34

]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    6

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

����������� ���������� ������������������� !��"

#%$'&)(�*,+.-0/21�&436587:9 ;<-�5'-0$>=@?BAC&)7D/E&GF4H:3

IJ-0KE7D$'5'LM-0/:5�H.N�OPH:LMKRQB5'-0$J*B(�&4-�/S(�-;�$8&4/E(�-�5'H./2T�/R&4+.-0$83'&G5VU

1!-W36-W7D$X(XYZ1!-0KSH:$65[O>*,\^]!1>\V_D`bac\ed.fg (�58H.hi-�$ " d:d.fEj,1�-�+,&43'-09 g (�58H.hi-�$ " d.dbk

lnm<o�p0qcrEsDp

te/2L�7./bUZ7DKRKRF4&)(�7u58&GH:/E30vB&w5!&)3!/R-0(�-0383'7.$'Ux58Hn9B-�58-�$8Lx&4/R-[5'YE-�36&4LM&GF)7D$8&w5VUyHDN�5Vz{H�3V58$'&4/R|b3�?} z!&49R-�F4U:\^QE3'-09~/RH.5'&4H./�HDN�365'$8&G/R|�3'&4Lx&4F)7D$8&w5VU�&)3�58YR-�-W9B&w529B&436587./E(�-:�5'YE-�LM&G/R&4L@QEL/bQEL@hi-�$yH.N�&G/S36-0$658&GH:/E3�v!9B-0FG-�5'&4H./E30v�7D/S9�36QRhS3V58&w58QB5'&4H./E3Z$8-0�bQR&4$'-W9�58H�5'$X7D/S3VN�H:$'L�H./R-3V58$'&4/R| &G/b58HZ58YR-�HD58YR-�$W?Mte/�5'YR&)3�$8-�KiH.$'50v�z{-MKR$'Hu+,&)9B-M72365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(xLMHB9B-�F<N�H:$�3V58$'&4/R|-09B&G5M9R&436587./E(�-:? g QE$x365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(�LMHB9B-0F>7.FGF4Huz�3�QS3@58H�F4-07.$'/�7�3V58$'&4/R|�-09B&G5M9R&436587./E(�-N�QR/E(�58&GH:/�N�$'H:L�7 (�H.$8KRQE3�H.NP-��B7.LMKRFG-W3�?x��-�&GF4FGQS3V58$87D5'-x5'YR-�QR5'&4FG&G5VU�H.NPH.QE$�7DKRKR$8H:7:(XYhbU�7DKRKEFGU,&4/R|&w5�58H 5'YR-n9R&w�n(�QEFw5@KE$'H:hRFG-0L�H.N{F4-07.$'/R&4/R|25'YE-�KR$'H:/,QR/E(�&)7u58&GH:/�H.N{z{H.$X9R3&G/�(�H:/b+:-�$X3'7D5'&4H./E7.F%3'KS-0-0(XY�?�te/�5'YR&)3�7DKEKRFG&)(�7D5'&4H./�v%zP-ZFG-W7D$8/�7�3V58$'&4/R|�-W9B&G5�9R&436587./E(�-z!&w58Y/R-07.$'F4UnH./E-��RN�5'Y 58YR-�-�$8$8H.$>$87D5'-�HDN�5'YE-�QR/b5'$X7D&4/R-09 ��-�+.-0/E3'Y:58-�&4/29R&436587./E(�-:? g QR$7DKRKR$8H:7:(XY&43�7.KRKRF4&4(07DhRF4-�58HZ7D/,U365'$8&G/R|2(�F)7.3836&G�S(07u5'&4H./�KR$'H:hRF4-�L�5'YE7D5[L�7cU hi-x3'H.F4+.-W9QE36&4/R|n7M3'&GLM&4F47.$'&G5VU�N�QR/E(�5'&4H./7D|b7D&4/E365>7M9R7D587DhS7.3'-[H.N�F)7Dhi-�F4-092KR$8HD58HD5VU,KS-W3�?

��:����� qu��o.� 3V58$'&4/R|�-09B&G5P9B&)36587D/S(�-.vb��-0+.-�/S36Yb5'-0&G/M9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-.vb3V58H,(XYS7.365'&)(%58$87./E389BQE(�58&GH:/�v36U,/b587:(�5'&)(�KE7D5658-�$8/�$'-W(�H.|:/R&G5'&4H./�v�KR$8HD5'H.5VU,KS-y9R&4(�5'&4H./E7.$'U:v�3'KS-0FGF4&4/R|�(�H:$'$8-0(�5'&4H./�v�3V58$'&4/R|(�H.$8$8-0(�58&GH:/�v,3V58$'&4/R|@3'&GLM&4F47.$'&G5VU.v,365'$8&G/R|x(�F)7.3836&G�S(07u5'&4H./�vb3'KS-0-0(XYn$8-0(�H.|:/R&w58&GH:/�v.KE$'H:/bQE/E(�&)7u\5'&4H./ LMH,9R-�F4&G/R|SvS*,z!&G58(XY,hiH:7D$X9y(�H.$8KRQE30?

�6 �¡0¢V£¤�¥:¢V£:¡0¦V§J¤�¦V¨�©�ª«¢V£2¢V£:¨�¬>¨X­b¤�¦e¢V®�¨X¯u¢�¡0°�±�¡W®�­b¥.¢V¨8¦C².³8ªw¨8¯b³X¨W´�µ�¦Vª¶¯b³8¨8¢V¡W¯ ·P¯bª¶¸c¨8¦e¹§eª«¢»ºu´{¼W½�¾{¿GÀ.¨X¯�²D¢e¦V¨8¨8¢�´Pµ�¦Vª¶¯b³8¨8¢V¡W¯E´PÁ{Â�ÃWÄc½�ÅWÅ.ÆǵȨ8¢V¨'¦xÉ>ªw¤�¯bª¶¿¶¡W§xª¶§x¤0¿¶§e¡©�ª¶¢V£�¢V£:¨�Á>Ê�±Ë ¨X§e¨�¤�¦V³'£�Ìͯ:§^¢Vª«¢V¥:¢V¨W´�ÅnÌͯbÀ:¨X­B¨X¯bÀ:¨X¯:³X¨�ΤXºu´�µ�¦Vªw¯:³X¨8¢V¡0¯S´�Á>Â2Ã0Äc½�ÅcÃ.Æ�Ê�¦Vª¶³ Ë ª¶§^¢6¤WÀª¶§�­,¤�¦e¹¢Vªw¤�¿w¿«º@§e¥b­:­B¡0¦e¢V¨�À�Ïuº�É�¡W¥b¯:ÐCÌ»¯D¸c¨X§^¢Vª¶Ðc¤�¢V¡0¦%Ñ%©<¤�¦6À�Ì Ë Ì»¹»ÒcÓ0½0ÄW½DÔ�Õ!°4¦V¡0®Ö¢V£b¨PÁ>¤�¢Vª¶¡0¯,¤0¿S²D³Xª¶¨X¯b³X¨× ¡W¥b¯bÀb¤�¢Vªw¡0¯SÆ�Ê�®�¤0ª¶¿�Ø�Ù�ÚDÛcÜ�ÝDÞ0ßÈà»ácâuã.ä�åDæcÜiç�áuÚ.Û�â:æ�èWÝDé�â�ç»èWßcê,Æ%ë<£bª¶§<­b¤0­B¨8¦�£,¤�§�ÏB¨X¨8¯�¤0³X³X¨8­:¢V¨�À°4¡0¦P­b¥:Ïb¿¶ª¶³�¤�¢Vª¶¡W¯xªw¯nì^í�í�í�îbï^ð0ñbò8óõôEöP÷xì,Æ

Page 2: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

ø ù �x�<�õún��û {�<�ú��

te/�L�7D/,U[7.KRKRF4&4(07u58&GH:/E3�vW&G5�&43�/R-0(�-0383'7.$'UJ5'HJ9R-�5'-0$'LM&4/R-õ58YR-P3'&GLM&4F47.$'&G5VU[HDN,5VzPH�365'$8&4/R|:30? }z!&49B-0FGUb\^QE3'-09�/RH.5'&4H./�H.NE3V58$'&4/R|J3'&GLM&4F47.$'&G5VU[&43�5'YR-P-09B&G5õ9B&436587./E(�-:�È5'YR-PLM&G/R&4L@QELü/bQEL@hi-�$HDNõ&G/S36-0$658&GH:/E3�vS9B-�F4-�58&GH:/E3�vS7D/E9 3'QRhE365'&G5'QB58&GH:/E3�$8-0�bQR&4$'-W9Z5'HM5'$X7D/S3VN�H:$'LýH:/R-�365'$8&G/R|�&4/b5'H5'YR-�H.5'YR-0$�þ " _Wÿ^? te/~5'YR&)3�$8-�KiH.$'50v%z{-KR$8Hu+,&49B-7 365'HB(XYE7.365'&)(2LMH,9R-�F!N�H:$n3V58$'&4/R| -09B&G59B&436587./E(�-:? g QR$�3V58HB(XYE7.365'&)(>&G/b58-�$8KR$'-�587D5'&4H./M7DF4FGHuz�3õQS3<5'H�7.QB5'H:LM7D5'&)(�7.FGF4U@F4-07.$'/M7�3V58$'&4/R|-09B&G5�9B&436587./E(�-JN�$'H:Lý7@(�H.$8KRQE3PHDN�-��B7.LMKRFG-W3�?<t^5!7DF)36H�FG-W7.9R3%5'HM7�+u7.$'&)7D/b5PH.N�365'$8&G/R|�-09B&G59B&436587./E(�-:vE58YE7u5�7D|:|.$8-�|:7D5'-W3{5'YR-�LM7./,UZ9B& � -0$'-0/b5Cz>7cU,3!5'Hn58$87./E36N�H.$8L H./E-@3V58$'&4/R|n&4/b5'H7D/RH.5'YR-0$0?<��-C&4FGF4QE365'$X7u58-J58YR-�QB5'&4FG&G5VU�HDN�H.QR$>7DKEKR$'Hb7.(XY�h,Un7DKEKRFGU,&4/R|x&w5{5'H�5'YR-�9B&G�n(�QRFG5KR$'H:hRF4-�L HDN�F4-07D$8/R&4/R| 5'YE-yKR$8H./,QR/E(�&47D5'&4H./ HDN�z{H.$X9R3�&4/�58YR-2*,z!&G58(XY,hiH:7.$89 (�H:$'KEQE3�H.N(�H./,+:-�$X3'7D5'&4H./E7.F�36Ki-�-W(XY þ �DÿÍ?�te/�5'YR&)3x7DKRKRF4&)(�7u58&GH:/�võz{-nFG-W7D$8/�7�365'$8&G/E|�-09B&G5x9R&436587./E(�-5'YE7D5>$8-09RQE(�-W3%58YR-�-�$8$8H.$%$X7u58-CH.N�58YR-�QR/b5'$X7D&4/R-092��-0+.-�/S36Yb5'-0&G/29B&)3V5X7D/E(�-Ch,Uy7@N 7.(�5'H.$>H.N�E?¶k,v,5'H�z!&G5'YE&G/���� HDN�5'YR-�LM&4/R&GL�QRL -0$'$8H.$>$X7u58-�7:(XYR&4-�+u7DhRF4-[hbU27D/,Uy(�F47:3'3'&w�S-�$W?

��-�5�QE3��E$8365�9R-��E/R-{H.QE$�/RH.587u58&GH:/�?���-�5���hi-P7��E/R&G5'-P7.FGKEYE7Dhi-�5<HDNE9B&)365'&4/E(�5<36U,[email protected])37D/E9�F4-�5��� �����9B-0/RHD58-M7./�7D$8hR&w58$87.$'U365'$8&G/E|2H.N{F4-�/E|D5'Y�� Hu+.-�$[58YR-n7DF4KRYE7.hS-�5��@?]>YR-�/����9B-0/RHD58-03y5'YR- 36QEhE3V58$'&4/R|�H.N�� 5'YE7D52hi-�|:&G/S3Z7D5ZKiH:3'&w58&GH:/���7D/E9�-0/E9R327u5KSHb36&G5'&4H./��S?��EH.$@(�H./,+.-0/R&G-0/E(�-:v�z{-n7DhRhR$8-�+,&)7u58-�58YR-�QR/R&G5@F4-�/R|.5'Y�3'QRhE365'$8&G/R|� �� 7.3 �7D/E9Z5'YE-�FG-0/R|D58Y �PKR$8-��R�yH.N!"��7.3#�$�?

} 3V58$'&4/R|�-09R&w5J9B&)36587D/S(�-�&)3!(XYE7D$X7.(�5'-�$8&&%�-09yh,UZ7x5'$8&4KRFG-(')�*,+(*.-0/>(�H./S36&)3V58&G/E|xH.N�58YR-�E/R&G5'-�7DF4KRYE7.hS-�5831��7./E9(+ 7D/E9M58YR-[KR$'&4LM&w58&G+:-C(�H:365%N�QR/E(�5'&4H./�-[�325476#8�z!YR-0$'-96#8&43[58YR-�36-�5[H.NP/RH:/R/R-�|b7u58&G+:-@$8-07DF)30v:2<;=2?>A@�2?BC@�2 � &)3J58YR-�7DF4KRYE7.hS-�5[H.NPKR$8&GLM&G5'&4+.--09B&G5!H.Ki-�$X7u5'&4H./S3�v�2�>C;���D(+ &43P58YR-�36-�5{H.N�5'YR-�3'QRhE365'&G5'QB58&GH:/E30vE2�B?;F�FD�GIH0JC&)3%58YR-36-�5�H.N%58YR-n9B-�F4-�58&GH:/E30v�7D/E9K2 � ;LGMH0JNDK+ &)3[5'YE-M3'-�5�H.N%5'YE-x&4/E3'-�$'5'&4H./E30?�#P7.(XY�36QE(XY5'$8&GKRF4-N')�*,+(*.-0/�&4/E9BQE(�-03{7@9B&)36587D/S(�-!N�QR/S(�5'&4H./ OQP��3�SRCDT+URV476#8�58YE7u5{LM7.KE3{7�KE7D&4$HDNP365'$8&G/E|:3J5'H 7y/RH:/R/R-0|:7u58&G+:-�+u7DF4QR-.?�]>YE-x9B&)36587D/S(�-UOQPMWX $ *ZY�[]\ChS-�5VzP-0-�/5Vz{H2365'$8&4/R|:3^$1 ���$P7./E9_Y [ �+ [ &)3�9B-��E/R-09Z$8-0(�QE$83'&G+:-�F4Un7.3

O�PMWX $ *.Y [ \`; LM&G/ ab c -dWX $ *ZY [ \fegO P WX�$ihkjd*ZY [ hkjl\m*-dWX $ *.Hm\fenO P WX�$ihkjd*ZY [ \m*-dWoHM*ZY [ \fegO P Wo^$m*.Y [ hfjp\q rs W " \

z!YR-�$8-COQPMWoHM*,Ht\`;FuR?�]>YR-!-09R&w5%9B&)36587D/S(�->L�7cU�hS-�(�H.LMKRQB58-09�&G/(vUWX�QwXx�\�5'&4LM-!QE36&4/R|�9BUb\/E7DLM&)(JKR$8H.|:$87.LMLx&4/R|yþ " �Rv,` " ÿ^?�y�7D/,UM-��R(�-0FGF4-�/b5>$'-0+b&4-�z�3PHDN�58YR-�3V58$'&4/R|�-09B&G5>9R&436587./E(�-FG&G5'-0$87D5'QR$8-!7D$8->7c+u7.&GF)7DhRF4-�þ " uBv " �Ev:a " v.a.dcÿ^?õ*B-�+.-0$87.F,+c7.$'&)7D/b5X3�H.NS58YR-!-09R&w5%9B&)36587D/S(�->YE7c+.-hS-0-�/ KR$8H.KiH:3'-09�vB&4/E(�F4QE9B&4/R|x5'YE-�(�H./S3V58$87.&G/R-W9n-W9B&w5J9R&436587./E(�-�þ " dcÿ�7./E9y5'YR-�/RH:$'L�7.FG&&%�-W9-09B&G5J9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-nþ " k0ÿÍ?

} 3V58HB(XYE7.365'&)(>&G/b58-�$8KR$'-�587D5'&4H./MHDN�365'$8&G/R|@-09B&G5P9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-�z>7.3<�E$X365%KR$8Hu+b&)9B-W9@h,UUz{7.YRF7D/E9�{:-�F4&G/R-0|�þ acÿ^vRhRQB5�z!&G5'YRH:QB5J7D/7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL N�H.$!F4-07.$'/R&4/R|x5'YE-�-09B&G5J(�Hb3V5X3�?�]>YR-�/E-�-09N�H.$>36QE(XYZ7�FG-W7D$8/R&4/R|@7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YEL &)3%z!&)9B-0FGU�7.(t|,/RHuz!F4-09R|.-09 þ " uBvBaduRv,a.dcÿÍ?õ]>YR-CKR$8&G/E(�&GKS7DF(�H./b58$'&4hRQB58&GH:/�HDNR58YR&)3�$8-�KiH.$'5�&)3�7D/@-��n(�&4-�/b5<7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL�N�H.$�FG-W7D$8/R&G/E|�5'YE-PKR$8&4Lx&G5'&4+.-P-09B&G5(�H:36583!N�$'H:L 7�(�H:$'KRQS3PH.N�-��R7DLMKRF4-030?�]�HM58YR-�hS-W3V5�H.N�H:QR$C|,/RHuz!F4-09B|:-.v,5'YE&43!&)3>58YR-��E$X3V5KRQRhRF4&43'YR-W9�7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRLü58H�7DQB58H.L�7u58&4(07DF4FGU�F4-07.$'/�5'YE-�KR$8&GLM&G5'&4+.->-09B&G5P(�H:365830?���-�&G/E&w58&47.FGF4U&GLMKRF4-�LM-�/b58-0927�5Vz{HD\e9B&4Lx-0/E3'&GH:/E7DFi+u7D$8&47./:5{HDN�H.QR$>7DKRKE$'Hb7.(XYn&4/ } QR|.QE365 " d:d.`�N�H:$%58YR-KR$'H:hRF4-�L H.N�(�F47:3'3'&wN�U,&4/R|M|.$8-�UB38(�7DF4-J&4L�7D|:-03>HDN�YE7D/S9Bz!$'&G5658-�/9B&4|.&G5830?

"

Page 3: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

]>YR-�$'-0LM7.&G/S9B-�$>HDN�5'YR&)3>$8-�KiH.$'5>(�H./E3'&436583{H.N�N�H.QE$�36-W(�5'&4H./S3{7./E9y5'YR$8-�-�7DKEKS-0/E9B&)(�-030?te/ 3'-0(�5'&4H./�aBvBz{-�9B-��S/R-�H.QR$�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4([LMHB9B-�F�HDNõ3V58$'&4/R|M-09B&G5J9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-�7D/E92KR$8Hu+,&49B-7D/�-��n(�&4-�/b5�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YRL�58H2F4-07.$'/�5'YR-MKR$8&4Lx&G5'&4+.-M-W9B&w5�(�H:36583CN�$'H:L�72(�H.$8KRQE3[H.NP3V58$'&4/R|KE7D&4$830?<te/36-W(�5'&4H./2`RvBz{-�KR$'Hu+,&)9B-�7x365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(CLMHB9B-�F�N�H:$!3V58$'&4/R|�(�F)7.3836&G�S(07u5'&4H./ZKR$8H.hB\FG-0LM30vÈ7D/E9KE$'Hu+,&)9B-�7D/�7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRLý58Hy-0365'&4L�7u58-�5'YR-�KE7D$X7DLM-�5'-�$X3>HDNõ58YR&)3JLMHB9B-�F�N�$'H:L7y(�H:$'KEQE3�H.N�F47.hS-0FG-W9�3V58$'&4/R|b3�? g QE$�5'-W(XYR/R&)�bQR-03C7D$8-@7DKRKEFG&)(�7.hRFG-@5'H27D/,U2365'$8&4/R|y(�F)7.383'&w\�S(�7D5'&4H./�KR$8H.hEFG-0L 58YE7u5[LM7cU2hi-�3'H.F4+.-092QE3'&4/R|Z7n365'$8&4/R|y9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-�N�QR/E(�5'&4H./�7D|:7.&G/S3V5J79R7u5X7DhE7:36-CHDN�F)7Dhi-�F4-09yKR$8HD5'H.5VU,KS-W3�?�te/23'-0(�5'&4H./(�SvBzP-�7DKEKRFGUMH:QR$>LxHB9B-0FG&4/R|�5'-W(XYR/R&)�:QE-035'H[5'YR->9B&G�n(�QRFG5õKR$'H:hRF4-�LüHDNSFG-W7D$8/R&G/E|J58YR-PKE$'H:/bQE/E(�&)7u58&GH:/E3�H.NEz{H.$X9R3�&4/M(�H./,+:-�$X3'7D5'&4H./E7.F36Ki-�-W(XY�?

te/n7DKRKi-�/E9R&w� } vbzP-JKR$'-W36-0/b5%$'-W36QEFw5X3<N�H.$õ58YR-JKE$'H:/bQE/E(�&)7u58&GH:/x$8-0(�H.|:/R&w58&GH:/�KE$'H:hRFG-0L&G/�5'YR-M(�F)7.383'&4(@/R-07.$'-W3V5'\Í/R-0&G|:Y,hSH:$JKE7.$87:9B&G|:L ?[te/�7DKRKi-�/S9B&w��zCv�z{-@KE$'-W36-0/:5�7D/�7DFG5'-0$6\/E7u58-�LxHB9B-0F�HDN!365'$8&G/R| -W9B&w5x9B&436587./E(�-:v�z!YR&)(XY &43�(�H./E9R&w58&GH:/R-09�H./�365'$8&G/E|2F4-�/E|D5'YS3�?nte/7DKRKi-�/E9R&w��OCvRzP-�$8-�+,&4-�z YRHuz 5'H�7c+.H:&49y/,QRLM-�$8&4([QR/E9R-�$.}EHuz &4/3V58H,(XYS7.365'&)(C(�H.LMKRQB5X7u\5'&4H./E30?

~ ������0� � ���������� !�

��-CLxHB9B-0Fi365'$8&4/R|�-09R&w5>9B&436587./E(�-[7.3P7�LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'3�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(!5'$X7D/E389BQE(�5'&4H./�hi-�5Vz{-�-�/5'YR-!QR/S9B-�$8FGU,&4/R|�3V58$'&4/R|:3��9R>7D/E9@5'YE->3'QR$'N 7.(�->365'$8&4/R|:3�+TRD?<#%7.(XYx3V58-�KxHDNS5'YR->58$87./E3'9RQE(�\5'&4H./M|.-0/R-�$X7u58-03<-�&G5'YE-�$%7�3'QRhE365'&G5'QB58&GH:/�KE7D&4$V'o�"*,�l/�v:7�9B-0FG-�5'&4H./MKE7.&G$�')�"*.Hm/�vb7D/x&G/E3'-�$'5'&4H./KE7D&4$�'oHM*t�p/�vDH:$<5'YR-C9B&4365'&4/R|:QR&43'YR-W9�58-�$8Lx&4/E7D5'&4H./�36U,L�hSH:F��ü7.(0(�H:$89B&4/R|[5'H�7�KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VUN�QR/E(�58&GH:/g����2�@�Gd��J�4 þ u^* " ÿ^?�z{-0&G/R|�7 KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU�N�QR/E(�58&GH:/�v���W�w�\�387u5'&)36�E-03�58YR-N�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R|�(�H:/E3V58$87.&G/b5X3��

�"���:�U �2�@�G]�(JnþEuT����W)�Q\1� " ÿ�I���F�l�3�!�E�,�`�:��Wo��\`; "=�HD58- 5'YE7D5M5'YR-/,QRF4F!H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/�')H0*,Hm/@&)3M/RH.5M&4/E(�FGQE9R-09~&G/~58YR-7DF4KRYE7Dhi-�5_2 HDN[-09B&G5H.Ki-�$X7u5'&4H./S3�?

} LM-0LxH:$'U,F4-0383>3V58H,(XYS7.365'&)(�58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$C��;='o�*,+(*,�d/{/E7u58QR$87.FGF4U�&4/E9BQE(�-03!7xKR$8H.hB\7DhR&4FG&G5VUnN�QE/E(�58&GH:/T�!W�w�� �:\{H:/y58YR-�36KS7.(�-�2NRM� H.N�7.FGFÈ58-�$8Lx&4/E7D5'-092-W9B&w5J3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-W3�?õ]>YR&)3KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VUnN�QR/E(�58&GH:/ &43�9R-��E/R-W92hbUn5'YR-�N�H:FGF4Huz!&G/E|�|:-�/R-0$87D5'&4H./ 7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL ?

���E ��E¡:¢�£k�:¤ �:¥¦¨§7©]ª�«f¬ ; "S­ ª_®¯^§ °d± ²d³ �I´_µ «&ª^¶ 2�@�G]�(J· ²l²lª�«¹¸�±»ºI¼ ­ ª ��W�w�\½^§ ± µ��I´�;��<¾ «&¿ ­mÀ «Áº ¤ � ´ ¥pÂ�Ãte/�H.QR$Z&G/b5'-0/E9B-W9 7DKRKEFG&)(�7D5'&4H./E30v>zP-�$8-0�bQR&4$8-�7�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�N�QR/S(�5'&4H./�H:/ 3V58$'&4/R|

KE7D&4$832$X7u58YR-�$Z5'YE7./�H:/ -W9B&w53'-0�bQR-�/S(�-030?ýte/�H.$X9B-�$Z5'H�H.hR587D&4/�3'QE(XYÖ7�KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VUN�QR/E(�58&GH:/�vBz{-J(�H:/E36&)9B-0${7�365'$8&4/R|@KE7.&G$%5'H�hS-C5'YR-C-0�bQR&4+u7DF4-�/E(�-C(�F)7.383�$8-�KE$'-W36-0/:5X7u58&G+:->N�H.$7DF4F{-W9B&G5M3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-W3�z!YRHb36-ZUb&4-�F)9�&)3@5'YE7D5xKE7.&G$W? ]>YbQS3�v<58YR-ZKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU HDNJ7�3V58$'&4/R|KE7D&4$%&)3�58YR-C3'QRL HDNÈ58YR-JKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5'&4-03%HDN�7.FGFS-09B&G5{3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-W3õN�H.$%5'YE7D5{365'$8&G/E|�KE7D&4$W?<��-�5

a

Page 4: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

Ä Wo� ´ �T\# �9R9D�+TR[hi-�5'YE-�Å]ÆoÇpÈÊÉ2H.N�58YR-�5'-0$'LM&4/E7u58-09Z-09B&G5C3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-�� ´ �y?�]>YR-0/ zP-9B-��E/E-C�ËWX"�A*.Y^ÌV� �"\>5'HMhS-�58YR-�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VUnHDN�5'YR-�(�H.LMKRF4-��2-�+.-0/b5 Ä hkj]W.'X"�A*.YEÌÍ/Z\�v

�ËWX � *.Y Ì � �"\ �; Î�.�tÏ3�`Ð ÑIÒÊ�tÏ3��ÓXÔ`ÕÊÖI×EØ ÙMÚ:Û)� �ËWo� ´ � � �:\ WÍa3\z!YR-�$8->5'YR-!KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUC�!Wo� ´ ��� �:\�HDN�7C5'-�$8LM&G/S7u5'-W9x-09B&G5%36-W�bQR-�/E(�-C� ´ 2 ´ &)3�3'&GLMKRF4U5'YR-�KR$'HB9BQS(�5CH.N<5'YR-�KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w58&G-W3���W)� � \!H.Nõ5'YR-�&4/E9B&4+,&49RQE7DF�-09B&G5CH:KS-0$87D5'&4H./E3�hS-W(�7DQS36-5'YR-�58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$!&43>LM-�LMH:$'U,F4-0383�?

ÜÝ �,� q �QÞàßá�ËW�w&*lw�� �"\_ƹâ_ã�ä]ã]ÈåÆoÉ�æ"ç,è3étã3élÆ�ÈåÆ�êÁÅNëtì�í"îlêÁÆoè]í�èdíK�9RNDK+TR�Æ ë(ã]í:É�èdí^ÈåÅ�Æ ë��W�w�\ƹâ�ä]ã]ÈåÆoÉ ã]í:Éï��Wi�N\1ðñu�òó q ����ô,õüt^N���W�w�\@&43x7+u7DF4&49�KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�N�QR/E(�5'&4H./~7D/E9���Wi�N\�ðöuRv<58YR-�/��ËW�w�� �"\@&)3�7+c7.FG&)9�KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU�N�QE/E(�58&GH:/yH./M58YR-C3'-�512NR0� H.N�7DF4FR�E/R&G5'-J5'-0$'LM&4/E7u58-09�-W9B&w5>36-W�bQR-�/E(�-03hS-W(�7DQS36-2 R � &)3!7�(�H:LMKRFG-�5'-�KR$8-��R�,\ÍN�$'-0-�36-�50?�#%7:(XYn58-�$8Lx&4/E7D5'-092-W9B&w5J3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-�� ´ �Ub&4-�F)9R3C-��R7.(�5'F4UZH:/R-�365'$8&4/R|nKE7.&G$ Ä Wo� ´ �T\�?[#�+.-0$'U23V58$'&4/R|ZKE7D&4$N'o^$m*ZY [ /!&4/��9RD�+UR�&)3|.-�/E-�$X7u5'-W92hbU 7u5CFG-W7.365JH./R-@-09B&G5C3'-0�bQR-�/S(�-.?!]>YR-0$'-�N�H.$8-.vB58YR-�3'-�5S�SRD�+UR�KE7.$658&w58&GH:/E35'YR-�3'-�5�2NRM� 7./E9T�ËW)�SRSD�+TRQ� �"\Í; " ?

t^N���Wi�N\1;�uEvB5'YE-�/U�ËW)� ´ � � �"\1;��!Wo� ´ � �:\���Wi�T\1;FuxN�H.$�7.FGF��S/R&w58-�5'-0$'LM&4/E7u58-092-09B&G536-W�:QE-�/E(�-03�7./E9U�ËW)�SRD�+UR3� �:\1;�uMhi-0(07DQE3'[email protected]�365'$8&4/R|�KE7D&4$X3!&G/��9R�D�+UR�7D$8-��E/R&G5'-:?g $õ&wNf��W�w�\<&)3</RHD5�+u7.FG&)9�vD58YR-�/��!Wo� ´ ��� �:\<&)3õ&G/,+u7DF4&)9x7./E9?�ËWo�9R�D�+UR3� �:\<L@QE365�hi-!&G/,+u7DF4&497.3>z{-�F4F»?ø÷

]>YR-MQE36-MH.N{7 9B&)3V58&G/R|:QR&)36YR-W9�5'-�$8LM&G/S7u5'&4H./�36U,L�hSH:FÍ��&4/�72LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'3[KR$8HB(�-W3'3-�/b587.&GF)3�58YE7u5�5'YR-2KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU�H.NJ7D/�-W9B&G5M3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-y9R-0(�7cUB3@-��BKSH:/R-�/b58&47.FGF4U z!&w58Y�&G583FG-0/R|D58Y�?�yH:$'- &4LMKSH:$65X7D/b5'F4U.v{5'YE-�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU��ËW ¬ � �:\x58YE7u5y7./~-W9B&G5Z36-W�bQR-�/E(�-z!&GF4F(�H./b5X7D&4/ ¬ H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/E3{L@QE365J7DF)36HM9B-W(�$8-07.3'-[QR/R&GN�H.$8LxF4UZ7D5�7D/ -��BKiH./R-0/:58&47.F�$87D5'-:?

