nine projects are currently in different stages ofdevelopment, out of which seven are in the final stage ofdevelopment or in the stage of setting up serial production.Some of them are listed below:

Family of armored fighting vehicles LAZAR, the develop-ment of which puts Yugoimport-SDPR as the system inte-grator of the Serbian defense industry in the front ranks,among the most significant world suppliers of modern AFVs

Anti-tank/multi-purpose long-range missile system withnon-line-of-sight guidance (N-LOS) ALAS, representingthe most ambitious project in terms of technology

BMS M84AB1 command and information system forarmored units, which makes the basis for development of acomplex CIS for the Army

Upgraded M84AB1 tank, developed in cooperation withindigenous and foreign technolgical partners

Universal optoelectronic multisensor station (TOMS) MI-8/17 helicopter and Lasta aircraft 12.7 mm machine-

gun pod

Resources for implementation of the development andproduction strategy of Yugoimport-SDPR include internalcompany resources and the resources of its technologicalpartners.

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U različitim fazama razvoja trenutno se nalazi 29 projekata,od kojih je 7 u završenoj fazi razvoja ili u fazi osvajanja ser-ijske proizvodnje. Ovde navodimo neke razvojne projekte:

Familija oklopnih borbenih vozila LAZAR, čijim razvojemJugoimport-SDPR kao sistem integrator srpske odbrambeneindustrije istupa u red značajnijih svetskih ponuđača u oblastisavremenih oklopnih borbenih vozila

Protivoklopni/višenamenski raketni sistem velikog dometasa principom vođenja bez neposrednog vizuelnog operatorasa ciljem ALAS, koji predstavlja u tehničko-tehnološkomsmislu najambiciozniji razvojni projekat

BMS M84AB1 Komandno-informacioni sistem (KIS) zaOMJ, koji predstavlja osnovu razvoja kompleksnog KIS zaKOV

Modernizovani tenk M84AB1 razvijen u saradnji sadomaćim i stranim tehnološkim partnerom

Univerzalna optoelektronska multisenzorska stanica(TOMS)

Podvesni kontejner sa mitraljezom 12,7mm za helikopterMI-8/17 i avion Lasta

Resursi za realizaciju razvojno-proizvodne strategijeJugoimport-SDPR obuhvataju interne resurse Jugoimport-SDPR J.P i eksterne resurse tehnoloških partnera.

Interne resurse Jugoimport-SDPR čine Sektor za razvoj,inženjering i tehničku podršku, sa svojim visokostručnimkadrom, koji poseduje značajno iskustvo i reference u vođen-ju projekata iz oblasti razvoja i proizvodnje složenih bor-benih sistema, Sektor za proizvodnju sa visokostručnimkadrom sa značajnim iskustvom i referencama urukovođenju velikim preduzećima i poslovnim sistemi-ma, sopstveni razvojno-proizvodni pogoni i finansijski imenadžerski potencijal za realizaciju projekata razvo-ja i proizvodnje.

Eksterni resursi naših tehnoloških partnera obuh-vataju razvojne institucije iz RS – VTI, civilne insti-tute, fakultete, zatim preduzeća odbrambene indus-trije i druge proizvodne organizacije iz RS i stranetehnološke partnere angažovane u projektima zajed-ničke proizvodnje i razvoja, ili kao isporučiocivisokosofisticiranih podsistema i komponenti.

Odakle je proistekla tako izrazita potreba zauspostavljanjem misije «sistem integratora» ?

Period od poslednjih petnaestak godina svuda usvetu karakterišu značajne promene u pristupurazvoju i proizvodnji NVO i promene organizacionestrukture i funkcionalne prinadležnosti i povezanos-ti institucija i preduzeća učesnika u tim procesima.Pre svega, svi učesnici u trijadi - korisnik, indus-trija i komercijalno preduzeće - imaju značajnoravnomerniji odnos u smislu ingerencija za real-izaciju. Industrijska preduzeća koja su nosioci razvo-ja i proizvodnje, iz prevashodno državnog oblikavlasništva i upravljanja karakterističnog za prethod-ni period kroz vlasničku transformaciju menjajustrukturu kapitala, te postaju deoničarska društva.Za razliku od prethodnog perioda, kada je to bioredak slučaj (sporadično realizovan u ZapadnojEvropi) industrijski deo razvojnih timova sada je

Yugoimport-SDPR’s internal resources include theDivision for Development, Engineering and TechnicalSupport, with its expert personnel experienced in man-aging projects in the field of development and produc-tion of complex combat systems, Production Divisionwith its expert personnel experienced in managing largecompanies and business systems, and development andproduction facilities, as well as financial and manage-rial resources for implementation of development andproduction projects.

External resources of our technological partnersinclude research institutions in the Republic of Serbia(RS): The Military Technical Institute, civilian insti-tutes, defense companies and other production orga-nizations from RS and technological partners fromabroad engaged in co-production and developmentprojects or engaged as suppliers of highly sophisti-cated subsystems and components.

How was the need for the «system integrator» mis-sion born? The last fifteen years have been characterizedthroughout the world by significant changes indefense equipment development and production,and by the change in the structure, functional com-petence and correlation of the institutions and com-panies taking part in the development process. Now,all the participants in the triad consisting of the user,manufacturer and commercial entity are more equalin terms of their responsibilities for project imple-

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nadnacionalan, odnosno multinacionalan.Navedeni period karakteriše i stvaranjemultinacionalnih korisničkih timova, kojinastaju radi smanjivanja rizika razvoja irasterećenja budžeta, pre svega racional-izacijom iskorišćenja proizvodnih kapacite-ta udruženih kompanija učesnika u projek-tima, a utiče dalje i na racionalizaciju iunifikaciju sredstava NVO u upotrebi u OSpartnerskih zemalja. Slični procesi uočljivisu poslednjih godina i u Rusiji, gde je trans-formacijom državnog vlasništva i tradi-cionalnog državnog upravljanja razvojem iproizvodnjom došlo do formiranja industri-jskih koncerna koji se bave proizvodnjom bor-benih sistema KoV i PVO, dok je u tokuformiranje kompleksa na nivou borbenih sis-tema RV.

Neprekidni razvoj kompleksnih sistemaNVO dovodi do značajnog usložnjavanjatehnologija i samim tim broja i prirodeučesnika u projektima, te se pojavljujepotreba za formiranjem „sistem integratora”-preduzeća koje objedinjuje više preduzeća integratora pod-sistema, koji integriše i komercijalne učesnike.

U sredini kao što je naša, formiranje takvih timova pred-stavlja manji organizacioni problem nego što je to u znatnosloženijim sredinama kakve predstavljaju zapadnoevropskezemlje.

Posmatranjem navedenih procesa u zemljama Zapadauočava se trend da zbog kompleksnosti projekta, instituci-je MO smatraju neracionalnim da samostalno rukovode pro-cesima razvoja kapitalnih borbenih sistema, pre svega štotakva organizacija razvoja neminovno uzrokuje brojčanopovećavanje kadra u odgovarajućim institucijama MO, takoda se saglasno opšteprisutnim tendencijama za redukcijuljudskih resursa, upravljanje projektima razvoja poveravasistem integratorima.

Složenost proizvoda-kapitalnog sistema NVO, a samim timprocesa upravljanja i koordinacije takvih projekata, dovoditakođe do brisanja podele preduzeća po oblastima za kojesu tradicionalno vezana u tehnološkom smislu: tako naprimer, kompanija BOEING, čija osnovna delatnost obuh-vata pre svega vojnu i civilnu vazduhoplovnu tehniku, pred-stavlja sistem integrator za razvoj kapitalnog projekta KoVSAD „Future Combat System”(FCS – kompleksni borbenisistemi KoV, koji obuhvata razvoj više familija borbenihvozila, artiljerijskih sistema vatrene podrške, sistema opremepešadije, familija bespilotnih letelica i dr)

Saglasno iskustvu, projekti razvoja složenih, tj. kapitalnihborbenih sistema zahtevaju značajne razvojne aktivnosti isredstva da bi se uspešno okončali; pristup projektima „smartacquisition” smatramo vrlo interesantnim, budući dapodrazumeva mogućnost redizajniranja u poodmakloj fazirazvoja, u smislu privremenog zaustavljanja razvoja nadostignutom i tehnološki i taktički prihvatljivom nivou, nakojem sredstvo ulazi u proizvodnju, dok se dalje nastavlja sarazvojem do postizanja punih performansi.

mentation; manufacturers, as the cham-pions of development and production, thatwere previously state-owned companies are

now being transformed into shareholdingcompanies. Compared to the previous peri-ods, when this was rare (or sporadic in thecountries of Western Europe) the industri-al part of the development teams is nowtransnational, or multinational. In addition,today we are also witnessing formation ofmultinational user teams, in order to lowerdevelopment risks and relieve the budget,mainly by a more rational use of productionresources of the companies involved in thejoint project, which then has further impacton rationing and unification of defenseequipment of the partner countries’ armedforces. Similar processes have been takingplace in Russia as well, where transforma-tion of the state ownership and traditionalstate management, led to formation ofindustrial concerns dealing with army andair defense weapon systems, while estab-

lishment of a corporation for air force sys-tems is still in progress.

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Ono što nam otvara perspektivu jesteraspoloživost komponenti i podsistema koji supo izdržljivosti i performansama primenljivi usloženim, tj. kapitalnim sredstvima NVO, čimese smanjuje rizik razvoja, skraćuje vreme ismanjuju troškovi.

Jugoimport-SDPR ustanovio je konceptagresivnog marketinga, koji podrazumeva,između ostalog, tržišnu pro-mociju borbenog sistema uranim fazama razvoja, naosnovu koje se donosezaključci o perspektivnostidaljeg razvoja i izvode even-tualne korekcije koncepta itehničkih rešenja.

Druga misija, koja je u prak-si ustanovljena od početka 50-ih godina, kada počinju prviizvozni poslovi odbrambeneindustrije Jugoslavije, a kojapodrazumeva funkciju osnovnog mar-ketinško-komercijalnog eksponentaodbrambene industrije i uvoznika za potrebeVojske Srbije, zadržava svoje značajno mesto unašem poslovanju.

Jasno je da je srpska odbrambena industrija bilai da ostaje osnovni strateški partner Jugoimport-SDPR. Jugoimport-SDPR marketinški i komercijal-no podržava njene razvojne i proizvodne programe, kaonjena «integrišuća snaga».

Ove godine, osim uspešne realizacije ugovora pot-pisanog sa iračkim MO prošle godine, ostvarujemo znača-jne komercijalne uspehe na tržištu zemalja Bliskog Istoka,Afrike i Azije.

Marketinško prisustvo na svetskom tržištu NVO real-izujemo učešćem na tri do četiri značajne međunarodneizložbe NVO godišnje, saglasno opredeljenju koje jeustanovljeno pre nekoliko godina, a uz postepeno povećan-je ulaganja u sadržaj i formu nastupa. Sredstva kojaprikazujemo na izložbama, posebno kapitalni borbeni sis-temi iz realizovanih i aktuelnih razvojnih projekata, kaoi vesti o našim komercijalnim uspesima, sve više ukazu-ju svetskom tržištu proizvoda i usluga u oblasti odbranena rastući značaj srpske odbrambene industrije, kao iJugoimport-SDPR kao njene integrišuće snage i sistemintegratora. Tokom 2008. godine učestvovali smo naizložbama DEFEXPO 08 u Nju Delhiju, Indija, SOFEX2008 u Amanu, Jordan, DSA 2008 u Kuala Lumpuru,Malezija i EUROSATORY 2008, u Parizu, Francuska.Posebno možemo istaći izložbu EUROSATORY, na kojojje Jugoimport-SDPR učestvovao i u organizaciji nastupaMinistarstva odbrane Republike Srbije, sa kojim je našeJavno preduzeće nastupilo na sajamskom prostoru«ostrvskog» tipa, u vidu srpskog nacionalnog paviljona.

Saglasno od početka podržanoj inicijativi Beogradskogsajma i Ministarstva Odbrane, Jugoimport- SDPR

Continuous development of complex weapon systems isaccompanied with new, more complex technologies, that inturn increases the number and nature of project partici-pants. This is why there is a need for a «system integrator»,a company that brings together several subsystem integra-tors and commercial entities.

Formation of such teams in our milieu creates only minororganizational problems compared to some more complexcountries of the Western Europe.

The trends of the said processes in the Western Europeancountries indicate that, due to the complexity of projects,

MoD institutions consider management of capital weaponsystems development uneconomical, because it wouldinevitably result in the increase of MoD staff, and sinceglobal trends are to reduce human resources, project

managment is transferred to systemintegrators.

Complex products – capitalweapon systems, project manage-

ment and coordination have erased thetraditional division of technological

domains of different companies: for example,BOEING which is mainly involved in military and

civilian aircraft technology, is the system integrator fordevelopment of a capital US Army project called „Future

Combat System” (FCS – complex army weapon systems,including several families of fighting vehicles, artillery sys-tems, infantry systems, families of UAVs etc.)

Experience tells us that development projects of complexweapon systems call entail considerable development activ-ities and funds in order to be finalized; „Smart acquisition”approach seems very interesting, because it offers the pos-sibility of redesign when the development process is inadvanced stage, meaning that development can be stoppedat an acceptable technological and tactical level to enter pro-duction, while it is still being developed until all the perfor-mances have been achieved.

What offers bright prospects is the availability of compo-nents and subsystems with good features and performance,so that they can be readily built in complex weapon systems.This lowers development risks, reduces the cost and is lesstime consuming.

Yugoimport-SDPR has adopted the concept of aggresivemarketing approach, including among other things, promo-tion of a weapon system in the early stages of development.This helps to make good conclusions as to the prospects offurther development and, if necessary, as to the design andother technical corrections.

The second mission was put into practice in the earlyfifties, when the first export deals for the Yugoslav defensecompanies were made. This mission makes our companythe main marketing and commercial exponent of defenseindustry and importer for the Serbian Armed Forces, and itstill has its rightful place in our business dealings.

Obviously, the Serbian defense companies have been andwill remain the key strategic partners of YI-SDPR.Yugoimport-SDPR offers marketing and commercial sup-port to their development and production programs, actingas an integrating force of the Serbian defense industry.

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priprema nastup na izložbi PARTNER 2009 u svojstvuintegratora promocije odbrambene industrije RepublikeSrbije, a analogno nastupima na izložbama PARTNER2004, 2005. i 2007. Ova izložba biće istovremeno prilikaza širu promociju pred javnošću Republike Srbije naprednavedenih razvojnih projekata, kao i razvojnih i proizvod-nih programa preduzeća srpske odbrambene industrije.Kao i do sada, preduzeća Zastava Oružje, Kragujevac,Krušik, Valjevo, Sloboda, Čačak, Milan Blagojević Lučani,Prva iskra Barič, Prvi Partizan Užice, Prva PetoletekaTrstenik, Utva Pančevo, 14. oktobar Kruševac i druga,nastupiće na zajedničkom štandu na kome Jugoimport-SDPR integriše nastup srpske odbrambene industrije.

Saglasno svetskim trendovima u organizaciji među-narodnih izložbi NVO razmatramo mogućnost da se uprogram uvedu funkcionalne demonstracije sredstavaNVO, koje obuhvataju demonstracije pokretljivosti ivatrene moći sredstva KOV, a koje se organizuju na fiz-ički odvojenim poligonima. Takođe, budući da se u okvirumeđunarodnih izložbi NVO takođe uobičajeno održavanjemeđunarodnih konferencija sa naučnim radovima izoblasti istraživanja, razvoja, proizvodnje, globalne prolif-eracije i upotrebe sredstva NVO, koji uključuju radove sapredikcijom osnovnih trendova razvoja NVO i osvrtom nasliku globalne i regionalne bezbednosti, razmatramo imogućnost obogaćivanja izložbe sličnim sadržajem.

Osim nastupa na međunarodnim izložbama NVO,Jugoimport-SDPR posebnu pažnju posvećuje organizacijimultimedijalnih prezentacija, funkcionalnih demon-stracija i dinamičkih ispitivanja sredstava NVO za pred-stavnike potencijalnih korisnika u zemlji i inostranstvu.

Vezano za misiju uvoza sredstava NVO, ističemo da jeUredbom Vlade Republike Srbije od septembra 2008.Javnom Preduzeću Jugoimport-SDPR-u vraćen statusekskluzivnog uvoznika složenih oružnih sistema i pri-padajućih usluga za potrebe Ministarstva odbraneRepublike Srbije.

This year, except for the successful implementation of thecontract signed with the Iraqi MoD last year, we have con-tinued to score points in the Near East, African and Asianmarkets.

We make ourselves present on the global defense marketby taking part in several international defense exhibitionsevery year, in line with the strategy adopted a few years back,but gradually investing more funds in the nature and formof our participation. The weapons displayed at these exhi-bitions, especially the capital weapon systems from the final-ized development projects and the ones still in progress, aswell as the spreading news of our commercial success, pointout to an ever increasing importance of the Serbian defenseindustry and YI-SDPR as its system integrator on the glob-al defense market. In 2008, we took part in the following exhi-bitions: DEFEXPO 08 in New Delhi, India, SOFEX 2008 inAman, Jordan, DSA 2008 in Kuala Lumpur, Malesia andEUROSATORY 2008 in Paris, France. We would like to placea special emphasis on our participation at the EUROSATO-RY exhibition, where Yugoimport-SDPR was introduced withthe Serbian MoD as well, at the national «island-type» pavil-lion.

Responding to the initiative of the Belgrade Fair and theMinistry of Defense started a few years ago, Yugoimport-SDPR is preparing for the PARTNER 2009 exhibition as theintegrator and promoter of the RS defense industry, in linewith its previous displays at the same show in 2004, 2005 and2007. This exhibition will be a good opportunity to promotethe above mentioned development projects of the Serbiandefense companies to the general public in the Republic ofSerbia. Like before, Zastava Arms from Kragujevac, Krusikfrom Valjevo, Sloboda from Cacak, Milan Blagojevic fromLucani, Prva iskra from Baric, Prvi partizan from Uzice, Prvapetoletka from Trstenik, Utva from Pancevo, 14 Oktobar fromKrusevac and other companies will present themselves at ajoint stand, where Yugoimport-SDPR will appear as the inte-grator of the Serbian defense industry.

Keeping up with the global trends in defense exhibitionorganization, we are considering to bring in demonstrationsin the program, including mobility and firepower, that wouldbe carried out on separate grounds. In addition, since inter-national defense exhibitions usually include various confer-ences with research papers on development, production andglobal proliferation of defense equipment, and papers pre-dicting the main trends of defense equipment development,as well as reviews on global and regional security issues, weare considering the possibility to enrich the exhibition withsimilar contents.

Apart from participation in international defense exhibi-tions, Yugoimport-SDPR pays special attention to its mul-timedia presentations, demonstrations and dynamic testingof defense equipment before potential users in the countryand abroad.

Regarding the mission of defense equipment import, wehave to point out that by the Decree of the Government ofthe Republic of Serbia of September 2008, Yugoimport-SDPRwas given back the status of the exclusive importer of com-plex weapon systems and services for the needs of theMinistry of Defense of the Republic of Serbia

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Aktuelni svetski trendovi u razvoju oklopnihvozila točkaša – koncepti MRAV i MRAP

Na savremenom globalnom tržištu NVO tokom tekućedekade vrlo su uočljivi trendovi masovnog opremanja OSvelikog broja zemalja oklopnim vozilima točkašima dveosnovne kategorije, poznate po engleskim skraćenicamaMRAV (Multi Role Armored vehicle) i MRAP (Mine ResistantAmbush Protected Vehicle). Radi se o dve kategorije vozila,koje se bitno razlikuju po nekim osnovnim konceptualnimparamerima, kao i osnovnoj taktičkoj nameni, ali koja takođemogu biti uporediva po svojim osnovnim performansama iparamerima efikasnosti u upotrebi u nekim danas najz-načajnijim kategorijama oružanih sukoba, kao što su pre sve-ga protivteroristička /protivgerilska dejstva, tj. operacije kon-trole teritorije u zonama terorističkih/pobunjeničkih aktivnos-ti, mirovne operacije i sl.

Current world trends in the development ofwheeled armored vehicles - MRAV andMRAP concepts

In the course of current decade, global arms and defenseequipment markets show noticeable trends of massive intro-duction into service with numerous armed forces of wheeledarmored vehicles belonging to two main categories, knownby their English language acronyms MRAV (Multi RoleArmored Vehicle) and MRAP (Mine Resistant AmbushProtected Vehicle). These refer to two classes of vehiclesthat differ in some of their essential conceptual parametersand their main tactical applications, but which offer com-parable main performance levels and parameters of combateffectiveness in certain kinds of present-day armed conflicts,such as anti-terrorist / counter-guerilla operations, controlof territories in areas threatened by terrorist/rebel activities,in peacekeeping missions, etc.

VIŠENAMENSKOOKLOPNO

BORBENO VOZILO“LAZAR”

LAZAR – MULTI-ROLE ARMOREDCOMBAT VEHICLE

PišeAleksandar Lijaković

Miloljub Trifunović

ByAleksandar Lijaković Miloljub Trifunović

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SMRAV (Višenamesko oklopno vozilo)

Nabavka nove generacije familija višenamenskih oklopnihvozila (Multi Role Armored vehicle - MRAV) postao je imper-ativ opremanja oružanih snaga vodećih zemalja Zapada,tokom tekuće dekade. Ubrzo za time, prateći ovaj trend, idruge zemlje, pre svega članice NATO, ali i OS zemalja izdrugih delova sveta, počele su da razmatraju i realizujunabavke familija ovih vozila. Kako se u najkraćem može defin-isati opšti koncept ove kategorije vozila: To su, pre svega,oklopna vozila točkaši formule pogona 8x8, sa samonosećomkonstrukcijom oklopnog tela i nezavisnim sistemom oslan-janja (ređe sa šasijom, kao npr finska PATRIJA i nemačkiBOXER). Konstrukcijom ovih vozila obezeđena su amfibi-jska svojstva. Oklopno telo izrađeno od pancirnog čelika kojimje obezbeđen relativno visok nivo balističke zaštite, uzmogućnost ugradnje dodatnog montažno-demontažnogoklopa, izađenog pre svega na bazi kompozitnih materijala(kombinacijom keramike, polietilena visoke molekularnegustine/aramidni materijali) ili u vidu principijelno dru-gačijih sistema dodatne zaštite, na bazi. šipkastih (kaveza-stih) oklopa, ili eksplozivno reaktivnog oklopa namenjenihsmanjivanju efikasnosti ručnih protivopklopnih sredstava.Ova vozila su po svojoj koncepciji višenamenska, što značida se ona mogu koristiti kao: oklopni transporteri, borbenavozila pešadije, izviđačka vozila,... U osnovnoj varijanti ovavozila se koriste kao oklopni transporteri kojima se prevozipešadijsko odeljenje od 8 do12 ljudi, koje se ukrcava u vozi-lo kroz zadnja vrata. Rešenje koncepta vozila omogućava dase pripadnici ukrcnog odelenja pešadije prevoze u sedećempoložaju, u zasebnim sedištima, okrenuti najčešće premaunutrašnjosti vozila, tj. bez mogućnosti da se iz vozila dejstvu-je ličnim naoružanjem. Stalnu posadu vozila čine, osim voza-ča i komandira i operator naoružanja, koje je najčešće rešenou vidu daljinski upravljane oružne stanice, snadbevene sen-zorskim sistemima i naoružanjem, koje se sastoji, u zavis-nosti od rešenja, alternativno, od najjednostavnije tj.najskromnije varijante - mitraljeza kalibra 7.62 mm, zatimmitraljeza 12.7 mm, automatskog bacača granata 40 mm, kaoi automatskih topova 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, u kombincijisa mitraljezima i protivoklopim vođnim raketama. Konceptomvozila obezeđen je određen nivo protivminske zaštite u sluća-ju kontakta sa protivtenkovskim minama i drugimimprovizanim ekspozivnim napravama. Vozila karakterišurelativno velike gabaritne dimenzije i srazmerno velika masa,složeni sistemi za pogn i prenos snage, što sve zajednouzrokuje vrlo visoke cene vozila. Svako od vozila te kategori-je predstavlja osnovu za razvoj familije oklopnih vozila, koja,osim prethodno navedenih varijanti, obuhvata i samohodniminobacač/artiljerijsko oruđe, samohodni artiljerijsko-raket-ni sistem PVO, komandno vozilo, ambulantno vozilo, voziloza izvlačenje itd.

MRAP (Vozilo otporno na mine i zaštićeno odzasednih dejstava)

Savremeni uslovi rata protiv terorizma, tj iskustva vodećihzemalja zapada predvođenih SAD u Avganistanu i Iraku, dik-tirali su ubrzani razvoj koncepta sasvim nove kategorije vozi-la, nazvane vozila zaštićena od dejstva mina i zasednih dejs-tava (Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle- MRAP).Razvoj koncepta ovih vozila bio je iniciran potrebom da se

MRAV (Multi Role Armored Vehicle)

Procurement of new-generation families of multi rolearmored vehicles (MRAV) has become an imperative forarmed forces of leading Western countries in the currentdecade. This trend is being followed by other, primarilyNATO member countries, but also by armed forces in oth-er parts of the world that are considering or undertakingprocurement of these vehicles. This type generally compriseswheeled 8 x 8 vehicles based on self-carrying armored hullstructure, using independent suspension (rarely with chas-sis, as like Finnish PATRIA or German BOXER), featuringhigh off-road mobility as well as amphibious capability.Armor hull structure is consisting of welded armor platesproviding all-arc ballistic protection, as well as ability toreplace/retrofit modules of superstructure composite armor,primarily made of ceramics/fiber composite modular remov-able segments with possibility for fitting of other principal-ly different additional protection, such as rod-type (cage-type) armor or explosive reactive armor (ERA) designed toalleviate damage from hand-held anti-armor projectiles.Vehicles have in basis multi-role features, meaning that var-ious versions can be used as like infantry fighting vehicles(IFVs), armored personal carriers (APCs), reconnaissancevehicles etc. Basic version of the type serves to transportinfantry section of 8-12 soldiers that can be rapidly evacu-ated through tailgate. Vehicle concept provides transport ofon board complement in individual seats, most often facingvehicle interior i.e. without the ability to fire personalweapons. Vehicle permanent crew consists of driver, com-mander and weapons operator; weapons in their simplestconfiguration consisting of cal 7.62mm machine gun, or com-plemented with 12.7mm machine gun, cal. 40mm automat-ic grenade launcher, automatic guns cal. 20mm, 25mm or30mm, in combination with machine guns and antitank guid-ed missiles. The concept provides some level of antitankmine and improvised explosive device (IOD) protection.Such vehicles are characterized by relatively large dimen-sions, complex engine, transmission and suspension sys-tems – all of which resulting in their high price. Every mod-el in this category represents a basis for development of afamily of armored vehicles that include, beside APC ver-sion, self-propelled mortar/artillery platform, self-propelledAA gun/ air defense missile platform, command vehicle,medical evacuation, recovery vehicle, etc.

MRAP (Mine Resistant Ambush Protected)Vehicle

Contemporary anti-terrorist military conflicts waged byWestern countries, led by the USA, in Afghanistan and Iraq,have led to accelerated development of novel kind of armoredvehicles – Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles(MRAP). That development was dictated by the need toengage motorized infantry in everyday patrol duties in areasof expected insurgent/terrorist actions, in cities and villagesand in hilly or mountainous intersected countryside whereambushes are reasonably expected or where they daily occur,waged by opponents employing small arms fire, anti-armorhand launchers, mortars, antitank mines and improvisedexplosive devices activated remotely or by trip wire, etc. Inthe period that preceded escalation of surprise ambush

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ukrcana pešadija angažovana na zadacima svakodnevnihdužnosti patroliranja u zonama očekivanih dejstva pobun-jenika/terorista, kao i potrebom transporta do tih zona, pre-vozi u uslovima konstantne pretnje od mina i zasednih dejs-tava terorista/gerilaca/pobunjnenika. Ovo posebno u ambi-jentu različitih tipova naseljenih mesta gradskog ili seoskogpodručja i brdsko-planinskom i ispresecanom zemljištu, gdese očekuju, tj. svakodnevno dešavaju, iznenadna zasednadejstva streljačkom vatrom, ručnim protivoklopnim sred-stvima, minobacačlima, protivtenkovskim minama iliimprovoizovanim ekslozivnim napravama sa daljisnkim ilinagazno-poteznim aktiviranjem i sl. U periodu koji je pretho-dio eskalaciji navedenih zasednih dejstava karakterističnihza uslove aktuelnih oružanih sukoba koji se vode uAvganistanu i Iraku, jedinice angažovane na patroliranju iizviđanju, obezbeđenju zona, kontroli teritorije, protivteror-ističkim dejstvima i sl, prevozile su se u standardnim teren-skim vozilima bez balističke zaštite, ili sa balističkom zaštit-om od dejstva streljačkog naoružanja sa običnom munici-jom. Aktuelna iskustva masovne taktičke primene zasednihdejstava, i to posebno u naseljenim urbanim i seoskimpodručjima, tako i na ispresecanom zemljištu, a koja uključu-ju upotrebu raznih kategorija improvizovanih eksplozivnihnaprava, protivtenkovskih mina, streljačku vatru i dejstvoručnih protivokloipnih sredstva, pokazala su da standardnavozila tih tipova karakteriše poražavajuće nizak nivo otpornos-ti na takva dejstva, što je dovelo do vrlo visokih gubitaka uljudstvu koje se prevozi. Odgovor na tu pretnju bio je razvojnove kategorije vozila, skraćeno nazvanih MRAP, pre svegana bazi konverzije postojećih transportnih terenskih kamiona.

actions so characteristic for present-day armed conflicts inAfghanistan and Iraq, military units engaged in patrolling,reconnaissance, area control and securing duties and in anti-terrorist operations, were transported in standard patrol andtransport vehicles which had little or no armor protection orwere protected against small arms FMJ ammunition only.Current experience gained from massive use of ambushengagements, especially in urban and rural areas and in inter-sected countryside, waged by using wide range of impro-vised explosive devices, antitank mines, small arms fire andantitank rocket launchers, testifies that standard vehicleshave appallingly low resistance against such actions, whichhave led to very high losses of transported manpower.Response to that threat was development of new category ofvehicles, designated MRAP, that were primarily based onconverting existing off-road utility vehicles.

Manpower transported in such environment must be ableto maintain continuous observation of its surroundings and,in case of need, to quickly disembark the vehicle and assumebattle order on the ground. Concept of realization of thatcategory vehicle involves converting of various types of cur-rent off-road patrol and utility vehicles – trucks based oncross-country chassis with solid drive axles that are highlyresistant to mines, in 4x4, 6x6 or 8x8 configurations. In addi-tion, relatively high clearance of base armor plates from theground, characteristic for this concept of vehicles, consid-erably reduces effects of shock wave caused by stepping onantitank land mines against the vehicle, which is a tangibleadvantage over the concept of current MRAV vehicles.

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Ukrcano ljudstvo u takvim uslovima mora biti sposobnoda izvodi neprekidno osmatranje okoline i po potrebi direk-tno dejstvuje iz vozila streljačkim naoružanjem, te se brzo iefikasno iskrca iz vozila i razvije u borbeni poredak na terenu.Koncept realizacije vozila ove kategorije je u osnovi baziranna konverziji različitih kategorija terenskih patrolnih vozilai teretnih transportnih vozila - kamiona razvijenih na bazikamionskih šasija visoke prohodnosti, sa krutim pogonskimmostovima, koji je omogućio postizanje visokog nivoa pro-tivminske zaštite, formula 4x4, 6x6 i 8x8. Osim toga, reala-tivno velika udaljenost donjih oklopnih ploča od površinezemlje, karakteristična za ovakav koncept vozila, omoguća-va značajno opadanje efikasnosti udarnog talasa nastalogeksplozijom nagaznih protivtenkovskih mina i drugiheksplozivnih naprava na telo vozlila, što predstvalja znača-jnu prednost i nad konceptom savremenih vozila tipa MRAV.

Osnovni zahvati konverzije sastoje se u modularnoj ugrad-nji oklopnih tela sa: osmatračkim prozorima i puškarnica-ma za ukrcno odeljenje izrađenim od pancirnih stakala odgo-varajuće balističke zaštite, protivminskom zaštitom, kao inaoružanjem, koje se najčešće ugrađuje u oklopljene turelesa manuelnim upravljanjem, naružanih mitraljezima kalibra7.62 m i 12. 7 mm. Takođe, vozila su po pravilu opremljenai uređajima za ometanje daljinski upravljanih eksplozivnihnaprava na bazi mreže mobilne telefonije ili drugih radio-signala različitih frekvencija, kojima se onemogućava aktivi-ranje ovih sredstava u okolini vozila, na rastojanjima do neko-liko desetina metara, kao i bacačima dimnih kutija.