�ËW ¬ � �:\ �; � �tÏ��3�ËÏ��!Wo� ´ ��� �:\; W "Cù ��WÁ�T\Z\ ´ ��WÁ�T\te/@L�7D/,U[/E7u58QR$87.F.KR$8HB(�-W3'3'-030vW3'QE(XY@7:3�58YRH:3'-%&4/,+.H.F4+,&G/E|J(�H:LxL�QR/R&)(�7D5'&4H./�vW5'YE-%KR$8H.hE7.hR&4Fw\&w5VU�H.NS7D/�-09B&G5�36-W�bQR-�/E(�-{9RHb-W3�/RHD5õ9B-0(�$'-W7.3'-%QR/E&wN�H:$'LMF4U.?�yH.$8-%KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU�&)3�7:3'3'&4|./R-W95'H[5'YR->LM-09R&GQRLx\^FG-0/R|D58Y�LM-W3'387D|:-03�5'YE7./@58HJ58YR->+.-0$'U�3'YRH.$'5<Lx-W3'387D|:-030? } 3�N�H:$'L�QRF)7u5'-W9�v5'YR-CLx-0LMH.$8UbF4-0383<58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$%&)3�QR/E7.hRF4-!5'Hx7.(�(�QR$X7u5'-0FGU�LMH,9R-�FS3'QE(XY�KR$8HB(�-W3'3'-030?�te/n7.KB\KS-0/E9B&G�Kz[viz{-xKR$'-W36-0/b5[7D/�7DFG5'-0$'/E7D5'-�KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$8&Ê%W7u58&GH:/HDNõ5'YE-�58$87./E389BQE(�-0$Jz!&G5'YRH:QB57�5'-0$'LM&4/E7u58&GH:/y3'UbL�hSH:F»?<te/�58YR-C7.Fw58-�$8/E7u58-JKE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$'&&%07D5'&4H./�v.zP-[9B&G$8-0(�5'F4UMLxHB9B-0FE58YR-KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VUï�ËWX��*,ú\P58YE7u5!58YR-�QR/E9B-0$'F4U,&G/E|n3V58$'&4/R|�(�H:/:5X7D&4/E31�Ö3'U,[email protected])3!7D/E9Z58YR-�36QE$6\N 7.(�-x3V58$'&4/R|2(�H./b5X7D&4/E3?ú 36U,[email protected])30? } 3[7n$8-03'QRFG50vS5'YR-xKR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VUZH.Nõ5'YR-xF4-�/R|.5'Y ¬ H.N5'YR-�QR/S9B-�$8FGU,&4/R|M-09B&G5J3'-0�bQR-�/S(�-�/R-0-09Z/RHD5J9B-W(�$8-07:36-[-��BKiH./R-0/:58&47.FGF4U.?

]>YR-�$8-�L�7D&4/E9B-0$�HDNi5'YR&)3{36-W(�5'&4H./M-��,KEF47.&G/E3�YRHuz�58H�QE3'-!5'YE-�LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'3�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$�7.3[7y365'$8&G/R|Z-09B&G5�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-.?���&G$X3V5[zP-xQE3'-�58YR-x365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(�5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$C5'H9B-��E/E-Z5Vz{H�365'$8&4/R|�-W9B&w5n9B&)36587D/S(�-030��58YR-�ûC&w58-�$8hR&>-09B&G5n9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-Z7D/S9�5'YE- 365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(-09B&G5n9B&436587./E(�-:?���- 3'YRHuzýYEHuz 5'H -��n(�&4-�/b58FGU�-0+c7.FGQS7u5'-Z5'YE-NüVH:&G/b5MKR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�HDNC73V58$'&4/R|@KS7D&4${7:(�(�H:$89R&G/R|�5'H�7@|.&4+.-0/�5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$#��?�]>YE&43>(�H:LMKRQB587D5'&4H./n&)3P/R-0(�-0383'7.$'U�5'H

`

Page 5: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

(�7DF)(�QEF47D5'-{5'YR-!365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(P-09B&G5�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-{hi-�5Vz{-�-0/@5Vz{H�3V58$'&4/R|:30?�=J-��,50v.zP->-��BKRF)7D&4/@YEHuz5'H H.KB58&GLM&&%�-�5'YR-MKE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$83JHDNP7ZLM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'3J5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�-�$[H./�7Z(�H.$8KRQE3CHDN>36&4LM&GF)7D$3V58$'&4/R|�KE7.&G$X30?�]>YR&)3%(�H.LMKRQB5X7u58&GH:/�&43%QE36-W9M5'H@FG-W7D$8/�58YR-JKE$'&4LM&w58&G+:-�-09B&G5{(�H:365830?!��&4/E7DF4F4U.vzP-ZKR$'-W36-0/b5@5'YE$'-0-Z+u7D$8&)7D/b583@H./�58YR-ZLM-0LxH:$'U,F4-0383�58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$0v<z!YR&)(XY�F4-07:9 5'H�5'YR$8-�-+c7.$'&)7D/b5X3�HDNõ58YR-�5Vz{Hy365'$8&G/E|y-09R&w5�9B&436587./E(�-W3�?[*,QRhE3'-0�bQR-0/:58FGU:v�36-W(�5'&4H./�`�-��BKRF)7D&4/E3�YEHuz5'Hn3'H.F4+.-�3V58$'&4/R|�(�F)7.3836&G�S(07u5'&4H./ZKR$8H.hRF4-�L�3>QE3'&G/E|n7x365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(J5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�-�$W?

ý#þZÿ ������������ �������g QR$P&4/b5'-0$'KR$8-�5X7u58&GH:/�HDN�365'$8&G/R|@-09B&G5>9R&436587./E(�-[7.3%7�3V58HB(XYE7.365'&)(>5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�5'&4H./y/E7u58QR$87.FGF4UFG-W7.9R3�5'H!58YR-õN�H.F4F4Huz!&G/R|>5Vz{HJ365'$8&G/E|�9B&436587./E(�-W3�?�]>YR-õ�E$X365�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-AO [ � WZwÊ*0w \�&43�9B-��E/E-09�h,U5'YR-[LMH:365{F4&Ê|:-�F4Ux5'$X7D/E389BQE(�5'&4H./nhi-�5Vz{-�-0/�5'YR-C5Vz{H�365'$8&G/R|b3�vbz!YR&4FG-C5'YE-[3'-0(�H./E9n9R&436587./E(�-O >� WZwÊ*0w \{&)3!9B-��S/R-092h,UZ7.|.|.$8-�|b7u58&G/R|�7DF4F�5'$X7D/E389BQE(�5'&4H./E3{hi-�5Vz{-�-0/Z58YR-�5Vz{HM365'$8&4/R|:30?

]>YR-y�S$8365@58$87./E3'9RQE(�58&GH:/�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�- O [ � WX��Í*ZY^ÌÍ\�v�z!YE&4(XY�z{- (�7DF4FP5'YR-���Æ�ê ÇpçlélÆ�Ç,ÉdÆ�êÉ]ƹâmêiãdí"îtÇ:v!&43x58YR-/R-0|:7u58&G+:- FGH:|:7D$8&G5'YRL H.NC58YR-KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�HDN[5'YR-LMHb3V5�F4&Ê|:-�F4U�-09B&G536-W�:QE-�/E(�-CN�H:$!5'YE-�3V58$'&4/R|xKE7D&4$'X"�A*.YEÌÍ/�?

O [ � WX � *.Y Ì \ �; ù F4H.|`· «&¼^¶ ·�� �Z� Ï Ð Ñ]ÒÊ� Ï ÓXÔ�Õ&Ö × Ø Ù Ú ÛÁ� G.�!Wo� ´ � �:\tJ W»`¨\]>YR&43�9B&)36587D/S(�-�N�QR/S(�5'&4H./�&43C&)9B-�/b5'&)(�7.F�58Hn58YR-x365'$8&4/R|n-09R&w5�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-NO�P0WZwÊ*0w \Jz!YR-0$'-�58YR--09B&G5n(�H:36583M7.$'-236-�5�58H�58YR- /R-�|b7u5'&4+.-ZFGH:|:7.$'&G5'YRL�H.N�5'YR- -W9B&w5�KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5'&4-030v<5'YS7u5�&430vz!YR-�$8-�-dWo��\ �; ù F4H.|`��W)�Q\PN�H:$�7DF4Ff�� 2n?

]>YR-n36-W(�H:/E9�58$87./E389BQE(�58&GH:/�9B&436587./E(�-�O >� WX��1*.YEÌA\�v�z!YR&4(XY z{-n(�7.FGF<58YR-�âmêièMî��EãIâmêÁÆoîÇ,ÉdÆ�ê_É]ƹâmê ã]í"îtÇ:v�&)3n58YR-�/E-�|:7D5'&4+.-F4H.|b7D$8&w58YRL�H.N�5'YR-�KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU~HDN�58YR-�365'$8&4/R|�KE7D&4$'X��Í*ZY^ÌÍ/>7.(0(�H.$X9B&4/R|�58HM5'YR-�58$87./E389BQE(�-0$V��?O >�"WX � *.Y Ì \ �; ù F4H.|k�!WX � *.Y Ì � �:\ Wo�Q\

]>YR&43[3'-0(�H:/E9 9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-�9B& � -0$83�N�$'H:L 58YR-��E$X365C&4/ 5'YE7D5C&G5[(�H:/E3'&49B-0$83!5'YR-@(�H./b5'$8&4hRQB5'&4H./HDN!7DF4F�z>7cUB3C5'H36&4L@QEFw5X7D/R-0H.QE3'FGU|:-�/R-0$87D5'-�5'YR-M5Vz{H 3V58$'&4/R|:30?xt^N%5'YE-�LxHb3V5�F4&Ê|:-�F4U-09B&G536-W�:QE-�/E(�-�N�H.$�'X"�A*.YEÌA/n&)3y3'&4|./R&G�S(�7./b5'F4U�LMH.$8-�F4&Ê|:-�F4U~5'YE7./ 7D/,U~HDN�5'YE-�HD58YR-�$Z-09B&G536-W�:QE-�/E(�-030vD5'YE-�/x5'YR-�5VzPH[5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�5'&4H./�9B&)36587D/S(�-03<z!&4F4FEhi-!/R-07.$'F4U�-0�bQE7.F»?���Huz{-�+:-�$Wvu&wN7�|.&4+.-0/�3V58$'&4/R|CKE7D&4$�YE7:3�L�7./bU[F4&Ê|:-�F4U[|:-�/R-0$87D5'&4H./�KE7D5'YE30vc5'YR-0/�5'YE-{365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(�9R&436587./E(�-O >� WZwÊ*0w \>(07D/2hS-�3'&G|:/R&G�S(�7./:58FGUyFG-W3'3{58YE7D/25'YE-�ûJ&G5'-�$8hR&�9R&436587./E(�-�O [ � WZwÊ*0w \�?

T�/RF4&Ê|:-�5'YR-�(�F)7.3836&)([-09B&G5C9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-O P WÁ��*t�:\�viH.QR$!5Vz{Hx5'$X7D/E389BQE(�5'&4H./9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-03�7.$'-/R-�+:-�$U%�-0$'H�QR/RF4-0383x5'YR-0U�7D$8-y&4/B�E/E&w58- N�H.$�7DF4F!HD58YR-�$�365'$8&G/R|�KE7.&G$X3�?~1!-0(07DF4F{5'YE7D5x58YR-��-�+:-�/E3'Yb5'-0&G/�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-J7.383'&G|:/E3�%�-0$'H�(�Hb3V5õ58H@7DF4FR&)9B-�/b58&w5VUx-09B&G5%H:KS-0$87D5'&4H./E30?�]>YR-0$'-�N�H.$8-.v7D/x&G/B�S/R&w58->/bQEL@hi-�$õHDNS&49B-0/b5'&G5VU�-09B&G583<&)3�FG-W3'3<(�H:365'F4U�5'YE7./@-0+.-�/x7�36&4/R|.F4-{&G/E3'-�$'50vD9R-�F4-�5'-:vH.$õ36QEhE3V58&w58QB5'-:?õ]>YR->H./RF4U�z>7cUC58H�H.hB5X7D&4/�5'YE&43õKE$'H:KS-0$65VU�&4/M7J5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�5'&4H./x9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-{&)35'H�7:3'3'&4|./�%�-0$'H@KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�W�&4-.?4v,&G/R�E/R&G5'-C(�H:365t\õ5'H�7.FGFi/RH:/R&49R-�/b5'&G5VUMH.Ki-�$X7u5'&4H./S3�v:z!YR&4(XYzPH:QRF49�7:3'3'&4|./��E/R&G5'-y9B&)36587D/S(�-�H./EFGU�5'HKE7.&G$X3�H.N{&)9B-�/b58&4(07DFP365'$8&4/R|:30?Z=JHD5'-M58YE7u5x36QE(XY7M5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$�z{H.QEF49365'&4FGF<7.383'&G|:/2F4&4/R-07.$'F4Uy&4/E(�$8-07:36&4/R|n9B&)36587D/S(�-�58HnKE7D&4$X3�HDNõ&)9B-�/b58&4(07DF3V58$'&4/R|:30vBQR/RF4&&|.-�5'YE-���-�+:-�/E3'Yb5'-0&G/ 9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-.?

Page 6: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

ý#þ)ý �! " �#$� "����%�g QR$!|.-0/R-�$X7u58&G+:-CLMHB9B-�F�7.3836&4|./E3>KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUM58HM5'-�$8LM&G/S7u5'-W92-09B&G5J36-W�bQR-�/E(�-03!7./E9n58YR-3V58$'&4/R|�KE7.&G$X3�58YE7u5�5'YR-0U�U,&4-�F)9�?�#%7:(XY�KS7D&4$@HDN�365'$8&G/E|:3�L�7cU�hS-n|:-�/R-0$87D5'-W9�h,U�L�7D/,U9B& � -�$8-�/b5�-09B&G5�36-W�:QE-�/E(�-030?C]>YR-0$'-�N�H.$8-@z{-@L@QS3V5�(�7DF)(�QEF47D5'-�58YR-xKR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU2HDN%7yKE7D&4$HDN[365'$8&4/R|:3xh,U�36QELxLM&4/R|�5'YR- KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU��ËW)� ´ � � �"\xHu+:-�$M7DF4F>5'YR-258-�$8Lx&4/E7D5'-09�-09B&G536-W�:QE-�/E(�-03{5'YS7u5�U,&G-0F49Z58YR-�|.&4+.-0/2365'$8&G/E|�KE7.&G$X3�W»a¨\�?

#%7.(XY 365'$8&G/R|�KS7D&4$�&43�|.-�/E-�$X7u5'-W9yh,U2-��BKiH./R-0/:58&47.FGF4UnL�7D/,UZ-09B&G5C3'-0�bQR-�/S(�-030vE7./E9 36H&w5[zPH:QRF492/RH.5Jhi-�N�-07:36&4hRF4-�5'H�-0+c7.FGQS7u5'-�5'YR-�KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUZHDNõ7n3V58$'&4/R|�KE7.&G$JhbU27.(�5'QE7.FGF4U36QRLMLM&4/R|Hu+.-0$�7DF4Fõ&w5X3�-09B&G5�3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-W3�?n]>YR-MN�H:FGF4Huz!&4/R|9BU,/E7DLM&)(MKR$'H:|.$X7DLMLM&G/E|Z7DFG\|.H.$8&G5'YRL v�9BQR-@5'H�z{7.YRF<7D/E9�{:-�F4&4/R-l|�þ aWÿÍv�(07DF)(�QRF)7u58-03�5'YR-xKR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VUN�!WX � *ZY Ì � �:\J&G/vUWX��wiúï\�58&GLM-�7D/S9x3'KE7:(�-.? } 5õ5'YE-�-�/E9xH.NS58YR-�(�H:LxKEQB587D5'&4H./�v.5'YR-�& $ Ø [ -0/b5'$8U�(�H:/b587D&4/E35'YR-[KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VUS�!WX�$m*ZY [ � �:\%HDN�58YR-CKE$'-��R��KE7D&4$?'o^$m*ZY [ /P7D/E9'& � Ø Ì &43P5'YE-CKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VUHDN�5'YR-�-0/:58&G$8-�3V58$'&4/R|MKE7.&G$W?(�) ¡+*S¢�¡-,-..��/�¢10�2k¢�£k�:¤ ��43 YEÌ53 �:¥¦¨§ &16 Ø 6��å; " ¯^§7©]ª�« �`;�uV�l�l�Z�½^§ ©]ª�« xU;�uV�l�l�,ú7 § ± µ ¤ x_ð "%8 �Íð " ¥?¾9& $ Ø [ ��;�u^Â�Ã: § ± µ ¤ x_ð " ¥?¾;& $ Ø [=<?> ��WoHM*.Y [ \@& $ Ø [ hkj Â�ÃA^§ ± µ ¤ �#ð " ¥S¾B& $ Ø [=<?> ��Wo $ *.Hm\& $ihfj Ø [ ÂQÃC § ± µ ¤ x_ð "%D �Íð " ¥?¾9& $ Ø [E<?> ��WX $ *ZY [ \@& $ihkj Ø [ hkj ÂQÃF^§ & � Ø Ì�G > ��Wi�T\pÂH^§ «¹¿ ­mÀ «)º ¤ &�¥pÂ

]>YR-�3'KE7.(�-�$8-0�bQR&4$'-0Lx-0/b583!H.Nõ5'YR&)3C7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL�LM7cU2hi-@$8-09BQE(�-09 58H�vUW�LM&4/!Wo�V*,úï\Z\7u5�36H:Lx-x-��BKi-�/E3'-@&4/�(�F47.$'&G5VU.? } KRKS-0/E9B&G� OÇ(�H./b587.&G/E3[7D/�7DFG5'-0$'/E7D5'-�&GLMKRF4-�LM-�/b5X7u5'&4H./5'YE7D5�$'-W9BQE(�-W3{5'YR-�F4&&|.-�F4&4YRH,H,9ZHDN<Hu+.-0$Z}SHuz�?ý#þJI �KL�M�ONP "�M�@�Q�T�/E9B-0$�H.QE$>365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4([LMHB9B-�F�H.N<365'$8&4/R|�-W9B&G5J9B&436587./E(�-:v,5'YR-�KE$'H:hRFG-0LýHDN�FG-W7D$8/R&4/R|@58YR--09B&G5>(�H:36583P$'-W9BQE(�-03%5'H�58YR-[KR$'H:hRF4-�L HDN�-W3V58&GL�7D5'&4/R|�58YR-CKS7D$X7DLM-�58-�$X3�HDN�7@LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'33V58H,(XYS7.365'&)([5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$W?`�RH.$�5'YR&)3>587:3Z|ÈvRz{-�-�LMKRF4HuU�58YR-�KiHuzP-0$6N�QRF�-��BKS-W(�5X7u5'&4H./2L�7u�,\&GLM&&%07u58&GH:/KW»#Ay�\%N�$X7DLM-�z{H.$,|2þ `Bv��EvBfDÿÍ? } / #Ay�7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL &)3{7./y&G5'-0$87D5'&4+.-C7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL5'YE7D5nLM7D�B&GLM&&%�-03�5'YR-KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU�H.NJ5'YE- 5'$X7D&4/R&G/E| 9E7u587�7:(�(�H.$X9B&G/E|�58H�58YR-�LMHB9B-�FÍ?*,-�- þ a:aWÿ>N�H.$�7�$8-�+,&4-�z�?�]>YR- 7DKEKRFG&)(�7.hR&4FG&G5VU HDNC#Íy 5'H�5'YR- KR$8H.hEFG-0L H.NJH.KR5'&4Lx&&%�&4/R|5'YR-�KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$X3>HDN�7�LM-�LMH:$'U,F4-0383�3V58HB(XYE7.365'&)([5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$�z>7.3!�E$8365J/RH.5'-W9 hbU�z>7DYRFÍv{.-0FG&4/R-l|ÈvB7D/S9(y-�$X(�-0$Cþ aBv " acÿÍvB7DFG5'YEH.QR|:YM5'YR-0Un9B&49y/RHD5{KRQRhRF4&)36Y27D/n-��,KEFG&)(�&G5>7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRLN�H.$>5'YE&43!KEQR$'KiH:3'-.?

} 3!&G583!/S7DLM-�36QR|:|.-W3V5X3�vR7./ #Íy 7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL (�H./E3'&436583>H.N�5Vz{H�3V58-�KE30?�te/25'YR-�-��BKS-W(�\587u58&GH:/n3V58-�K�vbz{-�7.(�(�QRL@QEF47D5'->5'YE-J-��BKi-0(�587u58&GH:/MHDN�-07:(XYxYE&49R9R-�/�-�+:-�/b5%H:/�58YR-!58$87.&G/R&4/R|(�H.$8KRQE30?!te/H.QE$C(�7:36-�58YR-@YE&49R9R-�/�-0+.-�/b5X3�7D$8-�5'YE-@-09R&w5JH:KS-0$87D5'&4H./E3�QE36-W9 5'Hy|.-�/E-�$X7u5'-

_

Page 7: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

5'YR-�3V58$'&4/R|�KS7D&4$830?�te/n5'YR-[L�7u�B&GLM&&%07D5'&4H./n365'-�K�vbz{-J3'-�5{H.QR${KE7D$X7DLM-�5'-�$%+c7.FGQE-03%5'H�58YR-�&4$$'-0F47D5'&4+.-�-��BKi-0(�5X7u58&GH:/E3>H./Z5'YR-�58$87.&G/E&G/R|�(�H.$8KRQE30?

]>YR-nN�H:FGF4Huz!&G/E| ��R�SE�BT�£Q¢�£-U )  �.WVV¢XR�UYVZU\[]¢�£-U )   W)\x7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YEL H:KB5'&4LM&Ê%0-03�58YR-yKS7u\$87.Lx-�5'-0$839��HDNP7ZLM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'3C3V58HB(XYE7.365'&)(�58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$CH:/�7Z(�H.$8KRQE3^]L;<'X"�+_]*.YEÌ`_m/�v�l�l�4vË'o�� Ï *.YEÌ Ï />H.N ¬ 5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|�KE7D&4$X3�?�#P7.(XY2&w58-�$X7u5'&4H./ H.N�H:QR$�#Ay�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YELý&43�|.QE7.$6\7D/b5'-0-09@5'H�-�&G5'YR-0$õ&G/S(�$8-07.3'-�58YR->KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�HDNE58YR->5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|�(�H.$8KRQE3�H:$�/EHD5�(XYE7D/E|.-�58YR-LxHB9B-0FõKE7D$X7DLM-�5'-�$X30?@]>YR-�(�H:$'$8-0(�5'/R-W3'3JHDNPH:QR$�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YRL &)3�36YEHuz!/�&4/�$8-�F)7u58-09�z{H.$,|þ a.fcÿÍ?

��R�SE�BT�£Q¢�£-U )  �.WVV¢XR�UYVZU\[]¢�£-U )  �¤ �"3-]�¥¦¨§ À º ­ ±ba�²pª^º�cI¿d«¹¼3¿3ºI²l¿¯^§ µ ª�« · ada � ±»º 2L¾Be�W)�Q\{�å;�u�ÂQý^§ µ ª�« � > "S­ ª�¬7 § ��R1SE�BT�£¨¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£k�MS:¤ "�`g0*.Y^Ìhgt*t�Ë*@e�3 ¦ ¥pÂ: § VV¢XR�UYVZU\[]¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£:�BS:¤ �"3 ek¥lÂ]>YR-ie�Wo��\J+c7.$'&)7DhEFG-x7.(�(�QRL@QEF47D5'-03J5'YE-�-��,Ki-0(�5'-W9�/,QRL@hi-�$�H.N�5'&4LM-03[5'YS7u5[5'YR-x-09B&G5

H.Ki-�$X7u5'&4H./(�@z{7:3õQE3'-09M58H�|.-0/R-�$X7u58-!5'YE-C365'$8&G/R|@KE7D&4$83�&G/']x?%OPH:/b+:-�$8|.-0/E(�->&)3P7:(XYR&G-0+.-W9z!YR-�/�5'YR->58HD5X7DF,KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�HDNE58YR-{5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|[(�H.$8KRQE3<9BH,-03</EHD5õ(XYE7D/R|:-PH:/x(�H./E3'-0(�QB5'&4+.-&w58-�$X7u5'&4H./S3�?{te/KR$X7.(�58&4(�-.vRz{-�5VU,KR&)(�7DF4F4Uy58-�$8Lx&4/E7D5'-�5'YE-@7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YRL z!YR-�/ 58YR-�&4/E(�$8-07:36-&G/ 5'YR-�5'HD5X7DFCKR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU~HDN�58YR-�58$87.&G/E&G/R|~(�H:$'KRQS3�N 7DF4F)3nhi-�F4Huz 7 �R�B-09�58YR$8-03'YRH.F)9�?} FG5'-�$8/E7D5'-�F4U.vEzP-�LM&G|:Yb5J36&4LMKRFGUyKS-0$6N�H:$'L 7x�E�,-W9y/,QRL�hS-0$�HDN�&w58-�$X7u58&GH:/E3�?

��-�5�QS3>/RHuz�(�H./E3'&49R-�$>5'YE-�9R-�587.&GF)3!H.N�5'YE-�7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL vBhi-�|.&4/R/R&4/R|Mz!&G5'Y25'YR-�-��BKS-W(�\587u58&GH:/�365'-�K�?S��&4$8365Cz{-@9B-��E/R-xH.QR$JN�H.$8z{7.$89 7D/S9hE7.(t|,z>7D$X92+c7.$'&)7DhEFG-W3�?J]>YE-�N�H.$8z>7D$X9+c7.$'&)7DhEFG-i& $ Ø [ (�H./b5X7D&4/E3>5'YE-@KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VUï�!WX^$m*.Y [ � �:\!H.N<|:-�/R-0$87D5'&4/R|x5'YR-�KE7D&4$ï'o^$m*ZY [ /HDN[365'$8&4/R|�KE$'-��R�B-030?�]>YR-03'-2+c7.FGQE-03M7D$8-2(07DF)(�QRF)7u58-09�hbU 58YR- (�) ¡+*S¢�¡-,-.,�j/�¢�0�2f¢�£:� W)\7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRLý|:&G+:-�/2&G/Z5'YE-�KR$'-W(�-W9B&G/E|M3'-0(�5'&4H./�?

]>YR- N�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R|lk ¢-T;m�*?¢�¡-,X..�j/�¢�0n2k¢�£k� W)\n7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL (07DF)(�QRF)7u58-03x5'YE-�hE7.(t|,z>7D$X9+c7.FGQE-030?�]>YR-õhE7:(t|,z{7.$89C+u7D$8&47.hRFG-�o $ Ø [ (�H./b587.&G/E3i58YR-�KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU`�!WX��$ 8 j *.YEÌ[ 8 j � �Ë*0'o�m*Zx�/Z\HDN<|.-�/E-�$X7u5'&4/R|�5'YR-[58-�$8Lx&4/E7D5'-09 3'QB�M�yKE7.&G$'o��$ 8 j *ZY^Ì[ 8 j /�?�=JHD58-�5'YE7D54o 6 Ø 6 &)3>-0�bQE7.FÈ5'H& � Ø Ì ?k ¢XT;mX*S¢�¡-,-.,�j/�¢�0�2f¢�£:�k¤ ��43 Y^Ìp3 �"¥¦¨§ o � Ø Ì�q > ��WÁ�T\p¯^§ µ ª�« �`;��á�0�l�.u½^§ µ ª�« xT;�ú��l�l�,u7 § ± µ ¤ xsr�ú 8 �Qr �?¥?¾Bo $ Ø [ �å;�u�ÂQÃ: § ± µ ¤ xsr�ú¥S¾9o $ Ø [ <?> ��WoHM*ZY [ 8 j \@o $ Ø [ 8 j Â�ÃA^§ ± µ ¤ �4rg�?¥?¾9o $ Ø [E<?> ��WX $ 8 j *,Hm\to $ 8 j Ø [ Â�ÃC § ± µ ¤ xsr�ú D �Qr �?¥?¾Bo $ Ø [E<?> ��Wo $ 8 j *ZY [ 8 j \@o $ 8 j Ø [ 8 j ÂQÃF^§ «¹¿ ­mÀ «)º ¤ o!¥pÂ

1!-0(07DF4F�5'YE7D5�e�Wo��\>7.(0(�QRL�QRF47D5'-W3>5'YR-@-��BKS-W(�58-09 /,QRL@hi-�$CHDN<5'&4LM-03�5'YR-�-W9B&G5JH.Ki-�$X7u\5'&4H./��@z>7.3{QE3'-09n5'Hx|.-�/E-�$X7u5'-[7@|:&G+:-�/�58YR-�3V58$'&4/R|�KE7D&4$0?õ]>YR-W36-[+u7DF4QR-03>7.$'-[(�7DF)(�QEF47D5'-09hbU~58YR-�N�H:FGF4Huz!&4/R| ��R�S^�BT�£¨¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£:�BS W)\7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL v!z!YR&)(XY�7.383'QRLM-03�58YE7u5Z5'YR-ue

f

Page 8: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

7.(�(�QRL@QEF47D5'H.$X3[YE7c+.-xhi-�-�/ KR$8H.Ki-�$8F4U�&G/E&w58&47.FG&&%�-W9�?�]>YR-sv�7D$8|.QELx-0/b5[z{-�&4|.Yb583C58YR-�-��,\KS-W(�587D5'&4H./�7:(�(�QRL@QRF)7u58&GH:/�jÈ&w5[&43CQE3'-09hi-�F4Huzüz!YR-0/�zP-�FG-W7D$8/�7n365'$8&G/R|2(�F)7.3836&G�E-0$0?V�EH.$5'YR-�KRQE$'KiH:3'-03>H.N�58YR&43J36-W(�5'&4H./�vBv &43!7.FGz>7cUB3{QR/R&G5VU.?��R�SE�BT�£Q¢�£-U )  �.�fp£k�MS:¤ ��53 Y^Ì53 �"3 e�3 v�¥¦¨§ & q > (n) ¡L*?¢Ë¡-,-..�j/�¢�0n2k¢�£k�:¤ ��w3 Y^Ì�3 �:¥p¯^§ o q > k ¢-T;m�*?¢�¡-,X..�j/�¢�0n2k¢�£k�:¤ "�Q3 Y^Ì53 �:¥p½^§ ± µ ¤ & � Ø Ì ;�uQ¥?¾ «¹¿ ­mÀ «)º Â�Ã7 § e�WÁ�T\ <?> vËÂ: § µ ª�« �`;�uV�l�l�Z�A^§ µ ª�« xT;FuC�l�0�.úC § ± µ ¤ �#ð uQ¥S¾�e�Wo $ *,Ht\ <?> vB& $ihkj Ø [ ��WX $ *.Hm\to $ Ø [yx & � Ø Ì Â�ÃF^§ ± µ ¤ x_ðñu¨¥?¾Be�W)H0*.Y [ \ <?> v9& $ Ø [ hfj ��W)H0*.Y [ \to $ Ø [yx & � Ø Ì Â�ÃH^§ ± µ ¤ �#ð u D x(ðñu¨¥?¾Me�WX $ *ZY [ \ <?> vB& $ihkj Ø [ hkj ��WX $ *.Y [ \to $ Ø [Lx & � Ø Ì Â�Ã

1!-0(07DF4FC58YE7u5�& � Ø Ì 7./E9zo 6 Ø 6 hiHD58YÖ(�H./b587.&G/ �ËWX"�A*.Y^ÌV� �"\27DN�5'-�$ F4&G/E-03 " 7D/E9ÖaBv$'-W36Ki-0(�5'&4+.-�F4U.?õ��&G/R-�k�7:(�(�QRL@QRF)7u58-03�5'YR-[KSHb3V58-�$8&GH:$PKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU�5'YE7D5{z{-Jz{-�$8-J&4/Z36587D5'-'X� ù�" *.x�/{7D/S9y-0Lx&G5658-09 7 'X $ *,Hm/P9R-�F4-�5'&4H./2H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/�?õ*,&GLM&4F47.$'F4U.vBF4&4/R-��x7:(�(�QRL@QRF)7u58-035'YR-�KiH:365'-0$'&4H.$[KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU 5'YE7D5�z{-MzP-0$'-x&4/�36587D5'-�'X�m*.x ù�" /[7D/E9�-�LM&G5658-09 7K')HM*ZY [ /&G/E3'-�$'5'&4H./ H:KS-0$87D5'&4H./�?{��&4/R-@d�7.(0(�QRL�QRF)7u5'-W3>5'YE-�KSHb3V58-�$8&GH:$!KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VUn5'YS7u5�z{-�zP-0$'-&G/36587u58-('X� ù�" *Zx ù�" /P7./E9Z-�LM&w5'5'-W97 'o $ *.Y [ />36QRhS3V58&w58QB5'&4H./ H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/�?{ &G+:-�/[5'YR-%-��BKS-W(�5X7u5'&4H./S3�e@HDN,H.QE$�-09B&G5�H:KS-0$87D5'&4H./E30v�58YR-<N�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R| V�¢XR�UYV�U\[d¢�£-U )  �.fp£k�MS WÁ\!7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YELýQRKÈ9R7u58-03!H:QR$>LxHB9B-0F�KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$83C��?VV¢XR�UYVZU\[]¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£:�BS:¤ �"3 ek¥¦¨§}| �å;~e�WÁ�T\p¯^§ µ ª�« · ada � ±»º 2<¾ | <?> e�Wo��\pÂQý^§ µ ª�« · ada � ±»º 2<¾���W)�Q\{�å;~e�Wo��\ x | ÂQÃ7 § ��Wi�N\!��;�e�Wi�N\ x | Â

]>YR- �MR�SE�BT�£Q¢�£�U )  �.Wfl£k�MS WÁ\�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YRL�7.(0(�QRL�QRF)7u5'-W3�58YR-2-��BKS-W(�5X7u5'&4H./S3�H.N�-09B&G5H.Ki-�$X7u5'&4H./S3�h,U�(�H./E3'&49R-�$8&G/R|�7DF4F!KSHb3'3'&4hRFG-2|.-0/R-�$X7u58&GH:/�3'-0�bQR-�/S(�-030?�t^5�&)3MKSHb3'3'&GhEFG-Z5'H$'-0KRF47:(�-{5'YE&43õ7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRLüz!&w58Yx5'YR- /1U¹£k�E¡ k U�..��R1SE�BT�£¨¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£k�MS W)\{7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL vuz!YR&4(XY7.(�(�QRL@QEF47D5'-03J5'YE-�-��,Ki-0(�587D5'&4H./E3CHDN%-W9B&G5[H:KS-0$87D5'&4H./E3JhbU H:/RFGU(�H./E3'&49R-�$8&G/R|n5'YR-M36&4/R|:FG-LxHb3V5CFG&&|.-0FGUn|:-�/R-0$87D5'&4H./ 36-W�bQR-�/E(�-�N�H.$J7M|:&G+:-�/2KE7D&4$�H.N<365'$8&G/E|:30?%]>YR-�H:/RFGU2(XYE7D/E|.-[5'H5'YR- ��R�S^�BT�£¨¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£:�BS W)\J7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL z{H.QRF)9nhi-[5'Hx$'-0KRF47:(�-J5'YR-�3'QRhR$8H.QB58&G/R-�(�7.FGF)3P&G/FG&4/R-03 " 7./E9yaB? } FG5'YEH.QR|:Yy36QS(XYy7�F4-07D$8/R&4/R|�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YEL &)3P7.$'|:QE7DhEFGU�LxH:$'-�7.KRKR$8H.KR$8&)7u5'-5'H�58YR-�H:$'&4|.&4/E7DF:3V58$'&4/R|�-W9B&w5�9B&436587./E(�-�N�H.$8L@QRF)7u58&GH:/�vc&w5�&)3�F4-0383�3'QR&G587.hRFG-%&G/�H:QR$�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(LxHB9B-0F�HDNõ365'$8&G/R|M-W9B&w5J9R&436587./E(�-�7D/S9Z3'HMzP-�9BHM/RH.5�KRQR$X36QE-[&G5�YR-0$'-:?