Main conversion interventions comprise fitting of armoredplates or complete modular armored hulls, including port-holes made of armored glass for on-board personnel, anti-mine protection and fitting of armament that usually con-sists of armor-protected, manually operated machine guncupolas, employing cal. 7.62mm and 12.7mm machine guns.In addition, these vehicles are as a rule outfitted with jam-ming equipment designed to jam remotely controlled explo-sive devices operating in mobile phone and other radio fre-quencies in the vicinity, at ranges of several dozen meters,and with smoke pot dischargers.

Program of equipping the US armed forces with MRAPclass vehicles is the third largest in value among all defenseequipment projects, after the Joint Strike Fighter and bal-listic missile defense programs.

Experience of Serbian (and ex-Yugoslav)defence industry

Armed forces of Serbia, namely Serbian Army as well asSerbian Police, have encountered the threat of terrorist/insur-gent activities considerably earlier than threat posed toWestern states in Iraq and Afghanistan. Response to thethreat to us initially consisted of low-budget, practicallyimprovised projects of armoring and arming cross-countryand utility vehicles in service with the police and army forces.Armoring included fitting of steel armor plates and armoredglass; arming consisted of mounting machine guns cal.7.62mm and 12.7mm, automatic grenade launchers cal.30mm and recoilless guns cal. 82mm on hydraulically extend-ed platforms, as well as mounting of lightly armored or softcupolas.

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Opremanje OS SAD vozilima kategorija MRAP predstavl-ja treći po obimu angažovanih finansijskih sredstava pro-gram opremanja, odmah iza programa višemenskog bor-benog aviona (JSF) i sistema odbrane od balističkih raketa.

Iskustva i reference srpske (jugoslovenske)odbrambene industrije

OS Republike Srbije, i to kako VJ, tj. VS, tako i snage MUP-a, suočile su se sa pretnjama terorističkih/pobunjeničkihdejstava protivnika značajno pre OS zapadnih zemalja u Irakui Avganistanu. Odgovor na takve pretnje u početku se sasto-jao od niskobudžetnih, kao i praktično improvizovanih pro-jekata oklopljavanja i naoružavanja terenskih i teretnih vozi-la raspoloživim u jedinicama MUP-a i Vojske. Oklopljavanjeje vršeno pločama pancirnog čelika i uz upotrebu pancirnihstakala, a naoružavanje ugradnjom mitraljeza kalibra 7.62mm i 12.7 mm, bacača granata automatskih kalibra 30 mm,i bestrzajnih topova kalibra 82 mm na hidraulički podižućeplatforme, kao i razne lakopoklopljene i neoklopljene turele.Zahvati oklopljavanja i naoružavanja vršeni su na terenskimvozilima LANROVER DEFENDER, HUMMER, UAZ,PINCGAUER, kao i na teretnim vozilima TAM-110, TAM-150 koji su bili raspoloživi u jednicama MUP-a RepublikeSrbije i tadašnje Vojske Jugoslavije.

U upotrebi u VS se već preko dvadeset godina nalazi oklop-no borbeno vozilo familije BOV specijalizovano za upotrebuu jedninicama vojne policije pri rešavanju taktičkih situaci-ja raznih vidova protivpobunjeničkih i protivterorističkihdejstava, oznake BOV-3 ili VPB M-86, koje se i danas nalaziu upotrebi u VS. To vozilo je razvijeno koriščenjem eleme-

These protective interventions were conducted on vehi-cle types LAND ROVER DEFENDER, HUMMER, UAZ,PINZGAUER and on trucks TAM-110 and TAM-150 inservice at the time with the Police and Army of Yugoslavia.

Development of LAZAR multi-role armoredcombat vehicle

In service with Serbian Army for over twenty years isarmored fighting vehicle of BOV family, specialized for useby military police units in various tactical missions of riotcontrol and anti-terrorist operations, designated BOV-3 orVPB M-86. The vehicle was developed based on TAM 150T7 vehicle chassis elements and fitting of armored hull.Vehicle can transport section of 6-8 military police who canfire small arms from the with permanent crew comprisingcommander and weapons operator who can fire cal. 7.62mmmachine gun M86 with electric trigger from partially armoredcupola M86. Vehicle also mounts smoke pot dispenser andfolding grill used to subdue riots. Hull armor provides bal-listic protection from 7.62 mm AP round fired from distancesof more than 100 m.

Jugoimpport-SDPR, as an integrator of Serbian defenseindustry and in keeping with own development strategy thatmonitors and analyzes the trends of arms and defense equip-ment developments and compatibility of noted trends withactual and potential personal, research&development, test-ing and technological capabilities of Serbian defense indus-try and its technological partners, has initiated developmentof a family of multi-role armored vehicles, designed for mul-tiple tactical missions in potential combat environments,

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nata šasije vozila TAM 150 T7 sa oklopnim telom, kojeobezbeđuje prevoženje odeljenja od 6-8 vojnih policajaca,koji mogu da dejstvuju streljačkim naoružanjem iz vozila,dok stalnu posadu čini komandir i operator naoružanja kojidejstvuje mitraljezom 7.62 mm M86 sa električnim okidan-jem iz delimično oklopljene turele M86. Vozilo je takođeopremljeno i bacačem dimnih kutija i preklapajućim rešetka-ma koje se koriste u suzbijanju nereda. Oklopno telo ovogvozila, obezbeđuje balističkeu zaštiteu od dejstva streljačkepancirne municije kalibra 7.62 mm sa rastojanja od 100 m.

Razvoj višenamenskog oklopnog borbenogvozila “LAZAR”

Jugoimport-SDPR, kao sistem integrator srpske odbram-bene industrije, saglasno svojoj razvojnoj strategiji, koja sezasniva na praćenju i analizi trendova razvoja sredstva NVOi kompatibilnosti postojećih trendova sa aktuelnim i per-spektivnim kadrovskim, istraživačko-razvojnim, opitnim itehničko tehnološkim mogućnostima srpske odbrambeneindustrije i drugih tehnoloških partnera, započeo je razvojfamilije višenamesnkog oklopnog vozila namenjenog izvrša-vanju niza taktičkih zadataka iz domena potencijalnih kate-gorija oružanih sukoba, namenjen širem dijapazonu poten-cijalnih kupaca, uključujući i Vojsku Srbije.

intended for wide range of potential customers, includingthe Serbian Army.

Functional model of the vehicle was completed in 2008and it is publicly presented for the first time in the pages ofthis issue or REPORT. Code name of the vehicle is LAZAR,evocating the memory of Prince Lazar who headed Serbianarmored cavalry and the entire Serbian army, heroically los-ing his life in the Battle of Kosovo on St. Vid’s day in the year1389.

In its concept and applied technical solutions, the vehicleis particularly adapted for use by modern infantry units andspecial forces engaged in missions within anti-terrorist andpeacekeeping operations, with emphasis on engagements inurban conditions, settlements and on intersected terrains,in environments involving ambushes, antitank mines andimprovised explosive devices set up by an adversary.

The concept of this vehicle practically represents anadvanced MRAP, featuring certain properties (mobility, ter-rain negotiating capability and fire power) of MRAV classcombat vehicle, this combining main characteristics of both,nowadays highly important classes of wheeled armored vehi-cles.

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Funkcionalni model vozila urađen je tokom 2008. godinei premijerno se medijski prikazuje na stranicama ovog bro-ja REPORT-a. Vozilo je dobilo naziv LAZAR, evocirajućiuspomenu na Kneza Lazara koji je na čelu svojih oklopljenihkonjanika i cele srpske vojske herojski poginuo u kosovskojbici na Vidovdan 1389. godine.

Vozilo je svojim koncepom i tehničkim rešenjima poseb-no prilagođeno jednicama savremene pešadije i specijalnimjedinicama angažovanim u izvršavanju zadataka u okviru pro-tivterorističkih operacija i mirovnih operacija, sa naročitimakcentom na dejstva u urbanim sredinama, naseljenimpodručijima i ispresecanom zemljištu, i to u uslovimaprimene zasednih dejstva protivnika, protivtenkovskih mina,imporovozovanih eksplozivnih naprava.

Koncept vozila praktično predstvalja savremeno vozilo klaseMRAP (Mine Ressistant Ambush Protected vehicle), sanekim karakteristikama (pre svega pokretljivost, tj. vanput-na prohodnost i vatrena moć) vozila klase MRAV (MultiPurpose Armored Vehicle), te praktično kombinuje osnovnekarakteristike ove dve danas u svetu izuzetno značajne klaseoklopnih vozila točkaša.

Pri projektovanju koncepta vozila, poseban akcenat dat jena razvoju visoke pokretljivosti, sistema oklopne zaštite, sis-tema naoružanja, uz mogućnost prevoženja 10 boraca kojimogu da brzo napuste i ukrcaju se u vozilo iz zaštićene pozi-cije, primenom zadnjih vrata.

Ukrcano odeljenje smešteno jetako da su borci okrenuti premavelikim prozorima izrađenih od bal-ističkog stakla i puškarnicama, štoim omogućava odličnu preglednost,osmatranje okoline i dejstvo ličn-im naoružanjem.

Prilikom projektovanja konceptapogona i oslanjanja vozila, naosnovu dugotrajnog izučavanja imodelovanja mogućih tehničkihrešenja, odabran je princip primeneformule 8x8, sa krutim mostovimai oprugama, koji omogućavaistovremeno postizanje vrlo visokognivoa zaštite od dejstava pro-tivtenkovskih mina i improvizo-vanih eksplozivnih naprava, a uzistovremeno visok nivo prohodnostivam puteva.

Vozilo je prilikom istitivanja naterenu pokazalo vrlo visok nivo pro-hodnosti van puteva u različitimterenskom i vremenskim uslovima,vrlo visoku sposobnost savčlada-vanja uzdužnog nagiba, rovova, kaoi, posebno, bočnog nagiba. Vrlovisoka realizovana sposobnostsavladavanja bočnog nagiba poseb-no je značajna kada se ima u vidovisoko postavljeno težište vozilauzrokovano potrebom za postizan-jem značajnog nivoa protivminskezaštite.

When designing the concept of the vehicle, special empha-sis was placed on achievement of high mobility, system ofarmor protection, armament system, ability to transport 10infantrymen who should be able to quickly embark or evac-uate the vehicle using tail gate.

Embarked section is so accommodated that fighters facelarge portholes made of ballistic glass equipped with firingports, ensuring excellent visibility of surrounding terrainand ability to open fire with personal weapons.

When designing the concept of vehicle’s propulsion andsuspension, after careful study and modeling of feasible tech-nical solutions, it was decided to adopt 8x8 drive, featuringlive axles and springs which would provide high level of pro-tection from effects of antitank mines, at the same timeensuring high off-road mobility.

During cross-country testing, the vehicle demonstratedvery high off-road mobility in varying terrain and weatherconditions, very high ability to negotiate gradients, trench-es and, in particular, side slopes. Superior slope negotiatingability is especially important when vehicle’s high center ofgravity is taken into account, designed so in order to providebetter mine protection.

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Visok nivo balističke zaštite ostvaren je primenom oklopnogtela izrađenog od pancirnog čelika koje u osnovnoj formi,uključujući i pancirna stakla obezbeđuje zaštitu nivoa III+(zaštita od metka 12,7 x108 mm B-32 sa 100 m) u skladu sastandardom STANAG 4569 sa prednje strane i nivoa II saostalih strana. Primenom kombinovanog dodatnog oklopasložene kompozitne konstrukcije koji se montira na osnovnioklop postiže se balistička zaštita nivoa V sa prednje i IV saostalih strana.

Dizajn oklopnog tela omogućava brzo postavljanje i zamenuelemenata dodatnog oklopa od strane posade vozila, čijaugradnja ne degradira osnovne funkcije vozila.

Opciono, primenom eksplozivnog reaktivnog oklopa kojise montira na dodatni oklop postiže se efikasna zaštita pro-tiv pešadijskih protivoklopnih sredstava klase RPG-7, kojadanas predstavljaju osnovnu pretnju u navedenim kategori-jama borbenih dejstava.

Donji deo oklopnog tela je «V» oblika i u kombinaciji savelikim rastojanjem od tla i primenom krutih pogonskihmostova obezbeđuje zaštite od eksplozije protivtenkovskihmina i improvizovanih eksplozivnih naprava ispod točka ipoda vozila nivoa IIIa (6 kg ispod točka i poda vozila).

Sistem naoružanja vozila je smešten u prostoru izmeđukabine vozača i komandira i prostora za ukrcno odelenje.Koncept vozila omogućava ugradnju šireg spektra turela,kupola i oružnih stanica, u zavisnosti od osnovne namenevozila i planiranog budžeta korisnika.

Najjednostavnije naoružanje sastoji se od delimično oklo-pljene modularne turele M06 sa montažno-demontažnimpostoljima za postavljanje sledećih vrsta naoružanja, alter-nativno:

mitraljeza 7.62 x 54 mm M86 sa električnim okidanjem; mitraljeza kalibra 12.7 x 108 mm, automatskog bacača granata 30 mm. topa M55 (HS 804) 20 x 110 mm

High level of armor protection was achieved by adoptingof steel armor hull that, in its basic version, includes ballis-tic glass panes and provides protection that meets STANAG4569, level III+ (protection against 12.7x107 mm B-32 APIround fired from 100 m) at front and level II at the sides andrear. By fitting add-on armor of laminated composite struc-ture, attached on basic armor, vehicle ballistic protection israted level V at front and level IV at all other sides. Armoredhull design allows quick fitting and replacement of add-onarmor sections by vehicle crew, which, when fitted, do notdegrade basic functions of the vehicle.

Optionally, fitting of reactive explosive armor attached toadd-on armor will provide effective protection against infantryhand launchers of RPG-7 type which nowadays representmain threat in already mentioned type of warfare.

Hull bottom is V-shaped that, in addition to high groundclearance and solid drive train, ensures very high level ofprotection from antitank mine and IED, according to levelIIIa (resistant against blasts of AT mine or IED containing6kg of HE occurring under vehicle wheels and floor)

Vehicle armament system is situated in the area betweendriver’s and commander’s compartment and area thataccommodates embarked troops. Concept of the vehicleallows incorporation of a variety of turrets, cupolas andweapon stations, depending on main application of the vehi-cle and planned budget of the user.

Simplest armament consists of partially armored modu-lar cupola M06 with detachable mounts, able to support thefollowing weapon alternatives:

- machine gun cal. 7.62 x 54 mm M86 with electric trig-ger,

- machine gun cal.. 12.7 x 108 mm, - automatic grenade launcher cal. 30 mm. - cannon M55 (HS 804) cal. 20 x 110 mm Existing functional model, as illustrated, mounts light-

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Na aktuelnom funkcionlnom modelu, prikazanom na slika-ma, ugradjena je laka kupola LK08 sa topom 20 x 110 mmM55 (HS804) sa hranjenjem pomoću redenika i mitralje-zom 7.62 x 54 mm M86

Koncept omogućava ugradnjuu raznih oružnih stanica saoptoelektronskim sistemom sa upravljanje vatrom i inte-grisanim sistemom naoružanja koji obuhvata kombinacijunekih od sledećih vrsta naoružanja

Top 20 mm M55 Top 30 mm M86 Raketni sistem POVR Maljutka 2 sa dvostrukim lanserom Mitraljez 7.62 mm M86Mitraljez 12. 7 mm M87Automatski bacač granata 30 mm M93

Ukupna borbena masa turela/kupola/oružnih stanica iznosido dve tone, a prečnik ležaja do1600 mm. U svim varijanta-ma turela, kupola ili oružnih stanica,osim navedenognaoružanja, ugrađuju se i 4 bacača dimnih kutija.

Posadu čine tri stalna člana – komandir, vozač i operatornaoružanja, kao i pešadijsko odelenje od 10 ukrcnih vojnika– boraca pešadije, odeljenja vojne policije, protivterorističkejedinice, specijalnih jedinica, jednica MUP, žandarmerijeitd.

Preklopna sedišta, pričvršćena na krov vozila, omogućava-ju veću pokretljivost posade i obezbeđuju dodatnu zaštituposade od efekata eksplozije mina ispod vozila.

weight cupola LK08 armed with cannon cal. 20 x 110 mmM55 (HS804), with belt feeding, and machine gun cal. 7.62x 54 mm M86.

The concept permits installation of different weapon sta-tions equipped with optoelectronic fire control system andan integrated weapons system that may consists of a com-bination the following weapon alternatives:

Cannon cal. 20 mm M55 Cannon cal. 30 mm M86 Wire-guided AT missile system Malutka 2 with twin

launcherMachine gun cal. 7.62 mm M86Machine gun cal. 12. 7 mm M87Automatic grenade launcher cal. 30 mm M93

Overall mass of cupola with weapon station is up to two tons,diameter of its support bearing is up to 1600 mm. All versionsof the turret, cupola or weapon stations – in addition to listedweapon alternatives – are equipped with 4 dispensers of smokecharges.

Vehicle crew consists of three permanent members – com-mander, driver and weapons operator – plus embarked sectionof 10 soldiers – infantrymen, military police, antiterrorist squad,special unit, police or gendarmerie unit, etc.

Folding seats are attached to vehicle roof providing easier crewcirculation and added crew protection against effects of blastsunder the vehicle.

Embarked section of 10 troops is transported at rear of thevehicle, sitting on folding, ergonomically shaped seats attachedto vehicle roof, five men at each side sitting back-to-back andfacing the sides of the vehicle, able to observe terrain through

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Iskrcno odeljenje od deset ljudi se prevozi u zadnjem deluvozila sedeći na preklapajućim zasebnim ergonomski projekto-vanim sedištima pričvršećnim za krov vozila, i to po pet boracasa svake strane vozila, okrenuti leđima jedan prema drugome isa mogućnošću osmatranja terena kroz prozore izrađene od bal-ističkih stakala i dejstvo streljačkim naoružanjem - automatskimjurišnim puškama, puškomitraljezima, ručnim bacačima grana-ta 40 mm kroz ugrađene puškarnice postavljene ispod prozora.Raspoloživi prostor omogućava nesmetano ukrcavanje, iskrca-vanje i udoban smeštaj boraca opremljenih punom balističkomzaštitom uključujući balističke zaštitne prsluke sa balističkimpločama i taktičke prsluke sa municijom i drugom opremom.U prostoru između kabine vozaća i komandira i ukrcnog ode-lenja, sa leve i desne strane korpe kupole, odnosono mesta oper-atora oružnom stanicom, načlazi se prostor za smeštaj različi-tog pešadijkskog naoružanja ručnih protivoklopnih lansera,prenosnih sistema vođenih protivtenkovskih raketa, odnosnoprenosnih raketnih sistema PVO i sl.

Ulazak i izlazak posade iz vozila obavlja se kroz zadnja vrata,koja su takođe opremljena prozorima i puškarnicama i kojaomogućavaju ukrcavanje celokupnog odeljenja za oko 10 sekun-di. i njihovo smeštanje u sedišta, dok se u cilju prinudnog izlazamogu koristiti i otvori na krovu vozila.

Prema zapažanjima korisnika iskazanih prilikom upoznavan-ja sa vozilom, vozilo LAZAR pruža mogućnost udobnog pre-voženja, odličnu preglednost, brzu i laku obuku vozača, nes-metanu i efikasnu upotrebu ličnog naoružanja, značajnu vatrenupodršku iskrcanog ljudstva dejstvom ugrađenog naoružanja,nesmetano i brzo iskrcavanje i ukrcavanje, kao i, što je veomaznačajno, pruža osećaj sigurnosti i dominacije na bojištu.

Osnovni koncept vozila predstavlja osnovu za razvoj familijevozila, koja obuhvata različite verzije – komandno vozilo, ambu-lantno vozilo, vozilo namenjeno logističkoj podršci (kargo vozi-lo), vozilo inženjerijsko/tegljač, protivminsko vozilo, kao i osnovuza samohodni minobacač 120 mm, samohodno artiljerijsko oruđe122 / 155 mm, artiljerijski, raketni ili hibridni (artiljerijsko-raket-ni) sistem PVO i drugo.

portholes of ballistic glass and to fire personal weapons – assaultrifles, light machine guns or grenade launchers cal. 40 mm –through firing ports situated below lookout ports. The spaceavailable permits easy embarking, evacuation and comfortableaccommodation of soldiers wearing full ballistic protectionincluding protective vests with ballistic plates and tactical vestswith ammunition and other gear. Space between driver’s andcommander’s compartment and embarked crew area, left andright from turret basket i.e. from weapon operator’s station,serves as storage bay for a range of infantry weapons, antitankhand launchers, portable antitank wire guided missile systems,portable air defense missile launchers, etc.

The crew enter and exit the vehicle through tailgate which isalso provided with portholes and firing ports and enables embark-ing or disembarking of complete crew in about 10 secondsincluding their taking of seats. There are also two side doors,plus two emergency roof hatches.

Observations made by the user during demonstration of thevehicle noted that armored vehicle LAZAR provides comfort-able transport, excellent visibility, quick and easy driver train-ing, unhindered and effective use of personal weapons, signifi-cant fire support provided by disembarked section using thecomplement of weapons carried on board, unhindered and rapiddisembarking and embarking and, an important impression,feeling of security and domination in the battlefield.

Basic concept of the vehicle represents the foundation forbuilding up its different versions – command vehicle, medicalevacuation, logistic support (cargo) vehicle, engineering /recov-ery vehicle, mine clearing vehicle, as well as platform for self-propelled mortar cal. 120mm, self-propelled artillery piece cal.122/155mm, artillery, rocket or hybrid (artillery/rocket) or airdefense system, etc.

Special equipment (on customers’ request)• Air-conditioning employing compressor split system, • VHF radio set of 15W output, with UMR• Filtering-ventilating system creating overpressure within

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Specijalna dodatna oprema (po zahtevu Kupca)

• Klimatizacija, kompresor, split sistem• VVF radio uređaj, snage 15W, sa UMR• Uređaj za filtroventilaciju za stvaranje natpritiska u oklop-

nom telu, filter za prečišćavanje vazduha za ABH zaštitu• Komandno informacioni sistem (KIS)

sa navigacionim sistemom baziranim naGPS

• Panoramska optoelektronskaizviđačko-osmatracka stanica, stabilizo-vana u dve ravni, sa CCD TV kamerom,termovizijskom kamerom i laserskim dalji-nomerom

Komandno informacioni sistem (KIS)predstavlja hardversko i softversko rešen-je koje omogućava komandiru/koman-dantu jedinice podršku u planiranju ipripremi misije, donošenju odluka, orga-nizaciji, pripremi izveštaja, slanju nared-bi, uočavanju i određivanju položaja cilje-va i sličnim aktivnostima vezanim za bor-bene aktivnosti.

Osnovne funkcije KIS

Prikazivanje položaja sopstvenog idrugih vozila na situacionoj mapi,

Podrška u planiranju misije,Određivanje sopstvenog položaja i nav-

igacijaKomunikacija sa pretpostavljenim i

sadejstvujućim jedinicamaRazmena podatakaUčešće u proceduri određivanja cil-

ja, praćenja cilja i izvršenja gađanja

the hull, air-filtering system includ-ing CBR protection • Command information system(KIS) with GPS based navigation • Panoramic optoelectronic recon-naissance-observation station, sta-bilized in two planes, fitted withCCD TV camera, thermal imagingcamera and laser rangefinder

Command information system (KIS)is a hardware/software device thatprovides support in mission planningand preparing to unit commandingofficers, their decision making, orga-nization, preparing of reports, issu-ing of orders, locating of target posi-tions and similar activities related tocombat activities.

Main functions of KIS

- Presentation of own position andpositions of other vehicles on sit-uation chart, - Mission planning support,- Determining of own position andnavigation,

- Communication with superior and coordinating units,- Exchange of information, - Participation in target locating, tracking and firing

engagements.

The main techical data Vehicle LAZAR BVT 8808-SR MRAPPlatform high mobility chassis 8 x 8Engine 400 to 440 HPGearbox Mechanical synchronized (optional automatic)

Axles steeringMechanical with hydraulic amplifier, two front steering

axle Suspenison 2 x 2 tandem axles; leaf springs and shock absorbers,

TyresWide profiled, with tread pattern for Off road operation

, with Central Pressure Regulation (RUN FLAT insert optional)

Installation for central pressure regulation-Pressure regulation range in the tyres

0,19-4,8 bar.

Brake Pneumatic, dual circuit, with ABS Winch device 10 tElectric installation Rated voltage-24 V, 2 batteriesWeight of unloaded vehicle 16.3tMax. Weight with add-on armor protection 28 t Height (up to armored hull roof ) 2450 mmLength 7250 mm Width 2400 mmWheelbase 1500+2000+1400Wheeltrack 2050 mmClearance 430 mmMaximum speed (km/h) 90 (km/h)Autonomy 600 km.Gradient max. 60%Side slope max 30%Approach angle 58˚Departure angle 75˚Vertical obstacle max 0,63 mFording, max 1.3 mTrenching max 2 m

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Vozilo LAZAR BVT 8808-SR MRAPPlatforma sasija 8 x 8 velike pokretljivostiMotorMenjač mehanicki, sinhronizovan (opciono automatska transmisija)

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Sopstvena masa vozilaMaksimalna masa vozila sa dodatnom oklopnom

zaštitom 28 tona

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1,32 m

58g gočnog nagiba

odužnog nagiba

2.0

3 mm

050 mm

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Pripadnici Vojske Srbije, kao i pripadnici jedinica MUPRepublike Srbije su se, imajući u vidu njihovo učešće u razn-im kategorijama oružanih sukoba vođenim tokom 90-ih god-ina uverili u veliki značaj borbenih prsluka za uspešno izvrša-vanje niza zadataka sa kojima se susreću savremene pešadi-jske, specijalne i policijske jedinice u različitim kategorija-ma oružanih sukoba. U Republici Srbiji borbeni balističkiprsluk (Prsluk), koji obuhvata: borbeni prsluk (BP) (čestose ovaj prsluk naziva i taktički prsluk), zaštitni balističkiprsluk (ZBP) i balističke zaštitne ploče (BZP), različitihnivoa zaštite, trenutno serijski proizvode nekoliko firmi:

Having been involved in various armed conflicts duringthe nineties, the Serbian Army and Police units (Ministry ofInterior of the Republic of Serbia) realized the great impor-tance of combat vests for successful carrying out of a num-ber of missions with which modern infantry, special andpolice forces are faced in various categories of armed con-flicts. In the Republic of Serbia, the combat bulletproof vest- including combat vest (often called tactical vest), protec-tive bulletproof vest (insert) and bulletproof protective plateof various protection levels - is currently produced by sev-eral companies:

“Mile Dragic Production“ from Zrenjanin, producing com-bat vests, bulletproof protective panels, camouflage equip-ment etc. The company has the longest tradition in the pro-duction of personal protection equipment,

“BAPS“ from Zrenjanin, producing also full set of per-sonal protection equipment. It cooperates with the ARESgroup and has vast experience in the field of manufacture ofbulletproof protective plates,

“ALEKS ARMOR“ from Belgrade, producing bulletproofprotective panels on a smaller scale. They produce bullet-proof vests in cooperation with other companies, especiallywith the UNO MARTIN company,

“OZMOARMOR“ from Belgrade – Mladenovac producesbulletproof panels only. They also deal with vehicle armour,

“KLUZ“ from Belgrade, producing parachutes, protectivebulletproof vests and suits for the Army and the Police,

“JUMKO“ from Vranje, producing textile garments for theArmy,

UNO MARTIN VM Protection from Šabac, which pro-duced protective bulletproof vests, and bulletproof insertsin cooperation with the ALEKS ARMOR company

UNO MARTIN HOME from Smederevo, which producedvests, and bulletproof inserts in cooperation with the ALEKSARMOR company,

INSITITUE OF SECURITY (BIA) organized productionof bulletproof panels, but their main field of activity was inthe ceramic plates and vehicle armour.

The above listed companies produce vests as per their owntechnical and technological documentation, predominantlyfor export purposes, while Mile Dragic Production manu-factures vests and protective plates for the Military and Police,in accordance with the tactical and technical requirementsof the Serbian Military, also as per its own documentation.

BORBENIBALISTIČKI

PRSLUCIJUGOIMPORT-SDPR

BULLETPROOFVESTSYUGOIMPORT-SDPR

PišeDragan Rakić

ByDragan Rakić

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“Proizvodnja Mile Dragić“ iz Zrenjanina. Proizvodi bor-bene prsluke, balističke zaštitne ploče, maskirnu opremu idr. Firma ima najdužu tradiciju u proizvodnji opreme zaličnu zaštitu,

“BAPS“ iz Zrenjanina. Proizvodi, takođe kompletnu opre-mu za ličnu zaštitu. Sarađuje sa grupacijom ARES . Posedujenajveće iskustvo u području izrade balističkih zaštitnih ploča,

“ALEKS ARMOR“ iz Beograda. Proizvodi balističkezaštitne ploče u manjem obimu. Zaštitne balističke prslukeradi u koperaciji, pre svega sa firmom UNO MARTIN,

“OZMOARMOR“ iz Beograda- Mladenovca. Proizvodi,takođe samo balističke zaštitne ploče. Radi i na oklopljavan-ju vozila,

“KLUZ“ – Beograd proizvodi padobrane, zaštitne balis-tičke prsluke, odela za potrebe Vojske i Policije,

“JUMKO“ Vranje. Proizvodio je tekstilnu opremu za Vojsku,UNO MARTIN VM Protection- Šabac. Proizvodio je

zaštitne balističke prsluke, s tim što je balistički uloške radiou kooperaciji sa firmom ALEKS ARMOR,

UNO MARTIN HOME - Smederevo, Proizvodio jePrsluke, s tim što je balističke uloške radio u koperaciji safirmom ALEKS ARMOR,

INSTITUT BEZBEDNOSTI BIA. Organizovao je izradubalističkih prsluka, s im da se bavio, pre svega zaštitnimkeramičkim pločama, kao i oklopljavanjem vozila.

The characteristics of the vests and protective plates, aswell as the methodology of quality control and testing arespecified in the pertaining technical documentation andstandards.

Protective properties of the vest are tested in Serbia as perthe following international standards: NIJ 0101.03 and NIJ0101.04 (modified in 2001), NATO standard STANAG 2920,European standard EN 1063, Chinese standard GA 165,German standard DIN 52290 and Russian standard GOSTR50963-96.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNICAL SOLUTIONAND MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED FORMANUFACTURE OF BULLETPROOF VESTS -YUGOIMPORT-SDPR

Description of the technical solution

The basic model of the combat vest developed byYugoimport-SDPR and produced in cooperation with thetechnological partner in this project is shown in Figure 1-a.This combat vest can be produced in various camouflagepatterns, the vest shown in the Figure below being made inthe desert camouflage pattern, with six pouches or pockets(four for ammunition magazines and two for hand grenadesand other equipment). The vests are produced in the fol-lowing sizes: Large, XLarge, XX Large and XXXLarge.

The basic model of the protective bulletproof vest has IIIAlevel of protection as per NIJ 0101.04. The front is fitted witha 330 h 390 mm bulletproof insert, and the back with 330 x

410 mm bulletproof insert.

The bulletproof insert is composed of multi-layeredbulletproof cloth made of aramid fibers or of highdensity polyethylene (Dyneema, Kevlar, Spectra,Twaron and other synthetic materials). The num-ber of cloth layers composing the insert will dependon the quality of the materials used. These vestsare contracted for supply in sizes Large, XLarge,XXLarge and XXXLarge, but for all the vest sizesthe inserts will be the same size.

The outline of the protective bulletproof plate,contracted for delivery to the end user is shownin Figure 2. These plates are placed in specially

prepared pockets in the front and the back ofthe protective bulletproof vest (in front of the

inserts). They are designed so as to adjust to thebody, and are designated as per NIJ 01.01.04

and technical documentation.

Materials that can beused for production of

the combat bulletproofvest

Combat vests areusually produced ofCordura rayon 500 or Ripstop,

50% cotton and 50% polyester, and are impregnatedand waterproof on the outside.

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Navedene firme proizvode Prsluke po sopstvenoj tehničkoji tehnološkoj dokumentaciji, pretežno za potrebe izvoza, dokProizvodnja Mile Dragić proizvodi Prsluke i Zaštitne pločei za potrebe Vojske i Policije, u skladu sa Taktičko tehničkimzahtevima koje je izdala Vojska Jugoslavije, takođe po sop-stvenoj dokumentaciji.

Karakteristike Prsluka, uključujući i zaštitne ploče,metodologiju provere kvaliteta i ispitivanja definisani su odgo-varajućom tehničkom dokumentacijom i standardima.

Za proveru zaštitnih karakteristika Prsluka u Srbiji koristese međunarodni standardi: NIJ 0101.03 i NIJ 0101.04 (mod-ifikovani 2001. godine), zatim NATO standard STANAG2920, evropski standard EN 1063, kineski standard GA 165,nemački standard DIN 52290 i ruski standard GOSTR50963-96.

OPIS TEHNIČKOG REŠENJA I MATERIJALIKOJI SE MOGU KORISTITI ZA IZRADU BALISTIČKIH BORBENIH PRSLUKAJUGOIMPORT-SDPR

Opis tehničkog rešenja

Izgled osnovnog moela borbenog prsluka razvijenog uJugoimport-SDPR i proizvedenog na bazi proizvodne koop-eracije sa tehnološkim partnerima u projektu je na sl. 1-a.Navedeni borbeni prsluk može biti proizveden u raznimmaskirnim dezenima, a prsluk na slici izveden je u pustin-jskom maskirnom dezenu, i ima 6 raznih futrola, odnosnodžepova (4 za smeštaj okvira za municiju i 2 za smeštaj ručnihbombi i druge opreme). Ovi prsluci se proizvode u sledećimveličinama: Large, XLarge, XXLarge i XXXLarge.

Osnovni model zaštitnog balističkog prsluka Prsluk je sanivoom zaštite IIIA prema zahtevima iz međunarodnog stan-darda NIJ 0101.04. Sa prednje strane ima balistički uložak(uložak) dimenzija 330 h 390 mm, ana leđnom delu uložak 330 x 410mm.

Balistički uložak se formira odbalističkog višeslojnog platnaizrađenog od aramidnih vlakana ilipolietilena visoke molekularne gus-tine (Dynema, Kevlar,Spectra,Twaron i drugi sintetičkimaterijali). Kvalitet upotrebljenihmaterijala definiše i broj slojeva tka-nine od kojih se formira uložak. I oviprsluci su ugovoreni za isporuku uveličinama Large, XLarge, XXLargei XXXLarge, s tim što su za sveveličine prsluka balistički ulošci istihdimenzija. Isporuku ovih prsluka tre-ba realizovati u navedenim veličina-ma u istim odnosima kao i borbeneprsluke..

Izgled balističkih zaštitnih ploča,ugovorenih za isporuku Krajnjemkorisniku dat je na sl. 2. Navedeneploče se postavljaju u posebno pripremljene džepove na

Protective bulletproof vests are made of the same cloth ascombat vests.

Bulletproof inserts

The protection level of the bulletproof insert defines theminimum absorbtion energy the insert should have.

Bulletproof inserts can be made of the following materiallayers (materials for the so called «soft» ballistics): Kevlar,Dyneema or Spectre or combinations of Dyneema and Kevlar(hybrid).

The exact number of layers of which the bulletproof insertis composed of depends on the type and the quality of thematerial used (Kevlar Comfort XLT, Kevlar 129, and KevlarKM2 etc.).

The value that features the quality of all these mate-rials is the „specific energy ofabsorption“(SEA). SEA is thekinetic energy of absorption inher-ent to a piece of bulletproof mate-rial of unit aerial density expressedin Jm2/kg.When SEA for the given materialand the areal density of a layer ofthis material are known, the exactnumber of layers can be deter-mined in order to achieve therequired level of protection.Another way to determine thenumber of layers (if SEA value isnot known) is to experiment anddetermine the number of layersnecessary to form the bulletproofinsert.

Kevlar was the first material usedfor manufacture of vests and itrevolutionized personal protec-tion. Kevlar is made in differentqualities. For bulletproof inserts,Kevlar with the specific mass of

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zaštitnom balističkom prsluku, s njegove prednje i zadnjestrane (ispred balističkih uložaka). One su konstruisane takoda su prilagođene prednjem i zadnjem obliku tela, sa tačnoobeleženim natpisima i skladu sa standardom NIJ 01.01.04i tehničkom dokumentacijom.

Mogući materijali koji se koriste za izradu balis-tičkog borbenog prsluka

Borbeni prsluci se, najčešće,izrađuju od tkanine Kordura 500ili Ripstop sa 50%pamuka i 50%poliestera, salica vodood-bojne ivodootporne( i m p re g n i -rane, nepro-močive).

Zaštitni bal-istički prsluci(sl.1- b)izrađuju se odtkanine kao i bor-beni prsluk.

Balistički ulošci

Nivo balističke zaštite balističkih uložaka definišeminimalnu energiju apsorpcije koju balistički uložak morada poseduje.

Balistički ulošci dimenzija mogu se izrađivati od slojevasledećih materijala (materijala za tzv. «meku» balistiku):Kevlara, Dyneeme ili Spectre ili kombinacije Dyneeme iKevlara (Hibrid).

Tačan broj slojeva od kojih se formira balistički uložak zav-isi od vrste i kvaliteta upotrebljenog materijala (KevlarComfort XLT, Kevlar 129, Kevlar KM2 i dr.).

Podatak koji jednoznačno balistički karakteriše kvalitet svihovih materijala je „specifična energija apsorpcije“ (SEA).SEA je kinetička energija apsorpcije koju poseduje komadbalističkog materijala jedinične površinske mase i izražavase u (Jm2/kg).

Poznavanjem SEA za konkretni materijal i površinske masesloja tog materijala može se tačno utvrditi broj slojeva potreb-nih za ostvarenje traženog nivoa zaštite.

Drugi način je (ukoliko do vrednosti SEA nije mogućedoći) eksperimenalnim putem utvrditi brojslojeva od kojih će biti formiran balističkiuložak.

Kevlar je prvi materijal koji je korišćenza izradu prsluka i doneo je pravu revolu-ciju u balističkoj zaštiti. Kevlar se izrađu-je u različitim kvalitetima. Za balističkezaštitne uloške, najčešće se koristi Kevlarspecifične mase od 280 gr/m2.

Kevlar se isporučuje u obliku preprega.Osetljiv je na vlagu te je neophodno daspoljni deo prsluka bude od obične nep-promočive tkanine, koja štiti i od UV zra-ka.

280 gr/m2 is usually used. It is supplied in the form ofprepreg. Being moisture sensitive, the outer part of the vesthas to be made of ordinary waterproof cloth which also blocksthe UV rays. The protective multi-layers are not to be stichedsince this would reduce the protective properties. Lowerdensity provides for better protection. The IIIA level of pro-tection is achieved with approximately 30-36 layers.

Dyneema is also one of the materials thathas been increasingly used for manufacture

of bulletproofvests. Dyneema ismoisture resis-tant, has no lifel imita t ions ,but it is sen-sitive to hightempera-t u r e s( o v e r7 5 0 C ) .

The qualityof the material defines

the number of layers forming the insert.Dyneema does not need an outer cloth,but it is nevertheless used for UV anddamage protection. One of the well-known types of this material is Dyneema

SB 21,…

Bulletproof inserts can be made of a combination ofDyneema and Kevlar (the so called hybrid). The materialscan be combined in different ways, such as Dyneema in thefront, Kevlar in the back and vice versa, or both sides of thevest can have combinations of these materials in the pro-portion that provide for best protection and price.

Bulletproof protective plates, protection level III, weight1450±5% g, size 250h300 mm, curved with the radius of400 mm at 250th milimeter, can be made only of materialswith the SEA of minimum 166.05 Jm2/kg.

These are mainly polyethylene materials with ultra highmolecular weight (for the so called “hard» ballistics), withthe trade name Dyneema, Spectra (producers: DSMDyneema, Netherlands, Spectra Shield Honeywell – USA,MDA Izrael....). The plate thickness depends on the quali-ty of the material used.

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Zaštitni višeslojni deo ne sme seprošivati jer se time smanjuju njegovezaštitne karakteristike. Manja gustinaobezbeđuje bolju zaštitu. Nivo zaštiteIIIA obezbeđuje sa oko 30-36 slojeva..

Dyneema su takođe materijali kojise u poslednje vreme sve više koristeza izradu balističkih prsluka.Dyneema je otporna na vlagu,nema ograničen vek trajanja alije osetljiva na povišene tem-perature (preko 750C). Kvalitetupotrebljenog materijaladefiniše i broj slojeva tkanineod kojih se formira uložak. ZaDyneema nije neophodnaspoljna tkanina ali se koristizbog UV zaštite i mogućihoštećenja.

Među poznatijim vrstama ovogmaterijala je Dyneema SB 21, ...

Za izradu balističkih uložaka može se koristiti i kombi-nacija materijala Dyneema + Kevlar (takozvani hibridni sis-tem). Kombinacije mogu biti različite kao npr. prednja stranaod Dyneema, zadnja strana od Kevlara ili obrnuto, ili pakkombinacijom slojeva navedenih materijala sa obe straneprsluka u odnosima koji daju najoptimalniju zaštitu sa aspek-ta cene.

Balističke zaštitne ploče nivoa zaštite III, mase 1450±5%gr., dimenzije 250h300 mm, zakrivljene sa radijusom od 400mm na koti od 250 mm, mogu se izrađivati samo od mater-ijala čija je SEA minimalno 166.05 Jm2/kg.

Dyneema and Spectra are the mate-rials that are used, due to their tech-nical and technological character-istics, solely for manufacture of bul-letproof plates with level III protec-tion. The use of these materialsprovides for the most favorable ratio

between the total weight and pro-tective properties. The man-ufacturers of these materi-als have developed severaltypes of these materials thatare in serial production(Dyneema HB2, HB25,HB26, HB50, HB51). Theexact type that can be usedfor making the contractedplate with level III protectioncan be defined after obtain-ing reliable information onthe possiblity for supply ofthe required material quan-

tities.

Production of combat protection vests

Production of the contracted quantities of combat vestshas been organized in cooperation with indigenous sub-contractors, or with foreign companies with long experience,necessary equipment and skilled manpower for productionof the contracted quantities of these vests. Having in mindthat the vests contracted for with the end user are in sizesLarge, XLarge, XXLarge and XXXLarge, it was agreed thatYI SDPR should make all the patterns and submit the tech-nical properties of the materials to the manufacturers, makethe samples, and upon their testing and verification, submitthe patterns to the manufacturers for production. In order

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To su uglavnom materijali izrađeni od polietilena ultravisoke molekularne mase (materijali za tzv. „tvrdu“ balis-tiku), trgovačkog naziva Dyneema, Spectra (prizvođači: DSMDyneema, Netherlands, Spectra Shield Honeywell – USA,MDA Izrael ...). Debljina ploče zavisi od kvaliteta upotre-bljenog materijala za njenu izradu.

Dyneema i Spectra su materijali koji se zbog svojih tehničk-ih i tehnoloških karakteristika isključivo koriste za izradubalističkih ploča, nivoa zaštite III. Upravo korišćenjem ovihmaterijala postiže se najpovoljnij odnos između ukupne masei zaštitnih karakteristika. Ovde treba istaći da su proizvođačiovih materijala do sada razvili i nalaze se u serijskoj proizvod-nji po nekoliko tipova ovih materijala (Dyneema HB2, HB25,HB26, HB50, HB51,...) i tačan tip koji bise mogao upotrebiti za izradu ugovoreneploče nivoa zaštite III može se definisatinakon obezbeđenja pouzdanih informaci-ja o mogućnosti isporuke materijala upotrebnim količinama.

Proizvodnja borbenih zaštitnihprsluka

Proizvodnja ugovorenih količina borbenihprsluka organizovana je u saradnji sadomaćim kooperantima, ili sa firmama izinostranstva, koje imaju dovoljno iskustva,potrebnu opremu i stručnu radnu snagu zaproizvodnju ugovorenih količina ovih prslu-ka. Imajući u vidu da je sa Krajnjim koris-nikom ugovorena isporuka ovih Prsluka uveličinama: Large, XLarge, XXLarge iXXXLarge, ugovoreno je da JI-SDPR za sveugovorene veličine izradi šablone, dostaviproizvođačima tehničke karakteristikematerijala, izradi probne uzorke, i nakonispitivanja, odnosno verifikacije uzoraka,šablone dostavi proizvođačima na izradu. Ucilju obezbeđenja zahtevanog kvaliteta ilakšeg praćenja pouzadnosti kompletnogproizvodnog procesa, vođenje kompletnedokumentacije za ukupne količine koje tre-ba isporučiti Krajnjem korisniku, ugovorenoje da se razmotri varijanta da se izrada bor-benih prsluka ugovori sa proizvođačima takošto će, po mogućnosti, svaki proizvođač daradi po jednu (maksimalno do dve) veličinuborbenih prsluka.

SDPR vrši centralizovanu nabavkuosnovnog i pomoćnog pribora. JI SDPR bitrebalo da sa odabranim proizvođačimaosnovnog i pomoćnog pribora izvršiusaglašavanje kvaliteta (dezen, boja, nepro-pustljivost i druge bitne tehničko tehnološkekaraktetristike). Za svaku veličinu ugov-orenih prsluka u organizaciji JI SDPR-aizrađeni su šabloni, na osnovu kojih jeizrađen po jedan uzorak i nakon verifikaci-je uzorka, šablone dostavljeni proizvođači-ma na dalju realizaciju.

to provide for the required quality and to enable easier mon-itoring of the production process and making of documen-tation for the entire quantity to be delivered to the end user,it was agreed to see to the possibility that each producermakes one size (or maximum two) of the combat vests.

SDPR is responsible for the centralized purchase of themain and auxiliary equipment. YI SDPR is also to harmo-nize the quality with the selected manufacturers of the mainand auxiliary equipment (pattern, color, waterproof proper-ties, and other important technical and technological char-acteristics).

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M98A1 ACHILLES je najnovija, usavršena verzija srp-skog domaćeg dizajna vojničkih borbenih čizama sa jedin-stvenom karakteristikom – obezbeđuju zaštitu stopala odsvih standardnih protivpešadijskih nagaznih mina kojesadrže do 45g TNT. Po svom spoljašnjem izgledu i osobi-nama (težina, opšti ergonomski aspekti, udobnost zastopalo i pokretljivost vojnika, izdržljivost,vodootpornost, itd.) ova čizma pripada savre-menom dizajnu modernih borbenih čizamanamenjenih teškoj pešadiji ili borbenim zahte-vima specijalnih jedinica u raznim klimatskimuslovima i terenima.

Zbog ovih karakteristika, čizma AHILM98A1 predstavlja izbor jedinica pešadiješirom sveta i niza specijalnih jedinica.Sposobnost zaštite od protivpešadijske minepostala je izuzetno važna karakteristika bor-benih čizama na početku 21. veka, s obziromna sve veće opasnosti od protivpešadijskihmina u današnjem svetu i njihovu sve većuupotrebu u brojnim manjim sukobima,uključujući protivpobunjenički i antiteror-istički način ratovanja, građanske ratove,operacije za uspostavljanje/održavanjemira, kao i u operacijama rešavanjakriza.

Pored osnovne primene –upotrebe u borbi, čizmeAHIL M98A1 mogu bitiveoma važna opremaza različite civilneorganizacije (poseb-no humanitarnogkaraktera) koje su uvećini slučajevaizložene delovanjupritajene i zastrašu-juće opasnosti od pro-tivpešadijskih mina.

M98A1 ACHILLES is the latest improved version ofSerbian indigenous design of combat military boots witha unique feature – providing foot protection against allstandard anti-personnel contact mines containing up to45 gr of TNT. According to its outer appearance and char-acteristics (weight, general ergonomic aspects, foot com-

fort and soldier mobility, durability,water-resistance, etc.) this bootbelongs to up-to-date design ofmodern combat boots intended forheavy infantry or special operationforces combat requirements in var-

ious climates and ground conditions.

These features make M98A1ACHILLES footwear-of-choice forworldwide members of infantry unitsand a wide range of special operationforces.

Anti-personnel mine protection capa-bility has become an extremely impor-tant characteristic of combat boots atthe beginning of 21st century in viewof the growing threat of AP minesnowadays and its ever increasing usein numerous low-intensity conflicts,including antiguerrilla warfare, anti-terrorist warfare, civil wars, peace-

keeping/ peace-making operations, aswell as in crisis management operations

etc.

In addition to the primary application-combat use, theM98A1 ACHILLES boots can be very important equip-ment for diverse civilian organizations (humanitarian, inparticular) which are in many cases exposed to the actionof silent and horrifying threat of anti-personnel mines.

BORBENE ČIZMEZA PEŠADIJU AHILM98A1 – ZAŠTITA

ODPROTIVPEŠADIJSKE

NAGAZNE MINE

M98A1 ACHILLESCOMBAT BOOTS,INFANTRY,WITHANTI- PERSONNELCONTACT MINEPROTECTIONCAPABILITY

PišeAleksandar Lijaković

ByAleksandar Lijaković

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Imajući u vidu milione ovakvihsredstava postavljenih pomnogim kriznim područjimaširom sveta (podsaharska Afrika,južna i jugoistočna Azija, Balkanitd.), ove čizme treba da postanunezamenljivi deo opreme svakogvojnika i člana humanitarnihorganizacija.

Zaštita od protivpešadijskihmina zasniva se na jedinstven-om zaštitnom sistemu apsorpci-je udarnog talasa, koji se pak zas-niva na kombinaciji:

Jedinstvenog i dugotrajnoggumenog đona velike otpornos-ti, sa vazdušnim komorama

i višeslojnim pločama odčeličnih legura i slojeva aramid-nih vlakana

Masa jedne čizme prosečneveličine (dužina stopala 28 cm)je 1,2 kg (2,4 kg po paru)

Čelične ploče su napravljeneod čeličnih legura optimalnihmehaničkih karakteristika,naročito visoke čvrstoće naistezanje i izdržljivosti. Iako jevelika pažnja posvećena izradizaštite, ove čizme takođeomogućavaju slobodno i udobnopokretanje stopala.

U slučaju direktnog kontaktasa protivpešadijskom minom kojasadrži do 45g TNT-a, čizma ćebiti ozbiljno oštećena (neupotre-bljiva), ali će stopalo vojnikapretrpeti lake ili manje povrede.U zavisnosti od uslova udara,moguć je niz lakših ili umerenihpovreda – od manjih modrica naprstima i stopalu, otoka i istezan-ja zgloba, do preloma prstiju icevanice. U zavisnosti od nivoapovrede, vojnik će moći da sevrati u svoju jedinicu nakon opo-ravka od nekoliko nedelja donekoliko meseci.

Postupak testiranja zasniva sena simulaciji uslova udarakorišćenjem odgovarajuće,posebno napravljene opreme, odmaterijala koji simuliraju čvrstoću i otpor ljudskog stopala.Osnovni kriterijum za prijemno ispitivanje čizme je izbe-gavanje oštećenja čelične ploče koja je u dodiru sastopalom i materijala koji simulira otpor stopala.

Having in mind millions ofpieces of such weapons, dis-persed in many crisis areas allover the world (Sub-SaharanAfrica, South and South-EastAsia, the Balkans, etc.), theseboots should become an irre-placeable part of equipment ofany soldier and member ofhumanitarian organizations.

Anti-personnel mine protectiondesign is a unique shock-waveabsorbing protection system,based on the combination of:Unique, high-resistant and longlasting rubber sole, whichincludes integrated air cham-bers, integrated multi-layer steelalloy plates protection system,and Aramid fiber layers

The weight of an average sizesingle boot (foot length 28 cm)is 1.2 kg (2.4 kg per pair) The steel plates are made ofsteel-alloy with optimizedmechanical characteristics, par-ticularly with high tensilestrength and durability. Althoughparticular attention has beenpaid to protection design, theseboots also ensure free and com-fortable foot movement.

In case of direct contact with APmine containing up to 45 g ofTNT, the boot would be severe-ly damaged (unusable), but thesoldier’s foot would sustain lightor moderate injuries. Dependingon impact conditions, a range oflight or moderate injuries is pos-sible- from light toe and footbruises and contusion and anklesprain to toe breaking and shin-bone fracture. Depending oninjury level, a soldier will be ableto return to his unit after a peri-od of few weeks to few monthsof rehabilitation.

Testing procedure is based onsimulation of impact conditionsby using appropriate speciallydesigned testing equipment

which includes materials simulating human foot strengthand resistance. The main acceptance criteria are avoid-ing of damaging of the steel plate in contact with the sol-dier’s foot and of the material simulating foot resistance.

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Model AHIL M98A1 predstavlja najnoviju verziju mod-ela borbenih čizama M98 isprobanog u borbi. Kod mod-ela M98A1 poboljšana je udobnost za stopalo i obezbeđe-na je bolja pokretljivost vojnika. Razvoj čizme je završen,čizma je u potpunosti ispitana u najtežim uslovima izvanično je prihvaćena i atestirana od strane Tehničkiopitni centar Oružanih snaga Srbije.

Serijska proizvodnja osnovnog modela M98 za Oružanesnage Srbije počela je 1998. Model se takođe izvozio poje-dinim jedinicama mirovnih snaga UN. Osnovni model jeisproban u borbi u brojnim situacijama gde su vojnici biliizloženi direktnom dejstvu protivpešadijskih nagaznihmina proizvedenih u bivšoj Jugoslaviji, sa oznakom PMA-3, koje sadrže 35 g RDX (što odgovara 46,6 g TNT-a) urazličitim uslovima udara, a bez ikakvih teških povredastopala.

Prema nekim egzaktnim zahtevima koji se postavljajupred konstrukciju protivminske zaštitne pešadijske čizmenastalim na bazi sanitetsko-medicinskih istraživanjaobavljenim u oružani snagama zemalja nekih ino-kupaca,maksimalni pritisak koji stopalo direktno trpi prilikomkontakta /eksplozije protivpešadijske nagazne mine uzzadovoljenje uslova da ne dođe do značajnijih povreda-razaranja tkiva jeste 200 Bara, a uz toleranciju od 10%,što znači da maksimalni tolerisani pritisak prema zahe-vima kupaca, odnosno rezultatima istraživanja dostiže220 Bara. Radi ilustracije nivoa smanjenja pritiska kojeje neohodno postići konstrukcionim rešenjem čizme možese navesti da sila pritiska kome je izložena čizma prilikomeksplozije nagazne protivpešadijske mine koja sadrži od30 gr do 100 g TNT iznosi približno 3000 do 8000 Bara.Ispitivanja vršena u tehničkom opitnom centru vojskeSrbije čizmom model Ahil pokazala su da je nivo kojemje direktno izložen petni deo stopala pri eksploziji pro-tivpešadijske nagazne mine koja sadrži 35 grama TNTiznosi 145 bara.

The ACHILLES M98A1 model is representing a newestversion of combat proven M98 basic model.

The M98A1 model features improved foot comforta-bility and provides for higher soldier’s mobility. Bootdevelopment has been finished; the boot has been com-pletely tested under most difficult testing conditions andhas been officially accepted and verified by the SerbianArmed forces Test Center.

The M98 basic model entered into serial productionfor the Serbian Armed Forces in 1998. It has also beenexported to some units of the UN peacekeeping forces.This basic model has been combat proven in many cas-es of soldiers’ direct contact with anti-personnel contactmines, manufactured by former Yugoslavia, with desig-nation PMA-3, containing 35g of RDX (equivalent to 46.6gTNT) in various impact conditions, leaving no seriousfoot injuries.

According to the exact requirements for the design ofinfantry boots with antipersonnel contact mine protec-tion based on the medical research in some of the cus-tomers' armed forces, the maximum pressure that thefoot is directly exposed to during the contact/explosionof the anti-personnel contact mine, without sufferingserious injuries, is 200 Bar, with a tolerance of 10%,meaning that the maximum pressure allowed (accordingto the customers' requirements or research results) canreach 220 Bar. In order to illustrate the reduction of pres-sure which has to be achieved with the boot design, oneshould know that during the explosion of an anti-per-sonnel contact mine with 30g to 100g TNT, the boot isexposed to the pressure of approximately 3000 to 8000Bar. The tests of the Achilles boot, conducted in theTechnical Test Center of the Serbian Armed forces, haveproven that the pressure to which the heel is directlyexposed at the time of explosion of the anti-personnelcontact mine with 35g of TNT is 145 bar.

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OBRAZLOŽENJE POTREBA

Optomehanički uređaji, OMU (nišanske i osmatračkesprave ), omogućavaju da vidimo objekat u okviru svojihfizioloških granica (ono što daje zdravo ljudsko oko), aOptoelektronski uređaji, OEU i van ovih granica. U elektro-magnetnom spektru OMU “rade” od 390-770 nm (vidljivozračenje za ljudsko oko), a OEU od 770-14.000 nm (odbliskog, kratkotalasnog do dugotalasnog IC zračenja ).

WHY ARE THESE DEVICES NEEDED?

Optomechanical devices (OM – sighting and observationdevices) enable us to see an object within our physiologicallimitations (as far as a healthy human eye allows), while opto-electronic units (OE) go beyond this ability. In the electro-magnetic spectrum, OM devices “operate” within 390-770nm (visible light for the human eye), while OE device with-in 770-14.000 nm (from near, short-wave to long-wave IR

TEHNIČKEMOGUĆNOSTI

RAZVOJA IPROIZVODNJE

OPTOMEHANIČKIHNIŠANSKIH I

OSMATRAČKIHSPRAVA U SRBIJI

TECHNICALCAPABILITIES FORDEVELOPMENT ANDPRODUCTION OFOPTOMECHANICALSIGHTING ANDOBSERVATIONDEVICES IN SERBIA

PišeBoško ŠIPOVAC

ByBoško ŠIPOVAC

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Uprošteno rečeno OMU koristimo u dnevnim uslovima i uuslovima smanjene vidljivosti kada je neophodno da končan-ica uređaja bude veštački osvetljena. U uslovima sman-jene vidljivosti, kada nivo osvetljaja okoline padne ispod10 lux-a (rana zora ili večernji sumrak), kroz OMU jemoguće videti iole osvetljen cilj za okovidljivom svetlošću, ali je nemogućenišaniti jer končanica postaje nevidlji-va. Pored ovoga OMU imajuograničenje koje se naziva meteo-rološka vidljivost (magla, kiša sneg,oblaci peska i prašine i sl.), a koja jefunkcija koeficijenta slabljenja zavidljivo zračenje. Na primer priumerenoj magli ili kada pada gustsneg (nivo vidljivosti „2”) koeficijentslabljenja je 7 km-1, a meteorološkavidljivost 350 m.

OEU: pasivne sprave sapojačivačima svetlosti, TVkamere visoke osetljivosti, ter-movizijske kamere, laserskiobeleživači cilja, laserski meračidaljine, detektori laserskog zračen-ja i dr., manje ili više uspešnorešavaju probleme koje stvarajuograničenja za rad OMU, ali su često iograničenja za pojedine OEU, a što zavisi odtalasne dužine na kojoj „rade”. Definitivno,izuzev u raketnoj tehnici, još uvek nije ponuđe-na tehnologija koja nam omogućuje da „noć zamenidan” u akviziciji cilja.

radiation). To put it simply, this means that OM devices areused in daylight and low visibility condi-

tions when the reticle has to be illumi-nated with artificial lighting. In low

visibility conditions, when environ-mental light is below 10 lx (earlydawn or twilight), OM devicesenable us to see a target illuminat-

ed enough for the eye, but it isimpossible to take aim because the

reticle becomes invisible. Besides, OMdevices have other constraints called mete-orological visibility (fog, rain, snow, dust

clouds etc.). For example, in moderatefog or heavy snow (visibility level „2”),attenuation coefficient is 7 km-1, andmeteorological visibility 350 m.

OE devices: passive devices withimage intensifiers, highly sen-sitive TV cameras, thermalimagers, laser target designa-

tors, laser rangefinders, laserdetectors etc., can more or less

solve the problems created by theoperating restrictions of OM devices. Except for themissile technology, we still do not have the tech-nology which would enable the „night to replacethe day” in target aquisition.

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ZATVARANJE KRUGA

Iz gore navedenog razloga, a i zbog cene koštanja OEU,potreba za OMU je još uvek velika te i naša preduzeća sveviše ulaze u njihov razvoj i proizvodnju sa tendencijom kaOEU.

Neophodno je naglasiti da proizvodnje OMU u Srbiji nijebilo u periodu od 1949. do 1992. god. Preduzeće preciznemehanike i optike „ZRAK” osnovano 16.11.1948. god. uBeogradu (Kneževac) preseljeno je 1949. god. u Sarajevo, anastalo je od optičkih radionica Vojnotehničkog ZavodaKragujevac i Teleoptika Zemun.

Naša preduzeća koja proizvode pešadijska oružja i artil-jerijska oruđa veoma teško nalaze na svetskom tržištu odgo-varajuće verifikovane OMU za svoja sredstva. Problemi su ubalistici (končanica), vezi OMU sa sredstvom i ergonomiji,a koji se uvek rešavaju u razvojnoj fazi uz učešće proizvođačaOMU. Iz ovog razloga, razloga cene koštanja, komplikovaneprocedure uvoza roba specijalne namene, krug prekinut 1949godine se mora zatvoriti.

TEHNIČKI PREDUSLOVI ZA RAZVOJ IPROIZVODNJU OMU

Osnovni tehnički uslov za uspešan razvoj, osvajanje ilireosvajanje i serijsku proizvodnju je :

- obrazovan inženjerski i majstorski kadar iz oblastitehničke optike, dizajna i tehnologije optičkih slojeva, kon-strukcije OMU i kontrolno merne opreme, montaže itd.

Svaki razvoj se verifikuje kroz prototip, a male prototipskepartije od 3 do 10 komada su veoma skupe, a i veoma je teškoobezbediti delove od kooperanata, posebno iz inostranstva (sočiva, prizme, končanice ).

COMPLETING THE CIRCLE

For the reason stated above, and due to the price of OEdevices, OM devices are still largely needed, and our com-panies are more readily starting their development and pro-duction, with the intention of starting the development ofOE devices.

It should be emphasized that OM devices were not pro-duced in Serbia from 1949 to 1992. The company dealingwith precision mechanics and optics, „ZRAK”, founded on16 November 1948 in Belgrade (Kneževac) was moved toSarajevo in 1949. It grew from the optical workshops of theMilitary Technical Depot in Kragujevac and Teleoptik inZemun.

Our companies producing infantry and artillery weaponscannot easily find verified OM devices for their ordnance onthe world market. The main problems are ballistics (reti-cles), connection between the OM device and the weaponand ergonomy, which are invariably solved in the stage ofdevelopment together with the OM device producer. For thisreason, as well as the price and complicated import proce-dure for the special purpose goods, the circle interrupted in1949 has to be completed again.

TECNICAL PREREQUISITES FOR DEVELOPMENTAND PRODUCTION OF OM DEVICES

The main technical prerequisite for a successful devel-opment, mastering and re-mastering of production, and forserial production is:

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Kućišta OMU se rade tehnologijama livenja: precizni livraznih legura i liv pod pritiskom aluminijskih i magnezi-jumskih legura. Livački alati se rade tek za serijsku proizvod-nju i veoma su skupi, a izrada prototipskih komada „iz punog”zahteva velika vremena izrade.

Ovi tehnički preduslovi se uglavnom mogu obezbediti uko-liko se stvore finansijske predpostavke.

Izvozni ugovori Jugoimport-SDPR-a su potakli neka pre-duzeća da iskoriste postojeće resurse, kadrovske i proizvodnei uspešno reosvoje nekoliko veoma zahtevnih OMU.

Tako je preduzeće „TELEOPTIK-ŽIROSKOPI” Zemun,uspešno osvojilo proizvodnju:

- nišanskih sprava za minobacače 60, 81, 82, 120 mm,- artiljerijskih sistema za merenje i osmatranje, sa mag-

netnom busolom i azimutskim dodatkom za utvrđivanjegeografskog severa ( za period 2000 do 2050 god.),

- optičkih nišana za snajperske puške i automatska oruž-ja.

Prateći ovu proizvodnju, Preduzeće za proizvodnju optičk-ih komponenti „ME_OPTA” iz Beograda ( Rakovica ) je osvo-jilo veći broj sočiva i prizmi, a što je veoma značajno i pre-ciznih libela bez kojih se ne može ni zamisliti nišanjenje igađanje u artiljeriji.

- well educated engineers and skilled workers in thefield of technical optics, design and technology of optical lay-ers, design of OM devices and measuring equipment, mount-ing etc.

Development has to be verified by making a prototype, butsmall prototype lots of 3- 10 pieces are very expensive, whileprovision of parts (lenses, prisms, reticles) from subcon-tractors, especially from the ones abroad, is very hard.

The casings of OM devices are made by casting: precisioncasting of various alloys and pressure casting of aluminumand magnesium alloys. Casting molds are made only for ser-ial production and are very expensive, and manufacture ofactual-size prototypes demands time.

In most cases, these technical prerequisites can be met iffinancial support is secured.

Export contracts signed by Yugoimport-SDPR have encour-aged some of the companies to use the existingresources, both personnel- and production-wise, and to re-master successfully a few verydemanding OM devices.

„TELEOPTIK-ŽIROSKOPI” fromZemun mastered successfully the produc-tion of:

- sighting devices for 60, 81, 82, 120 mmmortars

- artillery measurement and observationsystems, with the magnetic compass andazimuth device for north finding (for the peri-od of 2000 to 2050),

- optical sights for sniper rifles and auto-matic weapons.

Following up this production, a company forproduction of optical components -„ME_OPTA” from Belgrade (Rakovica) – hasmastered the production of a number of lens-es and prisms, and more importantly, of pre-cise spirit levels essential for aiming and firingwith artillery weapons.