� �;���S� qy� �n� s �"õ ]>YE- �MR�SE�BT�£Q¢�£�U )  �.OV�¢XR�UYVZU\[]¢�£-U )   W)\�7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL |.&4+.-0/27.hSHu+:-C&)3|.QE7.$87./:58-�-W9�58H�(�H./,+.-0$'|:-%58H�7[FGHB(�7.FRL�7u�B&4L@QRL H:/�7�|.&4+.-�/M(�H:$'KEQE3�]xv.h,U�7[$8-09BQS(�5'&4H./5'H!�E/E&w58-%|.$8Huz>5'Y[LMHB9B-�F)3%þ aDfBvW`:aWÿ^?1�J-�$8-�z{-�9B-�LMH./S3V58$87D5'-<5'YS7u5�58YR-�$8-�L�7cUJhi-�L@QEFw58&GKRF4-FGHB(�7.F�L�7u�B&GL�7EvR7D/E9Z5'YS7u5�H./EFGUnH:/R-�HDN�5'YR-W36-�/R-0-092hi-�7�|:FGH:hE7DF�L�7D�,&4L�7R?

k

Page 9: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

OPH./E3'&49R-�$y7�58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$_� z!&G5'Y 7.FGKRYS7Dhi-�583�� ; G`�^*@�"J�7D/E9�+ ; G��¨J�hi-�&4/R|5'$X7D&4/R-09�H./M7�(�H.$8KRQE3�] (�H./S36&)3V58&G/E|CH.NS-��R7:(�5'F4U�H:/R-!3V58$'&4/R|[KE7D&4$C'J�L�j�"*h�n�3/�?���->$'-W3V58$'&)(�5H.QR$�7D565'-0/b5'&4H./�5'H�FGHB(07DF,L�7u�B&GL�7C5'YS7u5�7D$8-{7D565X7D&4/E7DhRF4->z!&w58YRH.QR5<&4/R&G5'&)7DF4&Ê%0&G/E|�7./,U�LMH,9R-�FKE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$>58H(%�-0$'HS?%]>YR-�/�vS9B-0KS-0/E9B&4/R|nH./ YRHuz���&43!&4/R&G5'&)7DF4&Ê%0-09�vi#Ay L�7cUZ(�H./,+.-0$'|:-5'H�H./E-[H.N�58YR-�N�H.F4F4Huz!&G/R|�5'YE$'-0-�FGHB(�7.F�L�7u�B&GL�7E?

'J��*h�d/ 'Y�k*��3/ '���*.Hm/ 'Y�k*,Ht/ ù FGH:|����!WJ]�����k\u a��D` " �D` u aB?¶kD_" �u` " �D` " �D` u `R?¶kD_an�ud �j�Dd " �Dd an�ud `R? d:a

]>YR-|.F4H.hE7.F!H.KB58&GL�QRL &)3�7u5_��W.'J��*.Hm/.\ ; " x ` 7D/E9���WZ'\�f*��d/Z\�; a x `Ev%N�H:$�z!YR&4(XY�ËWJ]�� �:\T; � x abk�W»aB?¶kD_2hE&w5X3,\�?�]>YR&)3�L�7u�B&4L�7�(�H:$'$8-03'KSH:/E9R3�58H�58YR-yH:KB5'&4L�7DF%-W9B&G5x3'-�\�:QE-�/E(�- 'J��*,Ht/l'Y�:*��3/p'\�k*��3/�v>58YE7u52&430v!5'H�FG-�N�56\^&G/E3'-�$'5���7D/S9~5'YR-0/ KS-0$6N�H:$'L�5Vz{HF'Y�k*��d/36QRhS3V58&w58QB5'&4H./E30?

} 3'-0(�H./E9yFGHB(07DF�L�7u�B&4LM7�&)3!7u5V��WZ'��^*h�]/.\A; " x `EvQ��W.'Y�k*��3/.\A; " x `RvB7./E9���W.'J��*.Hm/.\`;" x `Ev%N�H:$�z!YR&)(XY��!WJ]�� �:\�;�a x abkgW»`R?¶kD_�hR&G583t\�?Ö]>YR&43nLM7D�B&GL�7 (�H:$'$8-03'KSH:/E9R3�5'H 58YR-N�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R|x5VzPHM-W9B&w5J3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-W3>-07:(XYyHB(�(�QR$'$8&4/R|Mz!&w58Y2KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU " x a:kB�'J�^*��3/p'\�:*h�3/p'Y�k*,Ht/'J�^*��3/p'\�:*,Hm/p'Y�k*h�]/

} 5'YE&G$X9�F4HB(�7DF�L�7u�B&GL�7�&)3[7u5S��W.'J��*��3/.\V;üa x dRv:��WZ'Y�k*h�]/.\V; � x dRv"��WZ'J��*,Ht/.\C; " x dRv7D/E9���WZ'\�f*.Hm/Z\9; a x dnN�H:$�z!YR&4(XY �ËW�]�� �:\�; " f x ad�:`�W»`R? d:ayhR&G583t\�?�]>YR&)3�LM7D�B&GL�7 (�H:$6\$'-W36KiH./E9E3>5'HM58YR-�N�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R|M58YR$'-0-�-09B&G5J3'-0�bQR-�/S(�-030vR-W7.(XY2H,(0(�QR$8$8&G/R|Mz!&G5'YKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU" f x kDa.dR? 'J�^*.Hm/p'\�:*h�3/p'Y�k*h�]/'J�^*��3/p'\�:*h�3/p'Y�k*,Ht/'J�^*��3/p'\�:*,Hm/p'Y�k*h�]/

g QR$ -��BKS-0$'&4-�/S(�- 36QR|:|.-W3V5X3n58YE7u536QS(XY F4H,(07DF�L�7u�B&4LM7~7D$8-�/EHD5�7�F4&4Lx&G587D5'&4H./�&G/KR$87:(�58&4(�-.vBz!YR-0/Z58YR-�5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|�(�H:$'KRQS3>&43!3'QB�n(�&4-�/b5'F4UyF)7D$8|.-:?

ý#þ\� �u���M�X�z�� ��B�@ ��Q�M��-�$8-�z{-�hR$8&G-l}EUM(�H./S36&)9B-�$�5'YR$8-�-�+u7.$'&)7D/b583<H.NÈ5'YR-CLx-0LMH.$8UbF4-0383�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4({58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$0?��&4$X3V5WvDzP-P-��BKRF)7D&4/@YRHuz 58HC$8-09RQE(�-%5'YR->/,QRL@hi-�$�HDNEN�$'-0-PKE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$83�&G/�5'YE-%58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$0v7D/E9258YR-�$8-�h,U 36&4LMKRFG&GN�U25'YR-�(�H.$8$8-03'KSH:/E9B&4/R|M-09B&G5[(�H:365!N�QR/E(�58&GH:/�?J=J-��,50vSzP-�KE$'H:KSHb36-�7z{7cU 58H�(�H.L@hE&G/R- 9B& � -0$'-0/b5�58$87./E3'9RQE(�58&GH:/�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-03xQE3'&G/E|�58YR-y58-0(XYR/E&4�bQR- HDNJ�E/R&G5'-Lx&G�,5'QR$8-JLMHB9B-0FG&4/R|E?���&4/E7DF4FGU:v:z{-J3'QR|.|:-0365%7D/n-0+.-0/n3V58$'H:/R|.-0$�(�F)7.383�HDN�365'$8&G/E|@9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-035'YE7D5[7D$8-�hE7:36-W9 H./�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(�58$87./E389BQE(�-0$83�z!&w58Y�LM-�LMH.$8U.? } N�H.QR$'5'Y�+c7.$'&)7D/b54�y58YR-|.-�/E-�$X7DF4&Ê%W7u5'&4H./y5'Hs�b\^z>7cU�58$87./E389BQE(�58&GH:/��Z7.KRKi-07D$X3{&G/ $8-�F)7u58-09ZzPH:$.|�þ aDfBvS`:aWÿ^?� õ���õ)ß ó rRqcr Þ�� p � q Ü �X��� �te/�L�7D/,U�7DKRKEFG&)(�7D5'&4H./E30v<5'YR-2-09R&w5�(�Hb3V5�N�QR/E(�58&GH:/�&)3M36&4LMKRFG-0$@58YE7D/�5'YR-2H./E-n5'YS7u5MzP-YE7c+.-�hS-0-�/�(�H./E3'&)9B-�$8&G/E|nYR-�$8-.?�]>YR-xLMH:365Cz!&)9B-�F4U QE36-W9�-W9B&w5�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-@YE7:3JH:/RF4UZN�H:QR$

Page 10: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

9B&4365'&4/E(�5�(�Hb3V5X3���58YR-�&4/E36-0$658&GH:/�(�H:3650v�5'YR-Z9B-�F4-�58&GH:/ (�H:3650v�5'YR-n&)9B-0/:58&w5VU�(�Hb3V5Wv�7D/S9�58YR-36QRhS3V58&w58QB5'&4H./ (�H:3650? � } FG5'YEH.QR|:Y�58YR&)3y3'&GLMKRF4&w�i(�7u58&GH:/�LM7cU�$'-W36QEFw5n&4/ 7 zP-W7d|:-�$M-09B&G59B&436587./E(�-:v,&w5{YE7.3�5'YR-[7.9B+u7D/b5X7D|.-!H.N�$'-W�bQR&G$8&4/R|�F4-0383õ5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|@9R7D587�58H�7:(�(�QE$87D5'-�F4UxFG-W7D$8/5'YR-�-W9B&G5C(�Hb3V5X3�?�te/ 58YR-�36587u58&4365'&)(�7.F�LMHB9B-�F4&G/E|�FG&G5'-0$87D5'QR$8-.vB58YR-�QE3'-�HDNõ3'QE(XY KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$-0�bQR&4+c7.FG-0/E(�-�(�F47:3'3'-03{&)3!9BQRhRhi-09 KS7D$X7DLM-�58-�${5VU,&G/R|S?

t^5%&43%3V58$87.&G|:Y:5'N�H.$8z{7.$89�5'H�&4LMKRFG-0LM-�/b5P7D$8hR&G5'$X7D$8U�KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$<5VUb&4/R|�N�H:$�LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'33V58H,(XYS7.365'&)(�5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�-�$X30?[��-�5Z�fW)�Q\Chi-�58YR-�-W�bQR&G+u7.FG-0/E(�-M(�F)7.383�H.N�5'YR-x-09R&w5�H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/�EvM�fW)�Q\V �a � vi7D/E92F4-�5?��W��fWo��\Z\Í; � �����L�3ÒÊ�tÓ¨��W)���¹\>hi-�5'YR-�5'HD5X7DF�KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUy7:3'3'&4|./R-W95'H�5'YR--W�bQR&G+u7.FG-0/E(�-(�F)7.383E�fWo��\�? } N�58-�$nL�7D�,&4LM&Ê%W7u58&GH:/�v%z{-36&4LMKRFGU�36-�5���W)�Q\@58H�hi-QR/R&GN�H.$8L z!&G5'YR&4/25'YR-�58HD587.F�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU(��W\�fW)�Q\.\!7.3836&4|./E-09�58H��fWo��\�?

��W)�Q\{�å;���W��fWo��\Z\ x � �fWo��\l�� õ���õ �   ���"� p �K¡¢�\£ p¥¤�q � o} �,\^(�H.LMKSH:/R-�/b5�LM&w�,5'QE$'-�5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$��; 'o�*,+(*O¦�*.�d/C&43�7ZFG&4/R-W7D$�(�H:L@hR&4/E7u58&GH:/�H.N��LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'3�5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$X3%9B-��E/R-W9nH./n5'YR-�3'7.LM-C7DF4KRYE7.hS-�5831��7./E9(+y?<]>YE-CLM&G�,&4/R|KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$X3X¦�N�H:$'Lü7CKR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VUJN�QR/S(�5'&4H./�vDz!YR-�$8-%¦ � &)3�58YR-{KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�H.NE(XYRH,H:3'&G/R|5'YR-(��§�¨ LM-�LMH:$'U,F4-0383[5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$W?y]>YR-�$8-�N�H:$'-:v�58YR-�5'H.587.F�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�7.383'&G|:/R-09�5'H�7KE7D&4$<HDNi365'$8&4/R|:3�h,U@7JLM&G�,5'QR$8-%58$87./E389BQE(�-0$<&43<7CzP-0&G|:Y:58-09�36QRL Hu+.-�$<7DF4Fb5'YR-!(�H.LMKSH:/R-�/b55'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$X3�?

�!WX $ *ZY [ � �:\A; ©Î � Ô j �ËWX $ *ZY [ �»')�*.+_*.� � /.\t¦ �} LM&G�b58QR$8-�5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�-�$>(�H:L@hR&4/R-W3õ5'YE-CKR$8-09R&4(�5'&4H./E3PHDN�&G583>(�H:LMKSH:/R-�/b5%58$87./E389BQE(�-0$83�&G/7y3'QR$'KE$'&)36&4/R|:FGUZ- � -0(�58&G+:-@z>7cU.?J*,&4/E(�-�5'YE-�(�Hb3V5 ù FGH:|�¦ � H.N%36-0FG-W(�5'&4/R|�58YR-ï� §�¨ (�H.LMKiHD\/R-�/b5�HDN!72LM&w�,5'QE$'-M58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$�&43�&4/E3'&G|:/R&w�i(�7D/b5�z!YR-0/ (�H.LMKE7.$'-W9�58H 5'YR-M58HD587.F�(�Hb3V5ù F4H.|��ËWX�$m*ZY [ � � � \CHDN%58YR-n365'$8&G/R|2KE7.&G$�7.(0(�H:$89B&4/R|y5'H25'YR-���§�¨2(�H:LxKiH./E-�/b50v�58YR-�3V58$'&4/R|9B&436587./E(�-�9B-��E/R-W9Zh,Uy7xLM&G�b58QR$8-C58$87./E389BQE(�-0$>&43>- � -W(�5'&4+.-0FGUn5'YR-�LM&4/R&GL�QRL Hu+:-�$P5'YR-i�9B&436587./E(�-W3!9B-��S/R-092h,Uy&G583��Z(�H:LMKSH:/R-�/b5>5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$X3�?

OPYRH,H:3'&G/R|M58YR-�(�H.LMKiH./R-0/:5X3!HDN�7�LM&G�,5'QR$8-�5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�-�$J&43JLxH:$'-�H.N%7D/7D$'5�58YE7D/�73'(�&G-0/E(�-:? g /R-x- � -0(�58&G+:-x7.KRKR$8H:7:(XY�&43C58H2(�H.L@hE&G/R-M3'&GLMKRF4-�$�LMHB9B-�F)3[z!&w58Y�LMH.$8-�(�H.Lx\KRFG-��nLMH,9R-�F)3�?<��-Cz{H.QRF)9n(�H.L@hE&G/R-J5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$X3�z!&G5'YZ+c7.$'U,&4/R|�9R-�|.$8-�-W3�H.N�KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$5VUb&4/R|Sv%7DF4F%58$87.&G/E-09�H:/�5'YR- 387DLM-Z(�H.$8KRQE30?�]>YR-ZLM&w�B&4/R|�KS7D$X7DLM-�58-�$X3�(�H:QRF49�hS-2QR/R&G\N�H.$8L2v<&4-.?4v�¦ � ; " x �Èv�H.$�58YR-�U (�H:QRF)9�hS-ZH.KB58&GLM&&%�-W9 QE36&4/R|�z!&G5'YEYR-�F)9 5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|�9R7D587W (�$8H:3836\Í-W3V58&GL�7u58&GH:/�\�?

} /RH.5'YR-0$�- � -0(�5'&4+.-{7DKRKR$8H:7:(XYC&)3�5'HJ(�H.L@hE&G/R-%LxHB9B-0F43�5'$X7D&4/R-W9�H./�9B& � -0$'-0/b5�(�H:$'KiH.$X7R?]>YR&43[L�7d|:-03J5'YR-xLMH:365�3'-�/S36-�&wN�58YR-x5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|Z(�H.$8KRQE3J(�H./E3'&)3V5X3JH.N%/E7u58QR$X7DF4FGU9B&)3V58&G/S(�536-W(�5'&4H./S3�?Cte/5'YR&)3[36-�565'&4/R|Sviz{-�z{H.QRF)9 58$87.&G/�7Z9B& � -�$8-�/b5C5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$�H:/�-07:(XY�36-W(�5'&4H./HDNi5'YR-�(�H.$8KRQE30v.7D/E9�58YR-�/�(�H:L@hR&4/R->58YR-!$'-W36QEFw58&G/R|[58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$83<&4/b5'H�7�LM&w�,5'QE$'-!LMHB9B-�FÍ?]>YR-�Lx&G�B&G/E|xKS7D$X7DLM-�58-�$X3P(�H.QRF)9nhi-�36-�5P58Hx5'YR-�$8-�F)7u5'&4+.-�3'&Ê%0-03{HDN�58YR-�(�H:$'KEQE3P3'-0(�5'&4H./E30vªW«�¬`­`®°¯%±�­`²?³-´Jµd¶�µd®?· ¸W¹nº`¶�»°º+»°´�¯%±�­Z¯@¼�¯@­¾½�¯O±�®°¯@¶4¿�ºy±�¶À±�Áp¯tÂJ¶�µdÃ�¯@²`µ Â�²`µd´JÂ�±�­`Ã@¯@Äp½1Å¥»°´�¯�»°­`Æ Ç5È�¶J¯@¯º`±�¶À±�Áp¯tÂ�¯@¶1µd´�±p´�µd­`É°Æd¯�´J¬`Ê`´JÂJµ ÂJ¬¥Â�µd»°­?Ã@»°´�Â�Ë¥Ì�ÍXÅ`¯Qµd­¥´�¯@¶JÂJµd»°­?±�­`²?²`¯@Æd¯tÂJµd»°­?û°´�Â�´�±�¶�¯�Î`Ï¥¯@²^ÂJ»5¬`­`µ ÂYǽ�Å`µdÆd¯�ÂJÅ`¯�µd²`¯@­�Â�µ ÂYÇZÃ@»°´JÂ�µd´XÐ@¯¶J»`Ì

d

Page 11: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

H.$P5'YR-0UM(�H.QRF)9�hi-JH:KB5'&4LM&Ê%0-09�QE3'&4/R|@z!&G5'YRYE-�F)9�5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|@9R7D587E?��EH.$P|.H,HB9�LM-07.3'QR$8-.v:zP-(�H.QEF49 7DF)3'H�&4/E(�F4QE9B-�7�58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$>5'YE7D5�z{7:3%58$87.&G/E-092H./Z5'YR-�-0/b5'&4$'-[5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|�(�H:$'KRQS3�?

� õ���õÒÑ ¡ ��Þ�� q ��R$8H.L 7�36587D5'&)3V58&4(07DFRKi-�$X3'KS-W(�5'&4+.-:vD58YR-�LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'3�58$87./E389BQE(�-0$�&)3��bQR&w58-�z{-07d|@hS-W(�7DQS36-(�H./S36-W(�QB58&G+:-�-09B&G5 H.Ki-�$X7u5'&4H./S3n7D$8-�&4/E9B-�Ki-�/S9B-�/b50? } LMH:$'-�KiHuz{-�$'N�QRFCLMHB9B-0F5��58YR-3V58H,(XYS7.365'&)({5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$õz!&G5'YMLM-�LMH.$8U?��z{H.QRF)9M(�H./S9B&w58&GH:/x5'YR-!KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VUï��W)� $ � � $ihkj$ih ´ \HDN�|.-0/R-�$X7u58&G/E|�7D/�-W9B&w5xH.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/á� $ H./�7��E/R&G5'-236QB�M� HDN!58YR-y-W9B&w5M36-W�bQR-�/E(�-�5'YS7u5YE7.3M7DF4$8-07.9RU�hi-�-0/�|:-�/R-0$87D5'-W9�? } FG5'-�$8/E7D5'-�F4U.vPzP-2LM&G|:Yb5M(�H./E9B&G5'&4H./�5'YR- KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VUHDN@7D/�-W9B&G5ZH.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/�� $ H:/5W 7 �E/E&w58-�3'QB�M��H.N,\M58YR-�U,&4-�F)9 Ä Wo�¨$ihkj0\Z\nHDN�5'YE-�KE7:3V5-09B&G5@36-W�bQR-�/E(�-.?�]>YR-W36-�365'HB(XYE7.365'&)(�5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$X3�(�7D/�hi-MN�QR$658YR-�$�365'$8-�/E|D5'YE-�/R-W9�z!&G5'Y3V5X7u5'-�\^(�H./E9R&w58&GH:/E7DFÈ&4/:58-�$8KSH:F47D5'&4H./�þ " `BvEa._Wÿ�H:$>hbUZ(�H./S9B&w58&GH:/R&4/R|�H:QR$>-09B&G5�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5'&4-03��Wo� $ � � $ihkj$ih ´ *�ÓI\�H./�7 YR&)9R9B-0/ 36587D5'-sÓZ9B$X7cz!/�N�$8H.L 72�E/R&G5'-y36587D5'-n3'KE7.(�-.?y]>YR-n9R-�587.&GF)3HDN�58YR&43�7.KRKR$8H:7.(XY�vEz!YR&)(XY�&)3C365'$8&4(�5'F4ULMH.$8-�KSHuz{-�$'N�QRF�5'YE7./�58YR-�(�F47:3'3CHDNõ58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$83(�H./S36&)9B-�$8-09Zh,U_z>7DYRF�7./E9�{.-0FG&4/R-0|�þ auÿÍvR7.$'-�KR$8-03'-�/b58-09Z&G/2N�H.$'5'YS(�H.LM&4/R|MzPH:$.|È?Ô ������0� �ÖÕØ×��������Ù� !�[�<�úx�te/�5'YR-2KR$8-0(�-09B&4/R|�3'-0(�5'&4H./�v<z{-nKR$8-03'-�/b5'-W9�7D/�7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL�58H�7DQR5'H.L�7D5'&)(�7DF4F4U�F4-07.$'/�73V58$'&4/R|�-W9B&w5x9B&436587./E(�-MN�$8H.L�7(�H:$'KEQE3�HDN�3'&GLM&4F47.$@365'$8&G/R|KS7D&4$830?2TJ/BN�H.$'5'QE/E7u58-�F4U.v�5'YR&)37DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL�(�7D/E/RHD5Jhi-@9B&4$8-0(�58FGU 7DKEKRFG&4-09258Hy3'H.F4+.-�365'$8&G/R|n(�F47:3'3'&G�S(�7D5'&4H./ KR$8H.hRF4-�L�30?{te/7@365'$8&G/R|�(�F)7.3836&G�S(�7D5'&4H./�KR$8H.hEFG-0L2vbz{-C7D$8-J7:3Z|:-09x5'Hx7.3836&4|./n365'$8&4/R|:3�5'H�7��E/R&G5'-[/bQEL@hi-�$HDN�(�F47:3'3'-030?�]�HxFG-W7D$8/y7@365'$8&G/E|�(�F)7.383'&w�E-0$0vbz{-C7D$8-JKE$'-W36-0/:58-09�z!&G5'Y 7@(�H.$8KRQE3PHDN�F)7Dhi-�F4-093V58$'&4/R|:30v</RHD5xKE7D&4$X3�HDNJ3'&4Lx&4F)7D$�365'$8&4/R|:30?���-0$'-ZzP-yKR$'-W36-0/b5x7�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(n3'H.F4QB58&GH:/�5'H5'YR-x3V58$'&4/R|n(�F)7.383'&w�S(07u58&GH:/ZKR$8H.hEFG-0Lý5'YS7u5C7.FGF4Huz�3>QE3!58Hy7DQR5'H.L�7D5'&)(�7DF4F4Uy7D/E9 -��n(�&4-�/b5'F4UFG-W7D$8/y7�KiHuzP-0$6N�QRFÈ365'$8&G/R|�(�F)7.3836&G�E-�$%N�$'H:L 7@(�H:$'KEQE3�H.N�F47.hS-0FG-W9n3V58$'&4/R|b3�? g QR$>7DKRKR$8H:7:(XY&43>58YR-�365'HB(XYE7.365'&)(�7D/E7.FGH:|�H.N�/R-W7D$8-03656\^/R-�&4|.Y,hiH.$P5'-W(XYR/R&)�:QE-030?�RH.$�3V58$'&4/R|!(�F)7.3836&G�S(07u5'&4H./[KR$8H.hRF4-�L�30v0z{-õ$8-0�bQR&4$'-õ7!(�H:/E9B&G5'&4H./E7.FDKR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU`�ËW�ÚN� Y [ \5'YE7D5�58YR-Z365'$8&G/E|�Y [ hS-0FGH:/R|:3�5'H�58YR-Z(�F47:3'3iÚ�? ]>YR&43x(�H:/E9B&G5'&4H./E7.F%L�7cU hS-ZH.hB5X7D&4/R-09N�$'H:L�58YR-üVH:&G/b5@KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU_�!W\Ú*.Y [ \�h,U�7365'$X7D&4|.Yb5'N�H.$8z{7.$89�7DKRKEFG&)(�7D5'&4H./ HDNVz>7cU.-W3hÛ$'QRF4-.���ËW�ÚN� Y [ \`;n�ËW�Ú*ZY [ \ x �ËWoY [ \�?�te/�5'YR&)3õ3'-0(�58&GH:/�vuz{-{-��BKRF47.&G/�YRHuz�58H�7.QB5'H:L�7u5'&)(�7.FGF4U&G/E9RQE(�-n7 365'$8H./R|NüVH.&4/b5�KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU�LMHB9B-0Fk�ËW\Úï*ZY [ � Ü�*,�:\JN�$'H:L�7 (�H:$'KRQS3CH.N{F)7Dhi-�F4-093V58$'&4/R|:30vR7D/S9ZYEHuz 5'HMQE3'-[5'YR&)3!LMHB9B-�F�5'H�H.KR5'&4LM7.FGF4Uy(�F47:3'3'&wN�UyQR/E3'-�-�/ 365'$8&G/R|b3�?

��->hi-�|.&4/@h,U�9B-��E/R&4/R|�H.QR$�LMHB9B-�FR(�F47:3'3�&G/M3'-0(�58&GH:/�`E? " ?�te/M36-W(�5'&4H./x`R?«a!z{-P-��BKRF47.&G/YRHuz�58H[QS36->H.QE$<365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4({LMHB9B-�F,58H�H.KB58&GL�7DF4F4U@(�F)7.3836&GN�U�QR/E3'-�-0/x365'$8&4/R|:30?�*,-W(�58&GH:/M`E? `-��BKRF)7D&4/E3õYRHuz�5'H�-0365'&4L�7u58->5'YR-�LMHB9B-0FRKE7D$X7DLM-�5'-�$X3�N�$'H:L 7�(�H:$'KEQE3õHDNÈF)7Dhi-�F4-09M3V58$'&4/R|b3�?

" u

Page 12: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

I#þZÿ Ýz�OÞ�Þ����àß��M�������Lá4â?��ãä�pÞ5��#��-�LMHB9B-�Fi5'YE-AüVH:&G/b5>KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VUS�ËW�Ú*ZY�[d\P7.3%5'YR-�L�7D$8|.&4/E7.FEHDN�5'YR-ÍüVH.&4/b5{KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU�ËW\Úï*Z^$l*ZY [ \%H.N�7x(�F)7.383wÚ�vE7D/ZQR/E9B-0$'F4U,&G/E|�KR$8HD58HD5VU,Ki-?�$�vR7D/E927D/ZH.hE3'-�$8+.-W9n3V58$'&4/R|UY [

�ËW�Ú*ZY [ \A; ÎÖ�åZ�Læ�ç �!W\Ú*. $ *.Y [ \p�]>YR-!KR$8HD5'H.5VU,KS-!365'$8&G/R|b3<7D$8->9R$87cz!/@N�$'H:Lü5'YR-�7.FGKEYE7Dhi-�5`��z!YR&4FG->58YR-!H.hS36-0$'+:-09@365'$8&4/R|:37D$8-%9B$X7cz!/CN�$8H.L�5'YE-%7DF4KRYE7.hS-�5Ë+n?<=�-��b5WvczP-�LMHB9B-0FD5'YE-füVH.&4/b5�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VUA�!W\Ú*.^$m*ZY [ \7.3!7MKR$8HB9BQE(�5!H.N<(�H./E9B&G5'&4H./S7DF�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5'&4-030v

�ËW\Úï*Z $ *.Y [ � �Ë*OÜ1\A;á�!W\ÚN� $ *WÜÍ\X�ËWX $ *ZY [ � �:\ WÍ_3\z!YR-�$8->5'YR-`üVH.&4/:5�KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUV�!WX�$m*ZY [ � �:\<H.NÈ7�KR$8HD58HD5VU,Ki-1�$�7./E9M7�3V58$'&4/R|�Y [ &)3�9B-�5'-�$'\Lx&4/R-W9h,U27n365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4([58$87./E389BQE(�-0$?��vi7./E925'YE-�(�H:/E9B&G5'&4H./E7.F�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VUN�!W\ÚN� ^$m*WÜÍ\HDN�7�(�F)7.383�Ú�|:&G+:-�/�7�KR$8HD58HD5VU,KS-C $ &43�9R-�5'-0$'LM&4/R-09�N�$'H:L 5'YE-�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5'&4-03f�!W\Ú*. $ � ÜÍ\HDN�58YR-JF)7Dhi-�F4-09yKR$'H.5'H.5VUbKi-03?'\Ú*.^$Z/%&G/y5'YR-CKR$8HD5'H.5VU,KS-[9B&4(�5'&4H./E7.$'U=Ü�?õ]>YR&)3PLxHB9B-0FSYS7.3H./RF4UKvUW.� Ü?�¨e�� � D�+ � \CN�$8-�-MKE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$830��� ÜS� ù " N�$'-0-xKS7D$X7DLM-�58-�$X3C&4/�5'YR-�F4-��B&)(�H./LxHB9B-0F��ËW�Ú*Z�$l� Ü1\%KEFGQE39W,� �T�pe " \�w]W.� +��pe " \ ù�" N�$'-0-�KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$X3�&4/y58YR-[5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$��Hu+:-�$P5'YR-�7.FGKRYS7Dhi-�583��ü7D/E9 +n?