Our companies in this fieldare:

- „SENZOR-INFIZ” from Zemun:producing engravedreticles and some opti-cal layers,

- „EI OPEK” from Niš –producing non-engraved ret-icles,

- „GROSSOPTIC”from Umka, Belgrade: pro-ducing multi-layered, anti-reflexive layers.

Conditions for indige-nous producers of obser-vation and sightingdevices are thus being

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Od ranije naša preduzeća iz ove oblasti već proizvode:- „SENZOR-INFIZ” Zemun, gravirane končanice i

neke optičke slojeve,- „EI OPEK” Niš, negravirane končanice,- „GROSSOPTIC” Umka, Beograd, višeslojne antire-

fleksne slojeve.Ovako se postepeno stvaraju uslovi da proizvođači oružja

i oruđa imaju domaće proizvođače osmatračkih i nišanskihsprava, a što je još važnije i brz razvoj savremenih OMU.

Krilatica „niko se još nije odrekao „dnevne sprave” u sas-tavu svog naoružanja” opravdava nastojanje da se proizvodei ova samo na prvi pogled stara sredstva ( ali modernog diza-jna).

OEU su moderniji ali se bez OMU ne može.

NIŠANSKA SPRAVA ZA MINOBACAČ 120 mmNSB-4B

Tehničke karakteristike:- Uvećanje 1,8 x- Vidno polje 8o

- Ulazna apertura 12,7 mm- Prečnik pupile 5,5 mm- Udaljenje pupile 25 mm- Mogućnost viziranja od -13o do +25o

- Tačnost zauzimanja horizontalnih uglova 0-01,5- Tačnost zauzimanja vertikalnih uglova 0-02- Najmanja podela ploča pravca i visine 0-01- Najmanja podela doboša pravca i visine 1-00- Podele 60-00 ili 64-00- Osetljivost libela 5-7’- Masa sprave 0,8 kg- Osvetljenje baterijsko ili beta izvorom svetlosti

PERISKOPSKA ARTILJERIJSKA BUSOLA PAB-2AT

Tehničke karakteristike busole:- Uvećanje 8x- Vidno polje 0-83- Ulazna apertura 22 mm- Prečnik pupile 2,8 mm- Udaljenost pupile 12,7 mm- Meri horizontalne uglove od 0 do 360o

- Meri verikalne uglove od -18o do + 18o

- Meri daljine 50 do 400 m- Vrednost podela na pločama 0-01- Vrednost podela na dobošima 1-00- Podela 60-00

- Masa 2,5 kgTehničke karakteristike periskope:

- Uvećanje 1x- Vidno polje 5o

- Periskopičnost 350 mm- Masa 0,6 kg

Tehničke karakteristike azimutskog dodatka:- Uvećanje 4x- Vidno polje 1-55,5- Prečnik pupile 4 mm- Masa 0,75 kg- Osvetljenje baterijsko ili beta izvor svetlosti.

created, which provides the weapon producers with indige-nously made observation and sighting devices, and moreimportantly these conditions have paved the way for fastdevelopment of state-of-the-art optomechanical devices.

The catchphrase „no army has given up the day sight” jus-tifies the efforts for production of these seemingly outdat-ed devices (with state-of-the-art design).

OE devices are more modern, but OM devices are indis-pensible

SIGHTING DEVICE FOR 120 mm MORTARNSB-4B

Technical data:- Magnification 1.8 x- Field of view 8o

- Entry aperture 12.7 mm- Pupil diameter 5.5 mm- Pupil distance 25 mm- Line of sight -13o to +25o

- Horizontal laying accuracy 0-01.5- Vertical laying accuracy 0-02- Minimum graduation of

elevation/direction screw 0-01- Minimum graduation of

elevation/direction drum 1-00- Graduation 60-00 or 64-00- spirit level sensitivity 5-7’- Weight 0.8 kg- Illumination battery or source of beta rays

PERISCOPIC ARTILLERY AIMING CIRCLEPAB-2AT

Technical data for the aiming circle:- magnification 8x- Field of view 0-83- Entry aperture 22 mm- Pupil diameter 2.8 mm- Pupil distance 12.7 mm- Measures horizontal angles 0 to 360o

- Measures vertical angles -18o to + 18o

- Measures range 50 to 400 m- Graduation value on the screws 0-01- Graduation value on the drums 1-00- Graduation 60-00- Weight 2,5 kg

Technical data for the periscope:- Magnification 1x- Field of view 5o

- Periscopicity 350 mm- Weight 0.6 kg

Technical data for the azimuth device:- Magnification 4x- Field of view 1-55,5- Pupil diameter 4 mm- Weight 0,75 kg- Illumination battery or source of beta rays

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Savremeni sisitemi za osmatranje i kontrolu određeneteritorije, odnosno zaštitu objekata i zona od posebnog znača-ja, koji su namenjeni kako mirnodopskoj primeni, tako i pri-meni u ratnim dejstvima (uslovima), dobijaju posebno naznačaju eskalacijom terorističkih i pobunjeničkih dejstava.Sistemi su po svome konceptu kompleksni i bazirani na inte-graciji više tipova senzora u kompleksni senzorski sistem.Radari za otkrivanje i praćenje žive sile, vozila i niskoletećihobjekata jesu praktično nezamenljivi sastavni elementiovakvog sistema.*

Tehnička rešenja ovih radara, iz razloga veće fleksibilnos-ti upotrebe, najčešće se razvijaju u vidu prenosnih sistema,koji se mogu rastaviti.

U br.25 našeg časopisa objavljen je članak Slobodana Jolkićapod naslovom “Sistem zaštite granica, teritorije i objekataod posebnog značaja”, u kome je kao jedan od senzorapomenut prenosni izviđački radar PR-15. Predmet ovog član-ka je nešto detaljniji opis ovog radara, u koju grupu spada ina kojim teorijskim osnovama temelji.

Osim primene u visokointegrisanim kompleksnim sis-temima za zaštitu teritorije, prenosni zviđački radari moguse primenjivati samostalno ili uvezivanjem u bateriju, kadase koriste za različite taktičke zadatke smatranja određeneteritorije, od strane različitih taktičkih jedinica.

Current systems for observation and control of designat-ed territory i.e. for protection of priority buildings and zones,designed for peacetime as well as for wartime applications(conditions), are increasingly important as terrorist and rebelactivities escalate. By their concept, these systems are com-plex since they involve integration of multiple types of sen-sors within a complex sensor system. Radars able to detectand track manpower, vehicles and low-flying aircraft areindispensable composite elements of these systems.

Technical solutions of these radars, in order to achieveincreased flexibility of deployment, are predominantly devel-oped as mobile, dismantable units

Vol. 25 of our Magazine contained an article by SlobodanJolkić entitled „System of protection of frontiers, territoriesand priority buildings” which, among others, mentions themobile surveillance radar PR-15. Subject matter of this arti-cle is somewhat more detailed description of that radar, thecategory to which it belongs and theoretical concepts of itsdesign.

Except for application in highly integrated territorial pro-tection systems, mobile surveillance radars may be employedautonomously or linked into batteries when they are usedfor different tactical missions in observing a designated ter-ritory by diverse tactical units.

PRENOSNI IZVIĐAČKI RADARI

U RAZVOJNOMPROGRAMU

JUGOIMPORT-SDPR

MOBILESURVEILLANCERADARS INYUGOIMPORT-SDPR DEVELOPMENTPROGRAM

PišeĆedomir Gacović

ByĆedomir Gacović

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Prenosni izviđački radari se upotrebljavaju u na različitimvrstama terena, sa postavljanjem radarske antene naotvorenom prostoru, a sa postavljanjem operatora u prirod-nom zaklonu, objektu ili rovu, sa motornog vozila iz mestaili u pokretu, sa morske obale i to u svim vremens kim uslovi-ma. Namenjeni su za osmatranje, otkrivanje, merenje koor-dinata i identifikaciju pokretnih ciljeva ispred prednjeg kra-ja i u pozadini protivnika; za osmatranje morskih i rečnihprolaza; za zaštitu važnih objekata (aerodroma, vatrenihpoložaja oruđa, skladišta , itd.); za zaštitu državnih granicaitd.

Od početka primene radara za izviđanje zemljišta do danasproizvedeno je i nalazi se u upotrebi veliki broj tipova koji semeđusobno razlikuju prema masi, načinu nošenja ili trans-porta, dometu, prema zadatku koji obavljaju ili prema nivoujedinica kojima se dodeljuju.

Prema zadatku koji obavljaju dele se na:- Radare za izviđanje ciljeva na zemljištu radi upozorenja;

to su obično lagani, prenosni radari malog dometa, sa man-je tačnim koordinatama;

- Radare za izviđanje ciljeva na zemljištu sa tačnim određi-vanjem koordinata; služe za dobijanje elemenata za otvaran-je i korekciju artiljerijske vatre, pa se nazivaju artiljerijskimradarima;

- Radare za određivanje vatrenih položaja minobacača ilihaubica.

Prema ostalim performansama (masa, način nošenja,domet), radari za izviđanje ciljeva na zemljištu dele se na:

- Male radare za izviđanje zemljišta, dometa do 10 km;nosi ih i opslužuje jedan poslužilac, a obično se koriste nanivou voda ili čete;

- Srednje radare za izviđanje zemljišta, dometa do 25 km;prevozni su i opslužuje ih jedan ili više poslužilaca, a pri-menjuju se na nivou bataljona i brigada; određivanje koor-dinata je dovoljno tačno za otvaranje artiljerijske vatre, i

- Velike radare za izviđanje zemljišta sa dometom preko25 km

Sa razvojem tehnologije broj poslužilaca se smanjuje,smanjuje se težina i pojednostavljuje rad. Već danas je ovak-va podela prevaziđena zbog toga što se proizvode radari kojipo dimenzijama i masama spadaju u male radare a po dome-tu u srednje ili velike a opslužuje ih samo jedan poslužilac.

Mobile surveillance radars are deployed on various kindsof terrain, with antenna masts mounted in open area andradar operators placed in natural shelters, buildings ortrenches, in stationary or moving vehicles, on sea coast andin all weather conditions. They are intended for surveillance,detection, coordinates’ measuring and identification of mov-ing targets situated ahead of forward positions and in therear of the adversary, for observation of sea and river routes;for protection of priority installations (airfields, artillery fir-ing positions, storage depots etc.); for protection of stateborders etc.

Since the beginning of application of terrain surveillanceradars to date, large number of types have been producedand are in service, mutually differing in their mass, mannerof carrying or transporting, operating range, missions theyare able to serve and level of units to which they are allocat-ed.

According to the missions they have to perform, they aredivided in:

Ground target surveillance radars for warning application;generally they include light-weight mobile radars of shortrange with not so accurate coordinates;

Ground target surveillance radars able to measure exacttarget coordinates and serve to provide firing data and artilleryfire adjustment data, they are called artillery radars;

Radars able to locate fire positions of mortars or howitzers.According to other specifications (mass, manner of car-

rying, range) ground target surveillance radars are dividedin:

Small radars for terrain surveillance, with the range of upto 10 km, they are carried and operated by single operatorand generally used by platoon or company level units;

Medium-sized radars for terrain surveillance, with therange of up to 25 km; of mobile type and served by one or anumber of operators, employed at battalion or brigade lev-els; their coordinate fixing is sufficiently accurate for open-ing of artillery fire; and

Large radars for terrain surveillance with ranges exceed-ing 25 km.

As technologies advance, so the number of operators decreas-es, equipment mass becomes lower and operation is simplified.Accordingly, the above stated classification is made obsoletebeing that currently produced radars belong to small radars

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Mogu da rade i u pokretu, pa je njihovu lokaciju veomateško odrediti. Zbog pokreta, stalno se menjaju pokrivena inepokrivena područja osmatranja. Stoga je otežano ne samoodređivanje njihove lokacije, već i primena odgovarajućihtaktičkih i tehničkih protivelektronskih dejstava. Masovnose koriste u savremenim oružanim snagama, prvenstveno ukopnenoj vojsci.

Savremena borbena dejstva, karakterisana sve većomgustinom ciljeva po dubini i velikom pokretljivošću, uvećalasu zonu odgovornosti pojedinih nivoa komandovanja. To odradara zahteva veći domet. Reljef zemljišta ograničava domet,pogotovo na brdovitom ili pošumljenom zemljištu.

Princip rada

Prenosni izviđački radar PR-15 temelji na doplerovomefektu. Doplerov efekat je pojava promene frekvencijetalasnog procesa pri međusobnom relativnom kretanju izvo-ra talasnog procesa i prijemnika. Kada se izvor talasa krećeprema prijemniku, detektuje se talasni proces veće frekven-cije od one koju izvor stvarno emituje. U suprotnom sluča-ju, kada se izvor udaljava, detektuje se signal niže frekven-cije.

Radar je potpuno koherentan. Pod potpunom koherenci-jom se podrazumeva da su fazni odnosi svih signala u elek-tričnim kolima uređaja, bez obzira na njihovu frekvenciju ilitalasni oblik, međusobno čvrsto vezani i da se održavaju kon-stantnim za sve vreme rada radara. Signali čija frekvencijanije direktno izvedena iz frekvencije osnovnog oscilatora,deljenjem ili umnožavanjem njihove frekvencije, dovode seu koherenciju sa ostalim signalima primenom faznoregula-cionih petlji. Međusobno čvrsti fazni odnosi dvaju koher-entnih oscilacija odnose se kako na osnovne ,tako i na višeharmonike, a takođe i na komponente faznih šumovasadržanih u talasnom obliku oscilacija.

Razvoj radarskih sistema za izviđanje ciljeva na zemljištusnažno je potaknut razvojem novih mikrotalasnih i infor-macionih tehnologija (poluprovodnički pojačavači, štampaneantene, mikroprocesori opšte namene, operativni sistemi zarad u realnom vremenu, digitalni procesori signala itd.).Značajan je uticaj imala i primena sofisticiranih algoritamaza digitalnu obradu signala koji su prvobitno razvijani zapotrebe modernizacije radara za izviđanje ciljeva u vaz-dušnom prostoru kao i avionskih radara.

Nekada su radari iz ove grupe bili usko specijalizovani zapojedine zadatke (izviđanje kretanja ljudi, određivanje koor-dinata ciljeva na zemljištu za potrebe artiljerije, radari za otkri-vanje položaja minobacača i sl.).

Današnji radari za izviđanje ciljeva na zemljištu su multi-funkcionalni radari koji u sebi integrišu funkcije otkrivanjapokretnih objekata različitih po tipu i po brzini kretanja, navođen-je i korekturu artiljerijske vatre i otkrivanje niskoletećih ciljeva(helikoptera i bespilotnih letelica).

Otkrivanje protivničkih snaga i njihovih pokreta na bojištu jeposebno težak tehnički problem. Tu se ne radi, kao u slučajuosmatranja vazdušnog prostora, o uvek vidljivom cilju na jed-noličnoj pozadini, što tehnički znači sa velikim kontrastima, većse radi o ciljevima koji se malo ili skoro uopšte ne razlikuju odpozadine pune stalnih odraza. Ovi radari detektuju ciljeve sjakim „zemaljskim klaterom“ u pozadini, jer je zemljište obas-jano glavnim snopom radarske antene, za razliku od radara

according to their dimensions and mass, however their rangesequal medium-sized or large radars and they are operated by asingle operator.

They are able to function while on the move, thus their loca-tion is very difficult to detect. Being on the move, their exposedand masked observation zones constantly change. For that rea-son, location of these radars and taking of appropriate tacticaland technical electronic countermeasures are made difficult.These radars are massively used primarily by modern landarmies.

Current combat operations, characterized by ever increasingin depth target density and high target mobility have expandedthe zones of responsibilities for specific commanding levels.This places the requirement for longer radar ranges. On theother hand, terrain topography limits the range, especially onhilly or wooded country.

Operating principle

Mobile surveillance radar PR-15 is based on Doppler effect.Doppler effect is manifested by change of frequency of the waveprocess during mutual relative movement of the source of waveprocess and receiver. When wave source moves toward receiv-er, wave process of higher frequency than the frequency actual-ly emitted by the source is detected. In opposite case, when thesource moves away, lower frequency signal is detected.

This is fully coherent radar. Full coherence means that phaserelationship of all signals in unit’s electrical circuits, irrespec-tive of their frequency or waveform, are mutually firmly linkedtogether and kept constant throughout radar’s operation. Signals,

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namenjenih za osmatranje vazdušnog prostora, koji zemljišteobasjavaju donjim bočnim snopom. Sem toga, ti ciljevi senajčešće kreću po neravnom terenu, pa se, zbog pravolinijskogprostiranja elektromagnetskih talasa, naizmenično pojavljuju inestaju. Zbog toga je selekcija pokretnih ciljeva veoma znača-jna u ovim radarima, koji su u bliskoj prošlosti često realizovanikao impulsno-doplerovi radari.

Jedan od osnovnih razloga za to je jednostavna konstrukcijatakvih radara a posebno, jednostavna realizacija bloka za obradusignala. Najsloženije radnje u ovom domenu, detekciju i klasi-fikaciju ciljeva, najčešće je obavljao čovek, tako da nije bilopotrebe za korišćenjem digitalnih procesora koji su tada bili rel-ativno velikih dimenzija i vrlo zahtevni kad su u pitanju mikrokli-matski uslovi. Ovo je znatno pojednostavilo projektovanje iproizvodnju radara, posebno kada se ima u vidu činjenica da seu malim radarima moralo posebno voditi računa o uštedi pros-tora, te da se nisu mogli stvoriti povoljni mikroklimatski uslovikao u kabinama velikih radara.

Nedostatak ovakvog načina obrade signala je pre svega dugvremenski interval dobijanja informacija o cilju zbog inertnos-ti operatora. Ovome treba dodati nemogućnost stvaranja sin-tetičke slike osmatranog sektora i otežano slanja dobijene infor-macije dalje u sistem. Ovi nedostaci nisu bili značajni sve doksu „mali radari“ bili usko specijalizovani i više služili kao dop-una drugim senzorima.

Razvojem novih mikrotalasnih i informacionih tehnologijastvoreni su uslovi da se algoritmi za obradu radarskih signala,koji se neprekidno razvijaju i koriste u osmatračkim radarimaPVD, implementiraju i u „malim radarima“. To znači da savre-meni radarski sistemi za izviđanje ciljeva na zemljištu rade naistim principima i imaju slične performanse kao i klasični, „veli-ki radari“.

Iako se savremeni mali radari ređe projektuju kao impulsno-doplerovi, jednostavna konstrukcija novih i jeftina modernizacijapostojećih radara, čine ih atraktivnim i danas.

Osnovna odlika impulsno-doplerovih radara je visoka vred-nost frekvencije ponavljanja impulsa (Pulse RepetitionFrequency, PRF), pri čemu je trajanje impulsa jednako trajan-ju pauze radarskog signala. To znači da su vrlo slični radarimas kontinualnim zračenjem (Continuous Wave, CW), kod kojihje obavezna upotreba dve dovoljno izolovane antene i koji sekoriste ukoliko je bitan parametar brzina cilja, a ne i daljina, jerse njima jednostavno mogu meriti Doplerove frekvencije.

the frequency of which is not derived from the frequency of baseoscillator (by frequency division or multiplication) are broughtto coherence with other signals by means of phase regulatingloops. Mutually firm phase relationship of two coherent oscilla-tions pertains to base frequency as well as to its higher har-monics, but also to phase noise components contained withinthe oscillation waveform.

Development of ground target surveillance radars is strong-ly stimulated by ongoing development of new microwave andinformation technologies (semiconductor-based amplifiers,printed antennas, general-purpose processors, real-time oper-ating systems, digital signals processors, etc.). Significant effect,too, had the application of sophisticated algorithms for digitalsignal processing, initially developed for modernization of aer-ial target surveillance radars and for aircraft radars.

Originally, radars of this category were strictly specialized forallotted missions (surveillance of human movements, fixing ofland target coordinates for the needs of artillery, mortar posi-tion detecting radars, etc.)

Present-day ground target surveillance radars are multifunc-tional radars that integrate detection of moving land targetsaccording to their types and speed of motion, directing andadjustment of artillery fire and detection of low-altitude aerialtargets (helicopters and unmanned air vehicles).

Detection of hostile forces and their movements in the bat-tlefield represent particularly difficult technical problem. It isnot the case, like in surveillance of the airspace, of continuous-ly visible target superimposed against uniform background, tech-nically meaning strong contrast, but of targets which barely standout, or not at all, against background full of ground clutter. Theseradars are able to detect targets against strong ground clutter inthe background as the terrain is illuminated by main beam ofradar antenna, as opposed to air surveillance radars that illu-minate the ground with their lower side lobes only. Besides,ground targets most often move over uneven terrain, surrepti-tiously appearing and disappearing because of linear propaga-tion of electromagnetic waves. Therefore the great importanceof selection of moving targets by these radars which, until recent-ly, were usually designed as pulse-Doppler radars.

One of main reasons for this is simple construction ofthese radars and, in particular, simple design of signal process-ing module. More complex operations in this domain, namelytarget detection and classification, were usually performed byhuman operator and there was no need for digital processors,which, at the time were bulky and very demanding in respect ofmicroclimatic conditions. Such circumstances have greatly sim-plified both the design and production or these radars, espe-cially bearing in mind the fact space saving was an imperativefor compact radars that could not provide favorable microcli-matic environment available in full size radar shelters.

Shortcoming of that manner of signal processing is in the firstplace long time period needed to acquire information due toinertness of operator. Additionally, there was no possibility tocreate synthetic image of observed sector and it was difficult tosend the acquired information within the system. These disad-vantages were not significant as long as “small radars” servedonly for specialized purposes, complementing other sensors.

Development of microwave and information technologies, onthe other hand, created the conditions that radar signal pro-cessing algorithms, constantly developed and used in air defenseradars, could be applied in “small radars” as well. Eventually,

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Prednost impulsno-doplerovih radara je činjenica da se koristisamo jedna antena. Sličnost sa CW radarima rezultuje visokimperformansama u selekciji pokretnih ciljeva i jednoznačnimmerenjem brzine. Impulsno-doplerovi radari imaju osobine iimpulsnih radara, pa je njima moguće meriti i rastojanje do cil-ja.

Rade u dva režima. Prvi režim je pretraživanje, kada je tra-janje impulsa jednako trajanju pauze radarskog signala i doizražaja dolaze osobine CW radara. Drugi režim je daljinomer,kada se koriste osobine impulsnih radara. U prvom režimu sedetektuju pokretni ciljevi, a ne mogu se izmeriti daljine do cil-jeva. Pri tom se zadati sektor osmatranja neprekidno skaniraglavnim snopom antene.

Prijemnik je isključen za vreme predaje, a uključen tokomčitavog vremena trajanja pauze. U prijemnom kanalu, radars-ki signal sa antene se iz visokofrekventnog opsega translirananiže, u međufrekventni opseg. Faza međufrekventnog sig-nala sadrži informaciju o brzini potencijalnog cilja. Ukoliko uregionu obasjanom glavnim snopom antene postoji pokretancilj, početna faza impulsa iz međufrekventnog signala će semenjati od impulsa do impulsa, srazmerno radijalnoj brzini cil-ja.

Međufrekventni signal se dalje translira u osnovni opseg, gdese promena početne faze pretvara u promenu amplitude sig-nala od impulsa do impulsa. Nakon prolaska kroz niskopropusnifilter, dobija se kontinualan signal, koji se u literaturi najčešćenaziva audio-doplerov signal, čija je trenutna frekvencijasrazmerna trenutnoj radijalnoj brzini cilja. Sa stanovišta daljeobrade signala, u ovom režimu rada nema razlike između CWradara i impulsno-doplerovog radara.

Nakon detekcije pokretnog cilja u režimu pretraživanje prelazise u režim daljinomer kada se meri daljina do registrovanog cil-ja. Pri tom cilj mora sve vreme biti osvetljen glavnim snopomantene.

Merenje daljine se odvija kroz sledeće faze: - Skraćuje se trajanje predajnog impulsa, perioda ponavljan-

ja impulsa se ne menja, što znači da se trajanje pauze produžava.- Prijemnik se uključuje za vreme trajanja pauze, ali u kraćem

intervalu, jednakom trajanju impulsa. - U ovom stanju predajnik i prijemnik ostaju neko vreme dok

operator (ili blok za obradu signala) na osnovu audio signala nedonese odluku da li je cilj prisutan ili nije.

current ground target surveillance radars operate on same prin-ciples and show similar performance as conventional “full size”radars.

Although current “small radars” are seldom designed as pulse-Doppler radars, simple construction of new units and cheapmodernization of existing radars still make this type an attrac-tive proposition.

Main feature of pulse-Doppler radars is their high pulserepetition frequency (PRF) where duration of radar signal equalsduration of the pause between signals. This means that theseradars are very similar to continuous wave (CW) radars thatmandatorily require two sufficiently isolated antennas, whichare used when target velocity, not target range, is the dominantparameter since Doppler frequencies can be easily measuredwith them.

The advantage of pulse-Doppler radars is in the fact that onlyone antenna is needed. Similarity with CW radars results in highperformance selection of moving targets and singular velocitymeasuring. Pulse-Doppler radars also feature the properties ofpulse radars, thus they are also able to measure target range.

They operate in two modes. First mode is search, duringwhich duration of a pulse equals duration of emitting pause,when properties of CW radars come to the fore. Second modeis ranging, when properties of pulse radars are put to use. In thefirst mode moving targets are detected, but their ranges cannotbe measured. Designated surveillance sector is continuallyscanned by antenna main beam.

Receiver is switched-off during transmission and it is engagedduring entire pause period. In the receiving channel, radar sig-nals from the antenna are transformed from high frequencyrange to lower, intermediate frequency. The phase of interme-diate frequency signal contains information of potential target’svelocity. If within the zone illuminated by antenna main beam amoving target is detected, initial phase of intermediate frequencypulse will change with each pulse in proportion with radial veloc-ity of detected target.

Intermediate frequency signal is further converted to basefrequency range where change of initial phase is transformedto signal amplitude changes from pulse to pulse. After passingthrough low pass filter, continuous signal is created, in litera-ture commonly named audio-Doppler signal, the frequency ofwhich at that moment is proportionate to current radial veloci-ty of target. With regard to further signal processing, in this oper-ating mode there is no difference between CW and pulse-Doppler radar.

After detection of a moving target in search mode, mode ischanged to ranging to measure the distance of detected target.Throughout this operation, target has to be continuously illu-minated by antenna main beam.

Ranging is carried out through the following phases:Duration of transmitting pulses is shortened while pulse rep-

etition period remains unchanged, effectively duration of thepauses is extended.

Receiver is switched on during the pause time, but for short-er intervals, equal to pulse duration periods.

This operating phase of transmitter and receiver will remainfor a while, until the operator (or signal processing module)decides whether target is present or not.

If target is not present, operator switches on the receiver usinganother interval. The procedure is repeated until the entire rangeof singular velocities has been reset.

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- Ukoliko cilj nije prisutan, operator uključuje prijemnik unekom drugom intervalu. Postupak se ponavlja dok se ne pre-briše čitav opseg jednoznačnih daljina.

Kad se na izlazu radara pojavi audio-doplerov signal, kaoposledica prisustva pokretnog cilja u posmatranom delu pros-tora, operator fino reguliše položaj prijemnog prozora dok sig-nal ne postane potpuno jasan. Tada očitava daljinu. Na ovaj načinmože se detektovati i veći broj ciljeva, dovoljno razmaknutih podaljini, na istom azimutu, sa nepromenjenim položajem antene.

Merenje daljine cilja uzrokuje smanjenje brzine ili čak zaus-tavljanje skeniranja, jer je potrebno da protekne dovoljno vre-mena kako bi se dobio jasan audio-doplerov signal od cilja.

Kod klasičnih osmatračkih radara ovo vreme iznosi nekolikoms tako da ne postoji problem dugog trajanja detekcije i meren-ja daljine. Ukoliko je ono predugo (usled dugog vremena meren-ja daljine i klasifikacije cilja, a u sektoru se nalazi više ciljeva),korisnik je prinuđen da smanji sektor osmatranja. Za upotre-bu radara na neravnom terenu, gde se ciljevi često pojavljuju igube, posebno je važno skratiti vreme trajanja detekcije i klasi-fikacije ciljeva. Ukoliko se radar koristi na ravničarskom terenu,ovo vreme je manje kritična veličina.

Prema tome, prilikom projektovanja radara morali su se pri-hvatiti određeni kompromisi. Sa stanovišta dužine trajanja detek-cije i klasifikacije ciljeva, dobra okolnost za male radare je ta štose ciljevi na zemljištu znatno sporije kreću u odnosu na ciljeveu vazduhu. Međutim, mala radijalna brzina znači i manjufrekvenciju audio-doplerovog signala. Na taj način on postajesličniji klateru, pa ga je teže detektovati.

U impulsno-doplerovim radarima uvek se obrađuje signal izjedne rezolucione ćelije i zbog toga je blok za obradu signalaznatno jednostavniji nego kod klasičnih osmatračkih radara,gde se vrši paralelna obrada eho signala iz svih rezolucionihćelija na osi daljine. Broj impulsa reflektovanih od cilja kodosmatračkih radara je relativno mali, reda nekoliko desetinaimpulsa, pa se detekcija uglavnom obavlja u vremenskomdomenu (video integracija).

U našem impulsno-doplerovom radaru broj reflektovanihimpulsa od cilja je vrlo veliki, reda nekoliko hiljada, što omoguću-je ne samo detekciju ciljeva već i njihovu kvalitetnu klasifikaci-ju, jer se obrada signala može obaviti u združenom vremensko-frekvencijskom domenu. Najracionalnije je bilo da se detekci-ja audio-doplerovog signala obavi u frekvencijskom domenu,pomoću brze furijeove transformacije (FFT), jer pri tipičnimuslovima rada (vreme obasjavanja cilja je manje od 1 sekunde,npr. ako je širina glavnog snopa antene 5°, brzina obrtanja antene10°/sek, vreme obasjavanja cilja je 0,5 sek) prednosti vremen-sko-frekvencijske analize ne dolaze do izražaja. Operacija tražen-ja maksimuma u spektrogramu sigurno nije dala optimalnorešenje, jer su dobijeni lošiji rezultati nego primenom FFT, aiz teorije je poznato da se FFT može dobiti iz spektrogramanjegovim usrednjavanjem po vremenu. Bolji rezultati se dobi-jaju ako se na spektrogram primeni neki od algoritama za detek-ciju linija u slici. Međutim, ti algoritmi su izrazito nelinearni,pa je njihovo izračunavanje znatno složenije. Ovi algoritmi seprimenjuju za prepoznavanje oblika u slici u opcijama gde sekoristi klasifikacija, odnosno problem višestrukog testiranjahipoteza. Za rešavanje osnovnog problema detekcije sasvim jezadovoljavajuća primena FFT.

U tom slučaju nulta hipoteza bi bila nema cilja, dok bi sealternativna hipoteza podelila na klase i potklase npr. prisutancilj-pešak-usamljen, prisutan cilj-pešak-grupa, prisutan cilj-vozilo-točkaš itd.

When audio-Doppler signal appears at radar output, indi-cating the presence of a moving target within the surveyed zone,operator will make fine adjustment of receiving window untilthe signal becomes completely clear. Target range is then readout. In this manner is possible to detect multiple targets, suffi-ciently spaced in range but of same azimuth, without changingof antenna position.

Target range measuring causes reduced rate, or even stop-ping, of scanning since sufficient time has to elapse in order toobtain clear audio-Doppler signal from a target.

In conventional observation radars this time period amountsto several milliseconds, so there are no problems of long detec-tion and ranging. If that period is too long (because of extend-ed time needed to measure range and classify target while thereare multiple targets within the sector), the user shall be forcedto reduce his observation sector. When radar is used on uneventerrain where targets tend to appear and disappear, shorter peri-od of target detection and classification is of prime importance.If radar is used on level ground, this time period is not so criti-cal.

Therefore, certain compromises must be accepted whendesigning ground target radars. With respect to duration of tar-get detection and classification period, an advantage in case ofsmall radars is the fact that ground targets move at much low-er speed compared to aerial targets. On the other hand, smallradial velocity means lower frequency of audio-Doppler signals.These signals therefore become alike to ground clutter and arethus more difficult to detect.

Pulse-Doppler radars always use single resolution cell for sig-nal processing, therefore their signal processing module is muchsimpler than in conventional surveillance radars which processparallel echo signals from all resolution cells in a range axis.Number of pulses reflected from target in surveillance radarsis relatively small, in the order of several dozen pulses; accord-ingly detection is mostly achieved within the time domain (videointegration).

In our pulse-Doppler radar the number of target reflectedsignals is great, in the order of several thousands, which allowsnot only detection but also quality classification of the pulsessince signal processing can take place in combined time-fre-quency domain. It would be most rational to perform detectionof audio-Doppler signals within the frequency domain, usingfast Fourier transformations (FFT) because in typical operat-ing conditions (period of target illumination les than 1 sec. If,for example, the width of antenna main beam is 5o, antennarotation rate is 10o/sec., duration of target illumination is 0.5sec.), then the advantages of time-frequency analysis are notmanifested. Looking for maximum in a spectrogram certainlywill not provide optimum solution and the results obtained areinferior to those obtained by using FFT method; from theoryit is known that FFT may be obtained from spectrogram, by itsaveraging in time. Better results are reached if one of image linedetection algorithms is applied. On the other hand, these algo-rithms are prominently non-linear and their calculating is moredifficult. The algorithms are used for recognition of image shapesin options when classification is used, resp. when multiplehypothesis testing is performed. To resolve the basic issue oftarget detection it is sufficient to apply FFT method. In suchcase, zero hypothesis is no target, while alternative hypothesesare broken down in classes and sub-classes, for example soli-tary target infantryman present, group target infantrymen pre-sent, wheeled vehicle target present, etc.

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Vrlo je važan i sam proces donošenja odluke, za koji je neopho-dan prag detekcije. On se u radaru PR-15 izračunava u blokuza održavanje konstantnog nivoa lažne uzbune (CFAR). Naime,radarski signal formiran u prijemniku je nužno degradiran pris-ustvom šuma, namernih smetnji i stalnih odraza, a to direktnoutiče na proces donošenja odluke.

Da bi se rad sistema za detekciju radaraskog prijemnika, asamim tim i radarskog sistema u celini, mogao smatrati pouz-danim, neophodno je obezbediti radne uslove pod kojima ćeverovatnoća pojave lažnog alarma imati specificiranu, konstantnuvrednost tokom rada.

Dakle, umesto rada sa pragom odlučivanja konstantne vred-nosti neophodno je primeniti adaptivne algoritme za postavl-janje praga odlučivanja: one koji obezbeđuju da prag odluči-vanja uzima optimalne vrednosti, u skladu sa trenutnim nivoomkorisnog signala i šuma u radarskom prijemniku.

Za potrebe realizacije CFAR algoritma upotrebljen je HERONIO-2 modul firme HUNT ENGINEERING, verzija V2, mon-tiran na nosač modula HERON-BASE1 istog proizvođača. Signalu osnovnom opsegu se dovodi na ulaz A/D konvertora modulagde se digitalizuje, potom se pomoću FPGA obrađeni signaldovodi u digitalnom obliku na digitalni I/O port modula za daljuupotrebu u okviru sistema, odnosno prosleđuje na D/A kon-vertor zarad formiranja analognog oblika obrađenog signala.

U okviru FPGA čipa ulazni signal u osnovnom opsegu se fil-trira pomoću digitalnog filtra. Kako ovaj filtar predstavlja kom-presioni filtar, na njegovom izlazu se formira kroskorelacionafunkcija ulaznog signala i talasnog oblika anvelope radarskogsignala koji se očekuje na ulazu u sistem. Kompresovani signalse potom dovodi na CFAR procesor. Kao izlazni signal iz CFARprocesora formira se digitalni signal alarma, čija je vrednostlogičko „1“ ukoliko je cilj prisutan (premašena formirana vred-nost praga odlučivanja), odnosno logičko „0“ ukoliko cilj nijeprisutan u registru procesora (nije premašena formirana vred-nost praga odlučivanja).

Upotreba FPGA tehnologije za potrebe efikasne i pouzdaneobrade signala u radarskom prijemniku pruža brojne pogod-nosti koje direktno odgovaraju potrebama savremenih radarskihsistema. Proces realizacije rešenja namenjenih obradi signalau radarskim prijemnicima pomoću FPGA je sasvim jednosta-van, a reprogramabilna priroda ovih uređaja čini ih potpunodostupnim za dalja unapređenja i eventualno dalje proširivan-je njihove funkcionalnosti. Između ostalog, moguće je imple-mentirati i druge varijante CFAR algoritma u okviru istog čipa,ako se kasnije ispostavi da ugrađeni ne zadovoljava određeneuslove primene radara.

Radar PR-15 je, prema tome, po konstruktivno-tehnološkimrešenjima potpuno nov radar u familiji prenosnih izviđačkihradara. To je radar koji je tako koncipiran da se iz njega moguizvesti pojednostavljene verzije, skromnijih taktičko-tehničk-ih mogućnosti i zbog toga jeftinijih, a koji se mogu uklapatiu zahteve potencijalnih kupaca. Radar je projektovan nabazi tzv. otvorene arhitekture i sa najnovijim programabil-nim tehnologijama, koje će omogućiti kasnija usavršavanjau tehnološkom smislu i u smislu poboljšanja taktičko-tehničkih mogućnosti a sve zavisno od zahteva potencijal-nih kupaca.

The process of decision making itself is very important,necessary for determining the detection threshold. In PR-15radar it is calculated within the constant false alarm level (CFAR)module. Namely, radar signal formed in the receiver is neces-sarily degraded by the presence of noise, induced interferencesand ground clutter, all of which directly affect the decision mak-ing process.

In order to assume reliable operation of radar receiver detec-tion system, therefore reliable operation of the complete radarsystem, it is necessary to provide operating conditions underwhich occurrence of false alarms will show specified, constantvalue throughout radar operation.

Namely, instead of operating using decision making thresh-old of constant value, it is necessary to apply adaptive algorithmsfor setting of decision making threshold: those algorithms whichwill ensure that decision making threshold has taken into accountoptimum values, in compliance with the level of useful signalsversus noise present in radar receiver at the moment.

For application of CFAR algorithm, module HERON IO-2made by HUNT ENGINEERING, version V2, has been used,mounted on support HERON-BASE1 of the same manufac-turer. Base range signal is fed to A/D converter input where itis digitalized, thereafter FPGA processed signal in digital formis fed to digital I/O port for further use within the system, andresp. it is fed to D /A converter for analog image of the processedsignal.

Within FPGA chip, base range input signal is filtered by meansof digital filter. Since this is a compressing filter, at its output across-correlated function of input signal and waveform of radarsignal envelope expected at input of the system is formed.Compressed signal is then fed to CFAR processor. Output sig-nal from CFAR processor represents digital alarm signal, withthe value of logical “1” – if a target is present (established deci-sion making threshold exceeded) – or logical “0” if there is notarget present within processor’s register (established decisionmaking threshold not reached).

Application of FPGA technology in efficient and reliable radarreceiver signal processing features numerous advantages ofdirect benefit to modern radar systems. Realization of dataintended for signal processing in radar receivers by means ofFPGA is very simple, while reprogrammable capability of thatequipment makes it fully accessible for future improvementsand possible further expansion of its functions. Among othermatters, it is possible also to implement other versions of CFARalgorithms in the same chip, if it turns out later that incorpo-rated algorithm fails to meet some radar operating applications.

By its design and technological properties radar type PR-15is a completely new member of the family of mobile surveillanceradars. It is a radar so designed to permit fabrication of simpli-fied versions with more modest tactical-technical specifications,therefore of lower cost, that will meet specific requirements ofpotential customers. Radar is designed on the principle of so-called open architecture and uses latest programmable tech-nologies that will permit subsequent technological advance-ments aimed at enhancing its tactical-technical capabilities,depending on specific needs of potential customers.

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U broju 25 Y REPORT-a predstavljen jeVojnotehnički institut institut (VTI), prva inajveća vojna naučnoistraživačka ustanova uRepublici Srbiji, (kao i u prethodnoj SFRJ)u oblasti tehničkih nauka i vojnihtehnologija koja je ove godine proslavila60 godina postojanja i uspešnog rada. Dapodsetimo, VTI je osnovan 3. novembra1948. godine, a status naučnoistraživačkeustanove stekao je 1976. godine, kada jepod rednim brojem jedan (1) upisan uRegistar vojnih naučnoistraživačkih ustano-va. Za 60 godina postojanja i rada VTI je zapotrebe vojske razvio preko 1.300 sredstavanaoružanja i vojne opreme. Preko 75 procenatanaoružanja i vojne opreme kojom je opremljena Vojska Srbijeje razvijeno u VTI. Više od 90 procenata proizvodnog pro-grama naše vojne industrije nastalo je u konstrukcionimbiroima i laboratorijama VTI.

U ovom broju predstavljamo aktuelne značajnije realizo-vane projekte ovog izuzetno značajnog partnera Jugoimport-SDPR.

Protivoklopni raketni sistem BUMBAR

Jedan od najsloženijih projekata u vojsci, tačnijeVojnotehničkom institutu, započet još 1994. godine, ali jezbog nedostatka novca, njegov razvoj išao relativno sporo.Zahvaljujući, pre svega velikom entuzijazmu tima stručnja-ka koji su svih ovih godina radili na ovom projektu, “Bumbar“bi uskoro trebalo da “uzleti“, nakon završetka dizajniranja izavršnih testova Tehničko-opitnog centra ovo moćno oruž-je trebalo bi da se zvanično uvede u naoružanje Vojske Srbije.

Protivoklopni sistem vođene rakete “Bumbar“ je proti-voklopna raketa malog dometa, ali velike probojnosti. To jelako prenosivo protivoklopno sredstvo za napadačka i odbram-bena dejstva na malim daljinama. Ovo oružje mogu da koristenajniže taktičke jedinice pešadije, u svim borbenim situaci-jama. Mogućnost lansiranja “bumbara“ i iz zatvorenog pros-tora, daje ovom odbrambenom oružju posebnu moć i ubo-jitost. Domet od oko 600 metara, što je nekoliko puta više oddometa klasičnih ručnih bacača raketa, odlično je prilagođenzoni neposredne protivoklopne odbrane pešadije.

Borbena autonomija i laka prenosivost, mogućnost dejst-

Volume 25 of Y REPORT presented theMilitary-Technical Institute (VTI), foremost

and largest institution for military researchand development in the Republic of Serbia(as well as in former SFRY) in the field oftechnical sciences and military technolo-gies which celebrates 60 years of existenceand successful work this year. To recall,VTI was established on 3rd November

1948 and it received the status of a scien-tific research institution in 1976 when it

was listed under No. 1 in the Register of mil-itary research and development institutions.

In 60 years of its operation, VTI had developedover 1,300 products – weapons and military equip-

ment. More than 75% of weapons and equipment in servicewith Serbian Army have been developed by VTI. Over 90%of products manufactured by domestic defense industry werecreated in design bureaus and laboratories of VTI.

This issue of our publication presents some more signif-icant projects realized by this outstanding partner ofYugoimport-SDPR.

Anti-armor rocket system BUMBAR (BumbleBee)

One of highly complex projects taken by the military, ormore precisely by VTI, was initiated back in 1994 but, dueto the lack of funds, its progress was relatively slow. Primarilyowing to enthusiasm of the team of experts who kept work-ing on the project all these years, Bumble Bee project isexpected to “take off” soon; after completed design workand final tests by Army Test Center, this potent weaponshould officially enter service with Serbian Army.

Anti-armor guided missile system “Bumble Bee” is ananti-armor rocket of short range but high penetrating pow-er. It is a lightweight mobile anti-armor weapon for offen-sive and defensive engagements at short ranges. It can beused by smallest tactical infantry units in all combat situa-tions. “Bumble Bee” can be launched in enclosed quarterswhich gives this weapon special potency and lethality. Itsrange is 600 m, being several times that of conventional hand-held rocket launchers and it is extremely well suited for use

REALIZOVANIAKTUELNIPROJEKTI

VOJNOTEHNIČKOGINSTITUTA

CURRENTPROJECTSREALIZED BYTHE MILITARY-TECHNICALINSTITUTE

Pišeprof.dr Dragoljub Vujić

Byprof.dr Dragoljub Vujić

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va iz zatvorenog prostora uz visoku efikasnost bojevih glavačine “bumbar“ pogodnim za antiterorističke operacije, poseb-no u urbanim uslovima. Osim toga, kratak minimalni domet,60 metara, na kome raketa efikasno može da se vodi do cil-ja, kao i velika verovatnoća pogađanja brzih, relativno malih,ciljeva na kratkim dometima do 200 metara, daju ovom oružjuveliku prednost u uličnim borbama. Cena “bumbara“ je višes-tuko niža od cene konkurentskih proizvoda na svetskom tržiš-tu.

Predviđeno je da “bumbarom“ rukuje jedan vojnik izdvočlanog protivoklopnog tima. Drugi nosi, u zavisnosti odtaktičke situacije, jednu, dve ili tri rezervne rakete. Na cil-jevima do borbenih daljina od 300 metara raketa može da selansira sa ramena, klečeći ili stojeći, a preko toga, ispaljujese sa oslonca ili postolja. Ima mali demaskirajući efekat, štoznači da “bumbar“ strelcu daje mogućnost da prilikom lan-siranja, može da sakrije iza zaklona vitalne delove tela i daisturi samo lansirnu cev.

Raketa se do cilja vodi pomoću uređaja za vođenje i lan-siranje. Prema načinu vođenja, “bumbar“ spada u sistemedruge, ali poseduje i neke osobine protivoklopnih sistematreće generacije. Na raketi postoji potpuno nov blok elek-tronike i prvi put će raketa ove generacije imati ugrađen raču-nar. To znači da će raketa “Bumbar“ imati određeni nivointeligencije, koji će joj, u budućnosti, omogućiti jednos-tavnu konverziju u sistem treće generacije koji funkcionišepo principu ‘’lansiraj i zaboravi‘’. Raketom se upravlja vek-torom potiska, a naoružana je tandem kumulativnom bojevomglavom za uništavanje najsavremenijih tenkova sa aktivno-reaktivnim oklopom.

Većina primenjenih rešenja su tehnološki i funkcionalnovrlo savremena, neka su i potpuno originalana, tako da raket-ni sistem “bumbar“ predstavlja i značajnu tehnolšku legit-imaciju vojne industrije Srbije.

within a zone of infantry close range anti-armor defense. Autonomous in combat and easy to carry, able to fire from

enclosed quarters and equipped with highly effective war-head, “Bumble Bee” is also well suited for anti-terrorist com-bat, especially in urban environment. Furthermore, its min-imum range of 60 m at which missile can be reliably guid-ed to target and high hit probability of fast, compact targetsat ranges up to 200 m give this weapon an added edge instreet fighting. The price of “Bumble Bee” is many timeslower than prices of competitive products in world markets.

It is envisaged that “Bumble Bee” is operated by singlesoldier of a two members’ anti-armor team. Second mem-ber of the crew carries one, two or three spare missiles,depending on tactical situation. At combat ranges up to 300m, missile can be fired from the shoulder, in kneeling orupright position. At longer ranges, weapon is fired from sup-port or pedestal. The weapon has negligible unmasking effectand shooter can keep vital parts of his body under cover, whileprotruding only the launch tube.

Missile is guided to target by guidance and launching unit.In the manner of guidance “Bumble Bee” belongs to sec-ond-generation systems, however it possesses certain attrib-utes of third generation anti-armor systems. It incorporatescompletely new electronics module and, a first for this gen-eration weapon, it has built-in computer. That means cer-tain level of intelligence which will allow future conversioninto a third generation “fire and forget” system. Missile isguided by vectored thrust and its tandem shaped charge war-head is able to destroy latest generation tanks employingactive-reactive armor.

Most of the solutions used are technologically and func-tionally up to date, some are quite original and “Bumble Bee”system represents a credit to technological capabilities ofSerbian defense industry.

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Model vojnika pešadije za 21. vek

Rad na projektu je počeo sredinom devedesetih godinaprošlog veka. Osnov za pokretanje projekta bila su pre sve-ga iskustva stečena u borbenim dejstvima na teritoriji bivšeSFRJ, a zatim i saznanja o razvoju modernog naoružanja iopreme namenjene prvenstveno vojnicima pešadije u veći-ni armija razvijenih država sveta. Osnovni cilj tada, kao idanas, bio je da se poboljša borbena efikasnost vojnika pešadi-je ali i mogućnost preživljavanja u uslovima borbenih dejs-tava. Ključnu ulogu u razvoju naoružanja i opreme vojnikapešadije za 21. vek od samog početka je imao VTI.Multidisciplinarna znanja i veliko iskustvo omogućili supokretanje razvoja, a potom i izradu, ispitivanje i konačnouvođenje u naoružanje i opremanje potpuno novih oružja,municije, sprava za nišanjenje i upravljanje vatrom, delovaopreme za individualnu balističku zaštitu, zatim nova opre-ma ABHO zaštite, nova uniforma sa čizmama i čitav nizdrugih sredstava. Pored modernizacije postojećih sredsta-va, pristupilo se i razvoju potpuno novih sredstava, pre sve-ga u oblasti naoružanja, kao što je podcevni bacač granatakoji se postavlja na postojeću dobro poznatu AP 7,62mm M70i na novu PA 5,56mm M21 sa kompletom granata različitogdejstva. U okviru projekta uspešno je razvijena potpuno novaoprema za ličnu balističku zaštitu kao što su šlem i pancirniprsluk. Pored navedenog, razvijena je nova oprema ABHOzaštite u kojoj centralno mesto ima nova zaštitna maska, novauniforma sa čizmama, sredstva za komunikaciju i čitav nizopreme.

Ipak ključni i centralni deo projekta predstavlja podsistemnaoružanja sa kojim je integrisan podsistem optičkih ioptoelektronskih nišanskih sprava i uređaja za upravljanjevatrom odnosno za gađanje iz automatske puške M21 u svimmogućim uslovima dnevnih i noćnih borbenih dejstava. Ovajpodsistem čine automatska puška kalibra 5,56mm M21, pod-cevni bacač granata kalibra 40mm, komplet različitih vrstametaka za automatsku pušku i komplet različitih vrsta grana-ta (parčadnog, probojnog, zapaljivog i dimnog dejstva) zapodcevni bacač. Da bi bilo jasno koliku prednost daje mod-erno naoružanom vojniku pešadije, najbolje bi bilo poređen-je sa vojnikom pešadije iz perioda Drugog svetskog rata.Vatrenim dejstvom iz automatske puške sa optičkim nišanomefikasnost se povećava za tri do četiri puta, a dejstvom izpotcevnog bacača granata za četiri do pet puta. Iz pomenu-tih poređenja jasno je da obučen vojnik pešadije početkom21. veka po vatrenoj moći i efikasnosti dejstva prevazilaziodeljenje vojnika pešadije iz perioda Drugog svetskog rataili još jasnije, on je u celini gledano za oko deset puta efikas-niji. Primera radi, granatom parčadnog dejstva ispaljenomiz podcevnog bacača granata mogu vrlo precizno da se gađa-ju i ciljevi na daljini od oko 400 metara, a po ubojnosti onaje približno jednaka ručnoj bombi. Za jedan minut dobroobučen vojnik može da ispali oko pet granata, a vrhunskiobučen vojnik može da ispali i preko deset granata, sadapostaje potpuno jasno odakle potiče tolika vatrena moć pojed-inca.

Preciznost gađanja, pouzdanost i efikasnost automatskepuške M21 su zaista impozantni. U toku istraživanja, razvo-ja i uvođenja u serijsku proizvodnju vršena su složena i obim-na ispitivanja uz stalno poboljšavanje i usavršavanje njenekonstrukcije. Procenjuje se da je u toku konstruktorskih,trupnih i završnih ispitivanja puške M21 opaljeno više od tri

Model of infantryman for the 21st century

Project was initiated in mid-nineties of the last century.Primary reason for starting the project were experiencesgained in the hostilities occurring within the former SFRY,also cognizance of development of new weapons and equip-ment primarily intended for infantrymen serving in armiesof many developed countries. Basic assignment, then as today,was to enhance combat effectiveness of infantry soldiers andtheir ability to survive current combat environment. Key rolein development of arms and equipment for infantrymen ofthe 21st century from the start was assigned to VTI.Multidisciplinary expertise and large experience enabledinitiation of development, followed by fabrication, testingand finally adopting into service and outfitting with com-pletely new weapons, ammunition, sighting and fire controlequipment, personal equipment for ballistic protection, newCBR protection equipment, new uniforms and numerousother items. In addition to modernization of existing equip-ment, development of new products, primarily weapons, suchas grenade launcher mounted on popular assault rifle cal.7.62mm M70 and on new assault rifle cal. 5.56mm M21 withset of grenades for different applications. With the project,completely new equipment for personal ballistic protectionincluding helmet and bulletproof vest were developed. In

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stotine hiljada metaka kalibra 5,56 h 45mm. Ispitivanja suvršena u svim realno mogućim uslovima upotrebe ove vrsteoružja ali i u uslovima koji su u stvarnosti skoro nemogući.

Podcevni bacač granata je kao vrsta oružja novijeg datu-ma. Masovnije uvođenje u naoružanje ove vrste oružja u sve-tu počinje tek u toku osamdesetih godina prošlog veka. Unaoružanju bivše JNA ovo oružje jednostavno nije postoja-lo. Neophodnost za ovom vrstom oružja najbolje svedoči čin-jenica da je tokom borbenih dejstava na Jugoslovenskomprostoru sa početka devedesetih godina prošlog veka izrađeno,po grubim procenama, preko deset hiljada primitivnih bacačaručnih bombi. Razlog za ovo je upravo potreba za oružjemkoje može da dobaci manje eksplozivno ubojno sredstvo nadaljinu do koje ono rukom sigurno ne može da se dobaci.

Koliko je konstrukcija našeg podcevnog bacača granata40mm superiornija u odnosu na podcevne bacače koji su unaoružanju nekih drugih armija najbolje svedoče sledećečinjenice: podcevni bacač se skida ili postavlja na oružje jed-nim jedinim potezom ruke, praktično trenutno, a za skidanjei postavljanje bacača drugih armija potreban je alat i vremeod 5 do 10 minuta. Druga i još bitnija prednost našeg pod-cevnog bacača je stvarna borbena brzina gađanja koja je zah-valjujući načinu punjenja najmanje dva puta veća u odnosuna druge.

U celini gledano, čitav projekat predstavlja veliki uspehdomaće pameti i naše industrije naoružanja i vojne opreme.Kada se uzme u obzir da su gotovo sve fabrike naoružanjateško oštećene tokom devedesetih godina prošlog veka, dasu mnogi vitalni kapaciteti i oprema potpuno uništeni, da suangažovana novčana sredstva bila najblaže rečeno skromna,tek tada slika uspeha postaje potpuno jasna.

Automat 9mm M97 i M97K

Automati 9mm M97 i M97K su nastali kao novo oružjenamenjeno pre svega pripadnicima specijalnih jedinica uvojsci i policiji, a potom i za naoružavanje posada borbenihvozila u kopnenoj vojsci, mornarici i vazduhoplovstvu.Automati se odlikuju velikom efikasnošću. Zahvaljujući razvo-ju i primeni novih vrsta municije, automatima 9mm M97 iM97K moguće je efikasno gađati i žive ciljeve koji su zaštićeni

addition, new CBR equipment consisting ofnew protective mask, new uniform with boots,communications equipment and numerousother items. However, main focus of the project was direct-ed towards weapon subsystem that integratesoptical and optoelectronic sighting devices andfire control equipment for assault rifle M21 inall combat conditions, day and night. This sub-system comprises assault rifle M21, barrel-mounted grenade launcher cal. 40mm, set ofdifferent cartridges for the rifle and set ofgrenades (fragmentation, piercing, incendiaryand smoke). To illustrate the advantages ofmodern infantry weapons comparison isoffered with infantrymen of the WWII.Firepower from assault rifle fitted with opti-cal sight fire effectiveness in increased 3-4times; by adding barrel mounted grenadelauncher effectiveness is increased 4-5 times.This comparison shows that trained infantry-

man at the outset of the 21st century exceeds a squad ofinfantry from the WWII period in firepower and effective-ness, or, in other words, modern soldier is 10 times moreeffective. To illustrate, a fragmentation grenade can be pre-cisely fired on target about 400m away and its effect is sim-ilar to that of a hand grenade. Well trained soldier is able tofire up to 5 grenades in one minute, highly trained soldiercan fire more than 10 grenades, and therefore it is clear howgreat fire power resides in an individual.

Accuracy of fire, reliability and effectiveness of automaticrifle M21 are truly impressive. During its research, devel-opment and introduction in series production complex andcomprehensive test were carried out, accompanied by per-manent improving and perfecting of its construction. It isestimated that over 300,000 cartridges cal. 5.56 x 45 mm havebeen fired during engineering, troop and final tests of M21rifle. Firing tests were carried out in all conceivable condi-tions of use of this kind of weapon, but also in conditionswhich are not feasible in reality.

Sub-barrel mounted grenade launcher as type of weaponis of relatively recent date. Its massive use around the worldtook place in eighties of the last century. In arsenal of for-mer YPA this weapon simply did not exist. The need for thistype of weapon was reflected by the fact that during the hos-tilities within the territories of former Yugoslavia in early1990-ies it is roughly estimated that over ten thousand crudehand grenade launchers have been made. The reason wasthe need for a weapon that can throw smaller explosivedevices to distances not possible to reach by hand throwing.

That our sub-barrel grenade launcher cal. 40mm is supe-rior to weapons of this type used by some foreign armies istestified by the following facts: our grenade launcher ismounted or removed from the rifle by single move of hand,practically instantly, compared to 5-10 minutes and use ofspecial tool required by foreign grenade launchers. Another,more pertinent advantage of our grenade launcher is its actu-al rate of fire in combat which, owing to its loading method,is at least twice the rate of fire of other grenade launchers.

All in all, the entire project represents great achievementof indigenous expertise and of our defense industry. Whenone takes in consideration that almost all arms factories were

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pancir prslucima. Preciznost gađanja automata je izuzetnovisoka, a primenom integrisanih laserskih obeleživača ciljaomogućeno je izuzetno brzo nišanjenje i u uslovima loševidljivosti kao i brzo, skoro trenutno, prenošenje vatre sa cil-ja na cilj.

Uspešnom primenom najmodernijih i proverenih kon-strukcionih rešenja postignuto je da automati 9mm M97 iM97K sa pravom mogu biti svrstani u sam vrh svetskih oruž-ja ove vrste. Poseban kvalitet ovih oružja predstavlja visokapouzdanost funkcionisanja i to u najekstremnijim uslovimatemperature, vlage, zaprljanosti peskom, prašinom ili blatom.U direktnom poređenju sa svetski najpoznatijim automati-ma, automati 9mm M97 i M97K su daleko superiorniji bašu pogledu pouzdane funkcije pri gađanju što u realnim bor-benim uslovima ima nesumnjivo presudan značaj, ne samozbog uspešnog izvršenja konkretnog borbenog zadatka, negoi zbog realne mogućnosti preživljavanja pripadnika specijal-nih jedinica koji su naoružani ovim automatima.

Automatska puška 5.56 mm M21 sapodcevnim bacačem granata 40 mm ioptičkim nišanom

Kompleksnost borbenog polja u 21. veku zahteva pešadi-jsko oružje velikih mogućnosti, koje funkcioniše i u najtežimklimatskim i terenskim uslovima. Rešenje za to su automatskepuške 5,56mm M21 i jurišna automatska puška 5,56mmM21S. Ove puške su konstruisane da omoguće uspešna bor-bena dejstva u najsloženijim i najekstremnijim borbenimuslovima koje nameće moderno ratovanje.

Puška ima ugrađenu šinu, koja omogućava montažu svihoptičkih uređaja koji odgovaraju NATO standardu. Ovi ure-đaji omogućuju uspešno gađanje u svim dnevnim i noćnimuslovima. Zahvaljujući brzom i jednostavnom postavljanjupodcevnog bacača granata kalibra 40mm u borbenim uslovi-ma, modernom vojniku pešadije je omogućeno da za samopar sekundi može da uspešno gađa grupne ciljeve i lako oklo-pljena vozila, čak i na daljinama od 350 do 400m.

Pouzdanost funkcionisanja i preciznost gađanja su osnovnei najbitnije odlike puške M21. Pouzdanost ove puške svrsta-va je u danas najbolja oružja. Ekstremna ispitivanja kojimaje bila izložena u toku razvoja su pokazala su njenu izuzetnuizdržljivost, funkcionalnost i pogodnost za rukovanje i gađan-je.

heavily damaged in the nineties of the last century, that anumber of vital capacities were totally destroyed and thatavailable funds were at least inadequate, only then one cancomprehend the magnitude of the success.

Submachine gun cal. 9mm M97 and M97K

Submachine gun cal. 9mm model M97 and M97K wasdesigned as new weapon primarily intended for use by armyand police special forces, also as personal weapon for thecrews of combat vehicles in land forces, navy and air force.Due to development and introduction of new types of ammu-nition, cal. 9mm submachine guns M97 and M97K are effec-tive against manpower protected by protective vests. Firingaccuracy of new submachine guns is exceptionally high andby fitting of integrated laser target markers, rapid aiming inthe conditions of poor visibility and quick, almost instantfire transfer to another target is possible.

Applying most advanced and well-proven design solutions,submachine guns cal. 9mm type M97 and M97K rightlybelong to the best in the world in that category. Particularquality of these weapons is their high reliability in use inextreme conditions of temperature, humidity and contami-nation by sand, dirt or mud. In direct comparison with inter-nationally best-known submachine guns, weapons type M97and M97K cal. 9mm are by far superior in their functionalreliability of fire – decisive factor in real combat environ-ment, not only for successful mission accomplishment, butalso for survival of special forces armed with these subma-chine guns.

Assault rifle cal 5.56mm with sub-barrelgrenade launcher cal. 40mm and opticalsight

Complexities of 21st century battlefield call for infantryweapons of high potency, able to function in most adverseclimatic and terrain conditions. Solution of that problem isfound in automatic rifle M21 cal. 5.56mm and assault rifleM21C cal. 5.56mm. These weapons were designed for suc-cessful combat engagements in most complex and extremecombat environment imposed by modern warfare.

The rifle is fitted with rail that permits mounting of alloptical devices made against NATO standards. These devicesenable successful firing in day and night conditions. Owingto quick and simple attachment of sub-barrel grenade launch-er cal. 40mm in combat conditions, modern infantryman isenabled, within a few seconds only, to engage group targetsand lightly armored vehicles at ranges of up to 350-400m.

Functional reliability and firing accuracy are main and mostessential features of the M21 rifle. Reliability of this rifleplaces it among the best weapons today. Comprehensive testsconducted during its development have resulted in excep-tional durability, functional reliability and suitability in han-dling and firing. Wide range of accessories ensures successfulapplication of the rifle in all environments of modern com-bat. In other words, M21 is a universal weapon, suitable foruse by infantry, as well as by members of army and policespecial forces.

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Širok dijapazon predviđene opreme omogućava pušci M21da bude uspešno primenjena u svim uslovima modernogratovanja. Drugim rečima, puška M21 je univerzalno oruž-je, ne samo za vojnike pešadije nego i za pripadnike speci-jalnih jedinica vojske i policije.

Automobil terenski FAP 1118 4x4

Automobil terenski FAP 1118 4H4 je terenski automobilza koji je VTI nosilac razvoja, a proizvođač je FAP iz Priboja.Završen je i ispitan prototip ovog vozila, a do kraja godinepredstoji realizacija prototipske partije. Ovo vozilo namen-jeno je za prevoz ljudstva, transport oruđa i materijala ukup-ne mase do 4t, kao i za vuču oruđa i priključnih sredstava.

Zahvaljujući pogonu na sva četiri točka, mogućnostiblokade svih diferencijala i snažnom dizel motoru može,krećući se van puteva, da savlada uspon od 60 %. Sistem zacentralnu regulaciju pritiska vazduha u pneumaticima muomogućava veliku prohodnost i po mekom terenu, a dobregeometrijske karakteristike savladavanje prirodnih i veštačkihprepreka, kao što su rov, pružni nasip, eskarpa i slične.

Cross-country truck FAP 1118 1118 4x4

This is an all-terrain vehicle developed by VTI and sched-uled for production by FAP factory in Priboj. Its prototypewas completed and tested and a trial lot is scheduled for real-ization by the end of this year. It is designed for transportof personnel, weapons and material of up to 4t gross weight,as well as for towing of artillery pieces and trailers.

Equipped with all-wheel drive, locking of all differentialsand powerful diesel engine, the vehicle is able to negotiatecross-country gradients of 60%. Central regulation of tirepressure assures high mobility over soft soil and its wellthought out body geometry enables easy negotiating of nat-ural and man-made obstacles such as trenches, railwayembankments, escarps etc.