��-�(�H./E3'&49R-�$8-09y5'YR-�7DFG5'-0$'/S7u5'-[N 7:(�5'H:$'&&%07D5'&4H./�ËW\Úï*Z $ *.Y [ � �Ë*OÜ1\A;á�!WXY [ � $ *,�:\��!W\Ú*. $ � ÜÍ\

hRQB5�$'-ZüV-0(�5'-09�&w5�7.3ChS-0&G/E|y&4/E(�H:/E36&)365'-�/b5�z!&w58Y�58YR-�L�7.&G/58YR$8QE3V5�HDN�H:QR$[KE7DKi-�$WvÈz!YR&4(XY&43[58YR-�7DQB58H.L�7u58&4(x7.(0�:QE&43'&w58&GH:/�7./E9�QE3'-MHDNfüVH:&G/b5�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5'&4-03[H./�3V58$'&4/R|2KE7D&4$X3�?���-/RHD58-.v�YRHuzP-0+.-0$0vÈ58YE7u5�58YR&43@7DFG5'-�$8/E7D5'-xN 7.(�5'H.$8&&%07u58&GH:/�YS7.3�72LMH.$8-x/S7u5'QE$87.Fõ|.-�/E-�$X7u5'&4+.-&G/b5'-0$'KE$'-�587u58&GH:/27:3!7x|.&)7D/b5>�E/R&G5'-�LM&w�,58QR$'-�LMHB9B-�F�z!&w58Y�� Ü?�,(�H.LMKiH./R-0/:5X3>z!YRH:3'-�LM&w�,\&G/R|�KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$83�7D$8-n5'YE-ZKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5'&4-03?�ËW�Ú*Z $ � Ü1\�H.N!5'YR-2F)7Dhi-�F4-09�KE$'H.5'HD5VU,Ki-03x7D/E9z!YRH:3'-�(�H.LMKSH:/R-�/b5JLMHB9B-0F43[7D$8-�5'YE-x(�H./E9B&G5'&4H./S7DF�KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w58&G-W3`�ËWoY [ � ^$m*t�:\�|:&G+:-�/h,U5'YR->58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$���&G/M(�H:/]üVQR/E(�5'&4H./xz!&w58Y�58YR->QR/E9B-0$'F4U,&G/E|CN�H:$'L��$�?�]>YE&43õ7.Fw58-�$8/E7u58-%N 7:(�\5'H.$8&&%07u58&GH:/�3'QR|.|:-036583�7J/,QRL�hS-0$<HDNS-��,5'-�/S36&4H./E3�58HJ58YR->LxHB9B-0F»v:36QE(XYx7.3�5'YE-{QS36->HDNi(�F)7.383V\(�H./S9B&w58&GH:/E7DFÈ58$87./E389BQE(�-0$83��!WXY [ � �$t*,�;è`\>7D/E9Z&4/:58$87D\^(�F47:3'3PKE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$>5VUb&4/R|�38(XYR-�LM-030?I#þ)ý élâ5�M�Nê �#=ëì# �nj�@íZ�X�]>YR-!(�H./S9B&w58&GH:/E7DFBKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUC�!W\ÚN� Y^ÌA\�vD&G/M(�H:/]üVQR/E(�5'&4H./Mz!&G5'YM7D/M7DKRKRF4&)(�7u58&GH:/B\e36Ki-0(�&w�S(QB5'&4FG&G5VUnN�QE/E(�58&GH:/K¦���îàDKî 476[vS9B-��E/E-03�7M(�F)7.383'&w�E-0$

�ï ;�· «&¼^¶ ·��`ð �nñóò Îè �nñ ¦`W ï � Ú?\X�ËW\ÚT� Y Ì \yô5'YE7D5xL�7u�B&4LM&Ê%0-03�58YR-y-��BKS-W(�5'-W9�QB58&GF4&G5VU�H.N!5'YR- (�F)7.383'&w�S(07u58&GH:/�v�z!YE-�$8-s¦`W ï � Ú?\�&)3�58YR-QB5'&4FG&G5VUyH.N�$8-�58QR$8/R&G/E|�58YR-�(�F)7.383 ï z!YR-0/Zz{-�hS-0FG&4-�+:-[5'YE7D5!5'YR-�58$'QR-�(�F47:3'3>&)3pÚ�?

"."

Page 13: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

�RH.$!-W7.(XY 3V58$'&4/R|UY [ vB5'YR-�LM&4/R&GL�QRL�-�$8$'H:$P$X7u58-�(�F47:3'3'&G�E-�$!H:QB5'KRQR583 �Ú�Ú �; · «¹¼E¶ ·�� è GZ�!W\ÚN� Y [ *,�Ë*OÜ1\tJ; · «¹¼E¶ ·�� è GZ�!W\Ú*.Y [ � �Ë*OÜ1\tJ; · «¹¼E¶ ·�� è!õ � Ö¥å �Læ�ç��ËW�Ú*Z�$p*ZY [ � �Ë*WÜÍ\hö; · «¹¼E¶ ·�� è�÷ �FÖ�å��Lø:Ò è Ó0�ËW�Ú*Z�$m*ZY [ � �Ë*OÜ1\�ùz!YR-�$8-�Ü�W�Ú?\�&)3[5'YR-y3'-�5�H.NPKR$8HD58HD5VU,Ki-n3V58$'&4/R|:3[N�H:$�5'YR-n(�F47:3'3^Ú@?Z]>YR&)3�9B-W(�&)36&4H./�$'QEFG-(�H.$8$8-0(�58FGU�7D|:|.$8-�|b7u5'-W3i5'YR-{36&4LM&GF)7D$8&G5VU[hi-�5Vz{-�-0/@7D/�H:hE3'-�$8+.-09�365'$8&4/R|J7D/S9�7DF4F:KE$'H.5'HD5VU,Ki-03N�H.$�7M|.&4+.-0/Z(�F47:3'30?

I#þJI �KL�M�ONP "�M�@�Q�{ &G+:-�/�7>KR$8HD58HD5VU,KS-<F4-��B&)(�H./?Ü~�nî<D%a æ ç 4 þ uE* " ÿ.7D/S9[7!(�H.$8KRQE3�] ;='\Ú j *.Y^Ì¥_p/m*l�0�l�0*0'\ÚC´k*.Y^Ì Ï /HDNRF)7Dhi-�F4-09�365'$8&G/E|:30v0z{-%-W3V58&GL�7u58-õ5'YE-%KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$83�H.NRH.QR$�LMH,9R-�F:W»_3\�QE3'&G/R|J-��BKS-W(�5X7u5'&4H./LM7D�B&GLM&&%07u58&GH:/�N�H:$��E/R&G5'-�LM&G�b58QR$8-xLMHB9B-0F43nþ fcÿ^?�t^NP58YR-MKR$8HD5'H.5VU,KS-�9B&)(�58&GH:/E7D$8U&43�/RHD5KR$'Hu+,&)9B-09�v:H:/R-JL�7cUxhS-�(�H:/E3V58$'QS(�5'-W9MN�$8H.L 5'YR-C5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|@(�H:$'KEQE3�? g QR${#Ay 7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRLz!&GF4F�L�7u�B&4Lx&&%�-�58YR-#üVH.&4/b5!KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VUyHDN�58YR-�(�H:$'KEQE3�?V�UÒRf£-2f¡k�j.,��R�SE�BT�£Q¢�£-U )  �.WVV¢XR�UYVZU\[]¢�£-U )  �¤ �"3-Ü�3M]�¥¦¨§ À º ­ ±ba�²pª^º�cI¿d«¹¼3¿3ºI²l¿¯^§ µ ª�« · ada � ±»º 2L¾Be�W)�Q\{�å;�u�ÂQý^§ µ ª�« · ada '\Ú*. � / ±»º Ü�¾Me�W\Ú*. � \>��;�u^Â�Ã7 § µ ª�« � > "S­ ª�¬: § VZUÒRf£-2f¡k�j..��R1SE�BT�£¨¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£k�MS:¤ Ú � *.Y^Ì g *,�Ë*OÜ�*@ef¥pÂA^§ V�UÒRf£-2f¡k�j.WVV¢XR�UYVZU\[]¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£:�BS:¤ �"3 Ü�3 ek¥lÂ

��&4/R-03[ac\e`M&G/R&G5'&)7DF4&&%�-�58YR-úe�-��BKS-W(�587D5'&4H./�7:(�(�QEL@QRF)7u58H.$X3�?{te/KR$X7.(�58&4(�-.vS&w5[&43C7.9B+,&)3V\7DhRF4-n58H�7.9E9�7�3'LM7.FGF{(�H:/E3V5X7D/b5@58H5'YE-se�7.(�(�QRL@QEF47D5'H.$X3�3'H5'YS7u5�/EH�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU�&)3H.KB58&GLM&&%�-09�5'H(%0-�$8HE? û���&4/R-W3V�D\V_x5X7d|.-�7D/�-��,Ki-0(�587D5'&4H./�365'-0K�H./�-0+.-0$'UZF47.hS-0FG-W9�3V58$'&4/R|&G/�5'YR-x58$87.&G/R&4/R| (�H:$'KRQS3�?@#P7.(XY�-��BKS-W(�587D5'&4H./ 3V58-�K�&G/E(�$'-0LM-�/b583C5'YE-üe�7:(�(�QRL@QRF)7u58H.$X3�vQR/RF4-0383��ËW\Ú � *ZY^Ì�gp� �Ë*WÜÍ\P&431%0-�$8HE?���&G/E7.FGF4U.v,F4&G/E-�f�QRKÈ9R7u58-03{58YR-�LxHB9B-0F�KE7D$X7DLM-�5'-�$X3�&4/��7D/E9�Ü~hE7.3'-09ZH./Z5'YE-�7.(�(�QRL@QEF47D5'-09Z-��BKi-0(�587u58&GH:/E3!&4/se<?

]>YR-�YE-07D$'5CH.Nõ5'YR-M#Ay 7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL�&)3�58YR- VZUÒRf£-2f¡k�j..�MR�SE�BT�£Q¢�£�U )  �.Wfl£k�MS WÁ\�KR$8HD\(�-09RQR$'-:?V�UÒRf£-2f¡k�j.,��R�SE�BT�£Q¢�£-U )  �.�fp£k�MS:¤ Úi3 YEÌú3 �"3 Ü�3 ek¥¦¨§þý q > u¯^§ µ ª�« · ada � ±»º Ü�W�Ú?\½^§ &ÍWo���\ q > Ü�W�Ú*Z"�!\ x Ü�Wo��!\pÂ7 § &ÍWo���\ G > (n) ¡L*?¢Ë¡-,-..�j/�¢�0n2k¢�£k�:¤ ��43 Y^Ì53 �:¥pÂÿ��Y­¾»°¬¥¶�¯tÏ�º+¯¶JµdÁp¯@­hÂJ´XÊL¯@Æd»½���½-¯�µd­`µ ÂJµ ±�ÆdµdÐ@¯������;ÂJ» �wÊ+¯@ñ�¬`´�¯�½�¯�Åy±¼�¯�´J¬��pÃ@µd¯@­hÂ-ÂJ¶À±�µd­`µd­¥Éw²y±WÂ�±È »°¶1ÂJÅ`¯�Â�¶�±�­`´�²¥¬`Ã@¯¶Ì�������������Xµd´1µd­¥µ Â�µ ±�ÆdµdÐ@¯@²¾ÂJ»��¥Ì��%Ê+¯@ñ�¬`´�¯%»°¬`¶"º¥¶�»�ÂJ»�ÂYÇ¥º+¯4²`µdÃtÂJµd»°­y±�¶JǾµd´"±WÂ"Æd¯±�´J±�´�Æ ±�¶�É°¯�±�´X»°¬`¶XÂJ¶À±�µd­`µd­`ÉQÃ@»°¶�º`¬`´Ì

" a

Page 14: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

: § ý <?> &1WX���\lÂA^§ µ ª�« · ada "� ±»º Ü�W�Ú?\C § e�W�Ú*Z"�!\ <?> &ÍWo���\ x ý ÂF^§ ��R�SE�BT�£Q¢�£-U )  �.�fp£k�MS:¤ � 3 Y Ì 3 �"3 e�3 &1WX � \ x ý ¥pÂ��&4/R-03 " \e_C7.(0(�QRL�QRF47D5'-{5'YE-{KiH:365'-0$'&4H.$<KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5'&4-03:�!WX"�1� Ú*ZY^ÌV*,�Ë*OÜ1\�N�H.$�7DF4FBKR$8HD\

5'HD5VU,Ki-03���n KÜ?W\Ú?\�?Ë�!WX��#� Ú*ZY^ÌV*,�Ë*OÜ1\>&43!5'YR-�KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU�58YE7u5J5'YR-�F)7Dhi-�F4-092KR$8HD58HD\5VUbKi-('\Úï*Z���/{|:-�/R-0$87D5'-09n5'YR-�H:hE3'-�$8+.-09Z3V58$'&4/R|UY^Ì�z!&w58Y�|b/EHuz!/ZF)7Dhi-�FXÚ@?

�!WX � � Ú*ZY Ì *,�Ë*OÜ1\`; �!W\Ú*.��Í*ZY^Ì�� �Ë*OÜ1\� Ö × �LøkÒ è Óp�!W\Ú*. � *ZY Ì � �Ë*OÜ1\��&4/R-�`�(�H.LMKRQR5'-03_�ËW�ÚN� "�1*OÜÍ\ N�$'H:L �!W\Ú*.^$l� ÜÍ\ x �ËWo^$p� ÜÍ\z!YE&GF4-�F4&G/E-g� (�H.LMKRQB58-03�ËWX"�A*.Y^ÌV� �"\�?�=�-��,5Wv�FG&4/R-yky7.(�(�QRL@QEF47D5'-03[-��,Ki-0(�587D5'&4H./E3[N�H:$C58YR-MF47.hS-0FG-W9�KE$'H.5'HD5VU,Ki-03'\Ú*.���/!&4/�Ü�? } 5J5'YE-@-�/S9HDNõ58YR-��E$X365JFGH,H:K�v ý YRH:F49R3�5'YR-�L�7D$8|.&4/E7DFE�!W\Ú*.Y^Ì�� �Ë*OÜÍ\�?]>YR-[3'-0(�H./E9yFGH,H:Ky7.(0(�QRL�QRF47D5'-W3%-��,Ki-0(�587D5'&4H./E3%N�H.$pÜ�7./E9���?���&G/R-�k�7:(�(�QRL@QRF)7u58-03P-��,\KS-W(�587D5'&4H./E3%N�H.$P5'YE-CF)7Dhi-�F4-09�KE$'H.5'HD5VU,Ki-03%&G/!Ü�vb&G/nH:$89R-�$�58H@$8-�-W3V58&GL�7u58-�58YR-Í�!W\Ú*.^$l� ÜÍ\KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$X3xHDNCH:QR$MFG-��B&4(�H./�?���&4/R-���587d|:-03M7�zP-0&G|:Y:58-09�-��BKi-0(�5X7u58&GH:/~365'-0K�N�H:$�58YR-5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$?��H./ 58YR-@365'$8&G/E|nKE7D&4$ï'o � *ZY Ì /�?�]>YR-�z{-�&4|.Yb5�&1WX � \ x ý &)3!58YR-�KiH:365'-0$'&4H.$KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU �ËWo��1� Ú*.Y^ÌC*t��*WÜÍ\�? } 3�7$'-W36QEFw5Wv�58YR&)3�F4-07D$8/R&4/R|�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YEL H:/RFGU�5'$X7D&4/E35'YR-�58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$!H./ 36&4LM&GF)7D$�365'$8&G/E|:30?

} F4FC58YE7u5 $8-�L�7D&4/E3Z&43Z5'H~KR$8Hu+,&49B-�5'YR- V�UÒRf£-2f¡k��.OVV¢XR1UYV�U\[]¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£k�MS W)\ 7.FG|:HD\$'&G5'YRL vRz!YE&4(XY &)3!3V58$87.&G|:Y:5'N�H.$8z{7.$89�?V�UÒRf£-2f¡k�j.WVV¢XR�UYVZU\[]¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£:�BS:¤ �"3 Ü�3 ek¥¦¨§}| �å;�u^¯^§ µ ª�« · ada '�Ú*Z�$Z/ ±»º Ü�¾ | <?> e�W\Ú*.^$Z\pÂ�ý^§ µ ª�« · ada '�Ú*Z�$Z/ ±»º Ü�¾9Ü�W�Ú*Z�$Z\ q > e�W�Ú*Z�$Z\ x | Â�Ã7 § V�¢XR�UYV�U\[d¢�£-U )  �.�fp£k�MS:¤ �"3 ef¥pÂ

=�HD58-[5'YE7D5�LM7D�B&GLM&&%�&4/R|x5'YR-1üVH.&4/b5�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU��ËW\Úï*ZY Ì � �Ë*OÜ1\{&43>/RH.5>5'YR-�387DLM-�7.3LM7D�B&GLM&&%�&4/R|[5'YR-!(�H:/E9B&G5'&4H./E7.FBKR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU1�!W\ÚN� Y^Ì�*,�Ë*OÜ1\�?<]>YR-!7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL�3�KR$'-W36-0/b5'-09YR-�$8- LM7D�B&GLM&&%�-Z5'YR-UüVH:&G/b5�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU.v%7.Fw58YRH.QR|:Y�58YR-�U�L�7cU�hi-3V58$87.&G|:Yb56N�H.$8z>7D$X9BFGU7.9R7.KB5'-W9 5'H�58YR-@F)7u58-�$CH.h�üV-W(�5'&4+.-:?�T�/BN�H:$658QR/E7D5'-�F4U.vi/R-0&w58YR-�$CH.h�üV-W(�5'&4+.-@&43J5'YR-�3'7.Lx-�7.3Lx&4/R&4LM&Ê%0&G/R|M58YR-�-�$8$8H.$>$87D5'-:vR7DFG5'YRH:QR|.YZ5'YR-0UZ7.$'-�(�F4H:3'-�F4Un$8-�F)7u5'-W9y&4/ KR$X7.(�58&4(�-.?

g QR$�7DKEKR$'Hb7.(XYC5'HJ365'$8&4/R|�(�F)7.3836&G�S(07u5'&4H./�YE7:3È5'YE-%7.9R9R&w58&GH:/E7DF:+b&4$'5'QR-õH.N,hi-�&4/R|J7.hRF4-õ5'HFG-W7D$8/�7>/R-�z�(�F)7.383ÈN�$8H.LÖH./RF4U�7!36&4/R|.F4-�-��B7.LMKRFG-õH.N,5'YE7D5�(�F)7.3830v�z!&G5'YRH:QB5�7./bUC$'-�5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|E?��-�3'&GLMKRF4U7.9R9�5'YR-x/R-�z (�F)7.383�Ú z!&w58Y�&G583[H.hS36-0$'+:-09365'$8&G/R|�^$�&4/b5'Hy5'YR-MKR$8HD58HD5VU,KS-9B&4(�5'&4H./E7.$'UlÜJv%7D/S9�7.383'&G|:/�5'YR- /R-0z -0/:58$'U�7�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU��ËW\Úï*Z $ � ÜÍ\�hE7:36-W9�H./~&G583H.hE3'-�$8+.-W9 N�$'-W�bQR-�/E(�UHDN%HB(0(�QR$8$'-0/E(�-:?�]>YR-MH.F)9�-�/b58$'&4-03C&G/�5'YE-�KR$8HD58HD5VU,Ki-x9B&)(�58&GH:/E7D$8UYE7c+.-�5'YR-0&G$ KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5'&4-0323'(07DF4-09 9RHuz!/ h,U "Nù �ËW�Ú*Z�$0� Ü1\�v[7D/E9 5'YR-�LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'35'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$��$8-�L�7.&G/E3!(�H./E36587./b50?

te/@7DKRKi-�/S9B&w� } zP-{(�H:/E36&)9B-0$�7D/EHD5'YE-�$�7.KRKR$8H:7:(XY�5'H�58YR-P365'$8&4/R|C(�F47:3'3'&w�i(�7u58&GH:/�KR$8H.hB\FG-0L hS7.3'-09�H./ 58YR-y(�F)7.383'&4(��'/R-07.$'-W3V5�/R-0&G|:YbhiH.$ �9B-W(�&)36&4H./ $8QRFG-:? te/ 5'YR&)3@7:9,\ÍYEH,(�7.KB\KR$'Hb7.(XY�vcz{-%F4-07.$'/@7C3V58$'&4/R|C-09B&G5<9R&436587./E(�-{QE3'&G/R|[7DF4F:+u7.FG&)9�KE7.&G$X31'X^$m*.Y^Ì g /�HDNRQE/E9B-�$8F4Ub&4/R|

" `

Page 15: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

N�H.$8LM3?^$? ìÜ?W\Ú � \�7D/S9�36QE$6N 7:(�-@$8-07.FG&&%07D5'&4H./E3VYEÌ g N�H:$C-W7.(XYz{H.$X9�Ú � &4/�58YR-�58$87.&G/R&4/R|(�H.$8KRQE30?Ë�EH.$�-07.(XY�KEYRH./R-�5'&)(%365'$8&G/E|�Y"!$#<&G/@5'YR-%5'-W3V58&G/R|[(�H:$'KRQS31]^�ÍvczP-P$'-�5'QR$8/�5'YR-{z{H.$X9�x � &4/�% 5'YE7D5�Lx&4/R&4LM&Ê%0-03�58YR-�3V58$'&4/R| 9B&436587./E(�-UO"WX $ *.Y !$# \[7DLMH./R| 7DF4F<FG-��B&4(07DF<-�/b5'$8&4-03'Xx"*Z^$Z/C !ÜJ? } Fw58YRH.QR|:Yx5'YR&)3�7DKEKR$'Hb7.(XY�&43<58-0(XYR/E&4(07DF4FGUx36&4LMKRFG-:v.&G5�YE7.3�58YR-�QR/RN�H.$'5'QR/E7D5'-KR$'H:KS-0$65VUH.N�5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|Z5'YR-x5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�5'&4H./�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-03[H./�hSH.5'Y 36&4LM&GF)7D$�7D/S9�9B&)3836&4LM&GF)7D$KE7D&4$83�HDN!3V58$'&4/R|:30?2OPH:/E36-W�bQR-�/b5'F4U.v�5'YR-yKS-0$6N�H:$'L�7D/S(�-MHDN>5'YE-�5'$X7D/E389BQE(�5'&4H./ 9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-035'$X7D&4/R-09ZQE3'&G/R|x58YR&43!7.KRKR$8H:7:(XYy7D$8-C/EHD5J7DKEKR$'-W(�&)7DhRF4U�9B& � -0$'-0/:5!N�$8H.L 58YR-�Ki-�$'N�H.$8LM7./E(�-HDNÈ5'YR-JQR/b5'$X7D&4/R-09M��-0+.-0/E36Yb58-�&4/M9R&436587./E(�-:?�#��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b587DFE$'-W36QRFG583�H.hB5X7D&4/R-09xQE3'&G/E|�5'YR&)37.9,\^YRHB(�7DKRKR$8H:7:(XYZ7.$'-�7DF)3'H�&4/E(�F4QE9B-W92&G/25'YE-�7DKRKi-�/E9R&w��?

& ' � ')(*( ×�� !�[�õ�úx�te/y58YR&43!3'-0(�5'&4H./�v,z{-[7.KRKRF4UnH.QE$%58-0(XYR/R&)�bQR-03{58H@58YR-�KR$8H.hRF4-�L H.N�FG-W7D$8/R&4/R|@58YR-�KR$8H./,QR/B\(�&)7u5'&4H./S3�HDNPz{H.$X9R30? } |:&G+:-�/�zPH:$89�HDN>7Z/S7u5'QE$87.FõF47./R|.QE7.|.-xL�7cUhS-�KR$8H./EH.QR/E(�-09�&G/LM7./,Un9B& � -�$8-�/b5>z{7cUB30vb9R-�Ki-�/E9B&4/R|xH./y3'QE(XYyN 7.(�58H.$X3P7:3�58YR-�9B&47.FG-W(�5Wv,5'YR-�36Ki-073|.-0$0v,7D/E95'YR-�F4&G/E|.QR&)3V58&4(x-0/b+,&4$'H:/RLM-�/b50?���-n9R-038(�$8&Ghi-MH./R-xz{7cUH.NPLMHB9B-�F4&4/R| +c7.$'&)7u58&GH:/�&4/�58YR-KR$'H:/,QR/E(�&)7u58&GH:/@H.NSz{H.$X9R3�?���-�5%î hS-{5'YE->3'-�5õH.Ni3'Ub/b5X7.(�58&4(Pz{H.$X9R3�&G/M7JF)7D/E|.QE7.|.-.vcF4-�5`�hS-�58YR-@3'-�5JH.N�QE/E9B-�$8F4Ub&4/R|�KRYEH./RH:FGH:|.&)(�7DF�3'-�|:LM-�/b583>-0LxKEFGHuU:-092h,Un5'YE-�F47./R|.QS7D|.-:vR7D/E9FG-�5?+ hS-�5'YR-@3'-�5�H.N�H:hE3'-�$8+.-09yKRYRH:/R-�LM-030?P]>YE-�KR$'H:/RH.QE/E(�&4/R|MFG-��B&4(�H./KÜ��nî 4 a æ ç7.3836&4|./E3!7�3'L�7DF4F�3'-�5�HDN<QR/E9R-�$8FGU,&4/R|�KRYRH:/RH.F4H.|:&4(07DFiN�H.$8L�3>5'H�-0+.-�$8Uy3'U,/:5X7.(�5'&)(Cz{H.$X9Z&G/5'YR-ZF47./R|.QE7.|.-:?Z#%7:(XY QR/E9B-0$'F4U,&G/R| N�H:$'L &4/n�SRM&)3�58YR-�/�L�7.KRKS-W9 5'H�736QR$'N 7.(�-MN�H.$8L&G/�+UR�h,U27�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4([KR$8HB(�-W3'30? g QR$J|.H:7.F�&43�5'H�$8-0(�H.|./E&Ê%0-[KEYRH./R-�5'&)(�365'$8&G/R|b3�vEz!YR&4(XYz!&GF4F�$8-0�bQR&4$'-�QE3{58H�LM7.KZ-W7.(XY 36QE$6N 7:(�-CN�H.$8Lý5'Hx58YR-�36U,/b587:(�58&4([z{H.$X9�N�H.$!z!YE&4(XY &G5�&43!7KR$'H:/,QR/E(�&)7u58&GH:/�?

��-�N�H.$8L�7DF4&Ê%0-�5'YE&43�KR$8H./,QR/S(�&)7u5'&4H./$8-0(�H.|:/R&w58&GH:/gW ;P1�\JKR$'H:hRF4-�L 7.3CN�H.F4F4Huz�3�?�]>YR-&G/RKEQB5J58Hn;�$8H./,QR/E(�&47D5'&4H./ 1!-0(�H.|./E&w58&GH:/2&)3J7�3'&G�b\Í5'QEKRFG-�'Jîá*,�*.+_*OÜ�*W]S*W]^��/!(�H./E3'&)3V58&G/R|HDN@7�3'-�5!î H.N@36U,/b587:(�5'&)(z{H.$X9R30v>7./ 7DF4KRYE7.hS-�5�� H.N�KEYRH./RH:FGH:|.&)(�7.F�36-0|.LM-�/b5830v�7D/7DF4KRYE7Dhi-�5!+�HDN,KRYRH:/R-�58&4(�3'-�|:LM-�/b5830v07!KE$'H:/RH.QR/S(�&4/R|>FG-��,&)(�H:/?Ü��nî 4 a æ ç vW7{58$87.&G/R&4/R|(�H.$8KRQE3E] ; '�Ú j *.YEÌ _ /m*l�0�l�0*0'\Ú ´ *.YEÌ Ï /�HDN!F47.hS-0FG-W9�KRYRH:/R-�58&4(y3V58$'&4/R|:30võ7D/E9�75'-0365'&4/R|(�H.$8KRQE3']^�N; Y"! _ *0�l�0�l*ZY"!,+ HDN�QR/RF)7Dhi-�F4-09 KRYRH./E-�5'&)(�365'$8&G/E|:30?Ö#P7.(XY~5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|�KE7D&4$'\Ú � *ZY^Ì�g�/@&4/ ] &4/E(�F4QE9B-W3�7�3'U,/:5X7.(�5'&)(Zz{H.$X9 Ú � v%Ú � î v{7.FGH:/R|�z!&G5'Y�7�KRYRH:/R-�58&4(3V58$'&4/R|�Y^Ì�g� +UÌ�g�?Ö]>YE-�H.QB58KRQB5y&)3n7�3'-�5nH.N�F47.hS-0F43�x j *l�0�l�0*Zx�-�N�H:$n5'YE-�KRYRH:/R-�58&4(3V58$'&4/R|:3>&4/25'YR-�58-0365'&4/R|n(�H:$'KEQE3p]^�»?

]>YR-CKE$'H:/bQE/E(�&)7u58&GH:/y$8-0(�H:|./R&G5'&4H./yKR$'H:hRF4-�L L�7cUMhS-�$8-09BQE(�-09n5'H�5'YR-�365'$8&G/R|M(�F)7.383'&w\�S(�7D5'&4H./KR$8H.hRF4-�L �%5'YR-@3'U,/b587.(�5'&)(�z{H.$X9R3!7D$8-�5'YR-x(�F)7.3836-W3�vR5'YR-�QE/E9B-�$8F4Ub&4/R|MN�H:$'L�3J7.$'-5'YR-MKR$8HD58HD5VU,KS-x3V58$'&4/R|b3�v�7./E958YR-x3'QR$'N 7.(�-@N�H:$'L�3[7D$8-@58YR-x3'QR$'N 7.(�-x365'$8&G/E|:3C&G/�/R-�-W9�H.N(�F)7.3836&G�S(�7D5'&4H./�?n*,H F4-�5�QE3�/EHuz 7DKEKRFGU�H.QR$�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(x36H:FGQR5'&4H./�5'H 5'YE-y*,z!&w5X(XY,hSHb7D$X9(�H.$8KRQE3>H.N<(�H./,+.-0$8387u58&GH:/E7DFi36Ki-�-W(XY�?