Combat engineers’ vehicle MUNJA(Lightning)

VTI has made design concept and Overhaul Depot Cacakhas completed the general-purpose engineer vehicle MUN-JA. Main idea was converting of T-55 tank, using its mainconstruction and subsystems and adding new components,equipment and devices to derive a vehicle for entirely dif-ferent purposes. Good terrain negotiating ability and ballis-tic protection of T-55 tank were retained, while engineer

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SBorbeno inžinjerijsko vozilo MUNJA

VTI je koncipirao rešenje, a Tehnički remontni zavodČačak realizovao novo univerzalno inžinjerijsko vozilo MUN-JA. Osnovna ideja je bila da se izvrši konverzija tenka T-55,iskoriste njegova osnovna konstrukcija i podsistemi, dodajunovi elementi, uređaji i oprema i time dobije novo sredstvosasvim druge namene. Zadržana je dobra prohodnost i bal-istička zaštita tenka T-55, i ugrađena inžinjerijska oprema inaoružanje. Vozilo predstavlja prvo oklopno sredstvo rodainžinjerije koje svojom specifičnom opremom, inžinjerijskimkompletima i respektivnim naoružanjem spada u rednajsavremenijih sredstava te vrste.

Namenjeno je za savladavanje prirodnih i veštačkih prepre-ka, zaprečavanje, utvrđivanje, uređenje puteva i bezbednoprevoženje posade i inžinjerijske opreme u borbenim uslovi-ma.

Konstruktori VTI su vrlo efikasno obezbedili prostor zasmeštaj osam članova posade (dva stalna – vozač i zamenikkomandira, ujedno i nišandžija na automatskom bacačugranata kalibra 30mm i mitraljezu 7,62mm i ukrcnideo - komandir i pet pionira). Takođe, ostvaren je i prostorza smeštaj inžinjerijskih kompleta i opreme, kao i za ugrad-nju turela komandira i nišandžije i ostalih potrebnih uređa-ja.

Prostor za smeštaj ljudi, kompleta, sklopova i opreme dobi-jen je uklanjanjem kupole, isecanjem dela krovne ploče ipostavljanjem nadgradnje, izrađene od pancirnih ploča i limo-va, što posadi i ugrađenim kompletima i opremi pruža odgo-varajuću balističku zaštitu. Pancirne ploče su debljine do25mm, a postavljene su tako da obezbeđuju balističku zašti-tu od pogodaka zrna kalibra 12,7mm. Krovna, horizontalnaploča nadgradnje izrađena iz više delova radi ugradnje odgo-varajućih otvora. Na nadgradnji su izrađeni otvori za mon-tažu turela komandira i nišandžije, dva desantna poklopca

equipment and armament were refitted. It is the first armoredvehicle for engineer corps outfitted with special purposeengineer equipment and respectable armament, belongingto most modern vehicles of this kind.

It is designed for negotiation of natural and man-madeobstacles, blocking, fortifying and repair of roads and for safetransporting of engineer teams and equipment in combatconditions.

VTI designers have thoughtfully arranged accommoda-tion for 8 members of the crew (2 permanent members –driver and deputy commander, also gunner on automaticgrenade launcher cal. 30mm and machine gun 7.62mm, and6 embarked crew – commander and section of five pioneers).Room was also provided for sets of engineer equipment, formounting of commander’s and gunner’s cupola and associ-ated equipment.

Space needed to accommodate personnel and sets of spe-cial equipment was obtained by removing tank turret, cut-ting away section of hull roof plate and by refitting of super-structure consisting of armor plates and sheet metal thatprovides adequate ballistic protection of on-board crew andequipment. Armor plates are up to 25mm thick and somounted to provide ballistic protection from cal. 12.7mmbullets. Horizontal roof plate of superstructure is made ofseveral sections to provide necessary hatches. Openings areprovided for fitting of commander’s and gunner’s cupolas,two access and evacuation hatches for engineer section, holesfor radio set antenna, rotating periscope, driver’s cover, refu-eling port and two lookout ports (for observation and for fir-ing personal weapons). To perform engineering tasks, tank-grade blade it fitted at front, equipped with electric motor,pump and hydraulics. Blade assembly is an autonomous unitthat can be quickly and easily attached to the hull. Vehiclefirepower consists of one automatic grenade launcher 30mmand one machine gun M84, cal. 7.62mm.

Vehicle concept permits outfitting of weapons group sta-tion consisting of cal. 30mm gun, machine gun cal. 7.62mm,antitank wire guided rockets and automatic grenade launch-er cal. 30mm with appropriate optoelectronic fire controlsystem.

To protect the crew from radiological and chemical agentsa modified radiological-chemical protection unit is built-in,consisting of anti radiation fan. This is automatically acti-vated in case of nuclear shock wave. Protection from shapedcharges consists of very effective skirts against shapedcharges.

For masking protection, MUNJA was designed for pro-tection in all ranges of electromagnetic spectrum (visual,close IR, radar and thermal parts of the spectrum). For mask-ing and jamming of guided projectiles, the vehicle isequipped with smoke pots launcher and control panel iden-tical to those mounted on M-84 tanks. Smoke charge launch-ers are mounted in front section of tracks covering plates.MUNJA integrates all equipment needed for specific engi-neering combat missions (crossing of artificial obstacles,making of barriers, road making and fortifying). Owing tomodern positioning system, MUNJA can be tracked on vir-tual map while newly developed software enables the use ofadvanced computer technologies in execution of engineer-ing works.

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za ulazak i izlazak pionirskog odeljenja, otvori za antenu radiouređaja, rotacioni periskop, poklopac vozača, nalivanje gori-va, kao i dva otvora za puškarnice (osmatranje iz vozila i dejst-vo iz ličnog naoružanja). Za izvršavanje inžinjerijskih zadata-ka na prednjem delu je ugrađena tenkovska ralica sa elek-tromotorom, pumpom i hidrauličkim komponentama. Onapredstavlja potpuno autonomnu celinu koja se brzo i jed-nostavno montira na oklopno telo tenka. Vatrena moć jeobezbeđena ugradnjom automatskog bacača granata 30mmi mitraljeza M-84 kalibra 7,62mm.

Koncept vozila omogućuje ugradnju savremene daljinskiupravljane oružne stanice sa topom 30 mm, mitraljezom 7,62mm, protivoklonim vođenim raketama i automatskimbacačem granata 30 mm i odgovarajućim optoelektronskimsistemom za upravljanje vatrom.

Da bi posada bila zaštićena od dejstva radioloških i hemi-jskih agenasa ugrađen je modifikovani radiološko-hemijskiuređaj, koji se sastoji od ventilatora protiv-atomske zaštite.Ovaj uređaj omogućuje automatsko aktiviranje pri zaštiti odnuklearnog udarnog talasa. Da bi se ostvarila zaštita od dejst-va kumulativnih projektila na vozilu su postavljeni protiv-kumulativni štitnici sa veoma efikasnim zaštitnim svojstvi-ma.

U oblasti maskiranja MUNJA je projektovanatako da ima zaštitu u svim delovima elektro-magnetnog spektra (vidnom, bliskom IC,radarskom i termalnom delu spektra). U ciljumaskiranja i ometanja vođenih projektilaugrađen je sistem bacača dimnih kutija ikomandni pult, koji postoje na tenku M-84.Bacači se ugrađuju na prednjem delu nad-guseničnih ploča. U MUNJI je integrisana opre-ma koja pruža mogućnost izvršavanja zadatakau svim sadržajima inžinjerijskih borbenih dejs-tava (savlađivanje veštačkih prepreka, zapreča-vanje, uređenje puteva i utvrđivanje).Zahvaljujući savremenom pozicionom sistemuMUNJA pruža mogućnost praćenja prilikomkretanja na podlozi virtuelne karte, anovoizrađeni softver omogućava korišćenje savremene raču-narske tehnologije pri izvođenju inžinjerijskih radova.

Uporedno sa razvojem MUNJE, u opremu inžinjerije, uve-den je i komplet borbene opreme za vojnike pionirske speci-jalnosti, koja se takođe svrstava u sam vrh sradstava te vrste.Da bi se izbegla opasnost od eksplozije goriva i požara uslučaju proboja balističke zaštite, ugrađen je podsistem zazaštitu od eksplozije goriva i požara. On je autonomni,automatski, opremljen optičkim detektorima sa UV i IC sen-zorima, čije se vreme detekcije i aktiviranja meri u hiljaditimdelovima sekunde. Pokretljivost univerzalnog inžinjerijskogvozila MUNJA je na nivou tenka T-55, ali se može povećatiugradnjom motora povećane snage i savremene transmisi-je, pre svega modularne pogonske grupe MPG-780 samotorom od 780 KS, zamenljive u poljskim uslovima.Univerzalno inžinjerijsko vozilo MUNJA se može vrlouspešno koristiti u mirovnim i humanitarnim misijama.Realizovani model vozila predstavlja osnovu za razvoj famil-ije oklopnih guseničnih borbenih vozila, a pre svega teškogoklopnog transportera sa znatno višim nivoom sverakursnebalističke zaštite od savremenih klasičnih oklopnih trans-portera i borbenih vozila pešadije.

In parallel with development of MUNJA, engineer unitswere supplied with combat sets of specialist pioneer equip-ment which also ranks among the best in that category. Toprevent fuel explosions and resulting fires in the event ofpenetration of ballistic protection, a fuel explosion and fireprevention system has been fitted. It is autonomous, pro-vided with UV and IR sensors with detection and activationtime measured as thousands of a second. Mobility of MUN-JA engineer vehicle is a the level of T-55 tank but it could befurther improved by retrofit of higher power engine and mod-ern transmission, in particular of modular power pack MPG-780 featuring the engine developing 780 HP. Power pack isreplaceable in field conditions. General purpose engineervehicle MUNJA can be well used in peacekeeping andhumanitarian missions. Developed model represents thebase for development of a family of tracked armored com-bat vehicles; in particular of armored personnel carrier pos-sessing considerably higher level of all-round ballistic pro-tection compared to current conventional APC-s and IFV-s.

Fuel explosion and fire preventionsubsystem

Nowadays, greatest hazard for the crew, subsystems and

equipment in tanks and other armored vehicles is a hit ofammunition or fuel tank by shaped charge projectile, whichinevitably causes explosion. Research carried out in this areaand development of a subsystem for protection from fuelexplosion and fire was based exclusively on domestic capac-ities.

Main components of the subsystem comprise optical detec-tors, sensitive to radiation of high-energy particles of shapedcharge jet or incendiary projectile, electronic device thatmanages protection, bottles with protective agent, sensorsof minimum pressure and mechanism for quick dischargeincluding appropriate electrical installation. Bottles with fire-fighting agent are activated by pyrotechnical elements, caus-ing the agent to flow directly into protected area (withoutany piping). A hand-held mobile pressure gauge has beendeveloped that measures the pressure of protective agent,without removing the bottle from the vehicle.

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Podsistem za zaštitu od eksplozije goriva ipožara.

Za sada, najveću opasnost za posadu, podsisteme i uređa-je u tenkovima i drugim oklopnim sredstvima predstavljaslučaj pogotka municije ili rezervoara za gorivo kumulativnimprojektilom, pri čemu se obavezno javlja eksplozija.Istraživanja u ovoj oblasti kao i razvoj podsistema za zaštituod eksplozije goriva i požara, zasnovani su isključivo nadomaćim kapacitetima.

Osnovne komponente podsistema su: optički detektori,osetljivi na zračenje visokoenergetskih čestica kumulativnogmlaza ili zapaljivih projektila, elektronski uređaj za kontrolui upravljanje zaštitom, boce sa zaštitnim sredstvom, sen-zorima minimalnog pritiska, i mehanizmom za brzo aktivi-ranje i pražnjenje i odgovarajuća elektroinstalacija. Za aktivi-ranje boca se koristi energija pirotehničkih elemenata, azaštitno sredstvo iz boca ističe direktno u štićeni prostor(bez cevovodne instalacije). Razvijen je i ručni mobilni indika-tor pritiska kojim se može, bez vađenja boca iz tenka, izmer-iti pritisak zaštitnog sredstva.

Uređaj za zaštitu motora tenka odnepravilnog startovanja

Uređaj je namenjen za zaštitu motora od nepravilnog star-tovanja. Ovaj veoma efikasan uređaj obezbeđuje zvučnu isvetlosnu signalizaciju prekoračenja temperature rashladnetečnosti motora, ili isključenja pogona ventilatora za hlađen-je motora. Cena komponenata uređaja i njegove ugradnjeiznosi oko 5 procenata od cene motora, što je sa ekonomskestrane gledišta veoma isplativo.

Equipment for engine protection againstimproper starting

The equipment serves to prevent engine damage in caseof improper starting procedure. This highly effective deviceprovides audible and visible signalization for excess tem-perature of engine cooling liquid or failure of engine cool-ing fan. Cost of components of the equipment is only 5% ofthe engine cost; therefore investing in this device is highlyprofitable.

Main components of the equipment – a micro controllerunit and electro-pneumatic valve, which were initiated anddeveloped by VTI, are approved and used by Serbian Army.

Upgraded air defense missile system NEVA

Designed to detect, track and destroy aerial targets at lowand medium altitudes, day and night and in conditions ofreduced visibility, it features enhanced resilience againstelectronic jamming. Testing of zero lot of that system wascompleted in 2007. The system was retrofitted with advanceoptoelectronic devices comprising electrical and mechani-cal interface.

Upgraded G-4 SUPER GALEB aircraft

Top achievement in development of indigenous train-er/combat aviation, jet trainer Super Galeb G-4 was intro-duced in mid-eighties and has gained international recog-nition as a very advanced aircraft within the category of train-er-combat planes, next to the British Hawk and French-German Alpha Jet. G-4 was designed for initial and conver-sion training of our jet fighter pilots, as replacement for theG-2 Galeb; it is a completely different aircraft that only sharesthe family name with its predecessor. G-4 adopted numer-ous new technologies in aircraft development and fabrica-tion, acquired by VTI in the course of development of our

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Osnovne komponente uređaja, mikrokontrolerski bazi-rana upravljačka jedinica i elektropneumatički ventil, čiji jerazvoj pokrenut i realizovan u VTI, usvojene su u opremuVojske Srbije.

Usavršeni raketni sistem protivvazdušneodbrane NEVA

Namenjen je za otkrivanje, praćenje i uništavanje ciljevau vazdušnom prostoru na malim i srednjim visinama, dan-ju i noću, u uslovima ograničene vidljivosti uz povećanuotpornost na elektronsko ometanje. Tokom 2007. godinezavršeno je ispitivanje nulte serije ovog sistema. U sistemsu ugrađena savremena optoelektronska sredstva sa elek-tričnim i mehaničkim interfejsom.

Modernizovani avio G-4 SUPERGALEB

Svojevrsni vrhunac u razvoju domaće školsko-borbene avi-jacije, predstavlja mlazni avion G-4 Super Galeb, koji je svo-jim pojavljivanjem sredinom osamdesetih godina, dobio svet-ska priznanja kao vrlo savremeno rešenje, svrstavajući seodmah u vrh klase školsko borbenih aviona, neposredno izalidera u klasi, britanskog aviona Hawk i francusko-nemačkogAlpha Jet. Avion je projektovan za letačku i borbenu obukuvojnih pilota kao zamena za avion G-2 Galeb u odnosu nakoga predstavlja potpuno novo rešenje, zadržavajući po tradi-ciji, samo ime prethodnika. U razvoju aviona je primenjenniz novih tehnologija u projektovanju i izradi aviona koje jeVTI osvojio kroz razvoj mlaznog borbenog aviona Orao, prvogdomaćeg aviona koji je probio zvučni zid. Po svojoj koncep-ciji avion je prilagođen letu visokopodzvučnim i blago kroz-zvučnim brzinama u širokom rasponu visina leta štoomogućava obuku pilota u vrlo sličnim uslovima leta bor-benih aviona. Sa visokim manevarskim sposobnostima idobrim ponašanjem u letu, G-4 je brzo stekao reputacijuodličnog školskog aviona a zahvaljujući solidnom topovskom,bombarderskom i nevođenom raketnom naoružanju, pokazaose kao dobar i za borbenu upotrebu.

strike aircraft Orao, first indigenous aircraft to break thesound barrier. In its concept, G-4 was designed to fly at highsubsonic and a portion of trans-sonic speeds, within widerange of flight altitudes, enabling pilot trainees to fly in themanner similar to flying jet fighters. Its high maneuver-ability and good controllability in flight quickly gained recog-nition of G-4 as an exceptional trainer aircraft while, owingto its solid gun, bomb and unguided rocket armament, G-4proved itself in combat missions.

Super Galeb G-4 proved its merits in Serbian Air Forceand Air Defense and it was assessed that its flight perfor-mance meets the requirement of modern pilot training sothat, based on existing resources, G-4 may remain in ser-vice even past year 2020. On the other hand, built-in avion-ics and weapon systems are inadequate to provide properpilot training of pilots who will fly fighter aircraft of fourthand fifth generations. Therefore the need to upgrade theaircraft by retrofitting advanced digital cockpit avionics andinterfaces for mounting of modern guided weapons for airand ground targets. Instead of conventional instruments,pilot would have electronic displays: head-up display for flightand target parameters and two head-down displays with oth-er flight and navigation parameters and moving map of ter-rain. Together with advanced navigation and communica-tions equipment, it will be required to introduce new sys-tems for combat in-flight training and ground stations forflight briefing and debriefing. This would enable pilottrainees to use most modern avionics as fitted to latest com-bat aircraft. This would ensure considerably higher qualityof training and easier pilot transition to modern combat air-planes.

Modernized trainer aircraft would enable 6-8 times cheap-er pilot training compared to training in two-seat trainer ver-sion of fighter aircraft. Based on such cost savings in pilottraining, funds invested to modernize trainer aircraft wouldbe completely recovered during the use of so upgraded train-ers. Armed with air-air missile, TV and laser guided bombs

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G-4 Super Galeb se odlično pokazao i u Vazduhoplovstvui Protivvazduhoplovnoj odbrani Vojske Srbije gde je ocen-jeno da po svojim letnim osobinama zadovoljava zahtevesavremene letačke obuke i da na osnovu još uvek dovoljnoraspoloživih resursa, može ostati u upotrebi i posle 2020.godine. Međutim, postojeća avionska elektronska oprema(avionika) i sistem naoružanja ne omogućuju adekvatnuobuku pilota za najnovije borbene avione četvrte i pete gen-eracije, pa se nameće potreba za modernizacijom aviona, satežištem na uvođenju savremene digitalne avionike u pilot-skim kabinama kao i na osposobljavanju aviona za korišćen-je savremenih vođenih ubojnih sredstava za dejstvo po cil-jevima u vazduhu i na zemlji. Umesto klasičnih instrume-nata pilot bi sada ispred sebe imao elektronske prikazivačegde bi se na gornjem (Head-Up-Display) prikazivali letni inišanski parametri a na dva donja (Head-Down-Display),preostali letni i navigacioni parametri kao i pokretna mapaterena. Uz savremenu navigacionu i komunikacionu opre-mu, uveli bi se i novi sistemi za borbenu obuku u letu kao izemaljske stanice za pripremu leta i posleletnu analizu. Ovimbi se omogućila obuka učenika-pilota za upotrebu najsavre-menije avionike koju imaju najnoviji borbeni avioni. Bila biobezbeđena znatno kvalitetnija obuka i mnogo lakši prelazakučenika na savremene borbene avione.

Modernizovani avion bi omogućio 6 do 8 puta jeftinijuobuku pilota nego da se ona odvija na dvosedoj verziji bor-benog aviona. Na osnovu ostvarenih ušteda u obuci i treningupilota, uložena sredstva u modernizaciju aviona bi se u pot-punosti isplatila tokom upotrebe modernizovanog aviona. Saraketama vazduh-vazduh i televizijski i laserski vođenimbombama i raketama vazduh–zemlja, avion bi u pomoćnojnameni predstavljao i značajan borbeni sistem lovačko-bom-barderske avijacije.

Obzirom da u zemlji nemamo razvoj i proizvodnjusavremene avionike, u saradnji sa nekoliko stranih kompanijakoje se bave modernizacijom aviona, Vojnotehnički institutje definisao rešenje sistema modernizacije avionike ineophodnih radova na avionu.

Avion za početnu obuku pilota LASTA 95. Avion je pro-jektovan po postojećim svetskim standardima i namenjen jeza početnu obuku pilota, izvođenje akrobatskih letova i zaselekciju kandidata u vojnim akademijama. Performanseaviona Lasta 95 omogućavaju ostvarenje definisanog nivoapočetne i osnovne obuke i jednostavan prelaz na avione zaviši nivo obuke.

Avion je nastao na iskustvima stečenim tokom razvojaaviona Lasta-1 i Lasta-2 pri čemu su osnovna poboljšanjaizvedena u: povećanju bezbednosti, poboljšanju komfora,povećanoj tolerantnosti aviona u prevučenom letu, sman-jenju brzina prilaza i sletanja, mogućnosti jednostavnogizvođenja kosih i vertikalnih elemenata figurnog letenja.

Lasta 95 je jednomotorni niskokrilac, metalne konstruk-cije sa dva pilotska sedišta jedno iza drugog i uvlačećim vozn-im organima tipa tricikl koji mu omogućavaju operativnuupotrebu sa betonskih i pripremljenih travnatih poletno slet-nih staza.

Pogonsku grupu aviona čini jedan klipni motor, bez reduk-tora i sa vučnom elisom konstantnog broja obrtaja. Avion jeopremljen savremenom elektronskom opremom koja zado-voljava sve postojeće međunarodne standarde i koja omoguća-va GPS i radio navigaciju.

and air-ground missiles, upgraded trainer aircraft would rep-resent significant auxiliary fighter-bomber asset.

Since there is no development or production of advancedavionic equipment within the country, in cooperation withselected foreign manufacturers versed in military aircraftupgrading, VTI has defined concept of avionics retrofit andother works required in aircraft upgrading.

Initial pilot trainer aircraft LASTA 95. This aircraft wasdesigned according to existing world standards and it wasbuilt to serve for basic pilot training, for aerobatics and selec-tion of candidates for pilots in military academies. Flightperformance of Lasta 95 meet the requirements for initialand basic training enabling easy transition to higher level oftraining.

The aircraft was derived from experiences gained in devel-opment of the types Lasta-1 and Lasta-2, with majorimprovements of safety, better comfort and higher aircrafttolerance at stalling speed, reduced approach and landingspeeds, simplified execution of banked and vertical elementsof figure flying.

Lasta 95 is a single-engined low wing airplane of metalconstruction with two tandem seats and retractable tricyclelanding gear, able to operate from concr�te and preparedgrass runways.

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SSistem mini bespilotne letelice

Mala bespilotna letelica (MBL) je predviđena za misijebliskog dnevnog i noćnog izviđanja i osmatranja. Pri kon-struisanju je posebno vođeno računa o jednostavnostiupotrebe i rukovanja, pa tako i za faze treninga i uvežbavan-ja posade. Osnovna misija je da posredstvom opto-elektron-skog TV sistema (CCD ili IC kamere), prenosi video infor-macije sa terena koje nadleće. Izviđačka misija uključujeidentifikaciju ciljeva i obezbeđenje podataka o njihovoj pozi-ciji komandno-operativnim i kontrolnim centrima. U nor-malnim uslovima letelica poleće izbačajem iz ruke, dok sesletanje obavlja prevlačenjem letelice tokom faze ravnanjana visini neposredno iznad visine tla.

Osnovna karakteristika letelice je izražena modularnostnjene konstrukcije kako bi se uprostilo terensko manip-ulisanje i omogućilo nošenje alternativnih korisnih tereta.Zmaj letelice je aerodinamički koncipiran kao monoplan,visokokrilac u konfiguraciji sa trupom i jednom repnom gre-dom koja nosi vertikalni i horizontalni rep. Izabrana je šemasa prednjim položajem motora i vučnom elisom fiksnog kora-ka radi bezbednog starta letelice iz ruke operatera i jednos-tavnije ugradnje elektro motora. S obzirom da je sva opre-ma letelice smeštena u trupnoj gondoli. Ovakva konfiguracijane remeti senzorska vidna polja. Letelica je u potpunosti pri-lagođena lakoj eksploataciji, posebno brzom i lakom sas-tavljanju i rastavljanju u terenskim uslovima od strane oper-atora, bez posebnih alata.

Zmaj letelice je proizveden od savremenih kompozitnihmaterijala, a na mestima uvođenja koncetrisanih opterećen-ja su lokalna ojačanja uvidu umetaka saviše slojeva.Krilo leteliceje jednora-m e n j a č n ot i p amonokok, aoplata je izvede-na od sendvič kon-strukcije. Trupnagondola sa konzolom zavezu repne grede je podel-jena u nekoliko odseka kojiodređuju raspored unutrašnjestrukture koja je sendvič kon-strukcije sa tehnološkim otvorimai potrebnim ojačanjima. Repna gredaje integrisana sa vertikalnim repom i nanjoj su veze sa konzolom na trupnoj gon-doli. Pogonski sistem se sastoji od elek-tromotora maksimalne izlazne snageod 300-600 W.

Razmah krila letelice je2,8m, površina 0,75 m2,dužina trupa 1,94 m, avisina letelice 0,47 m.Maksimalna masa letelicena poletanju je 5 kg, a masaopreme za misiju 0,9 kg.

It is powered by single piston engine, without reductiongear and with pulling propeller of constant r.p.m. The air-craft it outfitted with modern avionics that meet all inter-national standards and enable GPS and radio navigation.

Mini unmanned air vehicle systems (MBL)

Miniature unmanned air vehicles are envisaged for closerange reconnaissance, day and night. During their design,special care was attached to simplicity of use and handling,including training phases of operating crew. Their main mis-sion is to transmit video information on overflown terrain,obtained by optoelectronic TV systems (CCD or IR cam-eras). Reconnaissance includes target identification and pro-vision of data on their positions to land command and con-trol operation centers. In normal conditions, air vehicle islaunched by hand, whereas its landing is at stalling speed,in horizontal flight, at minimum altitude above the ground.

Main feature of miniature unmanned air vehicle is its mod-ular construction that simplifies handling on the ground andenables carrying of alternative payloads. Vehicle airframe isaerodynamically designed as high-wing monoplane; its con-figuration includes fuselage and one tail boom that supportsvertical and horizontal tail. Chosen design includes nosemounted motor and pulling propeller of fixed pitch for safestarting – release from operator’s hand and simpler fittingof electric motor. Since all equipment is mounted insidefuselage gondola, such configuration does not interfere withfields of vision of onboard sensors. Air vehicle is fully adapt-ed for easy handling, quick dismantling and reassemblingin field conditions by its operator, without any need for spe-cial tools.

Vehicle airframe is made of modern composite materials,with local multi-layer reinforcements at places where load-ing is concentrated. Its wing is single-spar monocoquedesign, with multi-layer skin. Fuselage gondola with tailboom cantilever is divided in several sections that determineinner structure which is of sandwich con-struction, with service ports and rein-forcements where required. Tail boom is

integrated with vertical tail andcontains attachments to fuse-

lage gondola cantilever.Propulsion system con-sists of electric motorof 300-600 W outputpower. Air vehicle

wing spanif 2.8m, wing area is 0.75m2 ,

fuselage length is 1.94m, height is0.47m. Maximum takoff mass is 5 kg, pay-

load mass is 0.9 kg.

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Preduzeće “Ei Sova” osnovano je1975. godine kao deo kompanije EiRC. Zasnovano na tehnologiji preuze-toj od DEP-a (Delpth ElectronicProducts), preduzeće je specijalizo-vano za proizvodnju vrhunskih radiocevi, kao i bialkalnih pojačivača slike.

Počev od 1985, na osnovu transferatehnologije od engleske kompanije EEV (English ElectricValve), “Ei Sova” započinje pun program proizvodnje pojači-vača slike II generacije, kako standardnih tipova, tako i tipo-va pojačivača prilagođenih zahtevu kupca.

Godine 1985. “Ei Sova” prerasta u samostalnu kompani-ju, u potpunosti orijentisanu ka tržištu pojačivača slike.

U martu 2008. godine “Ei Sova” prelazi u vlasništvonemačke kompanije “Harder Digital”. Trenutno čini deogrupacije “Harder Digital”, pod novim nazivom “HarderDigital Sova”.

“Harder Digital Sova” pojačivači slike standardne konfig-uracije prevashodno su namenjeni različitim uređajima zanoćno osmatranje, koji nalaze svoju primenu u delatnosti-ma vojnih i policijskih oružanih snaga. Od standardnih pojači-vača slike dostupni su tipovi I, II, kao i Premium generacije,a u razvoju su i tipovi pojačivača slike III generacije.

Pored toga, “Harder Digital Sova” pruža mogućnost izradepojačivača slike različitih performansi za posebne namene,posebno izrađenih u skladu sa individualnim zahtevima ipotrebama kupca.

Različiti tipovi uređaja za noćno osmatranje kao što sunoćni nišan, naočare za noćno osmatranje i višenamenskimonokular za noćno osmatranje, dostupni su kao dodatniprogram podrške kupcima za sistemska rešenja.

Proizvodni pogon “Harder Digital Sova” nalazi se na preko2.200 m² površine i raspolaže namenskom infrastrukturomi jedinstvenom opremom za testiranje i proizvodnju kakostandardnih pojačivača slike, tako i posebnih tipova pri-lagođenih potrebama kupca.

HD1400 Pojačivač slike,25mm, Inverter Tip MX-9644/UV HD1400 je 25mm pojačivač slike, inverterski tip II gen-

eracije, MX-9644/UV tip.

HD1400 se sastoji od jednog modula koji sadržimikrokanalnu ploču - pojačavač signala elektrona, kao pri-marni izvor pojačanja. Cev koristi S20 fotokatodu u proširenoj

The enterprise “EI Sova” was found-ed, as part of the EI RC Company, in1975. Based on the technology trans-ferred by DEP (Delpht ElectronicProducts) “EI Sova” specialized in pro-duction of sophisticated radio tubesas well as Bi-alkali Image Intensifiers.

Since 1985, based on the technology transferred from theEnglish company-EEV (English Electric Valve), “EI Sova”has been producing full scale production of Generation IIImage intensifiers, standard types, as well as intensifiers tai-lored to the request of the customer.

In 1989 “EI Sova” developed into an independent compa-ny, fully oriented to the Image Intensifier market.

HARDER DIGITALSOVA

PROFILKOMPANIJE

HARDER DIGITALSOVA COMPANYPROFILE

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ONinfrared oblasti, aluminizirani fosforni ekran, kao i izvor

napajanja. Inkapsulirana je u plastično kućište visokemehaničke otpornosti, sa odgovarajućim električnim kon-taktima.

Izvor napajanja radi u sprezi sa ON/OFF spoljašnjim poten-ciometrom za podešavanje pojačanja. Sadrži ABC automatskukontrolu osvetljaja obezbeđujući na taj način konstantniosvetljaj na izlaznom stepenu bez obzira na promenu nivoaosvetljaja. Pored toga, izvor napajanja obezbeđuje BSP zašti-tu od bljeska, štiteći pojačivač slike od izlaganja previsokomnivou svetlosti.

HD2100 PREMIUM 18mm,Inverter Pojačivač slike Tip AN/AVS-6

HD2100 je 18mm inverter II generacije pojačivača slike,tip AN/AVS-6.

HD2100 je pojačivač slike sa visokim pojačanjem i visokomosetljivošću fotokatode, pogodan za pasivne sisteme i naočareza noćno osmatranje

HD2100 se sastoji od izuzetno efikasne S25 extended redfotokatode na ulaznom staklenom sočivu, mikrokanalne pločekao pojačivača signala elektrona, kao i fosfornog ekrana kojije nanešen na izlazno fiberoptičko sočivo.

HD2100 sadrži visokonaponski izvor napajanja sa ABCautomatskom kontrolom osvetljaja, obezbeđujući na taj načinkonstantni osvetljaj na izlaznom stepenu bez obzira napromenu nivoa osvetljaja. Pored toga, izvor napajanjaobezbeđuje BSP zaštitu od bljeska, štiteći pojačivač slike odizlaganja previsokom nivou svetlosti.

In March 2008 “EI Sova” was acquired by the Germancompany - “Harder Digital”. Currently “EI Sova” forms apart of “Harder Digital” group and operates as “HarderDigital Sova”.

The main use of the “Harder Digital Sova” standard con-figuration Image Intensifiers is for various Night VisionSystems utilized by military and homeland security forces.Standard Image Intensifiers are available as Generation I,Generation II and Premium technologies, while GenerationIII is currently under development.

In addition, “Harder Digital Sova” is qualified to producevarious performance level Image Intensifiers, for particularpurposes, specially tailored in accordance with the individ-ual requirements and demands of the customer.

Different types of Night vision equipment as rifle sight,goggles, multi purpose monocular are offered as a customersupport program for system solution.

EI Sova production facility covers the area of over 2,200m2 incorporating appropriate infrastructure and uniqueequipment for testing and production of standard Imageintensifiers and special types adjusted to the customer’sneeds.

HD1400 Image Intensifier Assembly, 25mm, Microchannel Inverter MX-9644/UV type

DescriptionHD1400 is 25 mm Image intensifier assembly, micro-chan-

nel inverter MX-9644/UV type.HD1400 consists of a single module containing a micro-

channel electron multiplier as the primary gain mechanism.The assembly employs an S20 photocathode with an extend-ed red response, an aluminized phosphor screen and pow-er supply. The assembly is encapsulated in a hard surfaceinsulating sleeve with electrical contact.

The power supply operates in conjunction with anON/OFF external gain adjust control circuit. It incorporates(ABC) automatic brightness control providing constant out-put image brightness regardless of change of light level.The power supply also provides (BSP) bright source pro-tection to protect the tube against exposure to high light lev-els.

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HD2100 je potpuno samostalan tip pojačivača slike smeštenu kompaktno kućište.

MPM-14 Višenamenski monokular za noćno osma-tranje

OpisMPM-14 je višenamenski monokular za noćno osmatran-

je. Namenjen je za nadgledanje, navigaciju, SERE (Survival,Evasion, Resistance, Escape), a može se koristiti i kao nišanza kratki i srednji domet, čime pruža višestruke mogućnos-ti za različite zahteve pri tom eliminišući potrebu za nošen-jem dodatne specijalizovane opreme.

Male težine, kompaktan i dobro balansiran, MPM-14 je pogodan za ručno držanje, ili se pak može stavi-ti na šlem za hands-free operacije, NBC kompatibi-lan.

MPM-14 koristi visokokvalitetni pojačivač slike IIili III generacije, sa integrisanim izvorom napajanjakoji omogućava ABC kontrolu osvetljaja i BSP zašti-tu od bljeska, štiteći ga od izlaganja previsokom nivousvetlosti.

Osnovne karakteristike

• Mala težina, kompaktnost, zaštita od vlage• Pozicioniranje za osmatranje levim i desnim okom• NBC kompatibilan• Ugrađen IR iluminator za čitanje mapa• Može se koristiti i kao noćni nišan• IR indikator• Indikator nivoa baterije • Flip-Up/Flip-Down pozicija sa automatskim

isključivanjem

HD2100 PREMIUM 18mm, Inverter Image IntensifierType AN/AVS-6 Description

HD2100 is 18 mm Inverter and represents II generationof image intensifier, type AN/AVS-6.

HD2100 is Image intensifier with high gain and sensitiv-ity of photocathode, suitable for passive systems and nightvision goggles.

HD2100 consists of exceptionally efficient S25 extendedred photocathode on the input glass lens, micro-channelpanel as electron signal intensifier, and phosphorous screenplaced on output fiber optic lens.

HD2100 contains high voltage power supply with (ABC)automatic brightness control which provides constant out-put image brightness regardless of light level change. Thepower supply also provides (BSP) bright source protectionto guard the tube against exposure to high light levels.

HD2100 is completely independent type of Image inten-sifier placed in the compact housing.

MPM-14 night vision multi purpose monocular

Description

MPM-14 is a single tube night vision multi purposemonocular. It is intended for surveillance, navigation, SERE(Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape) or for use as a shortto medium range weapon sight, providing increased versa-tility while eliminating the need to carry multiple types ofspecialized equipment

Lightweight, ridged and well balanced, MPM-14 can behand-held or worn on a head-mask for hands-free opera-tion, NBC compatible.

MPM-14 utilizes Generation II or Generation III high per-formance image intensifier tube with integrated power sup-ply, which provides automatic brightness control (ABC) andbright source protection (BSP) for guarding against expo-sure to high levels of light.

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ON• Ugrađen senzor za automatsko isključivanje prilikom

visokog nivoa osvetljaja• A-fokalni Clip-On objektiv -x3; x4; x5 (opcionalno)• Kompatibilan sa Red Dot/Reflex Sight/laserskim dalji-

nomerima

Posebne namene• Ručno noseće naočare- Za navigaciju - Za čitanje mapa - Za osmatranje • Montiran na masku/šlem - Za hands-free rukovanje - Za navigacija - NBC kompatibilan• Montiran na oružje - Kao nišan za kratki

domet - Kompatibilan sa

Red Dot/ReflexSight/laserskim

daljinomeri-ma

NNO M-04Noćni nišan sauvećanjem X3

Opis

NNO M-04 je noćninišan sa uvećanjem X3.Namenjen za kratka i srednja ras-tojanja, NNO M-04 pruža višestrukemogućnosti za različite zahteve noćnogosmatranja i koristi se za individualnu upotre-bu.

Kućište nišana je izrađeno od aluminijumske legurevisoke otpornosti, predviđeno da izdrži ekstremne uslovespoljne sredine u svakodnevnoj terenskoj upotrebi.

NNO M-04 koristi visokokvalitetni pojačivač slike II+ gen-eracije, sa integrisanim izvorom napajanja koji omogućavaABC kontrolu osvetljaja i BSP zaštitu od bljeska, štiteći gaod izlaganja previsokom nivou svetlosti.

Noćni nišan NNO M-04 sadrži:- pasivnu podesivu končanicu sa mogućnošću podeša-

vanja, kao i- kontrolu ON/OFF - podešavanje fokusa okulara. Posebno dizajniran optički sistem NNO M-04 nišana čini

ga potpuno kompatibilnim za rad sa svim tipovima laserskihdaljinomera.

NVG-7L Naočare za noćno osmatranjeOpis

NVG-7L predstavlja naočare za noćno osmatranje sa jed-nim pojačivačem slike. Namenjen je za osmatranje, nad-gledanje i kopnenu navigaciju pružajući višestruke mogućnos-ti za različite zahteve, pri tom eliminišući potrebu za nošen-jem dodatne specijalizovane opreme.

System Features

• Lightweight, rugged, humidity proof • Left or Right eye positioning• NBC compatible• Build-in IR illuminator for map reading• Weapon mounted-Rifle scope• IR operation indicator• Low battery indicator• Flip-Up/Flip-Down position with automatic shut down• Built-in sensor for High Light automatic shut down• A-focal Clip-On Objective-x3; x4; x5 (Optional)• Red Dot/Reflex Sight/Laser designators compatible

Mission Dedicated• Handheld Goggles-Navigation-Map Reading-Observation

• Head Mask/Helmet mounted-Hands Free operation-Navigation, Engagement

-NBC compatible• Weapon mounted

-Short ranges Rifle Scope-Red Dot/Reflex Sight/Laser designators

compatible

NNO M-04 X3 Low Profile Night Vision Weapon SightDescription

NNO M-04 is X3 low profile night vision weapon sight. Itis intended for short to medium range engagements, andprovides increased survivability under multiple mission pro-files. It is used for individual weapons.

Sight housing is made of high strength aluminum alloyand is designed to survive the typical rugged military useand environment.

NNO M-04 utilizes Generation II+ high performanceimage intensifier tube with integrated power supply, whichprovides automatic brightness control (ABC) and brightsource protection (BSP) for guarding against exposure tohigh levels of light.

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pogodan za ručno držanje, ili se može staviti na šlem zahands-free operacije. Poseduje posebnu futrolu za nošenje,kao i vrpcu za nošenje naočara oko vrata, čime obezbeđujemaksimalan komfor pri upotrebi.

Sofisticiranim optičkim dizajnom postignuta je fiksiranapozicija sočiva okulara, a time i mogućnost prilagođenjarazličitim interpupilarnim razmacima.

NVG-7L koristi visokokvalitetni pojačivač slike II ili IIIgeneracije, sa integrisanim izvorom napajanja koji omoguća-va ABC automatsku kontrolu osvetljaja i BSP zaštitu od bljes-ka, štiteći ga od izlaganja previsokom nivou svetlosti.

Potpuno je kompatibilan sa svim tipovima lasera i laser-skih daljinomera..

Osnovne karakteristike

• Mala težina, kompaktnost, zaštita od vlage• Mogućnost montiranja na šlem• NBC kompatibilan• Ugrađen IR iluminator za čitanje mapa• IR prekidač• IR indikator• Indikator nivoa baterije • Flip-Up/Flip-Down pozicija• Ne zahteva dodatno podešavanje interpupilarnog raz-

maka• Ugrađen senzor za automatsko isključivanje prilikom

visokog nivoa osvetljaja• A-fokalni Clip-On objektiv -x3; x4; x5 (opcionalno) Posebne namene• Ručno noseće naočare- Za navigaciju- Za čitanje mapa - Za osmatranje • Montiran na masku/šlem - Za hands-free rukovanje - Za navigaciju- NBC kompatibilan• Sa sočivom objektiva za uvećanje x4/x5- Za kratki i daleki domet osmatranja- Za kontrolu paljbe

The Weapon Sight incorporates: - passive adjustable reticule as well as: - power ON/OFF - eyepiece focus. NNO M-04 specially designed optics makes it fully com-

patible for operation with all types of Laser Target designa-tors.

PVS-7 night vision goggle

Description

The PVS-7 is a single tube night vision goggle. It is intend-ed for observation, surveillance and land navigation provid-ing increased versatility eliminating the need to carry mul-tiple types of specialized equipment.

Lightweight, ridged and well balanced, PVS-7 can be hand-held or worn on a head-mask for hands-free operation. Inaddition to a flexible carrying case, a neck strip is providedfor operator comfort.

Sophisticated optical design provides fixed position of eye-piece lens, and consequently allows adjustment to differentinter pupil spacing.

PVS-7 utilizes High Performance image intensifier tubewith an integrated power supply, which provides automaticbrightness control (ABC) and bright source protection (BSP)for garding against exposure to high levels of light.

It is fully compatible with all types of laser and laser des-ignators.

System Features

• Lightweight, Rugged, Humidity - proof• Possibility of mounting on helmet• NBC compatible• Build-in IR illuminator for map reading• Momentary IR switch• IR operation indicator• Low battery indicator• Flip-Up/Flip-Down position• Additional adjustment of inter pupil spacing not required • Built-in sensor for High Light automatic shut down• A-focal Clip-On Objective-x3; x4; x5 (Optional)�

Mission Dedicated• Handheld Goggles

-Navigation-Map Reading-Observation• Face Mask/Helmet mounted-Hands Free operation-Navigation, Engagement-NBC compatible• x4/x5 Magnification Objective Lens-Short to Long Range Observation-Fire Control

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Fabrika »Zastava oružje« 27. oktobra 2008. godineobeležila je 155 godina rada i postojanja i fabričkuslavu »Sveta Petka«.

Proslava je počela performansom »Karaula«u kome su učestvovali zaposleni u Zastavaoružju i učenici Politehničke škole. Zamišljenkao šetnja kroz istoriju, performans je reali-zovan po ideji Biroa za marketing, uz sves-rdnu pomoć glumca Knjaževsko srpskog teatra, Mirka Babićai novinara Zorana Mišića.

Svečana akademija održana je u fabričkom muzeju “Staralivnica”, uz prisustvo brojnih gostiju, predstavnika DržaveSrbije, poslovnih partnera, sportskih velikana, predstavnikafilmske industrije, lokalne samouprave.

The 155th anniversary of Zastava Arms Companywas celebrated on 27th October 2008 under the aus-pices of their Patron Saint, St. Petka (or GreekParaskevi).

The celebration started with the performance»Border Post« given by the employees ofZastava Arms and students of the PolytechnicCollege. Conceived as a historical chronicle,

the performance was staged in the organization of theMarketing Department, and with wholehearted support ofMr. Mirko Babic, an actor of the Serbian Theatre ofKnjazevac, and Mr. Zoran Misic, a journalist.

The formal ceremony was held in the factory museum“Old foundry”, in the presence of numerous guests, repre-

Zastava oružjeAD

Istorija duga 155godina

Zastava Arms AD 155 years ofhistory

PišeMarketing Zastava oružje AD

ByMarketing Department of Zastava Arms AD

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Povodom 155. godišnjice fabrike dodeljena su interna ieksterna priznanja fabrike Zastava oružje. Za izuzetan ličnidoprinos i iskazane rezultate u radu, Medalje topolivca,najviše priznanje fabrike, direktor Rade Gromović dodelioje Vukašinu Filipoviću, koji je na žalost u međuvremenu pre-minuo, Radosavi Bubanji, Milošu Đokoviću, StevanuSedlareviću i Tomislavu Ristiću, posthumno. Trofejnimnožem i zahvalnicama nagrađeno je 38 zaposlenih.

Povodom obeležavanja jubileja Zastava oružja, a zaizvanrednu poslovnu saradnju, negovanje uzajamnihposlovnih odnosa i pun doprinos razvoju društva, eksternapriznanja, Zlatne plakete, dobile su sledeće institucije:Ministarstvo odbrane Republike Srbije - Sektorza materijalne resurse, Generalštab Vojske Srbije- Uprava za planiranje i razvoj J-5, Ministarstvoekonomije i regionalnog razvoja RS, Ministarstvounutrašnjih poslova RS i Banka Intesa, Beograd.Dodeljeno je i deset plaketa za uspešnu poslovnusaradnju - gradu Kragujevcu, preduzećuJugoimport-SDPR, Tehničko remontnom zavo-du - Kragujevac, Željezari Nikšić...Regionalna privredna komora Kragujevca dodelilaje plaketu Zastava oružju.

Obraćajući se gostima, direktor Gromović jerekao:

»...Zastava oružje u svojoj dugoj istoriji uvek jenegovala kosmopolitski duh i društvenu odgov-ornost marketinga. Ove godine održan je 12. kupu streljaštvu za pionire „KUP ZASTAVAORUŽJE“, odnosno kadete i kadetkinje. Fabrikaneguje svoj otvoreni duh kroz saradnju sa brojn-im institucijama kulturnog stvaralaštva, poputZavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture, brojnihpozorišnih, filmskih kuća, sportskih organizaci-ja, lovačkih udruženja...

Tradicionalno, Zastava oružje nastupa na veći-ni domaćih sajamskih manifestacija lovačkog isportskog oružja, kao i najvažnijim svetskim saj-movima LSO poput sajmova Shot Show – USA iIWA u Nemačkoj. U saradnji sa JugoimportSDPR-om Zastavino oružje se prezentira nameđunarodnim sajmovima u Brazilu, Singapuru,Maleziji, Jordanu, i drugim zemljama ...

sentatives of the Serbian Government, business partners,sports celebrities, representatives of the film industry andlocal government.

The anniversary was an opportunity for awarding internaland external recognitions of Zastava Arms factory. Thefoundry medal, the greatest appreciation offered by the fac-tory, was awarded by its director, Mr. Rade Gromovic, toVukasin Filipovic posthumously for his exceptional contri-bution and accomplishments, to Radosava Bubanja, MilosDjokovic, Stevan Sedlarevic and to Tomislav Ristic posthu-mously. Trophy knives and acknowledgments were awardedto 38 employees.

On the same occasion, a number of external recognitions,golden plaques for an exceptional business cooperation, forpromoting good relationship and for full contribution to thedevelopment of the society were presented to the followinginstitutions: Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Serbia– Department for material resources, General Headquartersof the Military of Serbia –Planning and DevelopmentDirectorate (J-5), Ministry of Economy and RegionalDevelopment of the Republic of Serbia, Ministry of theInterior of the Republic of Serbia and Bank Intesa, Beograd.Ten more plaques for a successful business cooperation wereawarded to the town of Kragujevac, to Yugoimport-SDPRcompany, to the Technical-Overhaul Depot – Kragujevac,toIron Wors of Niksic…

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Danas, Zastava oružje prati trendove razvoja NVO i u ponu-di tržištu akcenat je na novim artiklima: Automatska puškaM21 koja je nedavno dobila razrešnicu za serijsku proizvod-nju, Bacač granata automatski 30 mm, Dalekometna puškaM93, Puška snajperska M91, Bacač granata podcevni 40 mm,Pešadijski mitraljez M02 12,7 mm „Kojot”.

Zastava oružje će 2008. godinu završiti sa obimom proda-je uvećanim 80% u odnosu na 2007. godinu, odnosno nanivou od 25 mil. USD. Izvoz i dalje čini 95% našeg plasmana.

Podrška koju dobijamo od Države nas čini jačim, snažni-jim ali i odgovornijim da sve obaveze i planirane aktivnostiu potpunosti sprovodimo. Pred nama je vreme izazova, presvega tržišnih. 155 godina iza nas su obavezujuće za svezaposlene u Zastava oružju da nastavimo putem našihprethodnika, gradeći i stvarajući bolje uslove rada za svezaposlene. To ćemo postići samo kvalitetnim, efikasnimradom, poštujući preuzete obaveze prema partnerima inadasve izvrsnim kvalitetom naših proizvoda.«

Ministar odbrane, Dragan Šutanovac, na Svečanoj akademi-ji je rekao:

»Ministartsvo odbrane će biti dobar partner, dobar kupaci dobar zastupnik fabrike Zastava oružje u Vladi Srbije.Izgradnja autoputa Kragujevac-Batočina i izgradnja civilnogi vojnog aerodroma u Lađevcima doprineće da proizvodikragujevačke fabrike budu bliže kupcu.«

Povodom jubileja štampano je drugo, prošireno izdanjemonografije »Kolevka srpske industrije«.

Razvojni projekti Zastava oružja za 2009.godinu

FokusiranjePozicioniranost lovačkog i sportskog programa Zastava

oružja U razvoju i plasiranju lovačkog i sportskog oružja fab-

rika Zastava oružje je zahvaljujući kvalitetu, baziranomna tradiciji, uvek imala dobru pozicioniranost na svet-skom tržištu. Devedesetih godina fabrika Zastava oruž-je izgubila je stečene pozicije na američkom tržištu, izpoznatih razloga – primena restriktivnih mera prema

The Regional Chamber of Commerce of Kragujevac award-ed a plaque to Zastava Arms.

Addressing the audience, director Gromovic said:»...In its long history Zastava Arms company has always

cultivated cosmopolitan mentality and social responsibilityin its marketing activities. This year, the 12th shooting com-petition for juniors and male and female cadets was heldunder the name of ZASTAVA ARMS CUP. The factory fos-ters its open-mindedness by cooperating with many culture-related institutions such as the Institute for the protectionof Cultural Monuments of Serbia, a large number of the-atres, film companies, sports organizations, hunting associ-ations...

Traditionally, Zastava Arms participates in the majority ofthe local exhibition events in the field of hunting and sport-ing arms, but it is also present at the major world events inthis field such as Shot Show – USA and IWA, Germany. Incooperation with Yugoimport-SDPR, products of ZastavaArms are shown at the international events in Brazil,Singapore, Malaysia, Jordan and some other countries...

Today, Zastava Arms follows the development trends inarmaments and defence equipment; in its offer to the mar-ket great emphasis is placed on new articles: the M21Automatic Rifle which has recently been approved for seriesproduction, 30 mm Automatic Grenade Launcher, M93Long Range Rifle, M91 Sniper Rifle, 40 mm Under BarrelGrenade Launcher, 12.7 mm M02 Coyote InfantryMachinegun.

Zastava Arms is going to end the year 2008 with sales vol-ume increased by 80% compared to that of 2007, i.e. at thelevel of 25 million USD. Export deals still account for 95%of our sales.

The support we enjoy from the Government makes usstronger, more vigorous but also more determined to fullyimplement all our obligations and planned activities. Wehave challenging time ahead of us, primarily concerning themarket. Our 155-year background is binding upon all thepeople working for Zastava Arms to carry on the effortsmade by our predecessors, building and creating betterworking conditions for all. The only way to achieve this ishigh quality work, efficient operation, and honouring thecommitments taken towards our partners, but above all itshould be an excellent quality of our products «

The Minister of defence, Mr. Dragan Šutanovac, address-ing the gathering at the ceremony said:

»The Ministry of defence will be a good partner, a goodcustomer and a good representative of Zastava Arms facto-ry before the Government of the Republic of Serbia.Construction of the highway section Kragujevac-Batočinaand building of a commercial and military airport in Lađevciwill help the products of Kragujevac factory to be closer totheir customers.«

In honour of the anniversary, the second, enlarged edi-tion of the monograph »The Cradle of Serbian History« hasbeen published.

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n a š o jdržavi. Okolnosti su se promenile i

potpisivanjem Memoranduma sa kompanijomRemington, 2005. godine i plasiranjem proizvoda prekonjihovog ovlašćenog distributera, kompanije US SportingGoods, Zastava oružje vratila se na američko tržište.Analizom saradnje sa američkim partnerima stručnjaciZastava oružja evaluirali su potrebe tržišta i ustanovilitendencije razvoja lovačkog i sportskog programa, presvega lovačkih karabina.

Osnovna ideja u projektovanju i razvoju proizvodaZastava oružja je razviti lovački karabin više klase.Nedavno na mesto rukovodioca ove celine postavljen jeinventivni konstruktor Aleksandar Mladenović. Po nje-govim rečima: “Razvijanjem novog karabina, po svimkarakteristikama, treba da se nađemo u grupi proizvođačakoji imaju visok ugled i visoku cenu proizvoda. Mi smoi do sada imali kvalitetan proizvod, ali je on bio u sred-njoj klasi. Cilj nam je da naš novi karabin uđe u klasuvodećih svetskih brendova u toj oblasti.”

U razvoju Zastava oružja je već napravljen prototiplovačkog karabina visoke klase, model LK M808.Višedecenijsko iskustvo u primeni Mauzer sistema pri-menjeno je i na ovom modelu, ali je on bitno redizajni-ran i prilagođen ergonomskim zahtevima korisnika.“Picatinny” profilom na sanduku karabina M808, Zastavaoružje uvažava zahteve kako američkog, tako i evropskogtržišta pri ugradnji najrazličitijih optičkih sprava i ure-đaja.

U 2008. godini u Zastava oružju osvojena je i tehnologi-ja za izradu karabina od nerđajućeg čelika, što je sjajnapodloga za plasiranje novog modela ovog karabina uidućoj godini. “Stainless steel” karabini su po svojimkarakteristikama karabini više klase.

U saradnji sa takmičarskim sportskim društvima zadalekometno pucanje, nastavljen je razvoj i izvršen redi-zajn karabina LK M07 Match. On je predstavljen na saj-mu IWA 2008 u Nirnbergu i izazvao je veliko intereso-vanje. Očekujemo da će u 2009. godini početi serijskaproizvodnja ovog karabina.

Familijom pištolja EZ, Zastava oružje napravila je ozbil-jan iskorak na američkom tržištu. Pokazalo se da su ovipištolji po funkcionalnim i ergonomskim karakteristika-ma jako dobro pozicionirani. Marketinška kampanja našegameričkog partnera, kompanije EEA (European AmericanArmory), imala je dobar odjek u Americi. Što se tičerazvojnih planova, familija pištolja EZ biće dopunjenakompakt varijantama, čime će se lepeza tih proizvodaproširiti na nivo koji potpuno odgovara zahtevima tržiš-ta.

Development projects ofZastava Arms for 2009

Focus

Positioning of hunting and sporting program ofZastava Arms In the development and marketing of hunting andsporting arms, Zastava Arms has always been wellpositioned on the world market thanks to its tra-ditional quality. In the 90s of the last century the

factory lost its position on the American market forgenerally known reasons – restrictive measures imposed onour country. The circumstances changed in 2005 when a

Memorandum was signed with RemingtonCompany and sales arrangements were made with theiraccredited distributor, US Sporting Goods Company.Zastava Arms was back on the American market. Its expertsanalyzed cooperation with American partners and assessedmarket requirements in order to set development trends ofhunting and sporting programs, first of all hunting carbines.

The basic idea in designing and development of ZastavaArms products has been to develop a higher class carbine.An inventive designer, Mr. Aleksandar Mladenovic, has beenrecently appointed head of this Department. In his words:“The development of our new carbine with all its charac-teristics should earn us a place among those manufactur-ers that are known for their reputation and high prices. Wehave already had a good product, but it was rated as a medi-um class product. Our objective is to confer to our carbinethe class of the leading world brands in this field.”

A prototype of a high class hunting carbine, model LKM808 has already been made within Zastava Arms devel-opment programs. Decades of experience in the use ofMauzer system have been applied to this model, but it hasbeen substantially redesigned and tailored to suit the user’sergonomic requirements. By using a “Picatinny” profile onthe M808 carbine receiver, Zastava Arms has acknowledgerequirements of both American and European market as tointegration of different optical sighting devices and equip-ment.

In 2008, Zastava Arms has also mastered the technologyof stainless steel carbine, as an excellent basis for market-ing this product in the next year. By their characteristics,the “Stainless steel” carbines rank as high class carbines.

In cooperation with competitive sports societies for longrange shooting, the development of LK M07 Match carbineresulted in a redesign of this arm. It was first displayed atthe IWA 2008 in Nuremberg where it aroused great inter-est. It is expected that the carbine will enter in series pro-duction in 2009.

With its family of EZ pistols, Zastava Arms has made aserious advance on the American market. These pistols haveproven to be very well positioned thanks to their function-al and ergonomic characteristics. A marketing campaign ofour American partner, EEA company (European AmericanArmory), met with positive response in the USA. As for thedevelopment plans, the family of EZ pistols will be com-pleted with compact versions, thus extending the array ofthese products to a level that will fully conform to marketrequirements.

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Opremanje Vojske Srbije

U 2008. godini počelo je opremanje Vojske Srbijeautomatskom puškom M21, u kal. 5,56 mm. Trenutno serazvijaju varijante automatske puške M21 koje će izaći u sus-ret zahtevima specijalnih jedinica i jedinica za antiteroris-tička dejstva. Činjenica da je automatska puška M21 usvo-jena u naoružanje naše Vojske značajno unapređuje pozici-ju Zastava oružja pri plasiranju ovog oružja inostranim kupci-ma.

Opremanje mirovnih misija Ujedinjenih naci-ja

Krizna žarišta u svetu su nažalost, u ekspanziji. PotrebeMirovnih misija Ujedinjenih nacija u 2008. godini diktiralesu opremanje jedinica na terenu širom sveta određenim sred-stvima. Jedno od tih sredstava je i mitraljez 12,7 mm M87na adaptiranom postolju za vozilo Hummer. Zastava oružjebrzo je odgovorila zahtevima Mirovnih misija UN.

Mitraljez 12,7 mm M 07 HMMWV (u daljem tekstu M07),baziran je na mitraljezu 12,7 mm M87 NSV.

Mitraljez M07 je namenjen za neutralisanje i uništavanježive sile, motornih i lako-oklopljenih vozila (pokretnih inepokretnih), na daljinama do 2000 m.

Komplet mitraljeza M07 čini: komplet mitraljeza 12,7 mmM87 i komplet kolevke mitraljeza 12,7 mm M07.

Tehnički podaci

masa mitraljeza 12,7 mm M07 44 kg masa municijske kutije sa 50 metaka 11 kgdužina maks 1740 mmširina bez m.k. i hvatača redenika maks 230 mmširina sa m.k. i hvatačem redenika maks 710 mmvisina maks 390 mmdaljina efektivnog dejstva 1500 m do 2000 mpočetna brzina 820 m/s do 860 m/s brzina gađanja min 700 met /minnačin hranjenja redenik u municijskoj kutiji municija metak 12,7 mm sa zrnom B – 32, BZT - 44

Planovi Zastava oružja za 2009. godinu

Modernizacija i adaptacija postojećih borbenih sredstava,kao trend u svetu, diktira aktivnosti na razvoju sledećih sred-stava:

Laki puškomitraljez 5,56mm M21Daljinski upravljane lake modularne borbene stanice

(razvoj sredstava PVO i njihovih montaža na razne platforme– vozila, brodovi, čamci...)

Podvesni kontejneri za mitraljez M87 12,7mm za vaz-duhoplovna sredstva

Nepokriveni segment civilnog tržišta u proizvodnji oruž-ja vojnog izgleda („military styling“) zahteva redizajniranjepostojećeg automatskog oružja u poluautomatsko oružje uskladu sa zakonskim regulativama inostranih tržišta.

Strateško opredeljenje fabrike Zastava oružje AD je da unarednom periodu stavi veći akcenat na projektovanje i razvojproizvoda. U surovoj utakmici, uz globalnu ekonomsku krizu,neophodno je brzo praćenje svih trendova i reagovanje nazahteve svetskog tržišta.

Arming the Military of Serbia

In 2008, started introduction of the 5.56-millimetre M21 auto-matic rifle in the Military of Serbia. The development of M21 riflesis under way; they should satisfy the requirements of special unitsand units for antiterrorist operations. The fact that the M21 auto-matic rifle has been introduced in our armed forces significantlystrengthens the position of Zastava Arms in their efforts to sell thisarm to foreign customers.

Arming the United Nations peace-keepingmissions

Regretfully, the crisis hot spots in the world are expanding. Theneeds of the UN peace-keeping missions have dictated equippingof units deployed throughout the world with some specific items.One of them was the 12.7-millimetre M87 machinegun placed onan adapted platform of the Hummer vehicle. Zastava Arms wereprompt in answering the requirements of the UN piece-keepingforces.

The 12.7-millimetre M07 HMMWV machinegun (hereinafterM07), is based on the 12.7-millimetre M87 NSV machinegun.

The M07 machinegun is intended for neutralizing and annihila-tion of live force, motorized and light armour vehicles (on the moveand stationary), at ranges up to 2000 m.

A set of M07 machinegun consists of: the 12.7-millimetre M87machinegun set and the 12.7-millimetre M07 machinegun cradleset.

Technical data

Mass (weight) of 12.7 mm M07 machinegun 44 kg Mass of ammunition box with 50 rds 11 kgLength max 1740 mmWidth without ammo box and link belt catch max 230 mmWidth with ammo box and link belt catch max 710 mmHeight max 390 mmEffective range 1500 m to 2000 mMuzzle velocity 820 m/s to 860 m/s Rate of fire min 700 rds /minFeeding method link belt in ammunition box Ammunition 2.7 mm round with bullet B – 32, BZT - 44

Plans of Zastava Arms for 2009

Upgrading and adapting of the existing combat means, as a pre-vailing world trend, dictate the development activities of the follow-ing items:

5.56-millimetre M21 light machinegun Remotely controlled light modular combat stations (development

of AD equipment and their installation onto various platforms – vehi-cles, ships, boats...)

Pods for 12.7-millimetre M87 machine gun for airborne use The segment of the civilian market that has not been covered is

the production of arms with military styling which requires redesign-ing of the existing automatic weapons into semi-automatic weaponsin accordance with legal regulations of foreign markets.Strategic ori-entation of Zastava Arms AD Company is to place greater empha-sis on products design and development. In the circumstances ofharsh competition, intensified by a global economic crisis, it is ofvital importance to be able to closely follow the trends and react tothe requirements of the world market.

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U godini u kojoj nekoliko preduzećaOdbrambene industrije Srbije i institu-cija Vojske Srbije slave svoje velike jubile-je, jedan od najznačajnijih jubilejaproslavio je naš jedini proizvođač strel-jačke municije „Prvi partizan“. Ova fir-ma iz Užica osnovana je davne 1928.godine kao Fabrika oružja i municije Užice (FOMU).

Mnogobrojni gosti iz zemlje i inostranstva koji su pris-ustvovali proslavi jubileja održanoj 20. novembra bili sujednodušni u oceni da je „Prvi partizan“ na izvanredan načinobeležio 80 godina postojanja. Među gostima su bili min-istar odbrane gospodin Dragan Šutanovac, ministar trgovinei turizma Republike Srpske gospodin Predrag Gluhaković,načelnik Uprave za odbrambene tehnologije general DankoJovanović, ambasadorka Kraljevine Belgije u Srbiji njenaekselencija Denise de Hauwere, gradonačelnik Užicagospodin Jovan Marković, direktori i predstavnici fabrikaOdbrambene industrije Srbije, Yugoimport-SDPR, najz-načajnijih dobavljača, kupaca, institucija, banaka i poslovnihpartnera iz Srbije, Crne Gore, Bosne i Hercegovine,Makedonije, Belgije, SAD, Nemačke, Engleske, Francuske,Švajcarske i Bugarske.

Program proslave započeo je okupljanjem gostiju koji sudočekani u prostorijama fabrike. Nakon toga, usledio je obi-lazak proizvodnih pogona. U Alatnici, pored prigodne izložbe

In the year when several companies ofthe Serbian defence industry and insti-tutions of the Military of Serbia are cel-ebrating their anniversaries, one of themost important jubilees was markedby our sole manufacturer of small armsammunition, Prvi Partizan. The

Company having its place of business in Uzice was found-ed back in 1928 as a Weapons and Ammunition Factory ofUzice.

Many guests from the country and abroad who attendedthe celebration on 20th November were unanimous in theiropinion that Prvi Partizan marked 80 years of its existencein an exceptional way. Many distinguished guests were pre-sent: Mr. Dragan Sutanovac, Minister of Defence of theRepublic of Serbia, Mr. Predrag Gluhakovic, Minister ofTrade and Tourism of the Republic of Srpska, General.Danko Jovanovic, Head of Defence Technologies Department,Her Excellency Denise de Hauwere, ambassador of theKingdom of Belgium to Serbia, Mr. Jovan Markovic, mayorof Uzice, directors and representatives of Serbian defenceindustry, Yugoimport-SDPR, major subsuppliers, customers,institutions, banks and business partners from Serbia,Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Belgium,USA, Germany, France, England, France, Switzerland andBulgaria.