�VþZÿ .Q� �@�M�B�0/?�� ��BÞ ëu���Mâ¾$�]>YR-J*,z!&G58(XY,hSHb7D$X9�(�H.$8KRQE3õ(�H./b587.&G/E3<Hu+:-�$õ`�LM&GF4F4&GH:/xz{H.$X9R3�HDN�3'KSH:/:5X7D/R-0H.QE3�58-�F4-�KRYEH./R-36Ki-�-W(XY�(�H./,+.-0$8387u58&GH:/E3�þ �cÿ^?Mt^5�&)3�(�H:/E3'&49B-0$'-W9�H:/R-MHDN%58YR-MLMH:365�9R&w�n(�QEFw5@(�H.$8KSH:$87nN�H.$

" �

Page 16: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

36Ki-�-W(XY�$8-0(�H:|./R&G5'&4H./nW»7D/E9�KR$'H:/,QR/E(�&)7u58&GH:/�$8-0(�H:|./R&G5'&4H./"\>hS-W(�7.QE36-�HDNõ58YR-@58$'-0LM-�/E9BH:QE3+c7.$'&)7DhE&GF4&w5VUxHDN�3'KiH./b587./R-�H:QE3%3'KS-0-0(XY�? } 3%H.N�*,QRLMLM-�$ " d.d:fRvb36Ki-�-W(XYn$'-W(�H:|./R&G5'&4H./x5'-W(XYB\/RH.F4H.|:UnYE7.3!7Mz{H.$X9n-0$'$8H.$>$X7u58-�7.hSHu+:-9�b_¨� H./25'YR-@*Bz!&w5X(XYbhiH:7.$892(�H:$'KEQE3�?õ]>YR-�387DLM-36Ki-�-W(XYx$8-0(�H.|:/R&w58&GH:/�58-0(XYR/RH:FGH:|.U�7:(XYR&G-0+.-W3�7[z{H.$X9�-0$'$8H.$<$X7u5'->H.NSF4-0383�5'YE7./�_Q�ÖH./M$8-07:936Ki-�-W(XY�?

g +.-�$�a3u3uRv u3u¨u�z{H.$X9R3[HDN>*Bz!&w5X(XYbhiH:7.$89�YE7c+.-Mhi-�-0/�L�7D/,QE7.FGF4U�7:3'3'&G|:/R-09�KRYRH:/R-�58&4(5'$X7D/E38(�$8&GKR583{7u5Pt'O>*Bt�QE3'&G/R|x7�KR$8H.KE$'&4-�5X7D$8U�KRYEH./R-�5'&)(C7.FGKRYS7Dhi-�5[þ duÿ^?õ]>YR-�*,z!&w5X(XY,hSHb7D$X9(�H.$8KRQE3{7DF)3'H@&4/E(�F4QE9B-W3{7@KR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&4/R|�FG-��,&)(�H:/nz!&G5'Y�k " v " u¨u�-�/b5'$8&4-03PQE36&4/R|M7�LMHB9B&G�E-09;�$8H./RF4-���KRYEH./R-�5'&)(x7.FGKEYE7Dhi-�5(W�F4H./E|ZN�H:$'L(\xþ " ÿÍ?Mte/�H.$X9B-�$[58HZL�7d|:-x5'YR-MKR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&G/R|FG-��,&)(�H:/�(�H:LMKE7u58&GhRF4-yz!&G5'Y�5'YR-2t'O>*,t�(�H:$'KEQE3�H.N�KRYRH./E-�5'&)(�58$87./E38(�$8&GKB5X3�v<z{-n$8-�LMHu+.-W9" �¨�y-�/b5'$8&4-03JN�$'H:L 58YR-xFG-��,&)(�H:/�7D/S9�ku`Ev u:f3��387DLMKRF4-03JN�$'H:L�5'YR-xt'O>*,tJ(�H.$8KRQE30? 1 } N�5'-0$�EFw58-�$8&G/E|EvRH:QR$>KR$'H:/RH.QE/E(�&4/R|xFG-��,&)(�H:/ZYS7.9k]uRv d:_:a�-0/:58$'&4-03{N�H:$!f.fRv«ad�3��3'U,/:5X7.(�5'&)(Cz{H.$X9R3Hu+.-�$C7D/�7DF4KRYE7.hS-�5CH.N��,aMKRYRH:/R-�LM-W3�? g QR$C(�H.$8KRQE3JYE7.9�a " �Sv ` " uM3'7.LMKRFG-W3w�ZH.N�z!YR&4(XYaD`Rv d:_:_�z{-�$8-�9B&)3V58&G/E(�5p�nN�H.$�dEv u " _�36U,/b587:(�58&4(�z{H.$X9R3{z!&w58Y��:`xKRYRH:/R-�LM-W3WX�,a�;%$'H:/RF4-��KRYRH./E-�LM-03!KEFGQE3!7�3'Ki-0(�&)7DF2�836&4F4-�/E(�-��x36U,[email protected]�\�?�Vþ)ý 3��t %���54pâ?�X�B�Nê���Q�M��-�(�H./E9BQS(�5'-W9�N�H:QR$n3'-�583xH.NC-��BKi-�$8&GLM-0/:5X3MQE3'&G/R|�3'-�+:-�/�LMHB9B-0F430?�te/�7DF4F�(�7:36-W3�v%zP-KE7D$'5'&G5'&4H./R-W9MH.QR$P(�H.$8KRQE3�HDN�a " �Ev ` " u[387DLMKRF4-03�dE� " &4/b5'H " d:aBv �bkDd�58$87.&G/E&G/R|�3'7.LxKEFG-W3�7D/E9a " v �:` " 5'-W3V5C387DLMKRF4-030?!te/�/RHy-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5C9B&)9z{[email protected]:QR$JKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUZLxHB9B-0F1WÍ_3\5'HM5'YE-�5'-0365J9R7D587R?

g QR${3'-�+:-�/nLMHB9B-0F43>(�H:/E3'&4365PH.N���-�+:-�/E3'Yb5'-0&G/29B&436587./E(�-xþ " _Wÿ�7.3PzP-0FGF�7:3P3'&w��+u7D$8&)7D/b583$'-W36QRFG5'&4/R|CN�$'H:LüH.QR$�5Vz{HC&4/b5'-0$'KR$8-�5X7u58&GH:/E3�H.NR5'YE$'-0-{LMHB9B-0F430? 6 g QR$�5VzPH[&G/b58-�$8KR$'-�587D5'&4H./E37D$8-C58YR-�3V58HB(XYE7.365'&)([-09B&G5J9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-UWo�Q\{7D/S9n58YR-�(�F)7.3836&)(C-09B&G5J9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-UW»`¨\�vE7DF)36HM(�7.FGF4-095'YR-�ûC&w58-�$8hR&õ-09B&G5@9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-.?U�RH:$�-07.(XY�&G/b58-�$8KR$'-�587D5'&4H./�v�z{-MhRQR&4Fw5@7y5'&4-09�LMHB9B-�Fõz!&G5'YH./RF4U N�H.QR$MKE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$830võ7D/�QR/b5'&4-09�LxHB9B-0F»vP7D/E9�7�LM&G�b58QR$8-ZLMHB9B-�F!(�H./E3'&4365'&4/R|�HDNC7QR/R&GN�H.$8L LM&w�,58QR$'-�H.N�58YR-�5'&4-09 7D/S9ZQE/:58&G-W92LxHB9B-0F430?

]>YR-@58$87./E389BQE(�-0$JKE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$83C7D$8-@&4/R&G5'&)7DF4&Ê%0-09�QE/R&wN�H:$'LMF4U hS-�N�H.$8-@58$87.&G/R&4/R|SvÈ7:3C7.$'-5'YR- KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$83�HDN�58YR-2zPH:$89�LMHB9B-0F��ËW\ÚT� Ü1\�7./E9�58YR- (�H./S9B&w58&GH:/E7DF>F4-��B&)(�H./�LMH,9R-�F�ËWX�$l� Úï*OÜÍ\�N�H:$%7DF4FB-�/b58$'&4-03C'�Ú*Z�$./�&G/�ÜJ?�=JHD5'-{58YE7u5%7�QR/E&wN�H:$'L��!W\ÚN� ÜÍ\�7D/E9x7�QR/R&GN�H.$8L�ËWX�$l� Úï*OÜÍ\n7D$8-/RHD5y-W�bQR&G+u7.FG-0/:5�58H�7 QR/R&GN�H.$8L �ËW\Úï*Z^$l� ÜÍ\�hS-W(�7DQS36-LMH.$8- N�$8-0�bQR-�/b5zPH:$89R3{58-�/E9Z58HxYS7c+.-�LMH.$8-CKR$8H./,QR/S(�&)7u5'&4H./S3>&G/Z5'YR-�F4-��B&)(�H:/�?

g QR$<�E+.-!3'-�5X3õHDNÈ-��BKi-�$8&GLM-�/b5X3õ7D$8->9R-�5'-0$'LM&4/R-09xh,U�YRHuz�zP-!H:hB587.&G/xH.QE$õKR$'H:/RH.QE/E(�\&G/R|[F4-��B&4(�H./�?�]>YR-P�E$8365�5VzPHC-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b583�QE3'-�58YR-�*,z!&G58(XY,hSHb7D$X9�KR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&G/R|JFG-��,&)(�H:/�?

7�8 ¶�»°Á Â�Å¥¯QÆd¯tÏ�µdû°­9�y½-¯�¶�¯@Áp»O¼�¯@²:�<;>=5¯@­�Â�¶Jµd¯@´�½�Å`»°´J¯�½�»°¶�²`´�Åy±�²^¬`­h¬`´J¬y±�Æ�º`¬`­`ÃtÂJ¬y±WÂJµd»°­?�J· @�A B�¹�ÀÌ8 ¶J»°ÁìÂJÅ`¯���³DC��MÃ@»°¶�º¥¬`´E��½-¯X¶�¯@Áp»¼�¯²2F G�� G°¸>F�´�±�Ápº`Æd¯@´BÂJÅy±WÂ9½-¯@¶�¯XÆ ±�Ê+¯Æd¯@²4½�µ ÂJÅ4´�µdÆd¯@­`Ã@¯H��IH=H=�´�±�Ápº`Æd¯@´½�µ ÂJÅ5±�­5¯Ápº�ÂYÇ4º`Å`»°­¥¯@ÂJµdÃ1ÂJ¶À±�­¥´�Ã@¶�µdº¥ÂJ��=H=%´�±�Ápº`Æd¯@´B½�µ ÂJÅ5±�È ¶À±�É°Áp¯@­�ÂÀ±�¶�ÇQÂJ¶À±�­¥´�Ã@¶�µdº¥Â;²`¬`¯�Â�»�µd­�Â�¯@¶�¶J¬`º�KÂJµd»°­`´J��G>F�´�±�Ápº`Æd¯@´1½�µ ÂJÅúÂJÅ`¯4¬¥­`²`»hì¥Áp¯­�ÂJ¯²ü´JÇ�ÁwÊ+»°ÆML��j±�­¥²N=5´À±�Ápº`Æd¯@´"½�µ ÂJÅ?Â�Å`¯w¬`­`²`»hÃ@¬`Áp¯@­hÂJ¯@²´�Ç¥ÁQÊ+»°Æ0AJÌPO1»�ÂJ¯QÂJÅy±WÂ�ÂJÅ`¯4´JÇ�ÁwÊ+»°Æd´QL5±�­¥²RA-±�¶J¯w­`»�Â�º`±�¶JÂ�»�È;¯@µ Â�Å`¯@¶�ÂJÅ`¯0��³DC���º`Å`»°­¥¯@ÂJµdÃp±�Ædº`Å`±�ÊL¯t»°¶XÂJÅ`¯PS;¶J»°­`Æd¯tÏZº¥Å`»°­`¯tÂ�µdÃ%±�Ædº`Å`±�ÊL¯tÂ���Æd»°­¥É4È�»°¶JÁp´TU�¥±�­¥²^±�¶�¯�»°­¥Æ ÇZ¬¥´�¯@²¾µd­5Â�Å¥¯���³DC��;û°¶Jº`¬`´Ì

V ÍXÅ`¯0Wn¯@¼�¯@­`´JÅhÂJ¯@µd­ú²`µd´JÂ�±�­`Ã@¯wµd´�Â�Å`¯QÁpµd­`µdÁw¬¥Á ­h¬`ÁQÊL¯@¶1»�È�µd­`´J¯¶�Â�µd»°­¥´E�+²`¯@Æd¯tÂ�µd»°­¥´E�n±�­`²?´�¬`Ê¥´JÂJµ Â�¬�KÂJµd»°­`´�¶J¯<X�¬`µd¶J¯@²wÂ�»�ÂJ¶À±�­`´�È�»°¶JÁ�»°­`¯�´JÂJ¶�µd­`É�µd­�ÂJ»Q±�­¥»�Â�Å`¯@¶Ì9ÍXÅh¬`´E��ÂJÅ`¯YWj¯t¼�¯­¥´�Å�Â�¯@µd­5²`µd´JÂ�±�­`Ã@¯"µd´9±�´JÂJ¶�µd­`ɯ@²`µ Â%²`µd´�ÂÀ±�­¥Ã¯4½�Å`¯@¶J¯wÂ�Å¥¯pû°´�Â%»�È�±�ÆdÆ9µd²`¯@­�Â�µ ÂYÇi´J¬`Ê`´JÂJµ ÂJ¬¥Â�µd»°­¥´Qµd´�Ð@¯@¶�»?±�­¥²E±�ÆdÆ9»�Â�Å`¯@¶�¯@²`µ Â%Ã@»°´JÂJ´w±�¶J¯¬¥­`µ ÂYÇ�Ì" _

Page 17: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

#õ�BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5J# " QE3'-03!5'YR-�N�QRF4F�KE$'H:/RH.QR/S(�&4/R|�F4-��B&)(�H:/ZN�H:$�7DF4F�f.fEv a3�d�xzPH:$89E3Pz!YE&GF4-�-��,\KS-0$'&4LM-�/b5[#{aMQE3'-03!58YR-M36QRhS36-�5JHDNõ58YR-@KR$8H./EH.QR/E(�&G/E|nFG-��B&4(�H./ N�H.$J5'YR-xdRv u " _xzPH:$89R3�&G/5'YR-�(�H:$'KEQE3�?õ]>YR-�3'-0(�H:/E9M5Vz{H�-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b583{QE3'-[7�F4-��B&4(�H./29B-�$8&G+:-09MN�$8H.L 58YR-�(�H:$'KRQS3�?#õ�BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5�#%`�QE3'-03P5'YR-�58$87.&G/E&G/R|M(�H:$'KEQE3{H./RF4UM5'H�(�H:/E365'$8QE(�5{5'YR-�KE$'H:/RH.QR/S(�&4/R|@F4-��,\&4(�H./�võz!YR&4F4-y-��BKi-�$8&GLM-0/:5M#`��QS36-W3�58YR-y-0/:58&G$8-Z(�H.$8KRQE3?��hSH.5'Y�5'$X7D&4/R&G/E|�7D/E9�5'-0365'&4/R|KSH:$658&GH:/E3w��5'Hn(�H./E365'$8QE(�5!58YR-�KR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&G/R|MF4-��B&)(�H./�?�]>YR-�5'-W3V5C(�H.$8KRQE3>YE7:3�_ " a�387DLx\KRFG-W3{z!YRH:3'-�z{H.$X9R3%9B&)9n/EHD5{7.KRKi-07D$P&G/y5'YR-J5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|�(�H.$8KRQE30?�#��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b5{#P_�Lx-0$'|:-035'YR-�# " 7./E9 #%`�FG-��B&4(�H./E30?

]>YR-JKR$8&4/E(�&4KE7DFi9B& � -0$'-0/E(�-J7.LMH./R|�58YR-03'-!�E+:-J-��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b583�&)3�YEHuz~L�QE(XYn&4/BN�H.$8L�7u\5'&4H./58YR-�58$87.&G/R&4/R|y(�H.$8KRQE3JKR$'Hu+,&)9B-03C7DhiH.QB5J5'YR-�5'-W3V5�(�H.$8KRQE30?!te/�H:$89B-0$�HDN�&4/E(�$'-W7.3'&G/R|&G/BN�H:$'L�7D5'&4H./�v{zP-YS7c+.-#%`~r # " v #P_ r�#{a r #`�S?�te/�-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5y#%`Ev%58YR-KR$8HD\/RH.QR/S(�&4/R|MFG-��,&)(�H:/y&)3!(�H:/E3V58$'QS(�5'-W9�N�$8H.L 58YR-[5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|x(�H.$8KRQE3{H./EFGUn7./E9n58YR-�$8-�N�H:$'-�#%`KR$'Hu+,&)9B-03@/RH�9R&G$8-0(�5@&G/RN�H.$8LM7D5'&4H./�7.hSH:QB5@58YR-n58-0365x(�H.$8KRQE30?�te/�-��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b5�# " v�58YR-KR$'H:/RH.QE/E(�&4/R|�F4-��B&)(�H./�z>7.3%(�H./S3V58$'QE(�5'-W9xN�$'H:L 58YR-J-0/b5'&4$'-J`.L z{H.$X9�*,z!&G58(XY,hSHb7D$X9�(�H:$6\KRQE30v.7D/E9�5'YR-0$'-�N�H.$8-P# " KR$8Hu+b&)9B-W3�z{-07d|9|,/RHuz!F4-09B|:-%H.NB5'YR->36-�5�H.NS3'Ub/b5X7.(�58&4(%zPH:$89E3�5'YS7u57DKRKi-07.$@&4/ 5'YR-y5'-0365x(�H.$8KRQE30?#õ�BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5�#{_ (�H.L�hR&4/R-03�5'YR-y# " 7D/S9�#%` F4-��B&4(�H./E30?te/n-��BKi-�$8&GLM-�/b5>#PaBv:5'YE-JKR$8QR/R-W9�KR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&4/R|�F4-��B&)(�H./yKR$'Hu+,&)9B-03%3V58$'H:/R|.-0$`|,/RHuz!FG-W9B|.-HDN�58YR-23'-�5xHDNC3'U,/b587.(�5'&)(�z{H.$X9R3�58YE7u5�7.(�5'QE7.FGF4U�7DKRKi-07.$@&4/�5'YE-y58-0365M(�H.$8KRQE30v<7:3@z{-�F4F7.3C5'YR-0&G$�LMH:365[387DF4&4-�/b5[KEYRH./R-�5'&)(�N�H:$'L�30?�te/�-��BKi-�$8&GLM-0/:5�#`�Svi5'YR-xKR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&4/R|ZFG-��,&G\(�H./yKR$'Hu+,&)9B-03%(�H.LMKRF4-�58-�|,/RHuz!F4-09B|:-�HDN�58YR-C3'-�5{HDN�3'Ub/b5X7.(�58&4(JzPH:$89E3õKE7D&4$8-09Mz!&G5'Yn58YR-�&4$7.(�58QE7DF�KEYRH./R-�5'&)([N�H.$8L�3>&G/25'YE-�5'-0365J(�H:$'KEQE3�?

]>YR-!N�H.F4F4Huz!&G/R|[5X7DhRF4-�KR$8-03'-�/b583õ5'YR-�-W3'3'-�/b58&47.FE(XYE7D$X7.(�5'-0$'&)3V58&4(03�HDNÈ5'YR-JFG-��,&)(�H:/E3õQE3'-09&G/25'YE-��E+.-�-��BKi-�$8&GLM-0/:5X3�?

-�/b5'$8&4-03 /RHu+.-0F -0/b5'$8&G-W3-�/b58$'&4-03 zPH:$89R3 N�H.$8LM3 �cz{H.$X9 N�H.$8LM3 �u387DLMKRF4-

# " k]uRv d:_:a f.fRv«ad�3� fd�Ev d.`,k " ? ubk]u aDd3u¨� " ? �:d:_#{a dRv f:a " dRv u " _ dRv `d�b` " ? u.fbk `:aDf " " ? a.fbk#P` a.aBv " �Qu �Rv«_:kdu " k,v �3�¨u aB?«_d�.` " k.kD` dE? �b`d�#A� aD`Rv d:_:_ dRv u " _ " dRv `:_:_ aB? f:_:k u " uE? uba:k#{_ d.`Rv u.dba f.fRv«ad�3� kD_Bv " d,k " ? �¨ud� " `3u,k "." ? `baDd

]>YR-n�E$X365�N�H:QR$@�S-�F)[email protected]�5'YE-y5X7DhRF4-yKi-�$'587.&G/�58H�58YR-2FG-��,&)(�H:/�7DF4H./E-.?[Z«#�/b58$'&4-03�Û�&)35'YR-/,QRL�hS-0$�HDNC-0/b5'$8&G-W3M&G/~5'YE-2F4-��B&)(�H:/�v\Z zPH:$89E3hÛ<&)3M5'YR- /,QRL�hS-0$�HDN�QR/R&)�:QE-2z{H.$X9R3&G/ 58YR-�FG-��B&4(�H./�v�Z N�H:$'L�3�Û�&43�5'YR-n/,QRL�hS-0$�HDN>QR/R&)�bQR-�KRYRH:/R-�58&4(�N�H.$8LM3�&4/ 5'YE-�FG-��,&)(�H:/�v7D/E9]Z -0/:58$'&4-03°�cz{H.$X9-Û:&43P5'YE-CLM-07./y/,QRL�hS-0${H.N�-�/b58$'&4-03PKS-0$>zPH:$89�?<]>YR-[�E/E7.FE5Vz{H��E-�F)9R3(XYE7D$X7.(�5'-�$8&&%�-�58YR-�$'-0F47D5'&4H./ZhS-�5VzP-0-�/n58YR-�FG-��B&4(�H./ 7D/E9n5'YR-[5'-W3V5�(�H.$8KRQE30?�Z /RHu+:-�FSN�H.$8LM3�Û&43�5'YR-�/,QRL�hS-0$�HDN�387DLMKRF4-03õ&4/M5'YE-!5'-W3V5P(�H.$8KRQE3õz!YEH:3'-!KRYRH./E-�5'&)(>N�H:$'L�3�9BH�/EHD5P7.KRKS-W7D$&G/�5'YR-MF4-��B&4(�H./�v�7./E9�Z -�/b5'$8&G-W3��D3'7.LMKRFG-�ÛS&)3J5'YR-xLM-07D/�/,QRL@hi-�$[HDN%F4-��B&)(�7.F�-0/:58$'&4-03J5'YS7u5-��R7.(�5'F4UnL�7u58(XY258YR-�KRYRH:/R-�58&4(CN�H.$8L H.N�7M387DLMKRF4-�&G/Z5'YR-�58-0365J(�H:$'KRQS3�?�RH.$[-07:(XY�-��BKi-�$8&GLM-0/:5Wv�zP-�$'-0KSH:$65[5'YE-@N�$X7.(�5'&4H./�H.N%LM&438(�F)7.3836&G�E-W9�3'7.LMKRFG-W3J&4/�58YR-5'-0365'&4/R|�(�H.$8KRQE3_W�&4-.?4v<5'YR-ZzPH:$89�-�$8$8H.$�$X7u58-M\�?�=JHD58-n5'YS7u5�58YR-yKR$8H./EH.QR/E(�&G/E|�FG-��B&4(�H./E3YE7c+.-�L�7D/,UyYEH.LMH.KRYEH./R-W3�? g QR$J9R-0(�&)3'&GH:/Z$8QRF4-On�3+ R 4 a ø L�7DKS3!-07:(XYy58-0365J3'7.LxKEFG-Y�! g 58Hy7n3'QRhE3'-�5?O"WXY"! g \2^ Ü�H.N�58YR-@F4-��B&)(�7.F�-�/b5'$8&4-030? } (�(�H.$X9B&G/E|.F4U.vRz{-@(�7.F4(�QRF)7u5'-�58YR-

" f

Page 18: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

N�$87:(�5'&4H./�HDN!(�H:$'$8-0(�5'F4U�(�F)7.3836&G�E-W9�387DLMKRF4-03�7:3[5'YR-n3'QRL�Hu+:-�$�7DF4Fõ58-0365@3'7.LxKEFG-W3�HDN%58YR-$87D5'&4H2H.NP58YR-�/,QRL@hi-�$@HDN{(�H.$8$'-W(�5�F4-��B&4(07DFõ-0/:58$'&4-03�&4/�O�WoY"! g \C5'H 58YR-M5'H.587.Fõ/bQEL@hi-�$�H.NKSHb3V58QRF47D5'-W9yF4-��B&)(�7DF�-0/b5'$8&G-W3P&4/�O�WoY ! g \�?�]>YR-[N�$X7.(�58&GH:/yH.N�LM&438(�F)7.383'&w�E-W9y387DLMKRF4-03{&)3>H./R-Lx&4/,QE3>58YR-�N�$87:(�58&GH:/ZH.N<(�H.$8$'-W(�5'F4Un(�F)7.383'&w�E-W9y387DLMKRF4-030?

�VþJI _���j$�#t�Mg QR$�-��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b587DF:$'-W36QEFw5X3�7D$8-%3'QRLMLM7.$'&&%�-W9[&G/�58YR-õN�H:FGF4Huz!&G/E|>587DhEFG-:?�]>YR-%587DhEFG-%3'YRHuz�35'YR-Mz{H.$X9�-�$8$8H.$[$87D5'-�N�H.$�-07:(XY�LMHB9B-�F�7D5C58YR-x5'-�/b58Y�#Íy &G5'-0$87D5'&4H./�? } N�5'-0$�5'$X7D&4/R&G/E|Ev5'YR-�-0$'$8H.$>$X7u58-03!H.N�58YR-�5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�5'&4H./ 9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-03�7.$'-�N�$8H.L H./R-�YE7.FwN<58H�H./R-�3'&w�,58YZ58YR--�$8$'H:$@$X7u5'-yHDN�58YR-yQR/b58$87.&G/R-W9���-0+.-0/E36Yb58-�&4/�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-.? ]>YR-Z365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(n7./E9�ûC&w58-�$8hR&-09B&G5Z9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-03MYE7c+:-(�H.LMKE7.$87.hRF4-ZKi-�$'N�H.$8L�7D/E(�-.? ]>YR-QR/b58&G-W9~7./E9~LM&w�B-09~LMHB9B-�F)3KS-0$6N�H:$'L hS-�565'-0$!5'YS7D/Z5'YR-�58&G-W9ZLMHB9B-0F�&G/ -��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b583!# " vR#PaRvR#%`RvB7./E9 #P_B?

��-�+:-�/B\ *b58HB(XYE7.365'&)(�IJ&)3V5X7D/E(�- ûC&w58-�$8hR&�IC&436587./E(�-36Yb58-�&4/ ]>&4-09 T�/b5'&4-09 y�&w�B-09 ]>&4-09 T�/b5'&4-09 y&G�B-09

# " �¨�E? u3� aduE? �,k " �E? f " " �E?«k]� aduR? �bk " �E? _3� " �R?¶ku`#Pa `.`E? u¨u " dE? _.f " k,? " � " kB? `b_ " dR? f.` " k,? " f " k,? `:_#%` f " ? �,k " �S? f¨u " �S? a.d " �E?«ad� " �E?«_d� " �E?«aDd " �S? a3�#`� _DfE? `b_ dE? `3� dR? `.f dE? `:f dE? `3� dR? `.f dR? `.f#P_ _DdE? `,k " aR? �,k " aB? f.` " aR? f3� " aB? �bk " aR? f:` " aB? f.`

]>YR-n58-0365x(�H:$'KEQE3@(�H./b587.&G/E3x_ " a H.QB5'\ÍH.N�\Í+:HB(�7DhEQRF47.$'U�3'7.LxKEFG-W3@&4/�5'YE-Z#%`�-��BKS-0$'&G\Lx-0/b50?%t^N<z{-�9B&438(�7.$89y5'YE-03'-�3'7.LxKEFG-W3�vB58YR-�/258YR-@#%`x-0$'$8H.$>$X7u5'-[N�H:$!5'YR-�QE/:58&G-W9 LMH,9R-�FzPH:QRF49x9B$8H.K�N�$'H:L " �S? a.dQ� 58H " aB? " d��y?�z{[email protected]&G/R|[58YR-�# " F4-��B&4(�H./�5'H[5'YE-�#%`CFG-��,&)(�H:/�v5'YR-�-0$'$8H.$>$X7u5'-[N�H:$>5'YR-�QR/b58&G-W9ZLMHB9B-0F�9B$8H.KE3PN�$8H.L " �E?«aDd�� 5'H " aR? f:`Q�y?

]>YR-�LM&G/E&GL�QRL�-0$'$8H.$�$X7u58-�7.(XYR&4-�+u7.hRFG-h,U~7D/,U�9B-W(�&)36&4H./�N�QE/E(�58&GH:/�H./~5'YR-�5'-0365(�H.$8KRQE3n&43 k,?«_._¨�y?Öt^N�5'YR-�9R-0(�&)3'&GH:/�N�QR/E(�58&GH:/�L@QE365yhi-�H.KR5'&4LM7.FC7:(�$8H:383x5'YR-�-0/b5'&4$'-(�H.$8KRQE30v,5'YE-�/25'YR-�LM&4/R&4L@QRL -�$8$'H:${$X7u58-�7.(XYR&4-�+u7DhEFG-�H./Z5'YE-�5'-0365J(�H:$'KEQE3{&43V�E? fb_¨�y?

} 36KE7.$83'-�$�F4-��B&4(�H./x-�/b587.&GF)3õ7[LMH.$8->(�H.LMKRF4-��@L�7.KRKR&4/R|�hS-�5VzP-0-�/xQR/E9B-0$'F4U,&G/R|[N�H:$'L�37D/E9Z36QR$'N 7.(�-!N�H.$8L�3�?<]>YR-�#%`�7./E9n#A�@F4-��B&4(�H./E3%YE7c+.-[aB? f�-�/b5'$8&4-03PKS-0$Pz{H.$X9�vbz!YR&GF4-�58YR-# " 7./E9�#{a�F4-��B&)(�H./S3CYS7c+.-�H:/RFGU " ? " -�/b5'$8&4-03CKS-0$[z{H.$X9�?@OPH./S36-W�:QE-�/b5'F4U.vi5'YE-x&4/BN�-0$'&4H.$KS-0$6N�H:$'L�7D/S(�-�H.N�5'YE-�58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$Z&4/�# " 7D/S9 #Pa�$'-0F47D5'&4+.-�5'H�#%`�7./E9 #A��&)3Zhi-0365-��BKRF)7D&4/R-092h,U�5'YE-�3V5X7u5'&)365'&)(�7DF�z{-073|,/R-0383{HDNõ7@58$87./E389BQE(�-0$!z!&w58YRH.QR5�Lx-0LMH.$8U.?õ]>YR-�# "FG-��,&)(�H:/�YE7.3�-�/b5'$8&G-W3<N�H.$Pf.fRv«ad�3�Cz{H.$X9R3<z!YR&4F4-!5'YR-C#Pa[F4-��B&4(�H./MYE7:3õ-�/b5'$8&4-03õH:/RFGU@N�H.$õ58YR-dRv u " _@z{H.$X9R3P5'YE7D5J7DKRKi-07.${&4/25'YR-�(�H.$8KRQE30? } 3�7x$'-W36QEFw5WvR7x3'&4|./R&G�S(�7./b5>7.LxH:QR/b5!HDN�58YR-�ËW\Úï*Z^$M� Ü1\[KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�L�7.383�&43�7.3836&4|./E-09�5'H�z{H.$X9R3[5'YS7u5�9BH/EHD5�7.KRKS-W7D$�&4/�-�&G5'YE-�$5'YR-y5'$X7D&4/R&G/E|H.$�58-0365'&4/R|�9R7D587 &4/�-��BKi-�$8&GLM-�/b5�# " ?]>YR&)3@7:(�(�H:QR/b583�N�H:$�5'YE-y$8-�F)7u5'&4+.-KS-0$6N�H:$'L�7D/S(�-�HDN�5'YR-�58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$!&G/# " 7D/S92#{aB?

te/�-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5Z#A�Ev{5'YR-�FG-��B&4(�H./�(�H:/:5X7D&4/E3n7./�-�/b5'$8U�N�H:$y-�+:-�$8U�387DLMKRF4-�&G/�58YR-5'-0365J(�H:$'KEQE3�?�*,&4/E(�-C58YR-���-0+.-0/E36Yb58-�&4/Z9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-�hS-�5VzP-0-�/ 7x3'QR$'N 7.(�-JN�H:$'L W &G/258YR-[5'-0365(�H.$8KRQE3t\�7./E9�7D/�QE/E9B-�$8F4Ub&4/R|!N�H:$'LøW�&4/�58YR-%F4-��B&)(�H:/�\È&)3�LM&G/E&GLM&&%�-09@z!YR-�/�5'YR-%5VzPH>N�H:$'L�37D$8-J&)9B-�/b5'&)(�7.F»v,z{-JLM&4|.Yb5{-��BKS-W(�5{5'YR-���-0+.-�/S36Yb5'-0&G/Z9B&436587./E(�-J5'Hx7.(XYR&4-�+:-C7�Ki-�$'N�-0(�5#u��-�$8$'H:$�$87D5'-�&G/�-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5[#A�Evi&G/E365'-W7.9H.N�&w5X3C7:(�58QE7DF<_DfR? `:_Q� -0$'$8H.$J$87D5'-.?C]>YR-@KiH,H.$

" k

Page 19: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

KS-0$6N�H:$'L�7D/S(�-yH.N�5'YE-2��-�+.-0/E3'Y:58-�&4/�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-y&4/�-��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b5M#A��&43M9BQE-y58H�58YR-yN 7:(�55'YE7D5[58YR-ML�7DKRKR&4/R|ZN�$'H:L KRYRH:/R-�58&4(@N�H.$8L�3J58H23'U,/b587.(�5'&)(@z{H.$X9R3C&43[L�7D/,Ub\Í5'HD\^L�7D/,U2&G/5'YR-�#`��FG-��B&4(�H./�?<#%7:(XYnKRYRH:/R-�58&4(JN�H.$8L &G/y5'YR-C5'-W3V5!(�H:$'KEQE3P7.KRKi-07D$X3P&G/ " uR? u:abkC-�/b5'$8&4-03&G/�5'YR-�#A�yF4-��B&4(�H./�v�H:/�7c+:-�$X7D|.-:?[]>YE-xLMHb3V5�7DL�hR&G|:QRH.QS3JKRYEH./R-�5'&)(�N�H:$'L &4/�58YR-�5'-0365(�H.$8KRQE30vP�'7.Y`�RvR7.KRKi-07D$X3�_.a3��58&GLM-W3!&G/258YR-�5'-W3V5C(�H.$8KRQE3>7D/S9Z-��R7.(�58FGUyLM7D58(XYR-W3>-�/b5'$8&4-03N�H.$>5'YE-�N�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R|�f:a�z{H.$X9R3{&G/25'YE-�#`�xFG-��,&)(�H:/�?�z�ba ��cdc���e �fe�gz�fh"iz�fj��bk ��k�ilg�m�e�nJjpo�m9hpqM��rtsB�fu"ivs`i9hwsyx$qds

sfz{sb|bs~}t}Dn cbc�}Yn�z�}YnJu"i�}�a�x�e�x$jl�de`mfr{c`x�jbj`cdi�zMkpe`mpmdotmfs{m�c9gmfe{m9htm9jds`i9htmf|bqds�jtmf|�htmf|�jw�B�fk~�fidi{��mpjdsM�9jpjds`i�jds`i$z{jds"ifeljds`i9h"ijds`i9kpjds"m`�fivjds`m�|�qdslj"m�j"mbm�|bsp|bsbsb|dsl|�z�|b�p|���rB�`��r`iPn<u"i�rbsB�9jrbs`mvr`mf|`c9gwk"ij�fslk"mf|

]>YR- |.$8-07u5n7.L@hR&4|.QR&G5VU�HDN��'7.Y`��&43�9BQE- 5'H�5'$X7D/E38(�$8&4KB5'&4H./�-�$8$'H:$830v%3'-�|.LM-0/:5X7u58&GH:/-�$8$'H:$830vB7D/E9y5'YR-�58$'-0LM-�/E9BH:QE3>+u7D$8&47.hR&4FG&G5VUnHDN<36KiH./b5X7D/R-0H.QE3!(�H./,+.-0$8387u58&GH:/E7DFÈ36Ki-�-W(XY�?