Veliki jubilej„Prvog

partizana“

Great anniversaryof Prvi Partizan

PišeMihajlo Topalović

ByMihajlo Topalović

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koja je prikazala mogućnosti kojima raspolaže ovaj pogon,gostima su prikazane i najsavremenije CNC mašine koje suove godine nabavljene iz Švajcarske. Zahvaljujući ovim maši-nama kapacitet i kvalitet izrade alata za proizvodnju muni-cije podignut je na značajno viši nivo. U nabavku ovih maši-na investirano je preko milion evra. Takođe, prikazane su imašine za proizvodnju municije koje se nalaze u proizvod-nom programu PPU.

Najznačajniji trenutak prilikom obilaska fabrike bio je puš-tanje u rad novog pogona koji je otvoren kao rezultatdugogodišnje saradnje sa partnerom FN Herstal iz Belgije.Cilj ovog zajedničkog projekta je da se obezbedi trajnauposlenost jednog dela kapaciteta fabrike. U prisustvu gen-erala Danka Jovanovića i predstavnika firme FN Herstal,vrpcu je presekla ambasadorka Belgije gospođa Denise deHauwere. Ukupna vrednost ove investicije, u kojoj velikoučešće ima partner iz Belgije, je milion evra. Gosti su zatimobišli pogone za proizvodnju municije, u kojima su mogli davide u radu najnoviju opremu nabavljenu iz Slovenije, ali iviše novih mašina napravljenih u PPU.

Program je nastavljen svečanom akademijom u Narodnompozorištu. Ovom prilikom generalni direktor PPU gospodinDobrosav Andrić predao je preko 20 zahvalnica i prigodnihpoklona partnerima „Prvog partizana“. Nakon govora koji jeodržao gospodin Andrić, posebne čestitke, pohvale zadosadašnji rad i lepe želje za budućnost domaćinu je izrazioministar Šutanovac. Program je završen svečanom večerom,tokom koje su gosti u opuštenoj atmosferi iskazali pošto-vanje prema domaćinu i želju da još dugo godina rade sa„Prvim partizanom“. Svojim poslovanjem u prethodnojdeceniji „Prvi partizan“ im je pružio najbolji mogući argu-ment za ovakvo razmišljanje.

The celebration started with gathering at the factorypremises and continued with touring the production facili-ties. In the tool shop, in addition to an exhibition showingthe capabilities of this plant, the guests were familiarizedwith the latest generation CNC machines purchased thisyear from Switzerland. Thanks to these machines, the capac-ity and quality of tool manufacturing for the needs of ammu-nition production has been raised to a significantly higherlevel. More than one million euros have been invested in theprocurement of these machines. The presentation alsoincluded machines for ammunition production available inthe production program of Prvi Partizan.

The central event was the commissioning of a new plantopened as a result of a long term cooperation with FNHerstal, a partner from Belgium. The objective of this jointproject is to provide permanent work load for a part of thecapacities. In the presence of general Danko Jovanović andthe representative of FN Herstal Company, Mrs. Denise deHauwere, ambassador of Belgium to Serbia, cut the ribbon.The total value of this investment, in which the partner fromBelgium has an important share, is one million euros. Afterthat, the guests visited the ammunition production plantsand were able to see in operation the newest equipment pur-chased from Slovenia, but also several new machines madein PPU.

The celebration continued with a program at the NationalTheatre. On that occasion, Mr. Dobrosav Andrić, directorgeneral of PPU, presented more than 20 appreciations andgifts to PPU partners. After the speech delivered by Mr.Dobrosav Andrić, special congratulations, commendationsfor their efforts made so far and best wishes for the futurewere addressed to the host by minister Šutanovac. The pro-gram ended with a formal dinner. In a relaxed atmosphere,the guests expressed their appreciation of the host and theirwish to continue cooperation with Prvi Partizan in the yearsto come. With its business operations materialized in theprevious decade, Prvi Partizan gave them the best possiblemotivation to do so.

The present moment

In addition to what they were in a position to see whiletouring the production plants, the guests were acquaintedwith the current situation of Prvi Partizan and the place itoccupies among the world manufacturers, and were informedof the important events and successes achieved this year.

One of the important episodes in the business operationof Prvi Partizan in the current year coincided with the weekof anniversary. Activities on recertification of the quality man-agement system as per the requirements of ISO 9001: 2000standards have just been completed. Granting of a relevantcertificate by a German-American certification body DQSis due in December. It should be remembered that PrviPartizan was the first defence industry company to receiveQMS certification in 1998 already.

In the course of this year, Prvi Partizan has successfullyand without much upheaval completed the second stage ofthe social program. The number of permanently employedhas been reduced by half compared to the period of 15 yearsago. Yet, the factory has retained its human resources forthe most part and is expecting record production.

The current year has been marked by different activities

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Pored svega onoga što su bili u prilici da vide u proizvod-nim pogonima, gosti su tokom posete mogli da se upoznajusa sadašnjim trenutkom „Prvog partizana“, sa pozicijom kojuzauzima među svetskim proizvođačima, sa važnim događa-jima i uspesima postignutim tokom ove godine.

Jedan od značajnih događaja u poslovanju „Prvog parti-zana“ ove godine desio se upravo u nedelji kada fabrika slavijubilej. Uspešno su završene sve aktivnosti na resertifikaci-ji sistema menadžmenta kvalitetom prema zahtevima stan-darda ISO 9001: 2000. Uručenje sertifikata od stranenemačko-američkog sertifikacionog tela DQS uslediće tokommeseca decembra. Treba podsetiti da je „Prvi partizan“ bioprva firma namenske industrije Jugoslavije koja je sertifiko-vala sistem kvaliteta još 1998. godine.

Tokom ove godine u „Prvom partizanu“ je sprovedena dru-ga faza socijalnog programa uspešno i bez velikih lomova.Broj stalno zaposlenih radnika smanjen je na polovinu uodnosu na period od pre 15 godina. I pored toga, fabrika jenajvećim delom očuvala kadrovski potencijal i ove godine seočekuje rekordna proizvodnja u istoriji fabrike.

Tokom godine odvijale su se aktivnosti na realizaciji neko-liko značajnih projekata koji treba da obezbede trajnuuposlenost fabrike i u budućnosti. Pored modernizacijeproizvodnje nabavkom nove opreme, najznačajniji su pro-jekat osvajanja proizvodnje traserne municije, projekat osva-janja proizvodnje municije kalibra 12,7 mm i projekat osva-janja proizvodnje novog kalibra u saradnji sa stranim part-nerom. Završetak ovih projekata planiran je u narednoj godi-ni.

in the implementation of several projects supposed to pro-vide permanent work to the factory in the forthcoming peri-od. Topical issues are: production upgrade by acquisition ofnew equipment; mastering the production of tracer ammu-nition in calibre 12.7 mm; and mastering the production ofa new calibre in cooperation with a foreign partner.Completion of these projects has been planned for the nextyear.

Prvi Partizan factory earns a living from exports. For years,95% of its production has been sold outside the country. Itspositioning on the world market of small arms, sporting andhunting ammunition has attained a higher level then beforethe sanctions. This particularly refers to exports of ammu-nition on the markets of the USA and Western Europe.Factory management has been receiving acknowledgmentsfrom the world for the quality of ammunition they produceand for their professional attitude in all segments of busi-ness dealings. Prvi Partizan may rightfully expect to contin-ue its expansion on the world market.

Production of defence ammunition

The core element of PPU production program in the fieldof defence ammunition are standard NATO calibres: 5.56 x45 mm, 7.62 x 51 mm and 9 x 19 mm. The factory has beenproducing all three calibres for many years and importantquantities have been sold all over the world. After it was dis-continued during the sanctions, the export-oriented pro-duction has been given a new impetus and owing to the pro-duction and sale of these calibres, Prvi Partizan is planningand stands good chances to achieve record production.

Although it has been producing these calibres for manyyears, Prvi Partizan had to make certain changes in order to

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»Prvi partizan« je fabrika koja danas živi od izvoza, a toznači da već godinama preko 95% svoje proizvodnje proda-je van zemlje. Pozicije fabrike na svetskom tržištu streljačke,sportske i lovačke municije podignute su na viši nivo od ono-ga pre sankcija, što se posebno odnosi na izvoz municije natržište USA i Zapadne Evrope. Rukovodstvo fabrike dobijapohvale iz celog sveta za kvalitet municije i profesionalniodnos kada su u pitanju svi segmenti poslovanja i zato spunim pravom može da se očekuje da narednih godina »Prvipartizan« nastavi sa ekspanzijom na svetskom tržištu.

Proizvodnja vojne municije

Osnovu proizvodnog programa “Prvog partizana”, kad jeu pitanju vojna municija, danas predstavljaju standardniNATO kalibri: 5,56 x 45 mm, 7,62 x 51 mm i 9 x 19 mm. Svatri kalibra nalaze se već dugi niz godina u proizvodnom pro-gramu fabrike i značajne količine prodate su širom sveta.Nakon zastoja tokom sankcija proizvodnja za potrebe izvozase ponovo zahuktala i dobrim delom zahvaljujući proizvod-nji i prodaji ovih kalibara „Prvi partizan“ je planirao i nadobrom putu je da ove godine ostvari rekordnu proizvodnjuu istoriji fabrike.

Iako ove kalibre proizvodi odavno, „Prvi partizan“ je moraoda izvrši određene promene da bi se prilagodio zahtevimatržišta i ispunio neophodne uslove za isporuku municije poNATO standardima, što je jedan od strateških ciljeva fab-rike. Ove promene obuhvatile su sledeće:

1. Sistem ispitivanja usklađen je sa važećim NATO speci-fikacijama.

adapt to the requirements of the market and fulfil necessaryconditions for deliveries complying with NATO standards,which is one of the strategic objectives of the factory. Thesechanges comprise:

1. Testing system harmonized with the governing NATOspecifications.

To achieve this, it was necessary to purchase new testequipment, including necessary instruments to measurebullet velocity, pressure of powder gases by piezoelectricmethod and firing time, as well as new test barrels.

2. New types of ammunition have been introduced in pro-duction.

Besides service and blank ammunition, PPU is now pro-ducing tracing, sniper and silenced ammunition in NATOcalibres.

3. New packing variants have been introduced. Besides certain modifications in the conventional meth-

ods - packing in wooden crates, new methods of ammuni-tion packing into link belts, plastic bags and metal boxesM2A1 have been introduced.

In compliance with the initiated transformation of theMilitary of Serbia, Prvi Partizan already has in production,develops or modifies all the equipment necessary to satisfythe needs of our armed forces. The development of the sniperammunition in calibre 12.7 x 108 mm was completed inNovember, and PPU is producing another variant of thisammunition in calibre 12.7 x 99 m.

In the production program of our factory there are alsoother calibres used for the needs of the armed forces, policeand security forces:

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vanje, uključujući instrumente za merenje brzine zrna, pri-tiska barutnih gasova piezoelektričnom metodom i vreme-na opaljenja, kao i nove opitne cevi.

2. U proizvodnju su uvedene nove vrste metaka.Pored bojeve i manevarske municije, PPU sada u NATO

kalibrima proizvodi i obeležavajuću, snajpersku i priguši-vačku municiju.

3. Uvedene su nove varijante pakovanja. Uz određene izmene kod klasičnog načina pakovanja u

drvene sanduke, uvedene su i varijante pakovanja municijeu redenike, u plastične torbice i u metalne kutije M2A1.

Treba naglasiti da, u skladu sa započetim transformacija-ma VS, “Prvi partizan” ima u proizvodnji ili razvija i vrši mod-ifikacije svih sredstva potrebnih za zadovoljenje potreba našearmije. Tokom meseca novembra završen je razvoj snajperskemunicije u kalibru 12,7 x 108 mm, a varijantu ovog metkaPPU proizvodi i u kalibru 12,7 x 99 mm.

U proizvodnom programu naše fabrike nalaze se i mnogidrugi kalibri koji se koriste za potrebe vojske, policije i sna-ga bezbednosti:

Standardna puščana municija ruskog porekla u kalibrima7,62 x 39 mm i 7,62 x 54 mm sa raznovrsnim tipovima zrna;

Puščana municija zapadnog porekla koja je danas uograničenoj upotrebi, u kalibrima 7,62 x 63 mm, 7,5 x 55 mmSwiss, 30 M1 Carbine, 303 British;

Kalibri koji su u poslednje vreme u upotrebi za specijalneoperacije, 300 Winchester Magnum i 338 Lapua Magnum(u završnoj fazi razvoja);

Pištoljska i revolverska municija u kalibrima 7,65 mm, 9 x17 mm, 9 x 18 mm Makarov, 7,62 x 25 mm Tokarev, 40 Smith& Wesson, 45 Auto, 38 Special, 357 Magnum i drugim.

Standard rifle ammunition of Russian origin in calibres7.62 x 39 mm and 7.62 x 54 mm with different types of bul-lets;

Rifle ammunition of Western origin the use of which isnow limited, in calibres 7.62 x 63 mm, 7.5 x 55 mm Swiss,30 M1 Carbine, 303 British;

Calibres that are lately in greater use for the needs of spe-cial operations, 300 Winchester Magnum and 338 LapuaMagnum (in final stage of development);

Pistol and revolver ammunition in calibres 7.65 mm, 9 x17 mm, 9 x 18 mm Makarov, 7.62 x 25 mm Tokarev, 40 Smith& Wesson, 45 Auto, 38 Special, 357 Magnum and others.

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Specijalna municija

Projekat osvajanja proizvodnje specijalne (obeležavajuće iprobojno-zapaljive) municije pokrenut početkom devedesetihgodina prošlog veka doživeo je određene transformacije shod-no zahtevima tržišta. Mnogi kupci imaju potrebu za kombi-nacijom bojeve i obeležavajuće municije u redenicima, i na ovezahteve PPU nije bio uvek u mogućnosti da odgovori. Sada se uzavršnoj fazi nalazi osvajanje proizvodnje obeležavajućih zrna ukalibrima 5,56 x 45 mm i 7,62 x 51 mm. Završetkom ovog pro-jekta i osvajanjem ovih vrsta municije fabrika će u saradnji sa„Krušikom“ proizvoditi zrna koja trenutno uvozi i na taj načinkompletirati svoju ponudu na programu streljačke municije mal-ih kalibara.

Interesantno je reći da deo kapaciteta za proizvodnju muni-cije 12,7 mm PPU danas koristi za proizvodnju i isporuku stan-dardnih čaura kalibra 50 BMG i, kao jedini proizvođač u svetu,čaura 416 Barrett za američko tržište. Ovde kao veoma znača-jnu stvar treba naglasiti da “Prvi partizan” ima sopstvenu mašino-gradnju i da je razvio skoro kompletan program proizvodnjemašina za proizvodnju municije, koji takođe nudi i isporučuje.Tako je i veći deo opreme koja je urađena za projekat proizvod-nje specijalne municije, uključujući i opremu za proizvodnjumunicije 12,7 mm, upravo delo stručnjaka iz fabrike.

Sportska i lovačka municija

Svestan činjenice da ne može računati na kontinuiranuuposlenost većeg dela kapaciteta na proizvodnji streljačke muni-cije, »Prvi partizan« se davno preorijentisao i krenuo u osvajan-je tržišta sportske i lovačke municije.

Današnji program proizvodnje sportske i lovačke municije u“Prvom partizanu” proistekao je iz proizvodnje municije za vojnepotrebe, tako da su među prvim lovačkim kalibrima bili 8 x 57IS (7,9 x 57 mm), 7 x 57 (7 mm Mauser), 308 Winchester (7,62x 51 mm), 30-06 Springfield (7,62 x 63 mm) i drugi. Zahvaljujućiekspanziji izvoza na prelazu između osme i devete decenijeprošlog veka, naročito veoma uspešnom izvozu u USA, “Prvipartizan” je izrastao u jednog od najznačajnijih proizvođačasportske i lovačke municije u svetu, kad je u pitanju asortimani kvalitet, ali isto tako i količine.

S obzirom da se municija namenjena za komercijalno tržištedobrim delom proizvodi na kapacitetima na kojima se proizvo-di i vojna municija, može se reći da je “Prvi partizan” na taj načinizvršio konverziju kapaciteta i da ove kapacitete može koristitiza potrebe civilne proizvodnje. Trenutno, u skladu sa zahtevimasvojih kupaca, fabrika radi na proširenju asortimana u ovom pro-gramu i svake godine izbaci niz novih varijanti postojeće muni-cije, novih tipova zrna i novih kalibara. Rad na ovom programunikada nije prekidan, ali je posebno intenziviran nakon ukidan-ja sankcija i otvaranja svetskog tržišta prema našoj zemlji.

Kao posebno interesantne segmente ovog programa, izdvo-jene u skladu sa potrebama kupaca i trendovima na tržištu tre-ba navesti sledeće proizvode:

Karabinska municija;Pištoljska i revolverska municija;„Match“ municija (precizna municija namenjena za tak-

mičenja);

Special ammunition

The project of acquiring production of special ammunition(tracing and armour-piercing incendiary) first initiated in themid nineties of the last century has undergone certain trans-formations dictated by market requirements. Many customersneed to combine service and tracing ammunition in link belts,a requirement that PPU has not always been in a position tomeet. Mastering the production of a tracing bullet in calibres5.56 x 45 and 7.62 x 51 mm is in its final stage. Once this pro-ject has been completed and these types of ammunition havebeen acquired, PPU will start, in cooperation with Krušik, theproduction of bullets that are currently being imported. It willthus complete its offer of small arms ammunition.

It is interesting to mention that PPU uses a part of the capac-ities intended for the production of 12.7 mm ammunition, tomanufacture and deliver standard cartridge cases in calibre 50BMG, and, as sole manufacturer in the world, of 416 Barrettcartridge case for the American market. An important advan-tage of Prvi Partizan is its own machine building capability, withpractically complete program of ammunition producing machinesthat are also the subject of its offer and supply. Equally, majorpart of the equipment used in the project of special ammuni-tion production, including equipment for the production of 12.7ammunition has been the result of PPU’s specialists’ work effort.

Sporting and hunting ammunition

Aware of the fact that a large part of the capacities engaged inthe production of small arms ammunition cannot be fullyemployed on a continuous basis, Prvi Partizan has converted apart of its capacities and directed its efforts to winning the mar-kets of sporting and hunting ammunition.

Today’s program of sporting and hunting ammunition in PrviPartizan has derived from the production of defence ammuni-tion. The first hunting calibres were 8 x 57 IS (7x9 x 57 mm), 7x 57 (7 mm Mauser), 308 Winchester (7.62 x 51 mm), 30-06Springfield (7.62 x 63 mm) and others. Owing to an expansionof export deals in the period between the eighth and ninth decadeof the last century, and especially thanks to a very successfulexport to the USA, Prvi Partizan grew into one of the most emi-nent manufacturers of sporting and hunting ammunition in theworld, with the assortment and quality of ammunition, but withquantities of ammunition as well.

Considering that ammunitions intended for commercial mar-kets are mostly produced using the same capacities which pro-duce defence ammunition, we can say that Prvi Partizan has thusmade conversion of its capacities which can now be used for theneeds of civilian production as well. At this moment, respond-ing to the requirements of its clients, the factory is extendingthe range of products in this program; each year, it launches aseries of new variants of the existing ammunition, new types ofbullet and new calibres. Work on this program has never beeninterrupted, but it was intensified after the sanctions were lift-ed and the world market opened up to our country.

Some particularly interesting segments of this program, sin-gled out in compliance with clients’ needs and market trendsconsist of the following products:

Carbine ammunition;Pistol and revolver ammunition;„Match“ ammunition (precision ammunition intended for

competitions);

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ONLovačka municija sa zrnima „Grom“;

Municija u zastarelim kalibrima;Manevarska municija i čaure;Municija 9 mm PA Blank;Komponente (čaure i zrna).Posebna pažnja u razvojnim planovima PPU poklanja se

„ekološkoj“ municiji, kao izuzetno perspektivnom programu zabudućnost. Za sada je u pojedinim kalibrima završen razvojsledećih proizvoda:

Sinter municija sa raspadajućim zrnima;Pištoljska i revolverska municija sa Total Metal Jacket zrnima;Vežbovna municija sa plastičnim zrnima.

Kao ilustraciju priče koju smo ispričali, navešćemo uporedotipove vojne municije koju proizvodi „Prvi partizan“ u tri NATOkalibra i varijante komercijalne municije u istim ovim kalibri-ma:

5,56 x 45 mm - 223 Remington7,62 x 51 mm - 308 Winchester9 x 19 mm - 9 mm Luger

I na kraju, podsetimo šta se sve nalazi u ponu-di „Prvog partizana“:

Streljačka municijaMunicija za puške, puškomitraljeze i mitraljezeMunicija za pištolje, automate i revolvereMunicija za protivavionske mitraljezeSportska i lovačka municijaKarabinska municijaPištoljska i revolverska municijaPotkalibarna artiljerijska municijaOprema za proizvodnju municijeAlati za proizvodnju municijeOprema, mašine, uređaji, alati, priboriMedicinska oprema (Operacioni stolovi i pribor)Ostali proizvodiInženjering (Uspostavljanje kapaciteta za proizvodnju muni-

cije)

Hunting ammunition with „Grom“ bullets;Ammunition of obsolete calibres;Blank ammunition and cartridge cases;9 mm PA Blank ammunition;Components (of cartridge case and bullet).Particular attention in the development plans of PPU is paid

to „ecological“ ammunition, as an extremely promising programfor the future. For the time being, the development of the fol-lowing products has been completed in some calibres:

Sinter ammunition with degradable bullets;Pistol and revolver ammunition with Total Metal Jacket bul-

lets;Practice ammunition with plastic bullets.As an illustration of our narrative, indicated below are ammu-

nition types produced by Prvi Partizan in three NATO calibresand, in parallel, commercial variants of ammunition in the samecalibres:

5.56 x 45 mm - 223 Remington7.62 x 51 mm - 308 Winchester9 x 19 mm - 9 mm Luger

And finally, let us recall all the items offeredby Prvi partizan:

Small Arms AmmunitionRifle, Light Machine Gun and Machine Gun AmmunitionPistol, Submachine Gun and Revolver AmmunitionAntiaircraft Machine Gun AmmunitionSporting and Hunting AmmunitionRifle AmmunitionHandgun AmmunitionAPFSDS Artillery AmmunitionEquipment for Ammunition ProductionTools for Ammunition ProductionEquipment, Machines, Devices, Tools, AccessoriesMedical Equipment (Operating Tables and Accessories)Other ProductsEngineering (Ammunition production capacities installation)

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Vojnomedicinska akademija je vrhunskamedicinska i naučno-istraživačka ustanova,nacionalno blago, hram srpske medicine inauke sa tradicijom dugom 164 godine.

Osnovana je ukazom kneza AleksandraKarađorđevića, 2.marta 1844.godine, kao prvacentralna vojna bolnica. Od tada do danas, nižese nepregledan i neiscrpan vremenski đerdan,mnoštvo slavnih imena, uloženog truda i radada se sačuva zdravlje i odupire sudbini. Iz bitkeu bitku, kalilo se ime i ugled ove ustanove injenih stručnjaka koji su uvek bili uz svoj narod na popriš-tima balkanskih, oba svetska rata i ratnih 90-tih.

The Military Medical Academy is ranked topamong medical and scientific-research insti-tutions, it is a national treasure and the tem-ple of Serbian medicine and science with a tra-dition of 160 years.

By the Decree of the Prince AlexanderKaradjordjevic of March 2, 1844, it was estab-lished as the first Central Military Hospital.Since then, countless and infinite number ofjewels have been strung of many a famous

name, effort and dedication to safeguard health and resistthe twists of fate. The name and reputation of this institu-tion have been forged in battle, its experts being by their

VOJNOMEDICINSKA AKADEMIJA:

BALKANSKIHRAM ZDRAVLJA

tradicija, iskustvo i ugled ustanovekojoj se veruje...

MILITARYMEDICALACADEMY: THEBALKAN TEMPLEOF HEALTH

tradition, experience and reputationof an institution that is trusted

Pišenaučni saradnik, dr sc.med. Elizabeta Ristanović

Bynaučni saradnik, dr sc.med. Elizabeta Ristanović

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ONI danas je VMA sa svojim narodom i državom, na braniku

evropskih pozicija svoje države i brend Vojske Srbije na putuuključenja u evro-atlantske integracione procese.

Definisana je kao najviša vojno-zdravstvena, naučno-istraži-vačka ustanova i centar za poslediplomske studije. Pod krovomVMA skladno, integrisano i multidisciplinarno funkcionišuslužba lečenja na vrhunskom nivou, uz poštovanje najvišihstandarda i sopstvenih specifičnosti, edukacija medicinskihkadrova svih profila po evropskim standardima i naučno-istraživački rad na svetskom nivou.

Impresivno arhitektonsko zdanje VMA zauzima površinuod 180.000m2, nalazi se na prostoru od 21ha, u jednom odnajlepših delova grada, na Banjičkom visu i predstavlja jedanod prepoznatljivih simbola Beograda.

Pouzdan garant uspešnosti VMA danas je kvalitetangažovanih medicinskih stručnjaka među kojima je 470lekara, 40 stomatologa, 36 farmaceuta i 1400 medicinskihtehničara svih profila. Nastavno-naučni potencijal kuće čini135 profesora, 186 doktora nauka i 78 magistara. Iskustvo iznanje prenose se sa generacije na generaciju, uz perma-nentno unapređenje tehnoloških procesa i dijagnostičko-ter-apijskih procedura.

VMA u svom sastavu ima 27 klinika, 17 instituta,Dijagnostičko-poliklinički centar, Centar za kontrolu trovan-ja, Trauma centar, Centar hitne pomoći, Centar za trans-plantaciju organa i kostne srži.

Kapacitet VMA čini 1200 bolničkih postelja i godišnje seu ovoj kući hospitalizuje 30.000 bolesnika, obavi oko 30.000hirurških intervencija i više od pola miliona specijalističkihpregleda.

Prednost bolnice centralnog tipa jeste i u tome štose konzilijum najsposobnijih stručnjaka svih profila možeoformiti za 10 minuta, tako da se i najkomplikovaniji medi-cinski problemi rešavaju brzo i efikasno.

Nacionalna, verska i rasna pripadnost ili status zdravstvenogosiguranja nikada nisu bili uslov za korišćenje usluga VMA.

VMA je bolnica otvorena je za sve naše građene u zemlji irasejanju kao i strance koji žele da koriste više od 5000 različi-tih dijagnostičkih i terapijskih procedura, od najjednostavnijihdo veoma složenih kao što su transplantacije tkiva i organa ikomplikovani operativni zahvati.

people in the Balkan Wars, both World War I and II and onthe battlefields during the war-affected 90s.

Even nowadays, the Military Medical Academy is, togeth-er with its people and the state, a defender of the Europeanpositions of Serbia and the brand of the Armed Forces ontheir way towards the Euro-Atlantic integration processes.

It is a top military healthcare facility, a scientific-researchinstitution and a center for postgraduate training. Under theroof of the Military Medical Academy, treatment, educationof medical personnel of all profiles as well as scientific-research are fully integrated and multidisciplinary coordi-nated in accordance with the highest standards and its ownspecifics.

The impressive architectural complex of the MilitaryMedical Academy covering the area of 180.000 square metersis situated in one of the most beautiful suburbs of the cityof Belgrade, on the Banjica hill, representing one of its rec-ognizable symbols.

The expertise of the MMA’s medical personnel including470 physicians, 40 dentists, 36 pharmacists and 1400 med-ical technicians of all profiles is a reliable guarantee of theMMA’s success. The teaching-scientific body of this insti-tution comprises 135 professors, 186 holders of Ph. degreeand 78 holders of a master’s degree. Experience and knowl-edge have been passed down from generation to generationalong with the continuous advancement in technologicalprocesses and diagnostic-therapeutic procedures.

The Military Medical Academy has 27 clinics and 17 insti-tutes. It houses the Diagnostic Outpatient Clinic, PoisonControl Center, Trauma Center, Emergency Center andCenter for Organ and Bone Marrow Transplantation.

In this 1200 inpatient bed tertiary care hospital, around30,000 patients are hospitalized, about 30,000 surgeries areperformed and more than half a million specialist examina-tions are carried out each year.

The advantages of a hospital with centralized care ensurethat a consultation meeting of the most skilled medicalexperts of all profiles can be called up in 10 minutes torespond urgently and effectively to the most complex andchallenging medical cases.

Nationality, race or religious affiliation or any type of healthinsurance have never been and will never be a precondition

for enjoying MMA’a services.MMA is a hospital open to all our citizens in thecountry and expatriates living and working world-wide as well as to the foreign citizens who can usemore than 5000 various diagnostic and therapeuticprocedures ranging from the most simple to the mostcomplex and highly expensive services, such as com-plicated surgical procedures and tissue and solidorgan transplantations.

Prices are very favorable. The medical services arebilled according to the price list identical for boththe citizens of the Republic of Serbia and for foreigncitizens. Having signed the medical insurance con-tract with national insurance companies, the MMAcan now offer their clients additional exclusive med-ical services and benefits.

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Cene usluga na VMA su pristupačne. Identičan cenovnikprimenjuje se za građane Republike Srbije i strance.Potpisivanjem ugovora o dobrovoljnom dopunskomzdravstvenom osiguranju sa osiguravajućim kompanijamapotencijalnim korisnicima obezbeđene su dodatne pogod-nosti u korišćenju usluga VMA.

VMA primenjuje vrhunske metode dijagnostike u svimoblastima medicine. Transplantacioni program se radi ruti-nski i obuhvata transplantacije bubrega, jetre, koštane sržii matičnih ćelija. Prvi rezultati terapijske primene matičnihćelija u slučajevima multiple skleroze, oboljenja jetre, dija-betesa, akutnog infarkta miokarda ili hronične srčane bolestisu ohrabrujući i zapaženi na svetskom nivou.

Hirurgija je, od osnivanja do danas, zaštitni znak VMA.Implantacija veštačkih diskusa u slabinski i vratni deo kičme,primena navigacije u ugradnji veštačkih zglobova, operaci-je na zadnjem segmentu oka, transplantacija jetre sa živogdavaoca, kombinovana otvorena i ćelijska kardiohirurgijasamo su neka od dostignuća stručnjaka VMA u proteklomperiodu.

Jedinstvena iskustva u oblasti urgentne hirurgije primen-juju se u svakodnevnoj praksi, a još jedna novost i osobenostVMA je primena modela dnevne hirurgije koji omogućujeda se bolesniku istog dana utvrdi dijagnoza i uradi hirurškaintervencija, a zatim se, posle opservacije, uputi na kućnolečenje.

Menadžment i stručnjaci VMA svesni su činjeniceda nema moderne medicine bez savremene tehnologije. I utom smislu VMA ide krupnim koracima napred, prateći i pri-menjujući najviše medicinske standarde. Nabavljen je mul-tislajsni skener najnovije generacije koji ima neograničenemogućnosti za dijagnostiku i praćenje toka lečenja, opreml-jen je sterilni hematološki blok, a nadograđen je i linearniakcelerator koji služi za lečenje malignih bolesti, najsavre-meniji u ovom delu Evrope.

VMA je nenametljivi, ali nesporni lider u mnogim oblas-tima medicine na Balkanu i jugoistočnoj Evropi, a po oceninezavisnih međunarodnih stručnjaka i srpski superbrend uoblasti zdravlja i lepote.

The Military Medical Academy applies state-of-the-artdiagnostic methods in all the fields of medicine. The kid-ney, liver, bone marrow and stem cells transplantations areperformed as routine procedures. The first results of ther-apeutic application of stem cells in multiple sclerosis, liverdiseases, diabetes, acute myocardial infarction and chronicheart diseases are encouraging and recognized in the world.

From its establishment to date, surgery has remained atrademark of this institution. Implantation of artificial ver-tebral and lumbar disks, the application of navigation sys-tem to assist in accurate fitting of artificial joints, surgeriesin the posterior segment of the eye, living donor liver trans-plantations, combined open heart and cell surgeries are onlysome of the acomplishments of the MMA’s experts in theprevious period.

Unique experience gained in the field of emergency surgeryis applied in everyday practice. The introduction of the same-day surgery model as one of the MMA’s novelties andspecifics has ensured performance of diagnostic and surgi-cal procedures and sending a patient home for further homecare on the same day.

The MMA’s management and medical professionals arewell aware of the fact that modernmedicine is impossible without thestate-of-the-art technology. In view ofthis, the MMA advances rapidly by fol-lowing the highest medical standards.The multislice CT scanner of the lat-est generation with unlimited diag-nostic capabilities has been pur-chased. The linear accelerator usedin the treatment of malignant patientshas also been upgraded, and is nowthe most sophisticated accelerator inthis part of Europe.The Military Medical Academy is,unquestionably, a leader in many fieldsof medicine in the Balkans andSoutheastern Europe and, as assessedby some independent internationalexperts, the Serbian brand in thehealth and beauty domain.

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