��-hi-�F4&G-0+.- 58YE7u5n58YR-�3'QRKS-0$'&4H.$�Ki-�$'N�H.$8L�7D/E(�- HDN�H.QR$n36587D5'&)3V58&4(07DF!58-0(XYR/E&4�bQR-W3M&G/-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b583x#%`�7D/E9�#{_Bv<z!YR-�/�(�H.LMKE7.$'-W9�5'H�-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b583�# " 7./E9�#PaRv<YE7.3@5VzPH36&4|./R&G�S(07D/b5!&GLMKRF4&4(07u58&GH:/E3�?���&4$8365'F4U.vR&G5!$87.&43'-03P58YR-�KSHb3'3'&4hR&GF4&G5VU�HDN<H.hE3'H.F4-�58&G/R|�5'YE-�(�H:365'F4UKR$'HB(�-0383�H.NEL�7d|,&4/R|C7CKR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&4/R|CFG-��,&)(�H:/@h,U�YE7./E9�? } KR$8H./EH.QR/E(�&G/E|CF4-��B&)(�H./�5'YE7D5<&)3(�H./S3V58$'QE(�5'-W9�9B&4$'-W(�58FGUN�$8H.L 7:(�58QE7DF<KR$8H./,QR/E(�&47D5'&4H./E3CH � -�$X3C5'YR-MKiH:3836&4hR&4FG&G5VUHDNPhS-�565'-0$KS-0$6N�H:$'L�7D/S(�-25'YE7./�H:/R-(�H:/E3V58$'QS(�5'-W9�&4/~5'$X7.9B&G5'&4H./S7DF>z{7cUB30?�*B-0(�H:/E9BF4U.vP&w5y3'QR|.|:-0365835'YE7D5�H:QR$�7DKRKR$8H:7:(XYL�7cUhS-M7DhRF4-�5'H 7.(�(�QR$X7u5'-0FGU $8-0(�H.|./E&Ê%0-�5'YE-�KR$8H./,QR/S(�&)7u5'&4H./�HDNP7/R-�z�zPH:$89xN�$8H.L H:/RFGUn7x3'&G/R|:FG-C-��R7DLMKRF4-[HDN�58YR-C/E-�z z{H.$X9-Û 3%KR$8H./,QR/S(�&)7u5'&4H./�v:z!&G5'YRH:QB57D/,Un$8-�5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|E?

�Vþ\� ëu�M��ÞZ�t��� jj�<�%�ZNê���Q�1!-0(07DF4FD5'YS7u5�H:QR$�üVH.&4/b5�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VUJLMHB9B-�F0�ËW�Ú*Z�$p*ZY [ � �Ë*WÜÍ\È&)3�(�H./E365'$8QE(�58-09CN�$8H.L�5'YR$8-�-36-0KE7D$X7u58-ZLMHB9B-�F)30�y58YR-�(�H:/E9B&G5'&4H./E7.F{KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU��!W\ÚN� $ *WÜÍ\�&43M|:&G+:-�/�hbU�5'YR- z{H.$X9LxHB9B-0F3�!W\ÚN� ÜÍ\õ7./E9x5'YE-!FG-��,&)(�7.FR-�/b58$'U�LxHB9B-0F3�!WX^$l� Ú*WÜÍ\�vbz!YR&4FG->58YR-�üVH:&G/b5%KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU�ËWX�$m*ZY [ � �:\{&)3{|.&4+.-�/Zh,U�5'YR-[58$87./E3'9RQE(�-0$#��? g QR${5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|xKE7D$X7.9B&4|.Lý3'&4L@QRFG587./R-�H:QE36F4UH.KB58&GLM&&%�-03�5'YR-CKE7D$X7DLM-�5'-�$X3<HDN�7.FGFE5'YR$8-�-�LMHB9B-0F43%H./M5'YE-�5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|�(�H:$'KEQE3�?�te/�H.$X9B-0$õ5'HhS-�565'-0$�QR/E9B-0$836587./E9 5'YE-x(�H./b5'$8&GhEQB5'&4H./H.N�-07.(XY�LxHB9B-0F�58Hn58YR-�Hu+:-�$X7DF4F�3'QE(�(�-0383�HDNPH.QR$üVH.&4/:5MLMHB9B-�FÍvõzP-Z$'-0KS-W7u58-09 H.QE$�-��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b583�z!YE&GF4-27.Fw58-�$8/E7u58-�F4U�YEH.F)9B&G/E|5'YR-2z{H.$X97D/E9F4-��B&)(�7.F�-�/b58$'U2LMH,9R-�F)3��R�B-W9�?�te/�7.FGF�-��BKi-�$8&GLM-�/b5X3!5'YE-@z{H.$X9 LxHB9B-0F��!W\ÚN� ÜÍ\J7D/E95'YR-�FG-��,&)(�7.FJ-0/:58$'U~LMHB9B-�FÍ�ËWX�$l� Úï*OÜÍ\y7D$8-&G/E&w58&47.FG&&%�-W9�QR/R&GN�H.$8LMFGU:? g QR$y$8-03'QRFG583y7.$'-KR$'-W36-0/b5'-09Z&4/Z58YR-�N�H.F4F4Huz!&G/R|xN�H:QR$>587.hRFG-W3!7D/E9 3'QRLML�7D$8&Ê%0-09Z&G/Z�E|.QE$'- " ?

" �

Page 20: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

  �\£��!W\ÚN� ÜÍ\>�   �\£��!WX�$l� Ú*WÜÍ\põ��-0+.-0/B\ *b58HB(XYE7.365'&)(�IJ&)3V5X7D/E(�- ûC&w58-�$8hR&�IC&436587./E(�-3'Yb5'-�&4/ ]>&G-W9 T�/b58&G-W9 y&G�B-09 ]>&G-W9 T�/b58&G-W9 y&G�,-W9

# " �Q�R? ud� �,_B? " f �,aB? �3� �,aB?«_]� �b_R? a3u �,aB? �ba �,aB?«_D`#{a `:`R? u3u ` " ? " � ad�R? d.d a.dR? " f ` " ? a:a aDdE? u " a.dR? " f#P` f " ? �bk f¨�R? d3� f3uR? " a f3�E?¶k]� f3�E? d¨� f3uE? " ` f3�E?¶k.k#A� _.fR? `:_ f3�E? `:_ _]�E? f.f _bk,? f " fd�S? `b_ _d�E? f.f _bk,? f "#{_ _.dR? `bk k.aB? d.d f.fR? `3� f:dR? �,k kDaR? d¨� f.fE? `:d f:dR? �:f

ly��r���p �!W\ÚN� ÜÍ\>�   �\£��!WX�$l� Ú*WÜÍ\põ��-0+.-0/B\ *b5'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(�IC&436587./E(�- ûJ&G5'-�$8hR&�IC&)3V5X7D/E(�-3'Yb5'-�&4/ ]>&4-09 TJ/b5'&4-09 y&G�B-09 ]>&4-09 TJ/:58&G-W9 y&G�B-09

# " �Q�R? ud� a3uR? d " " �R? f " " �R?¶kI� a3uR? �3� " �E? _3� " �R?¶ku`#{a `:`R? u3u " dR?«_Df " kB? " � " k,? `:_ " dR? f.` " k,? " k " k,? `.f#P` f " ? �bk �QuR?«_._ `:_R? " ` `3�R? `.d �QuR?«_]� `b_B? " � `¨�R? `.d#A� _.fR? `:_ `b_B? " � a:kB? _bk a:k,? fd� `b_B? " � a:kB? _bk abk,? fd�#{_ _.dR? `bk a]�S? ` " ad�E? f3� a]�E?¶k]u ad�E? ` " ad�E? f.d ad�E?¶k]u  �\£��!W\ÚN� ÜÍ\>� ly��r���p �!WX�$l� Ú*WÜÍ\põ

��-0+.-0/B\ *b58H,(XYS7.365'&)([IC&)3V5X7D/E(�- ûC&w58-�$8hR&�IC&436587./E(�-3'Yb5'-�&4/ ]>&G-W9 T�/b58&G-W9 y&G�,-W9 ]>&G-W9 T�/b58&G-W9 y&G�,-W9

# " �Q�R? ud� �Q�R? f3u �bfR? �:_ �b_B? f.d �¨�E? f:f �,kB? u,k �,_B? �d�#{a `:`R? u3u `¨uR? d.d aDfR? fbk a3�R?«_ " ` " ? u:f aDfE? f¨� a.fR? �3u#P` f " ? �bk �,aB? �b_ `.fR? " ` �QuR? `d� �baR? �,_ `.fE? " � �QuR? `d�#A� _.fR? `:_ `:fR? �.f a:k,?«_ " `3�E?¶k " `.fE? �:f abk,?«_ " `3�E?¶k "#{_ _.dR? `bk _3�R?¶kI� �:fR? f3u _ " ? u:a _d�E?«k]� �:fE? f " _3uR? d.d

ly��r���p �!W\ÚN� ÜÍ\>� ly��r���p �!WX $ � Ú*WÜÍ\mõ��-0+.-0/B\ *b5'HB(XYE7:3V58&4(�IC&436587./E(�- ûJ&G5'-�$8hR&�IC&)3V5X7D/E(�-3'Yb5'-�&4/ ]>&G-W9 T�/b58&G-W9 y&G�,-W9 ]>&G-W9 T�/b5'&4-09 y&w�B-W9

# " �Q�R? ud� a3uR? �bk " �R? f " " �R?¶kI� aduE? �,k " �R?«_d� " �E?«kD`#{a `:`R? u3u " dR?«_Df " k,? " � " k,? `:_ " dE? f:` " kB? " f " kB? `b_#P` f " ? �bk " �E? f3u " �E?«aDd " �E?«ad� " �S? _3� " �S? a.d " �E?«ad�#A� _.fR? `:_ dR? `d� dE? `:f dE? `:f dR? `d� dE? `:f dE? `:f#{_ _.dR? `bk " aB? �bk " aB? f.` " aB? fd� " aR? �,k " aB? f.` " aR? f:`

" d

Page 21: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

0

20

40

60

80

100

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5

Wor

d E

rror

Rat

e

Experiment

Credit Assignment

Levenshteinfix p(w), fix p(x|w)

adapt p(w), fix p(x|w)fix p(w), adapt p(x|w)

adapt p(w), adapt p(x|w)lower bound

��&4|.QE$'- " �n��H.$X9�-�$8$8H.$@$X7u58-yH.N!5'YR- 3V58HB(XYE7.365'&)(n-W9B&w5�9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-y&4/��E+:-y-��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b583N�H.$�N�H.QR$M9B& � -0$'-0/:5�7.9E7DKB58&GH:/�3'(XYR-0LM-030? } 9R7DKB58&G/E|_�ËW�Ú?\�&GLMKR$8Hu+.-W3�Ki-�$'N�H.$8LM7./E(�-y&G/7DF4FP�S+.-y-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5830? } 9R7.KB5'&4/R|_�!WX�$l� Ú?\�&4LMKR$'Hu+:-03@KS-0$6N�H:$'L�7D/S(�-n&4/�-��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b583#%`u\e#P_Rv�hRQB5@/EHD5�&4/ # " 7D/E9�#PaR? } 9R7.KB5'&4/R|��ËW�Ú?\�7./E9 �ËWX�$p� Ú?\�5'H.|:-�58YR-�$�U,&4-�F)9R3�7D/QR/R-��BKi-0(�5'-09RFGU~F47.$'|:-Z&4LMKR$8Hu+.-�LM-0/:5M&4/~-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b583�#P`�7./E9�#`�Sv%z!YR-0/�(�H.LMKE7.$'-W95'H 5'YE-2&4LMKR$8Hu+.-�LM-0/:5MH.hR587D&4/R-W9�h,U�7:9R7DKB58&G/E|�-W7.(XY�36-0KE7D$X7u58-�F4U.?~]>YR- +.-�$'5'&)(�7.F!FG&4/R-W>�6F4Huz{-�$õhiH.QR/E9`�¨\<&)3<5'YE-�LM&G/R&4L@QEL -0$'$8H.$õ$X7u58->7:(XYR&4-�+u7DhRF4-!H./x58YR-!5'-W3V5{(�H.$8KRQE3<h,UM7D/,U9B-0(�&43'&GH:/2N�QR/E(�58&GH:/25'YE7D5�&43>H:KB5'&4L�7DF�7.(�$'Hb3'3P58YR-�-�/b5'&4$8-�(�H.$8KRQE3�W)�R? f:_¨�T\�?�RH.$>-��,Ki-�$8&4Lx-0/b5!# " vR7�QR/R&GN�H.$8Lýz{H.$X9nLMHB9B-�F�3'-�+:-�$8-�F4UM$'-W9BQE(�-W3{$'-W(�H.|:/R&G5'&4H./yKi-�$'\

N�H.$8LM7./E(�-:?!��-�hS-0FG&4-�+:-�58YR&43J&43Chi-0(�7.QE3'-�_:kBv a.f.dxHDNõ58YR-�f:fRv«ad�d�x58YR-@z{H.$X9R3!&4/5'YE-�# "FG-��,&)(�H:/KW)�d�E? ���T\P9BHx/RHD5!7DKRKi-07.$P&4/2-�&G5'YR-0$P58YR-C5'$X7D&4/R&G/E|�H:$%58-0365'&4/R|x(�H.$8KSH:$87E? } 9R7DKR56\&G/R|y5'YR-@zPH:$89 LMHB9B-�F�$'-W9BQE(�-03!58YR-@- � -W(�58&G+:-@36&&%�-@HDNõ5'YE-@F4-��B&4(�H./25'Hy5'YR-T�Rv«_:kdu�z{H.$X9R35'YE7D5J7DKRKi-07.$!&G/25'YE-�5'$X7D&4/R&G/E|M(�H.$8KSH:$87Ev:z!YE&4(XY3'&G|:/R&w�i(�7D/b58FGUn&4LMKR$8Hu+.-03PKi-�$'N�H.$8LM7./E(�-:?�RH.${-��BKi-�$8&GLM-0/:5X3P# " 7./E9y#{aBv,7.9R7.KB5'&4/R|�58YR-[FG-��,&)(�7.FÈ-�/b5'$8UMLxHB9B-0FÈYE7.3{7DF4LMH:365P/RH- � -0(�5WvE3'&GLMKRF4Uyhi-0(07DQE3'-[5'YR-�7c+:-�$X7D|.-J/bQEL@hi-�$�H.N�-�/b58$'&4-03>Ki-�$!z{H.$X9y&)3 " � ubk�&4/Z58YR-�# "7D/E9 #Pa�F4-��B&)(�H./S3�?�RH.$!-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b583�#P`M7D/E92#`�SvE7.9R7.KB5'&4/R|x5'YE-�zPH:$89ZLMH,9R-�F�7.FGH:/R-�&43!H:/RF4Uy36F4&4|.Yb5'F4ULxH:$'-2- � -0(�5'&4+.-25'YS7D/�7.9R7.KB5'&4/R|�5'YR- F4-��B&4(07DF>-�/b58$'U�LMHB9B-0F>7.FGH:/R-.? } 9R7.KB5'&4/R| -�&G5'YE-�$LxHB9B-0FE7DF4H./E-{$8-09RQE(�-W3�5'YR-!-0$'$8H.$<$X7u5'->h,U�/R-W7D$8FGU@H./R->YE7.FwNÈz!YR-�/�(�H.LMKE7D$8-09�5'H�|:-�-�KE&G/R|hSH.5'YMLMH,9R-�F)3��R�B-09�?�te/x(�H./b5'$X7.3650vD7:9R7DKR5'&4/R|ChiHD58YMLxHB9B-0F43�58H.|:-�5'YE-�$<$'-W9BQE(�-03�5'YR-!-0$'$8H.$

adu

Page 22: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

$87D5'-õh,UJH:/R-<�RN�5'Y�5'H!H./E-�36&G�,5'Y�z!YR-0/�(�H.LMKE7.$'-W9J58HC|.-0-�KR&4/R|!hiHD5'Y�LMHB9B-0F43È�E�,-W9�?�]>Y,QE30v5'YR-0$'-P&43�7�36QE$'KR$8&)36&4/R|�3'Ub/E-�$8|.U!58HC7.9E7DKB58&G/R|!hiHD58Y�LMHB9B-�F)3�58H.|.-�5'YR-0$0�È58YR-%&4LMKR$8Hu+.-�LM-0/:5&43�36QRhS3V5X7D/b5'&)7DF4FGU�F47.$'|:-�$�5'YS7D/ H./R-�LM&4|.Yb5�-��BKi-0(�5�N�$'H:L 58YR-n&4LxKE$'Hu+:-�LM-�/b5�H.hB5X7D&4/R-09N�$'H:L 7.9E7DKB58&G/R|x58YR-�LMH,9R-�F)3!36-0KE7D$X7u58-�F4U.?

OPQR$'$8-�/b5P3'Ki-�-0(XYy$'-W(�H.|:/R&G5'&4H./x5'-W(XYR/RH.F4H.|:U@5VU,KR&)(�7.FGF4Ux-�LMKRF4HuU,3P7@3'KE7D$X3'-!KR$'H:/RH.QE/E(�\&G/R|�FG-��,&)(�H:/ HDN>YE7D/E9B\^(�$87DN�5'-09�QR/S9B-�$8FGU,&4/R| N�H.$8L�3�7D/S9�&4LMKSHb36-W3�7 QR/R&GN�H.$8L�9B&4365'$8&4hRQB\5'&4H./�H./�5'YR-MQR/E9R-�$8FGU,&4/R|ZKE$'H:/bQE/E(�&)7u58&GH:/E3J|:&G+:-�/�5'YR-Mz{H.$X9R3�?@��YR-�/�5'YR-M+:H,(07DhRQEF47.$'U&43[F)7D$8|.-@H:$[(�H./b587.&G/S3CL�7./bU KR$8H.Ki-�$[/RH:QR/E30vÈ5'YR-0/�58YR-�KE$'H:/RH.QR/S(�&4/R|yF4-��B&)(�H./�L�7cU2hi-|.-�/E-�$X7u5'-W9xhbUx7[5'-��b5'\»58HD\e36Ki-�-W(XYx3'UB3V58-�L�þ a.`cÿÍ? g QR$%$'-W36QRFG583%36QR|:|.-W3V5<5'YS7u5P7�3'&G|:/R&G�S(�7./:5KS-0$6N�H:$'L�7D/S(�-�&4LxKE$'Hu+:-�LM-�/b5�&43@KSHb3'3'&GhEFG-Mh,U�-0LxKEFGHuU,&4/R|�72$'&)(XYR-�$�KE$'H:/RH.QR/S(�&4/R| FG-��,&G\(�H./�vE(�H:/E3V58$'QS(�5'-W9Z9R&G$8-0(�5'F4U�N�$'H:LýH.hS36-0$'+:-09nKE$'H:/bQE/E(�&)7u58&GH:/E3�vB7.FGH:/R|Mz!&w58Y 7./27:9R7DKR5'-09FG-��,&)(�7.F�-�/b5'$8UnLMHB9B-�FÍ?

]>YR&43�5'-0/:5X7u58&G+:-�(�H./S(�F4QE36&4H./M&)3�3'QRKRKiH.$'5'-09Mh,Ux1!&GF4-�UM7D/S9x�EüVH.F üV-@þ a]�uÿ^v:z!YEH�36YRHuz�7D/&GLMKR$8Hu+.-0Lx-0/b5�&4/�3'KS-0-0(XY�$8-0(�H.|./E&Ê%0-�$�Ki-�$'N�H.$8L�7D/E(�-�h,U�-�LMKRF4HuU,&G/R|[7�$8&4(XYE-�$�KE$'H:/bQE/E(�&)7u\5'&4H./xLxHB9B-0Fb5'YE7./�&)3<(�QE365'H:LM7.$'U:? g QR$õ7.KRKR$8H:7.(XY�9R& � -�$X3�N�$'H:LÇ5'YR-0&G$�7.KRKR$8H:7.(XY�&4/�5'YR$8-�-&GLMKiH.$'587D/b5 z{7cUB30? ��&4$8365'F4U.vCH.QR$2QR/E9B-0$'F4U,&G/E|�KR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&G/R|�FG-��B&4(�H./ &)3Z(�H./E365'$8QE(�5'-099B&G$8-0(�5'F4U~N�$'H:L 58YR-�H:hE36-0$'+:-09~KR$8H./,QR/E(�&47D5'&4H./E30v>z!&w58YRH.QR527D/,U~Y,QRL�7D/ &4/b5'-�$8+.-0/b5'&4H./�vz!YR&GF4-[5'YR-0&G$>QR/S9B-�$8FGU,&4/R|xFG-��,&)(�H:/n&)3PH:hB587.&G/E-09�N�$8H.Lý7�YE7./E9,\^hRQR&4Fw5{5'-��b5'\»58HD\e36Ki-�-W(XYZ3'UB3V\5'-�L ?�*B-0(�H:/E9BF4U.v�H:QR$xKR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU LMHB9B-�F��!WXY [ � ÚS\�7:3'3'&4|./E3@/RH./E%0-�$8H�KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU�5'H&G/B�S/R&w58-�F4UL�7D/,U23'QR$'N 7.(�-�N�H.$8L�3�vÈz!YR&4FG-@5'YR-0&G$5�6/E-�5Vz{H.$,|b�xKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU2LxHB9B-0F�7:3'3'&4|./E3/RH./E%0-�$8H@KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VUx5'HxH./RF4Ux�E/R&G5'-0FGU�L�7D/,Un3'QR$'N 7.(�-JN�H.$8L�3�?õ]>YR&4$89RFGU:vbH:QR${QE36-[HDN�58YR-QR/E9B-0$'F4U,&G/R|�N�H.$8L $ 7.3@7�YR&49E9B-�/�+u7.$'&)7DhRF4-nLM-07./E3�58YE7u5xH.QR$�LMH,9R-�F>(�7D/�$8-�KE$'-W36-0/:57D$8hR&w58$87.$'UKW�/RH:/RFGHB(07DF�\!9B-�Ki-�/S9B-�/E(�&G-W3�&4/ 5'YR-�36QR$'N 7.(�-�N�H.$8L�3�vRz!YE&4(XY 58YR-�&4$JKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VULxHB9B-0F�(�7./R/RH.50?

� Õ úx� 5×�û �<�úx���-�-��,KEF47.&G/2YRHuz�58HM7.QB5'H:L�7u5'&)(�7.FGF4UnF4-07.$'/27x365'$8&4/R|x9R&436587./E(�-�9B&4$'-W(�58FGU�N�$8H.L 7x(�H.$8KRQE3(�H./b5X7D&4/R&G/E|[KS7D&4$83<H.Ni3'&GLM&4F47.$�3V58$'&4/R|:30?���-�7DF)3'H[-��BKRF47.&G/xYRHuz�5'H�7DQR5'H.L�7D5'&)(�7DF4F4U�FG-W7D$8/x73V58$'&4/R|@(�F47:3'3'&w�S-�$õN�$8H.L 7�(�H.$8KRQE3õH.N�F47.hS-0FG-W9�3V58$'&4/R|:30?���-[9B-�LMH./S3V58$87D5'-!58YR-J-���(07.(�U�H.NH.QR$J5'-0(XYE/R&4�bQR-W3�h,U (�H.$8$8-0(�58FGUy$'-W(�H.|:/R&&%�&4/R|�Hu+.-0$V�bk3� HDNõ58YR-�QR/E3'-�-0/KR$8H./,QR/E(�&47D5'&4H./E3HDN�36U,/b587:(�5'&)({zPH:$89E3�&4/�(�H:/b+:-�$X3'7D5'&4H./E7.F:3'KS-0-0(XY�v.z!YR&4(XYM&)3<z!&w58YR&4/T���ÇH.NE5'YE-!LM7D�B&GL�QRL36QE(0(�-W3'3�$X7u58-n7.(XYR&4-�+u7DhEFG-xh,U�7D/,U�(�F47:3'3'&G�E-�$W?�]>YR-n36QS(�(�-W3'3�H.N{H:QR$�7DKEKR$'Hb7.(XY�H./�5'YR&)39B&w�n(�QRFw52KR$8H.hRF4-�L 7D$8|.QR-W3�3V58$'H:/R|.F4U�N�H.$n5'YR-�QS36-H.N�365'HB(XYE7:3V58&4( LMHB9B-0F43�&4/�KE7D565'-0$'/$'-W(�H.|:/R&G5'&4H./ 36UB365'-�L�30?

a "

Page 23: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

� �\�D���õ�J� !�J�

þ " ÿ�O g y���#�� KR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&4/R| F4-��B&4(�H./�v�+.-0$83'&GH:/�uE? aR?y��&4/R|:QR&4365'&)(�I[7u587�OPH./E3'H.$'5'&4QRL��I�O{d:_.��`Rv�{:QRF4U " d:d:_R?

þ acÿ:� ¢Y�X0��������?���?¢� X,����M0nU� f�Mm0�� ¡� IC-0(�H,9R&G/R|�N�H.$x(XYE7D/R/E-�F)3@z!&G5'Y�&G/E3'-�$'5'&4H./S3�v9B-�F4-�58&GH:/E30vR7D/E9Z36QRhS3V58&w58QB5'&4H./E3{z!&G5'Y 7DKRKEFG&)(�7D5'&4H./E3P5'HM3'KS-0-0(XYy$8-0(�H.|:/R&w58&GH:/�?�¢�£¤£¤£¥�ç,ã]íEâlòy¢pí0ëpè]çH¦�ò�¥��EÇtèdçmŧ¢9¥Y¨T©dªDv^��W " dbk._3\�v��Qud�y��� ":" ?

þ `uÿ:� ¢�2�V:�P������¢� X,�«?¢k� )  ¤�Q�Y� } /�&4/R-W�:QS7DF4&w5VU2z!&w58Y�7DKEKRFG&)(�7D5'&4H./E3!5'Hy36587D5'&)3V58&4(07DF-0365'&4L�7u5'&4H./�N�H:$�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&)3V58&4(�N�QR/E(�5'&4H./E3@HDN!7�y�7D$,|.Hu+KE$'HB(�-W3'3�7./E9�5'HLMHB9B-�F)3N�H.$!-W(�H.F4H.|:U.?¤¬Cì�È�È&òY­¯®�°�±�²nW " d.f,kd\�vR`:f3uy�,`.f:`R?

þ �Dÿ:� ¢�2�V:������� ³S��£k¡-U��D��´µ���¡¶ ) 2X0Q�Bff�¡·5���#¢� �,{¸ �MU\f¥ff��¹º� } L�7u�B&4LM&Ê%W7u5'&4H./5'-W(XYR/R&)�:QE-�HB(�(�QR$8$'&4/R|n&4/�58YR-�36587D5'&)3V58&4(07DFõ7D/E7.FGUB3'&43JHDN�KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&)365'&)(�N�QR/E(�5'&4H./E3[H.Ny�7D$,|.Hu+�(XYE7.&G/S3�?�­?í^í:ò�®�ã]ê\�Eò�°"êiãdêiò�»MªgW " dbk]uQ\�v " f3�y� " k " ?

þ _cÿ:� 2f Xm!�D�D¼5���"¢� X,v½¾f�U�¡-UYm0�D�Y� ;õ7D$X7DLM-�5'$8&4(!365'$8&G/E|�-09B&G5{9R&436587./E(�-[7D/E9�&G583{7DKEKRFG&G\(�7D5'&4H./�58H@KE7D565'-0$'/y$'-W(�H.|:/R&G5'&4H./�?D¢E£�£¤£�¥�ç,ã]íEâlòD°�ÅIâmê Ç>¦Nâ ¾�®�ã]í�ãdí"É5¿�Å3étÇpçmí:ÇpêÁÆoîpâ©dÀDv " W " d.d:_¨\�vRaduba¥�Radu.fE?

þ fuÿ:Á �MV�SBfl£k�E¡P�yÂ5�����`¢�U�¡-,��M¹5����¢� X,R�^2 k U� �� Á � y�7D�B&GL�QRL F4&Ê|:-�F4&GYEHbHB9@N�$'H:L &4/B\(�H:LxKEFG-�5'->9R7u5X7J+,&)7�58YR-!#Ay 7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL ?yÃ�òbÄ?è]Å3ã]Èb°"êiãdê)ƹâmê ò`°:èMî0òM°kÇpçlò�¬{ÅU¦�Çpê\�EèMÉ,¨è]ÈÊè�Æ3Æoî,ãdÈ Çº²9ÈgW " dbk:kd\�v " �,`3�E?

þ«kWÿ   ) ¡k f�bÉ��Y·5� Á � ]>YR-�ûJ&G5'-�$8hR&i7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL ?�Ê#ç.è0îMò"¢�£¤£¤£�Ë�ªuvB`�W " dbkD`¨\�v:aDf¨�`�Babk]�E?þ �uÿ · ) , ( ¡k�bÉ��¡�Y����¼ ) 0�0nUYVV¢� ���«N���?¢� X,�Ì T Á ¢� XU��B0M�¯�Y� *,z!&G58(XY,hSHb7D$X9���58-�F4-�\

KRYRH:/R-!36Ki-�-W(XYx(�H.$8KRQE3�N�H.$<$8-03'-07D$X(XY@7./E9�9R-�+.-0FGH:KRLM-�/b50?Ete/µÊ1ç,è0îMò�¢E£¤£�£[¢,¿Y­¡°`°�ÊW IC-�58$'H:&w5Wv " d:d:_3\�v,KRK�?S_ " k��R_.a3uR?þ duÿ ·T¡k�E�E  k �E¡:���2¶�����¼ ) 0n0Q�E  k ¢-T��¤���Y���`¢� X,p«¾0�0nU\f9� Á � te/E3'&4|.Yb583C&G/b58HZ3'KSH¨|.-�/

F47./R|.QS7D|.-M|:FG-W7D/R-W9�N�$8H.L KRYRH./E-�5'&)(M58$87./E3'(�$'&4KB58&GH:/�H.N{58YR-y*,z!&G58(XY,hiH:7D$X9 (�H:$'KRQS3�?te/ÍÊ1ç.èMî0òy¢�¿�°"ÎYÊLW ;%YR&GF)7.9R-�F4KRYR&)7Rv g (�58H.hi-�$ " d.d.fQ\�?

þ " uuÿ ¼ï¢10�0���³§���!¢� �, Á ) *�0nU� �����·5� } KRKR$8Hc�B&GL�7D5'-@365'$8&G/E|nL�7u58(XYE&G/R|S?Ï¿�è�¦Væ:ì�ê)Æ�íbÆ°�ì�çmä]ÇpÅIâ:ª�©.vE��W " d3�¨u¨\�vR`¨� " �Q�¨ubaB?

þ ":" ÿ:Ð «�«�« ?�tV#P#%# 36587./E9R7D$X9~N�H.$yhR&G/S7D$8Ug}EHb7u58&G/R|.\ÍKiH.&4/b5y7D$8&w58YRLM-�58&4(.?Ñ°b¢,Ò�ʤÎ�­\ÓÓïèdê)ÆoîtÇpâ¡©9©.vÈa�W " d¨�:_3\�vBd`�Ba:_B?

þ " acÿ �^�M0nU� f�Mm0�� ¯��� � ¢Y��0M�M���`�Ô���E¢Ë X,ÕÌg�E¡;T"�E¡P���?�M��� ]>YR-!9B-W36&4|./�HDNS7[F4&G/R|:QR&)3V58&4(3V5X7u58&4365'&)(�7.F<9R-0(�HB9B-0$JN�H:$[5'YR-M$8-0(�H:|./R&G5'&4H./�HDNP(�H./b5'&4/,QRH.QE3[3'KS-0-0(XY�?:¢�£¤£¤£Ö¥Eç.ã]í^âpò¢míMëpè]çH¦�ò�¥��EÇtè]çmŧ¢d¥Y¨T©dªuvi`�W " d,kD_¨\�vRa._3u`�Ba:_DfE?

þ " `uÿ �^�M0nU� f�Mm0�× ¡���ï¢� X,ÑÌn�E¡�T"�E¡P�N�?�¡��� te/:58-�$8KSH:F47D5'-W9�-W3V58&GL�7D5'&4H./~HDN�y�7D$,|.Hu+36H:QR$X(�-yKS7D$X7DLM-�58-�$X3�N�$8H.L 3'KE7D$X3'-Z9R7D587R?�te/�ÊCãdê)ê Çpçmí�Ä?Çtî,è�Æ3í^Æ�êÁÆoè]í�Æ�í�Ê1ç.ã¨îpêÁÆoîtÇW } LM365'-0$89E7DL v?y�7cU a " �Ba.` " d¨�3u¨\�vJ#�?!*È? { -�F)3'-�L�7�7./E9 �%?{=@? Ø�7./E7DFÍvJ#P9R3�?4v=�H:$658Y!�JH.F4F47./E9�vRKRK�?E`3� " �,`:dbkB?

a.a

Page 24: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

þ " �Dÿ:Ù 2Xm"U\TM��� Ù � ]�-0(XYR/R&)�bQR-03!N�H.$�7DQR5'H.L�7D5'&)(�7DF4F4Uy(�H:$'$8-0(�5'&4/R|�z{H.$X9R3>&4/25'-��,5W?0­§¿�®¿`è,¦�æ"ì�ê Ç0ò�°"ì�çmäIÇlÅIâ¡©�»FW " d:d:a3\�vB`bk.k¥�Q�b`.dR?

þ " _cÿ �A�j/!�E �f��k£k�MU� ¤�yÚ�� z{&4/E7D$8U�(�HB9B-03P(�7DKS7DhRF4-�HDN�(�H.$8$'-W(�5'&4/R|�9B-0FG-�5'&4H./E30vb&G/E3'-�$'5'&4H./S3�v7D/E92$8-�+:-�$X3'7.F430?¤°kè]äMÆoÇpê¤Ê���ÅIâmÆoîpâ×ÛNÜTè�ÝdÈÊã3ÉdÅ5ª9Þuv " u W " d:f.f¨\�vSk]u,k��Rk " uE?

þ " fuÿ �%0 ) ¡k�^ �ff� Á ���Ë¢� X,vÚ=UY,:¢�0���«N� } KRKEFG&)(�7D5'&4H./HDNõ-��b58-�/E9R-092|.-0/R-�$X7DF4&Ê%0-09ZFG&4/R-W7D$9B&)3'(�$'&4LM&G/E7./b5�N�QE/E(�58&GH:/E3VW # { ��IS��\�5'H�KRF)7D/E7.$�36YS7DKi-{$8-0(�H.|:/R&w58&GH:/�?Bte/ÔÊ1ç.èMî0ò`¢E£¤££1ì�ç.ètæEÇtã]ítß�èdçEÝIâO�^è,æ è]íºàNã]í:É,á�çmÆ�êÁÆ�ídƵ­?í"ãdÈåÅIâmƹâ�W»��H:/E9BH./�vEy�7cU " d:d.fQ\�?

þ " kWÿ Ì�¢�¡X[d¢�0��2º���#¢� X,{Ú=UY,:¢�0M� «N� OPH.LMKRQR587u58&GH:/ HDN!/RH.$8L�7DF4&Ê%0-09�-09R&w5�9R&436587./E(�-7D/E9 7.KRKRF4&4(07u5'&4H./S3�?P¢E£¤£�£â¥Eç.ã]í^âpòDÊy­¡®Ô¢:ªfÀDvEd�W " d.d:`¨\�vBdbaDf`�Bd.`baB?

þ " �uÿ Ì�¢1f0�Mm0�¯¸ã���?¢� X,�³�¢�£:�^¡Xf )  ¤�äÌp� } N 7:3V58-�$M7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YRL (�H.LMKRQB58&G/R|�3V58$'&4/R|-09B&G5J9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-030?2Ã�ò0¿`è�¦Væ:ì�êiò�°"ÅIâmêiÇå¦æ°kîpÆoò�©bÞnW " d3�¨u¨\�v " �`�B` " ?

þ " duÿÏç ) VZVV¢� �� � � OPH:/E3V58$87.&G/E-09�365'$8&G/R|@-09B&G5'&4/R|E?�¢mí0ëpèdçH¦Uãdê)Æoèdí�°:îlÆoÇpí:îtÇmâ »MÞ�W " d3�.fQ\�vaDf,k��Ba3�d�S?

þ a3uuÿÏç ) VZV��E �� � ���k¢� �, Ù ¢1f���ÉE¢�SD���?� g KB58&GL�7DFÈ7D/S9n&4/BN�H.$8L�7u5'&4H./n5'YR-0H.$8-�5'&)(J3'U,/B\587:(�5'&)(�KE7D565'-0$'/ $8-0(�H.|./E&w58&GH:/yN�H:$>5'$X7.9B&G5'&4H./E7.F�-�$8$'H:$830?<te/Í­�ÉdäIãdí"îtÇmâÆ�íÍ°�êÁçmì^îpêÁì�ç.ãdÈã]í:ÉN°�Å]í�êiã¨îpêÁÆoî�ÊCãdê)ê ÇlçmíºÄ�ÇtîtèEÆ3í^Æ�êÁÆoè]ínW)z{-�$8FG&4/�v } QE|.QE365!a3uu\VaD` " d.d:f¨\�vb;<?B;<-�$8/R-0$0v;<?B��7./R|EvS7D/E9 } ?E1�H:3'-�/BN�-0F49�vS#%9R30?GvE*BKR$'&4/R|:-�$WvbKEK�? "." �Ba3uR?

þ a " ÿ ³?��£k�E¡Xf )  ¤�\�Y� OPH.LMKRQB58-�$�KR$8H.|:$87.L�3[N�H.$@9B-�5'-W(�5'&4/R|�7./E9�(�H:$'$8-0(�5'&4/R|36Ki-�F4FG&4/R|-�$8$'H:$830?¯¿�è�¦§¦�òD­§¿�®è©9²nW " d¨�3u¨\�vRfbkDf`�,f¨�bkB?

þ a:acÿ ��M,Ë f�E¡P�P�?�QÂ5���!¢� X,v¸g¢10�m!�E¡P�Q¼º�� ¡� y&G�,5'QR$8-�9B-0/E36&G5'&4-030vEL�7D�,&4L@QEL F4&Ê|:-�\FG&4YRH,HB9�vE7./E9n58YR-�#Ay�7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL ?�°�¢E­¯®éÄ?ÇpäMÆoÇ>áw©�ËcvSa�W " d¨�d�Q\�v " d:_`�Ba.`.dR?

þ a.`uÿ �úUY0Q�bÉ��ÏÌp���§��ê ) 09êm�Y�:Â5���:¼EU� X,10¨�D� Á ����¢� �,ѳ?�E¡k�MU�¡:¢��§ ¡� ]>YR- } ]2ë�]f3uEv u¨u3u�z{H.$X9ü36Ki-�-W(XYB\»58HD\Í5'-��b5�36UB365'-�L ? te/Ñ£1ì�ç.èIâÁæ^ÇtÇ,î��Pì ÈdÀfíÑ£¯¿�°�­î»Eê\�t£#ì�¨ç.è,æ^Çtã]íã¿�èdí0ëpÇlç.Çlí"îtÇ èdí�°3æEÇtÇtîW�Ñ¿�è�¦§¦Tì�í^Æoîtãdê)Æoèdí ã]í:É�¥�ÇtîW��í"è]È&èEÆ3Å W)y�7.9R$'&)9�v*,KE7.&G/�vE*B-�KB58-�L@hi-�$ " d.d:_¨\�v�{E?�y�?R;õ7.$89RHEv,#�?B#�/R$$ïð �bQR-l%:v¨{S? g $'5'-0|:7Ev�{S?��R-0$'$8-�&4$'Hb3�v{E?Iy�7:(fïð 7.30vW7./E9ï�{? {E? û�7DF4+.-0$89R-.vu#%9R30?4vW+:H.FÍ? " vD#�QR$8H.Ki-07./@*,Ki-�-0(XYMOPH.LML@QR/E&4(07u5'&4H./} 3836HB(�&47D5'&4H./�vBKRK�?Sadu,k��Ba " uE?

þ ad�Dÿ �úUY0Q�bÉ��DÌp� Á ���"¢� X,���ê ) 0dêm�D��º� } QB58H.L�7u58&4(!|:-�/R-0$87D5'&4H./xHDN�9B-�5X7D&4FG-W9MKR$8H./,QR/B\(�&)7u58&GH:/�FG-��B&4(�H./E30?�te/R­?ì�ê è,¦�ã]êÁÆodæ^ÇtÇ,î���ã]í:ɺ°dæ^Ç,ã�Ý3Çlç¯Ä?Çtî,è�Æ3í^Æ�êÁÆoè]í�í¡­?É]ä]ã]í"îtÇtÉ¥^ètæ"Æoîpâ�vSOC? \t��?b��-�-:vQ�{?dØM?b*,H,H./E|Ev:7./E9µØM?9ØM?b;õ7DF4&Gz>7DFÍv.#P9R3�?dØ�FGQ,z{-�$ } (�7:9B-�LM&)(Dvz{H:365'H./�vEy�7D$X(XY " d.d.fEvB(XY�? " aR?

þ a:_cÿ �úU\fl£¨¢�,�� «§�2¶����Í¢� X,�´ä� ) VV¢1f9���Ô�2·5� ��&4-�$X7D$X(XYR&)(�7DF�/RH:/B\Í-0LM&w5'5'&4/R|�y�7D$,|.Hu+LMH,9R-�F)3�?�te/tÊ1ç.èMî0ò¡²dÀ]ê\��­?í�í^ì^ã]È0®�ÇtÇpêÁÆ�ídÆñèZë�êY�^Ç5­§¿YÎøW)y�7.9B$8&)9�v1{:QRF4U�k¥� ":"" d:dbkd\�v,KRK�?E`¨� " �B`3�b_B?

þ a.fuÿ �úU\fl£¨¢�,��¤«N��¶�����¢� �,vñ=U¹¢� �UY0 ) ff�Q³N�P¹º� ��&4/R&w58-�|:$'Huz>58Y LxHB9B-0F430?C]�-0(XY�?S1!-0K�?O>*b\e]!1>\e_.`.`D\^d:fRvJIC-�KE7.$658LM-�/b5HDN�OPH:LMKRQB5'-0$�*B(�&4-�/S(�-.v�;�$8&4/E(�-�5'H./ÇT�/E&G+:-�$X36&G5VU.v;�$8&G/S(�-�58H./�vR=?{EvRIC-0(�-�L�hS-0$ " d:d.fR?

aD`

Page 25: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

þ abkWÿ �úU\fl£¨¢�,�� «§�\¶����Í¢� X,lñ�U¹¢� XUY0 ) f9�0³§��¹5� ��-07.$'/E&G/R| 365'$8&G/R| -W9B&w5@9R&436587./E(�-:?xte/®�ã3î���Æ�í"ÇRÎ�Çtãdçmí^Æ�ídÆdíwÊ1ç.èMîtÇ,ÇtÉdÆ�ídÆdâáè�ëKê\�EÇÍòËè]ì�çmê ÇtÇpí�êY��¢mí�êiÇlçmí"ãdê)Æoèdí"ã]ÈÏ¿`è]íMëpÇpçH¨Çpí:îtÇ_WÍ*B7D/��E$87./E(�&)38(�HEv�{.QRF4U��`� ":"M" d.d,kd\�vEI@?"��&43'YR-�$WvS#P9�?4v"yH:$'|b7D/�Ø�7DQBN�L�7./R/�vKRK�?Sa3�bk¥�BaDdb_B?

þ a3�uÿ �úU\fl£¨¢�,�� «§�2¶����1¢� X,lñ�U¹¢� XUY0 ) f9��³N��¹5� ��&GhR$X7D$8UHDN{KR$X7.(�58&4(07DFõ7DhS3V58$87:(�5'&4H./S3�v$'-0FG-W7.3'- " ? aRv " d:dbk,?�N�5'K��d���WN�5'K�? (03�? KR$8&G/E(�-�58H./�? -09BQ��cKRQRh��cKE7:(t|c7.|.-W3��uFG&4hRKE7E?

þ a.duÿ ¶�¢� Xm )�(j( � Á ����¢� �, Ù ¡92�f�mË¢�0M�Q��� � � vi#P9R30?º¥fÆó¦�ÇÏáAãdçÁæ�â ¾ÍâmêÁçmÆ�ídÆ�ÇtÉ]Æ�ê)â ¾Cãdí"ɦUã¨îpç,è,¦�è]ÈÊÇtîlì�ÈÊÇmâåí�êY�^Ç?êY�^Ç,èdçmÅNã]í:É#æ:ç.ã3îlêÁÆoî,Ç9èZë#âlÇ�ôlì^Çlí"îtÇ?îtè�¦Væ^ã]çmƹâlè]íS? } 9R9B&)3'H./j���-W36F4-�U:vE1!-W7.9B&4/R|EvEy } v " d3�.`E?

þ `¨uuÿ ÚEU¹£k�E¡ k UT�PÂ5� #�$8$'H:$>hSH:QR/E9R3�N�H.$C(�H./,+.H:FGQR5'&4H./E7.FÈ(�HB9B-03C7D/E9 7D/�7:36U,LMKB58HD5'&)(�7.FGF4UH.KB58&GL�QRL 9R-0(�HB9B&4/R|n7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL ?P¢�£¤£¤£ã¥�ç.ãdíEâlòy¢míMëpè]çH¦�ò�¥��EÇtè]çmÅÏ¢9¥Y¨Jª�² W " d.fbk3\�vaDf¨u`�Ba.f.dE?

þ ` " ÿ ¸g¢f�Ë f�E¡P�0�?���Í¢� X,p 4U\f��f�E¡P� Ìp� ]>YR-M3V58$'&4/R|y5'H 3V58$'&4/R| (�H.$8$8-0(�58&GH:/KR$8H.hRF4-�L ?Ã�­§¿�®õ©bªnW " dbk]�Q\�v " f3�`� " kD`R?

þ `bacÿ ñ=U¹¢Ë XUY0 ) f9��³N��¹5� ¥^ètæ"Æoîpâ�Æ�íFî,è�¦Væ:ì�êiãdê)Æoèdí"ãdÈQ��ÆoÉ3ɨÇpíFâmêiãdêiÇ5¦�è0ɨÇpÈ»Æ�ídÆ.?�;%YEI5'YR-W36&)30vSIC-�KE7.$658Lx-0/b5�HDN%OPH.LMKRQB58-�$C*B(�&G-0/E(�-:vS;%$'&4/E(�-�5'H:/2TJ/R&G+:-�$X36&G5VU.vS;�$8&G/E(�-�58H./�v=�{Sv^{:QR/R- " d:dbk,?

a]�

Page 26: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

' ' � ' �ºöM÷ ún �yúE×�ûZ�õ�ú��te/�58YR&)3�7DKRKi-�/S9B&w�xzP->$8-�KiH.$'5õ-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b587.FR$8-03'QRFw5X3�N�H.$�7�3'&GLMKRF4-!hRQB5%7:9,\ÍYEH,(>3'H.F4QB5'&4H./5'H!58YR-�KR$8H./,QR/E(�&47D5'&4H./�$8-0(�H:|./R&G5'&4H./[KR$8H.hRF4-�L�hE7.3'-09�H:/[5'YR-%(�F47:3'3'&)(¡�6/R-W7D$8-0365È/E-�&4|.Y,hSH:$��9B-0(�&43'&GH:/�$8QRF4-.?ú��-0$'-�zP-xF4-07D$8/�723V58$'&4/R|29B&436587./E(�-xQE3'&G/E|Z7DF4F<+u7DF4&49�KE7D&4$83T'X"�A*.Y^Ìhg�/CH.NQR/E9B-0$'F4U,&G/R|2N�H:$'L�3S��� lÜ�W�Ú � \[7D/E9�3'QR$6N 7:(�-x$'-W7DF4&Ê%W7u58&GH:/E3�Y^Ì�g!N�H:$�-07:(XY�z{H.$X9KÚ � &G/5'YR-�5'$X7D&4/R&4/R|Z(�H.$8KRQE30?S�EH.$[-07.(XY�KRYRH./E-�5'&)(x3V58$'&4/R|_Y"! # &4/�58YR-�5'-0365'&4/R|2(�H.$8KRQE3^]^�ÍvÈzP-$'-�5'QR$8/�5'YE-Cz{H.$X9 �x � &G/5% 5'YS7u5>Lx&4/R&4LM&Ê%0-03%5'YR-�3V58$'&4/R|x9B&436587./E(�-SO�Wo^$m*.Y�!,#m\P7DLMH:/R|@7DF4FFG-��,&)(�7.F�-�/b5'$8&4-03�'Xx"*Z�$Z/# �Ü�?

g QR$%$8-03'QRFG583{7D$8-�KR$8-03'-�/b5'-W9�&G/n5'YR-CN�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R|�5X7DhRF4-.?õ]>YR-CLMH:365{365'$8&Ê|,&4/R|@KR$8H.Ki-�$'5VUHDNR58YR-03'-P$8-03'QRFG583�&43�YRHuz�KiH,H.$8FGU[5'YE-%58$87.&G/R-W9�58$87./E3'9RQE(�58&GH:/@9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-03�KS-0$6N�H:$'LÇ$8-�F)7u5'&4+.-5'Hn58YR-M36&4LMKRFG-x��-0+.-�/S36Yb5'-0&G/�9R&436587./E(�-:vSKE7.$658&4(�QRF)7D$8FGU2z!YR-�/�5'YR-xKR$8H./RH:QR/E(�&4/R|�F4-��B&)(�H./&43�9R-�$8&G+:-09yN�$'H:L 5'YR-�(�H.$8KRQE3�W -��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b583!#P`M7D/E92#`��\�?

��-0+.-0/B\ *b58H,(XYS7.365'&)(�IJ&)3V5X7D/E(�- ûJ&G5'-0$'hR&�IJ&)3V5X7D/E(�-36Yb5'-0&G/ ]>&G-W9 T�/b5'&4-09 y�&w�B-09 ]>&G-W9 TJ/b5'&4-09 y�&w�B-09

# " �Q�R? ud� �Q�R? �¨u �bfR? � " �bfR? d.f �¨�R? `.d �:fE?«kDd �:fE? d3�#Pa `:`R? u3u `:`R?«_._ `baB?«_d� ` " ? �:a `.`R? f.d ` " ? _.d ` " ? � "#%` f " ? �bk f:`R? u:_ fbaB?«ad� fbaB? �:d f.`R? " ` f:aR? u3� f:aR? �Bk#`� _.fR? `:_ _.fR? `:_ _.dR? u " _bk,? f.` _DfR? `:_ _DdE? uba _:kB? f:d

]�7.hRFG- " ����H.$X9@-0$'$8H.$�$87D5'-{N�H.$õ3'-�+:-�/M3V58$'&4/R|�9B&436587./E(�-{N�QR/S(�5'&4H./S3õ&G/�N�H.QE$õ-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5830?]>YR&43{5X7DhRF4-�3'YRHuz�3P5'YR-�z{H.$X9n-�$8$8H.${$87D5'-�7uN�58-�${5'YR-�58-�/b5'Y #Ay &G5'-�$X7u58&GH:/�?õ=�H:/R-�HDN�58YR-5'$X7D/E389BQE(�5'&4H./ 9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-03�&)3y3'&4|./R&G�S(�7./b5'F4U�hi-�5658-�$y5'YE7./�5'YR-�QE/:58$87.&G/E-09���-0+.-�/S36Yb5'-0&G/9B&436587./E(�-�&4/25'YR&)3!7DKEKR$'Hb7.(XY�?

��-ChS-0FG&4-�+:-!5'YE7D5%58YR-�KiHbH:$%Ki-�$'N�H.$8L�7D/E(�-!HDN�H.QE$õ5'$X7D/E389BQE(�5'&4H./n9B&)36587D/S(�-03%&G/n5'YR-W36--��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b5832&)3 9BQR-�5'H�5'YR-�(�$8QE9B-0/R-0383ZHDN�58YR-�7:9,\^YRHB(�58$87.&G/R&4/R|�KE7D$X7.9B&4|.L ? ]>YR-YE7D/E9E(�$X7uN�5'-W9�F4-��B&)(�H./�QE3'-09�&4/�-��BKS-0$'&4LM-�/b583�# " 7D/S9�#{an(�H:/b587D&4/E3CH./RF4U " ? ubk�-�/b5'$8&4-03KS-0$@36U,/b587:(�58&4(xz{H.$X9�?Mte/ (�H./b5'$X7.3650v�5'YR-�F4-��B&)(�H./S3�9B-�$8&G+:-09�N�$'H:L 58YR-n(�H:$'KRQS3[(�H./b587.&G/LxH:$'-J5'YE7./2aR? _�-�/b5'$8&G-W3%Ki-�$>3'Ub/b5X7.(�58&4(JzPH:$89�?�]>YR-W36-[-�/b58$'&4-03P(�7D/ZhS-��bQR&G5'-�9B&4383'&GLM&4F47.$0v7D/E9236HxH.QE$>7:9,\^YRHB(�58$87.&G/R&4/R|MKE7.$87:9B&G|:L 5'$X7D&4/E3{H.QR${5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�5'&4H./29B&)3V5X7D/E(�-03>H./ZhSH.5'Y36&4LM&GF)7D$J7./E9 9B&)3'3'&GLM&4F47.$�3V58$'&4/R|b3�?�]>YR-�$8-03'QRFG583>KR$8-03'-�/b58-092&G/3'-0(�5'&4H./��E? `M(�H./R�E$'Lý5'YR&)3YbU,KiHD58YR-03'&430? } /E9M58YR-!KiHbH:$�$8-03'QRFw5X3õH.hR587D&4/R-W9�YE-�$8-!z!&w58Yn7D/n7.9B\ÍYRHB(>7DKEKR$'Hb7.(XY?üVQE365'&GN�U5'YR-�LMH:$'-�3'H.KRYR&)365'&)(�7u58-0927DKRKE$'Hb7.(XYn58Hn3V58$'&4/R|�(�F)7.383'&w�S(07u58&GH:/ZKRQE$83'QR-09Z&4/Z58YR-�hiHB9BUyH.N5'YR-�$8-�KiH.$'5W 3'-0(�58&GH:/`¨\�?

a._

Page 27: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

ø Õ úx� ��X�<�ú��0� � ú�� ���<���� �����J� ���Pù �

te/�5'YE-@L�7D&4/�hiH,9RU2H.Nõ5'YR&)3[$'-0KSH:$65WvEz{-@KR$8-03'-�/b58-09�7�KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUZN�QR/E(�5'&4H./�H:/�3V58$'&4/R|KE7D&4$83��bQE72-W�:QE&G+u7DF4-�/S(�-�(�F)7.3836-W3�HDNP5'-�$8LM&G/S7u5'-W9�-09B&G5@36-W�bQR-�/E(�-030?Mte/�H:$89R-�$[5'H�(�$'-W7u5'-7 +c7.FG&)9�KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�N�QR/E(�58&GH:/�H./�-09B&G5y3'-0�bQR-�/S(�-030v%z{-7DF4FGHuz{-09�H.QE$�58$87./E389BQE(�-0$M5'H|.-�/E-�$X7u5'-27�9B&)365'&4/R|.QR&)3'YR-09�5'-�$8LM&G/S7u5'&4H./~36U,L�hSH:FC�y? } (�-0/:58$87.FPF4&4Lx&G587D5'&4H./�HDN!5'YS7u5LxHB9B-0FÈ&43%5'YE7D5P58YR-[KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU9�!W ¬ � �"\%HDN�7./y-W9B&w5!3'-0�bQR-�/S(�-JF4-�/E|D5'Y ¬ L@QE365{9R-0(�$8-07:36--��BKSH:/R-�/b58&47.FGF4U�&G/ ¬ ?ýT�/BN�H:$658QR/E7D5'-�F4U.vC5'YE&432LMHB9B-�F�&)3ZKiH,H.$8FGU�3'QR&G5'-09 5'H~F4&G/R|:QR&)3V58&4(9BH.L�7D&4/E30? } 3 36YRHuz!/ &G/ �E|.QR$8-�aRv!5'YE-�-0LxKE&G$8&4(07DF�9B&)3V58$'&4hRQB58&GH:/ HDN@KE$'H:/bQE/E(�&)7u58&GH:/FG-0/R|D58YE3!&4/Z58YR-@*,z!&G58(XY,hiH:7D$X9y(�H.$8KRQE3{N 7.&GF)3{5'HM�R5!58YR-�-��BKiH./R-0/b5'&)7DF�LMHB9B-�FÍ?

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Fra

ctio

n of

Sam

ples

Pronunciation Length

Length Distribution for Switchboard Pronunciations

��&4|.QE$'-PaR��]>YR-�-0LxKE&G$8&4(07DF.9R&4365'$8&GhEQB5'&4H./�H.NBKR$'H:/,QR/E(�&)7u58&GH:/CF4-�/E|D5'YS3�&4/�5'YR->*,z!&w5X(XY,hSHb7D$X9(�H.$8KRQE3�N 7D&4F43�58H �R5�58YR-n-��BKiH./R-0/b5'&)7DF�LMHB9B-�FÍ? ]>YR-n(�H:$'KRQS3�(�H:/:5X7D&4/E3�/RH�%0-�$8HD\^FG-0/R|D58YKR$'H:/,QR/E(�&)7u58&GH:/E30vP7D/S9�58YR-�$8-�7D$8-ZL�7./bU�LxH:$'- KR$8H./,QR/S(�&)7u5'&4H./S3�H.NCF4-�/R|.5'Y~5Vz{H�58YE7D/5'YR-0$'-�7.$'-[HDN<FG-0/R|D58Y H./R-:?

te/�5'YR&)3x7DKRKi-�/E9R&w��v<zP-ZKR$8-03'-�/b5�7KE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$'&&%07D5'&4H./ HDN>58YR-yLM-�LMH:$'U,F4-0383�5'$X7D/S3V\9BQE(�-0$¤ú�z!&G5'YRH:QB5P7[5'-0$'LM&4/E7u58&GH:/�36U,[email protected]Í?<]>YR&43�KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$8&Ê%W7u58&GH:/�7DF4F4Huz�3<QE3<5'H@LxH:$'-/E7u58QR$87.FGF4U�9R-��E/R-n7 KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUN�QE/E(�58&GH:/ �!W�w&*lw�� ú^*Z�V*túï\[Hu+.-0$�7DF4F%365'$8&G/R|b3�HDN>FG-0/R|D58YE3�ý7D/E9gún?�]>Y,QE30v�QE/RFG&&|.-n5'YR-ZKR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�N�QR/E(�5'&4H./�9R-��E/R-W9�&4/�5'YR-ZL�7D&4/�hSHB9BU H.N5'YR&)3�$8-�KiH.$'50vi36QRLMLM&4/R|��ËWZwÊ*0w¹� úE*Z��*,úï\!Hu+.-�$�7.FGF�KE7D&4$83�HDN�3V58$'&4/R|b3!&G/��?��D�+TÌ�z!&GF4F�$8-�\36QRFG5!&G/ZQR/R&G5VU.?õ]>YR&)3>(�H./S9B&w58&GH:/E7DFiKR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VUMLM7cU�hi-[-��,5'-0/E9B-09n5'H?üVH.&4/b5{KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU

aDf

Page 28: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

�ËWX"�A*.Y^ÌV� ú¨\�H./ 365'$8&G/R| KE7.&G$X3�h,U�LM-07./E3�HDN>7D/�7D$8hR&G5'$X7D$8UUüVH.&4/b5�KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU(�!WX�V*tú\H./3V58$'&4/R|MF4-�/R|.5'YE30?

�!WX � *ZY Ì � ú¨\`;n�ËWo � *ZY Ì � úE*.�V*,úN\��ËWo�V*,úï\} 3{zP-�3'YE7DF4F�36-0-.vb5'YE-�7.KRKR$8H:7:(XY�KRQR$X36QR-W9n&4/y58YR-�hSHB9BUyHDN�58YR-�$'-0KSH:$65>YE7.3P58YR-[7:9,\

+c7./b587D|:-CH.N�7M3'&GLMKRF4-�$>KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$'&&%07D5'&4H./y7./E9Z3'&4LxKEFG-0$�7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL�30? } 3'-0(�H./E9Z9B& � -�$'\-�/E(�-�hS-�5VzP-0-�/M58YR-!5Vz{H�7DKRKR$8H:7:(XYR-03<&)3õ58YE7u5P&G/M58YR-!N�H.$8LM-�$%7.KRKR$8H:7:(XY�vu5'YE-!5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$FG-W7D$8/E3�5'YR- $8-�F)7u5'&4+.-2F4-�/R|.5'YE3xHDNC5'YR-365'$8&G/E|�KE7.&G$X3x&G/�5'YE-Z58$87.&G/E&G/R| (�H:$'KEQE3xz!YR&GF4-2&G/5'YR-�(�QE$'$8-�/b5[7.KRKR$8H:7:(XY&w5�(�7./R/RHD5W?�te/�58YR-x(�QR$8$'-0/:5�7DKEKR$'Hb7.(XY�vi7DF4F�|b/EHuz!FG-W9B|.-x7DhiH.QB53V58$'&4/R|@F4-�/E|D5'YS3P&)3P$'-0KR$'-W36-0/b5'-09nhbUx58YR-CKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VUxN�QR/E(�5'&4H./N�ËWX��*,ú\P7D/E9n/RHD5>h,U�58YR-5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$2úR?

��-�hR$8&4-p}EUy(�H./E3'&)9B-�$8-0927D/ 7DFG5'-0$'/E7D5'-�KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$'&&%07D5'&4H./nH.N�58YR-�5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$Wv�ËW)� ´ � � ú¨\A;á�!Wo� ´ � úQ\��ËW ¬ \

z!&w58Yy7D/M-��BKRF4&)(�&G5{9B&)3V58$'&4hRQB58&GH:/��ËW ¬ \<H./M-09R&w5>36-W�:QE-�/E(�-!FG-0/R|D58YE3�v:5'YS7u5%/R-0-09M/RH.5P7.383'&G|:/QR/R&GN�H.$8LxF4U�9B-0(�$'-W7.3'&G/E|�KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w58&G-W3�58H ¬ ? ]>YR-�KE$'&4/E(�&4KE7.F[9B&)387.9B+u7D/b5X7D|.-H.N�36QE(XY7D/�7.KRKR$8H:7:(XY�&)3@5'YE7D5x&G5M3'&4|./B�S(07D/b5'F4U�&G/E(�$'-W7.3'-03�5'YR- (�H:LxKEQB587D5'&4H./E7.F{(�H.LMKRF4-��B&w5VU H.N(�H.LMKRQR5'&4/R|��ËWX"�A*.Y^ÌV� �"\�?���-(�7./�/RH�F4H./R|:-�$M(�H.F4F)7DKE3'-27.FGF>KE7.$658&47.F>-09B&G5y36-W�bQR-�/E(�-035'YE7D5J|.-0/R-�$X7u58-�5'YR-@387DLM-�KR$8-��E��'X�$m*ZY [ />HDN�5'YE-@3V58$'&4/R|�KE7.&G$N'X��Í*ZY^ÌÍ/>hi-0(�7.QE3'-�5'YR-W36--09B&G5�3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-W3�L�7cUJhi-%HDNR9B& � -�$8-�/b5�F4-�/R|.5'YE30? } 3�7>$8-03'QRFw5�5'YR-%9RUb/S7DLM&4(�KR$'H:|.$X7DLMLM&G/E|587DhEFG-[N�H.$>3'QE(XYZ7�LMH,9R-�FÈL@QE365!(�H./b5X7D&4/ vUWX�gwmúFwIWX��eáúN\Z\P-�/b5'$8&4-030?�te/2(�H:/:58$87:3V5Wv.58YR-7DKRKR$8H:7:(XY�5'YS7u5!zP-[KRQR$X3'QR-�&G/Z5'YR&)3!7DKEKS-0/E9B&G�yH./RF4Un7.9RLx&G583VvUWo�gwlúN\P9R&4365'&4/E(�5�36587D5'-030?

��-hi-�|:&G/�h,U�KR$8-03'-�/b58&G/R|�7./~7.Fw58-�$8/E7u58-KE7D$X7DLM-�5'-�$8&&%07u58&GH:/�H.NC58YR-LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'35'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$WvS58YR-�5'$X7D/E3'&w58&GH:/�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU���W�w�\J&)3[$'-0KR$8-03'-�/b5'-W97.3J5'YR-MKR$8HB9BQE(�5�HDNõ58YR-KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�HDN!(XYRH,H:3'&G/R|Z5'YE-M5VUbKi-�HDN{-09B&G5�H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/�W &G/S36-0$658&GH:/�v�9B-0FG-�5'&4H./�v�H.$�3'QRhB\3V58&w58QB5'&4H./�\{7./E9M5'YE-�(�H./E9R&w58&GH:/E7DFiKR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�H.N�(XYRH,H:3'&G/E|�5'YR-�3'UbL�hSH:FÁW»3,\%QE3'-09�&4/n58YR--09B&G5�H:KS-0$87D5'&4H./�?2]>YR&43�7DFG5'-0$'/E7D5'-MKE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$'&&%07D5'&4H./�YE7.3�58YR-y+,&4$658QR-�HDN!KR$8Hu+,&49R&G/R|7KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�N�QR/S(�5'&4H./�H./�7./,U�3'-�5MHDNJ365'$8&G/E|�KE7.&G$X3�H.NC7�|:&G+:-�/�F4-�/R|.5'Y�?���&G/S7DF4FGU:võzP-KR$'-W36-0/b5[7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YELM3�5'YE7D5C|:-�/R-0$87D5'-.vi-�+u7.FGQE7D5'-:vi7./E9F4-07D$8/58YR-@KE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$83�N�H.$J�E/R&G5'-3V58$'&4/R|:30vR(�H:/E9B&G5'&4H./R-W92H./Z5'YR-0&G$!F4-�/R|.5'YE30?

û þZÿ ß� ��M �Nê�-���X�B�Jü- 1�M��%�} ëpã3îlê è]ç.ÇtÉ5¦�Ç>¦�è]çmÅ]ÈÊÇpâtâNêÁç.ã]í^âlÉ]ì^îtÇpçNú(;ö'o�ï*.+_*<ýV*.�d/J(�H:/E36&)36583�H.N<5VzPH��S/R&w58-x7.FGKEYE7u\hS-�583T�ý7D/E9á+ 7:3�z{-�F4F%7.3�58YR-n58$'&4KRF4-Ïý5; 'óý B *<ý � *<ý > /�HDN>5'$X7D/S36&G5'&4H./ KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5'&4-037D/E9 58YR-�58$'&4KRF4-N�N; ')� B *.� � *,� > /!H.NõH.hE3'-�$8+u7u5'&4H./ KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5'&4-030?0ý > &)3!58YR-@KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VUHDN�|.-0/R-�$X7u58&G/E|�7@36QRhS3V58&w58QB5'&4H./nH:KS-0$87D5'&4H./�7D/S9�� > W)��*t�p\<&)3õ58YR-JKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&[email protected]�(XYRH,H:3'&G/R|5'YR-ZKE7D$'5'&)(�QRF)7D$�36U,[email protected])3��7D/E9n��58H�3'QRhE365'&G5'QB58-.?�*,&4LM&GF)7D$8FGU:vYý B &)3�58YR-yKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VUHDN%|:-�/R-0$87D5'&4/R|y729B-�F4-�58&GH:/�H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/�7D/E9K�0B¨Wo��\C&43J5'YE-xKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU2HDNP(XYEHbHb36&4/R|�58YR-36U,[email protected]��[58HC9B-0FG-�5'-.v.z!YR&GF4-�ý � &43�5'YE-PKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU�HDNE|:-�/R-0$87D5'&4/R|J7C&G/S36-0$658&GH:/�H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/7D/E9�� � W)�p\{&)3>58YR-�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�HDNõ(XYRH,H:3'&G/R|�5'YE-�36U,[email protected]���5'H�&4/E3'-�$'50?

a:k

Page 29: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

]>YR-[5'$X7D/E3'F47D5'&4H./yN�$'H:LýH.QR${N 7:(�5'H:$'-W9nKE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$'&&%07D5'&4H./?úN;5'o�ï*.+(*JýV*.�d/{hE7:(t|M5'HH.QR$!QR/RN 7.(�58H.$8-09ZKE7D$X7DLM-�5'-�$8&&%07u58&GH:/ � ;5')�*.+_*.�d/>&)3!365'$X7D&4|.Yb56N�H:$'z>7D$X9�?

��Wo�"*.Hm\ ; ý B � B W)��\��WoHM*,�l\ ; ý � � � W)�l\��Wo�"*,�l\à; ý�>t�0>]W)��*t�p\]>YR-y58$87./E3'F47D5'&4H./�N�$8H.L 5'YE-ZQR/RN 7.(�58H.$8-09�KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$8&Ê%W7u58&GH:/�58H�58YR-ZN 7.(�58H.$8-09�KS7u\

$87.Lx-�5'-0$'&&%07D5'&4H./y&)3�7.F43'Hx365'$X7D&4|.Yb5'N�H.$8z{7.$89�?ý B ; �lþ �3�yÿË��W��]\�0BQWo��\ ; ��Wo�"*.Hm\ x ý�Bý � ; � þ �3� g ��W��]\� � W)�p\ ; ��WoHM*,�p\ x ý �ý > ; � þ �3� � ��W��I\�0>]W)�"*,�p\ ; ��Wo�"*,�p\ x ý�>

} 3õ-��,KEF47.&G/R-W9@hi-�F4Huz�vD58YR->N 7.(�5'H:$'-W9�KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$'&&%07D5'&4H./@&)3</R-W(�-038387D$8U�&G/MH.$X9B-0$�58H�KR$8H.KB\-�$8FGU7.(0(�QRL�QRF)7u5'-�-��BKi-0(�5X7u58&GH:/E3Jz!YE-�/�58YR-x-��BKS-W(�5X7u5'&4H./�L�7u�B&GLM&&%07D5'&4H./�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YEL�&)3(�H./S9B&w58&GH:/R-092H:/y58YR-�3V58$'&4/R|MF4-�/R|.5'YE30?

û þ)ý � �����X�M "�M�@�%�} N 7.(�5'H:$'-W9CLM-0LxH:$'U,F4-0383i5'$X7D/E389BQE(�-�$Dúï;='o�ï*.+(*JýV*.�d/È&4/E9BQS(�-03�7>KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�N�QR/E(�5'&4H./�ËW�w&*lw�� úE*Z�V*túï\�H./@5'YR-ËüVH.&4/b5�36KE7:(�-1���TD�+TÌ�HDNÈ7DF4F,KE7D&4$83�HDNi3V58$'&4/R|:3�H.NEFG-0/R|D58Yï�~7D/E9Tú�?]>YR&43PKR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU�N�QR/S(�5'&4H./Z&43P9B-��S/R-09�h,U�5'YR-JN�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R|@7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL v.z!YR&)(XY�|.-0/R-�$X7u58-037�3V58$'&4/R|MKE7D&4$�'X"�A*.YEÌÍ/PN�$8H.L 58YR-#üVH.&4/b5J36KE7:(�-9����D�+TÌ�7.(�(�H.$X9B&4/R|@58H9�ËW�w�� úE*Z�V*túï\�?���E ��E¡:¢�£k�j.Wfl£:¡-U� Ë�1fd¤ �i3 ú!3 úQ¥¦¨§ ±»º3± ­ ± · a ± �p¿ �P�å; " Â�xy�å; " ¯^§���d±ba ¿ �1�g� · ºI¸ x���ú½^§ °d± ²d³ ')��*t�p/͵ «¹ªE¶ 2 · ²0²pª�«�¸�±»ºI¼ ­ ª ��W�w�\7 § ± µ ¤ �( ��?¥ ­ �I¿dº $ �å;��:Â��{��;��fe " Â: § ± µ ¤ �� �+N¥ ­ �M¿3º Y [ �å;F�dÂ�xn��;�x9e " ÂA^§���d±ba ¿ �1�g�C § °d± ²d³ �(µ «&ª^¶ ��· ²0²pª�«�¸�±»ºI¼ ­ ª � B WZw \F^§ $ ��;F�:Â��P�å;��fe " ÂH^§���d±ba ¿ x(��ú¦�^§ °d± ²d³ �Vµ «&ª^¶ +ö· ²l²pª�«�¸�±»ºM¼ ­ ª � � W�w�\¦3¦¨§ Y [ �å;F�dÂ�xy�å;ñx9e " ¦0¯^§?«¹¿ ­mÀ «)º ¤ 'o��1*ZY^ÌA/Z¥pÂ

]>YR- �Ë�E f�^¡:¢�£:��.Wfp£k¡-U� ��"f W)\õ7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRLÇhS-0|.&4/E3�hbU�9R$87cz!&4/R|J-W9B&G5�H:KS-0$87D5'&4H./E3�N�$'H:L2 7.(�(�H.$X9B&4/R|x5'H�58YR-�-09R&w5JKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU ��W�w�\>QR/b5'&4F�7D5�FG-W7.365JH./E-�HDN<5'YR-@KE7D$'5'&)7DF�365'$8&4/R|:3ad�

Page 30: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

^$�7D/S9UY [ &)3%(�H.LMKRF4-�5'-�þ F4&G/E-03>ac\V_cÿ^?�t^NfY [ &43{(�H:LxKEFG-�5'-�hRQR5Í^$<&)3%&4/E(�H.LMKRF4-�5'-:v.58YR-�/yzP-(�H.LMKRF4-�58-?�$õQE3'&G/R|x36U,L�hSH:F43{9B$X7cz!/MN�$'H:Lø�Ö7.(0(�H:$89B&4/R|�58H�58YR-CL�7.$'|:&G/E7.FEKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU�0BQW�w�\;ö��WZw¹� 2�BI\�þ FG&4/R-03@fu\ �uÿ^?2OPH./,+.-0$83'-�F4U.v�&GNC $ &43@(�H.LMKRF4-�58-�hRQB5ïY [ &43@&G/E(�H.LMKRF4-�58-.v5'YR-0/�zP-Z(�H.LMKRF4-�58-(Y [ QS36&4/R|�3'U,[email protected])3�9B$X7cz!/�N�$8H.L + 7:(�(�H:$89R&G/R| 58H5'YE-nL�7D$8|.&4/E7DF� � W�w�\A;���WZw¹� 2 � \�þ F4&4/R-03!dD\ ":" ÿ^?û þJI �! � �#$5 "�M�@�Q�]>YR-�L�7.$'|:&G/E7.F�KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VUT�ËWX"�A*.Y^ÌV� úE*Z�V*tú\JHDN%7nKS7D&4$CH.N%3V58$'&4/R|:3J&43[(�7.F4(�QRF)7u5'-W9h,U36QRLMLM&4/R|25'YR-9üVH:&G/b5�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU��ËWX"�A*.Y^Ì#*.� ´ � ú^*Z�V*túï\CHu+.-0$[7.FGF<58YR-M-09B&G5@36-W�bQR-�/E(�-035'YE7D5J(�H.QEF492YE7c+:-C|:-�/R-0$87D5'-09y5'YEH:3'-�365'$8&4/R|:3

�!WX"�A*.YEÌ�� ú^*Z�V*túï\ ; ��� Ï �3� ç �ËWo��Í*ZY^Ì#*,� ´ � úE*Z��*,ú\; ���tÏ��3�"ç��ËWo��Í*ZY^ÌV� úE*Z��*,úA*.� ´ \X�ËW)� ´ � úE*Z��*,úï\; � �.�tϨРÑIÒÊ�tÏdÓXÔ`ÕÊÖI×�Ø Ù0Ú:Û)�Q�!Wo� ´ � ú^*Z�V*tú\hS-W(�7DQS36-C�!WX��Í*ZY^Ì�� úE*.�V*,úA*.� ´ \>&)3!/RH./^%�-�$8Hx&wN�7D/S9ZH:/RF4Uy&GN Ä Wo� ´ \A;5'o��Í*ZY^ÌÍ/�?Íz{U�58YR-9B-��E/E&w58&GH:/2H.N<(�H./E9R&w58&GH:/E7DF�KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU.v

�!Wo� ´ � úE*.�V*,úï\`; � � �!Wo� � � úE*Z��*,úA*.� � hfj \m�zPUZ5'YE-@9B-��S/R&w58&GH:/HDN<5'YE-�LM-�LMH.$8U,FG-W3'3 �Ë�E f�E¡:¢�£k�j.�fp£k¡-U� ��"f WÁ\JN�QR/E(�58&GH:/�vR58YR-@(�H./E9B&G\5'&4H./E7.FEKR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU��!Wo� � � úE*.�V*,úA*.� � hfjm\õH.NÈ5'YR-C-09B&G5%H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/�� � 9B-�Ki-�/S9R3%H:/RF4U@H./M58YR-$'-0F47D5'&4H./E3'YR&4K�hS-�5VzP-0-�/�5'YE-%3V58$'&4/R|�F4-�/E|D5'YS3f�V*tú�7D/E9[58YR-P36587D5'-�'o�m*Zx�/�HDN,58YR-%&4/E(�H:LMKRFG-�5'--09B&G5J36-W�bQR-�/E(�-� � hkj ?

�!Wo� � � úE*Z��*,úA*0'X�m*.x�/.\A;a������b ������c

ý�>t�0>IW)�"*,�p\ &wN��wr � D x�rñú D � � ;='o�"*,�p/ý�B0�0BQWo��\ &wN��wr � D x�rñú D � � ;='o�"*.Hm/ý � � � WÁ�p\ &wN��wr � D x�rñú D � � ;='oHM*,�p/�0B¨Wo��\ &wN��wr � D xT;Fú D � � ;='o�"*.Hm/� � WÁ�p\ &wN��`;�� D x�rñú D � � ;='oHM*,�p/u HD58YR-�$8z!&43'-

W»f¨\

=�HD58-�5'YE7D5>5'YR-�(�H.$8$'-W36KiH./E9R&G/R|�5'$X7D/S3'9BQS(�5'&4H./ 9B&)3V5X7D/E(�-[N�QR/E(�58&GH:/E3O��3Wo � *ZY Ì � �V*tú\ �; ù F4H.|A· «¹¼E¶ ·�� �Z�tϨР�0ÒÊ�tÏdÓXÔ`ÕÊÖI×�Ø Ù0Ú:Û)� GZ�ËW)� ´ � úE*Z��*,ú\mJO � � Wo � *ZY Ì � �V*tú\ �; ù F4H.|f�!WX � *ZY Ì � ú^*Z�V*tú\

7D$8-�/RHuz (�H:/E9B&G5'&4H./R-W9 H./58YR-�365'$8&4/R|nF4-�/R|.5'YE30v�7D/E9258YR-�$8-�N�H:$'-@7.$'-��E/R&G5'-�\^+u7DF4QR-09�H./RF4UN�H.$�365'$8&G/R|b3>&G/��?��D +UÌ!?

]>YR-<N�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R|�7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL�3�(�7DF)(�QEF47D5'-�5'YR-%KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VUA�ËWX"�A*.Y^ÌV� úE*Z�V*túï\È&4/��bQE7.9B$X7u58&4(5'&4Lx-�7D/E9~36KS7.(�-�vUWo�5w�úï\�?�]>YR-�36KS7.(�- $8-0�bQR&4$'-0LM-�/b583MH.NJ5'YE-�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YRL L�7cU�hi-3V58$87.&G|:Y:5'N�H.$8z{7.$89RFGUn$8-09RQE(�-W925'H vUW LM&G/!WX�V*tú\Z\�?C]>YR-�H:/RF4U 9R& � -�$8-�/E(�-�hi-�5Vz{-�-�/�5'YR-W36-+.-�$X3'&GH:/E3>7D/E9Z5'YE-�&4$!QR/E(�H:/E9B&G5'&4H./E7.F�+u7D$8&47./:5X3{&G/25'YE-�hSHB9BUZHDN�58YR-�$8-�KiH.$'5>&)3>58YE7u5�(�H:/B\9B&w58&GH:/R&4/R| H./�5'YR-n365'$8&G/E|ZF4-�/R|.5'YE3�$8-0�bQR&4$8-03[QE3[5'H QE3'-x5'YR-�(�H./E9B&G5'&4H./S7DFõKR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5'&4-03

aDd

Page 31: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

�0BQW�w�\@7./E9n� � W�w�\@&G/E365'-W7.9�H.N!5'YR-2-09R&w5xKR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w58&G-W3N��WZw \�z!YR-�/~7|.&4+.-0/�YR&)9R9B-0/�-09B&G536-W�:QE-�/E(�-[YS7.3�(�H.LMKRF4-�5'-0FGUy|.-�/E-�$X7u5'-W9nH:/R-�HDN�5'YR-�365'$8&G/E|:30?

]>YR-�N�H:FGF4Huz!&G/E|�7DF4|.H.$8&G5'YRL (�7DF)(�QEF47D5'-03�5'YR-JN�H.$8z{7.$89x+u7DF4QR-W3�?<]>YR-�N�H:$'z>7D$X9x+u7D$8&47.hRFG-& $ Ø [ (�H./b587.&G/S3�58YR-CKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU9�ËWo^$m*.Y [ *M'X�m*Zx�/l� úE*.�V*,úN\�H.N�KE7.383'&G/R|�5'YR$8H.QR|:Yn58YR-[36587D5'-'X�m*Zx�/!7./E9y|:-�/R-0$87D5'&4/R|�5'YR-�365'$8&G/E|xKE$'-��R�B-03#^${7D/E9 Y [ ?(�) ¡+*S¢�¡-,-..��/�¢10�2k¢�£k�j.�fp£k¡-U� ��"f]¤ � 3 Y Ì 3 ú¨¥¦¨§ & 6 Ø 6 �å; " ¯^§ µ ª�« �`; " �l�l�Z� ¾B& $ Ø 6 �å;vý�B0�MB3Wo $ \& $ihfj Ø 6 Â�ý^§ µ ª�« x�; " �0�l�.ú<¾;& 6 Ø [ �å;�ý � � � WoY [ \@& 6 Ø [ hfj ÂQÃ7 § µ ª�« �`; " �l�l�Z� ù~": § ©]ª�« xU; " �l�l�,ú ù�"A^§ & $ Ø [ �å;�ý�>t�0>IWo $ *ZY [ \& $ihfj Ø [ hfj e�ý�BM�0B¨WX $ \@& $ihkj Ø [ e�ý � � � WXY [ \& $ Ø [ hfj ÂC § µ ª�« �`; " �l�l�Z� ù~"F^§ & $ Ø Ì �å;vý�>m�0>IWo $ *.Y Ì \& $ihfj Ø Ì`hkj e �MB3Wo $ \@& $ihkj Ø Ì e�ý � � � WXY Ì \@& $ Ø Ì`hkj ÂH^§ µ ª�« x�; " �0�l�.ú ù~"¦�^§ & � Ø [ ��;wý > � > WX � *ZY [ \& ��hkj Ø [ hkj e�ý B � B WX � \@& ��hkj Ø [ eg� � WXY [ \& � Ø [ hkj ¦3¦¨§ & � Ø Ì ��;wý > � > WX � *.Y Ì \& ��hkj Ø Ì`hkj eg� B WX � \& ��hkj Ø Ì eg� � WXY [ \& � Ø Ì`hkj ¦0¯^§?«¹¿ ­mÀ «)º ¤ &�¥pÂ]>YR->N�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R|�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YEL (�7.F4(�QRF47D5'-W3�5'YR-!hE7:(t|,z{7.$89@+c7.FGQE-030?�]>YR-!hS7.(t|,z{7.$89@+u7D$8&w\

7DhRF4-'o $ Ø [ (�H:/:5X7D&4/E3@5'YR- KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU��ËWX"�$ 8 j *.Y^Ì[ 8 j � úE*.�V*,úA*0'o�m*Zx�/Z\�HDNC|.-�/E-�$X7u5'&4/R|58YR-3V58$'&4/R|�36QR�x�B-W3C��$ 8 j 7./E9�YEÌ[ 8 j ð N�$'H:L 5'YR-�36587D5'-('o�m*Zx�/�?k ¢XT;mX*S¢�¡-,-.,�j/�¢�0�2f¢�£:��.Wfp£k¡-U� ��"fd¤ � 3 Y Ì 3 ú¨¥¦¨§ o � Ø Ì ��; " ¯^§ µ ª�« �`;�� ù~" �l�0�Zu ¾Mo $ Ø Ì ��;F�0B¨WX $ 8 j \@o $ 8 j Ø Ì Â�ý^§ µ ª�« x�;�ú ù~" �l�0�Zu ¾Bo � Ø [ ��;F� � WXY [ 8 j \@o � Ø [ 8 j Â�Ã7 § µ ª�« �`;�� ù~" �l�0�Zu: § µ ª�« xT;�ú ù�" �0�l�ZuA^§ o $ Ø [ �å;vý�>p�0>IWX $ 8 j *ZY [ 8 j \to $ 8 j Ø [ 8 j e�ý�BM�0B¨WX $ 8 j \@o $ 8 j Ø [ e�ý � � � WXY [ 8 j \@o $ Ø [ 8 j ÂC § «¹¿ ­mÀ «)º ¤ o!¥pÂg hE36-0$'+:->5'YE7D5w& $ Ø [ o $ Ø [ &43PKR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU��!WX��Í*ZY^ÌC*0'X�m*.x�/0� ú^*Z�V*túN\�HDN�|.-0/R-�$X7u58&G/R|�58YR-3V58$'&4/R|MKE7D&4$'X"�A*.Y^Ì`/{h,UZ7./Z-W9B&w5J3'-0�bQR-0/E(�-[58YE7u5�KE7:3'3'-03{58YR$8H.QR|:Yn5'YE-�3V5X7u5'-('o�m*Zx�/�?

û þ\� �K��M�Nê "�M�@�%�]>YR- KR$'&4/E(�&GKE7.F{9R& � -�$8-�/E(�-Zhi-�5Vz{-�-0/�58YR-Z5VzPH�-��BKS-W(�5X7u5'&4H./~3V58-�K�7DF4|.H:$'&G5'YRL�3@&43�5'YS7u5��R�SE�BT�£Q¢�£-U )  �.�fp£k�MSj.�fp£k¡-U� ��"f WÁ\xL@QE365@7.(0(�QRL�QRF)7u5'-M-��,Ki-0(�587D5'&4H./E3�N�H:$�5'YR-?ýÇ7./E9á�KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$�3'-�583�3'-�KE7.$87D5'-0FGU:v�+b&)7y5'YR-���7D/E9�e�+u7D$8&47.hRF4-030vi$8-03'Ki-0(�58&G+:-�F4U.?xIJQR-M58Hy58YR-9B-��E/E&w58&GH:/ñW»f¨\CHDN!�ËW)� � � úE*Z�V*tú`*.�m*Zx�\[7DhiHu+.-.v�z{-ML�7cUH./RF4U�7.(0(�QRL�QRF)7u5'-x-��BKi-0(�587u58&GH:/E3N�H.$>5'YE-¡ý�58$87./E36&G5'&4H./2KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$83{z!YR-0/Z/RHM58$87./E3'&w58&GH:/E3>7D$8-CN�H:$8(�-09�?

`3u

Page 32: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

��R�SE�BT�£Q¢�£-U )  �.�fp£k�MSj.�fp£k¡-U� ��"f]¤ ��Z3 Y^Ìp3 úB3 �Q3 ek¥¦¨§ & q > (n) ¡L*?¢Ë¡-,-..�j/�¢�0n2k¢�£k�j.Wfl£k¡-U� ��"f]¤ ��43 Y^Ì53 ú¨¥l¯^§ o q > k ¢-T;m�*?¢�¡-,X..�j/�¢�0n2k¢�£k�j.Wfl£k¡-U� ��1fd¤ "�43 Y^Ìp3 ú¨¥l½^§ µ ª�« �`; " �l�l�Z� ù~"7 § µ ª�« xT; " �l�0�.ú ù�": § � > q > & $ihkj Ø [ hkj ý�>t�M>]WX $ *ZY [ \to $ Ø [+x & � Ø Ì ÂA^§ e > WX $ *ZY [ \ <?> � > Â�� > <?> � > ÂC § � B q > & $ihkj Ø [ ý B � B WX $ \@o $ Ø [ x & � Ø Ì ÂF^§ e B Wo $ \ <?> � B Â�� B <?> � B ÂH^§ � � q > & $ Ø [ hfj ý � � � WXY [ \to $ Ø [ x & � Ø Ì Â¦�^§ e � WoY [ \ <?> � � Â�� � <?> � � ¦3¦¨§ µ ª�« �`; " �l�l�Z� ù~" ¾�eEB¨Wo $ \ <?> & $ihfj Ø Ì �0BQWX $ \to $ Ø Ì x & � Ø Ì Â�æ0¯^§ µ ª�« x�; " �0�l�.ú ù~" ¾Me � WoY [ \ <?> & � Ø [ hfj � � WoY [ \to � Ø [Lx & � Ø Ì ÂQÃ1!-0(07DF4F�5'YS7u5¾& � Ø Ì 7./E9�oB6 Ø 6@hiHD58Y�(�H:/:5X7D&4/U�ËWX"�A*.Y^ÌV� úE*Z�V*túï\�?���&4/R-x_�(07DF)(�QRF)7u58-035'YR-�KSHb3V58-�$8&GH:$nKR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VU�5'YS7u5yz{-�z{-�$8-&G/ 36587D5'-g'o� ù " *Zx ù " /�7./E9�-�LM&G5658-09 7'X $ *.Y [ /236QRhS3V58&w58QB5'&4H./ÖH.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/�?ý��&4/R-�f�7:(�(�QRL@QRF)7u58-03Z-��BKi-0(�5X7u58&GH:/E3ZN�H.$25'YR-Rý�>

KE7D$X7DLM-�58-�$�&4/ 5'YE-��!>C+u7D$8&47.hRF4-.vE7./E92N�H.$!58YR-ï�M>IWX $ *.Y [ \!KE7.$87.LM-�5'-0$!&G/ 58YR-?eE>IWX $ *ZY [ \+c7.$'&)7DhEFG-:?>��&G/E-03[kc\i��7:(�(�QRL@QRF)7u58-�5'YE-@KiH:365'-�$8&4H.$8&�KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VUZ5'YS7u5Jz{-�z{-�$8-�&G/�36587D5'-'X� ù�" *.x�/�7D/E9[-�LM&G5658-09�7�'o $ *.Hm/È9B-0FG-�5'&4H./�H:KS-0$87D5'&4H./�?�*,&4LM&GF)7D$8F4U.vWFG&4/R-03�du\ " u{7.(0(�QRL�QRF47D5'-5'YR-xKSHb3V58-�$8&GH:$'&�KR$8H.hE7.hR&GF4&G5VUy58YE7u5[zP-�zP-0$'-�&G/�36587D5'- 'X�m*Zx ù�" /J7D/E9�-�LM&G565'-W9�7�')HM*ZY [ /&G/E3'-�$'5'&4H./ H:KS-0$87D5'&4H./�?n��&G/R-W3 "." 7./E9 " a27.(0(�QRL�QRF47D5'-M58YR-n(�H:$'$8-03'KSH:/E9B&4/R|2KSHb3V58-�$8&GH:$'&KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w58&G-W3MN�H.$nN�H.$X(�-09�9B-0FG-�5'&4H./�7D/S9�&G/E3'-�$'5'&4H./~58$87./E36&G5'&4H./S3�v{$'-W36Ki-0(�5'&4+.-0FGU:?�=�H.5'-5'YE7D5�/RH -��BKS-W(�5X7u5'&4H./S3�7D$8-x7:(�(�QEL@QRF)7u58-09�N�H.$¡ý�BxH:$¡ý � &4/�F4&4/R-03 ":" 7./E9 " ayhS-W(�7DQS36-5'YR-W36-�-0+.-�/b5X3!9BHM/RHD5�H:/yN�H:$8(�-09y5'$X7D/E3'&w58&GH:/E30?{ &G+:-�/�5'YE-�-��BKi-0(�587u58&GH:/E3nH.N�H.QR$n5'$X7D/E3'&w58&GH:/�KE7D$X7DLM-�5'-�$X3n7./E9�H.hE3'-�$8+u7u58&GH:/~KS7u\$87.Lx-�5'-0$830vE58YR-�N�H:FGF4Huz!&4/R| VV¢�R�UYV�U\[d¢�£�U )  �.Wfl£k�MSj.Wfl£k¡-U� ��"f WÁ\C7.FG|:H.$8&w58YRL�QRKi9E7u5'-W3[H.QR$LxHB9B-0F�KE7.$87.Lx-�5'-0$830?VV¢XR�UYVZU\[]¢�£-U )  �.Wfl£:�BSj.Wfl£:¡-U� Ë�1fd¤ úB3 �Q3 ef¥¦¨§}| �å;��!B1e�� � e��!>]¯^§ ý�B���;��!B x | Âdý � �å;�� � x | Âdý�>J�å;���> x | ½^§}| B���;Fu^ÂQµ ª�« · ada � ±»º �ø¾ | BMe�;�eEB¨Wo��\pÂEÃ7 § µ ª�« · ada � ±»º �ø¾�� B Wo��\>�å;~e B Wo��\ x | B Â�Ã: §}| � ��;Fu^ÂQµ ª�« · ada � ±»º +�¾ | � e�;�e � WÁ�p\pÂ�ÃA^§ µ ª�« · ada � ±»º +<¾�� � WÁ�p\{��; e � W)�l\ x | � ÂQÃC §}| > �å;�u�ÂQµ ª�« · ada 'o�"*,�l/ ±»º ��D +�¾ | > e�;�e > Wo�"*,�l\pÂ�ÃF^§ µ ª�« · ada ')��*t�p/ ±»º ��D�+�¾^� > Wo�"*,�p\{�å;~e > W)��*t�p\ x | > Â�Ã

` "

Page 33: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

Õ ù�� ( ×�� � �C�x���[�õ�ú���� ú��<�

��YR-�/�-0&w58YR-�$PHDNi5'YR-J365'$8&4/R|�FG-0/R|D58YE3õ&)3�3'QB�n(�&4-�/b5'F4U�F)7D$8|.-!7./E9�5'YR-�-0/b5'$8H.K,U�HDNi5'YE-�-09B&G5KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VUZN�QR/E(�5'&4H./���WZw \J&)3J3'QB�n(�&4-�/b5'F4U YR&G|:Y�vS5'YR-0/�5'YE-ü& $ Ø [ 7./E9�o $ Ø [ +u7DF4QR-W3JQE3'-09&G/�5'YE- �MR�SE�BT�£Q¢�£�U )  �.Wfl£k�MS WÁ\�KR$8HB(�-W9BQR$8-�L�7cU-��R(�-�-09�5'YE-x$8-�KE$'-W36-0/:5X7u58&GH:/E7DF�$87./R|.-HDN�9BH.QRhEFG-!KR$8-0(�&43'&4H./@tV#P#%#K}EHb7u5'&4/R|�KiH.&4/:5õ/,QRL�hS-0$830?���YE-�/x5'YR&)3õYE7.KRKi-�/E30v:7S}EHb7u58&G/R|KSH:&G/b5�-��R(�-�KB58&GH:/�z!&4FGFEH,(0(�QR$W? } /MtV#%#%#�9BH:QRhRF4-{KE$'-W(�&)36&4H./N}EH:7D5'&4/R|�KSH:&G/b5õ/,QRL@hi-�$õYS7.372_.`nhR&G5[L�7./:58&438387y7D/S9�7 " unhE&w5�-��BKiH./R-0/:5�þ "." ÿ^?@*,&4/E(�-M36H:LM-@-��BKiH./R-0/b5[+u7DF4QR-W3[7.$'-$'-W36-0$'+:-09 N�H:$[H.5'YR-0$�QE36-W3�vÈ58YR-MLM&G/R&4L@QEL -��BKiH./R-0/:5[N�H.$�729BH.QEhRFG-xKR$8-0(�&43'&GH:/�}EHb7u58&G/R|KSH:&G/b5>/bQEL@hi-�${&43P\ " u:a " ?���YR-�/y5'YR-0$'-[7D$8-¾�M-W9B&w5>H.Ki-�$X7u58&GH:/E30v.58YR-�/y5'YR-[-09B&G5>-�/b5'$8H.K,U nWo�d\[&)3[hSH:QR/E9B-W9�7.hSHu+:-@h,U�F4H.| � �Èv�7./E958YR-n36L�7.FGF4-0365[-��BKS-W(�5'-W9�KE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU+u7DF4QR-&G/�5'YR-=& $ Ø [ 7.$'$X7cUy&)3[/RHyF4-0383J5'YE7./ì�"h"!$#&% Ò � Ø Ì Ó ?�]>Y,QE3�vi58YR-@N�H:$'z>7D$X9 7D/E9�hE7.(t|,z>7D$X9(�H.LMKRQR587u58&GH:/E3>7D$8-�F4&Ê|:-�F4U�58H�QE/E9B-�$.}EHuz�z!YR-0/R-�+:-�$PLM7D�fWX�V*tú\,F4H.| � �(' " uba " ?�te/ZH.QR$KR$'H:/,QR/E(�&)7u58&GH:/�$8-0(�H:|./R&G5'&4H./�7.KRKRF4&4(07u58&GH:/�vL��;�WX�,a�e " \]wiWX�:`:e " \�vp��� " kBvD7D/E9ïú ��aduW 3'-�-�36-W(�5'&4H./_�x7.hSHu+:-M\�?õ*,&4/E(�-�adu�FGH:|L�3Wo�:`Cw,�3��\*)�a " ��&)3{7.KRKR$8-0(�&47.hRFGUxF4-0383%58YE7D/ " uba " vH.QR$�&4LMKRF4-�LM-�/b587D5'&4H./MQE3'-09xtV#%#P# 9BH.QRhEFG-!KR$8-0(�&43'&4H./N}EH:7D5'&4/R|�KSH:&G/b5%/,QRL�hS-0$83<z!&G5'YRH:QB5QR/E9B-0$Z}EHuz!&4/R|S?

��YR-�/25'YE-[F4&&|.-�F4&4YRH,H,9ZHDN�QR/E9B-0$Z}SHuz &)3!36QB�n(�&G-0/:58FGUyYR&G|:Y�v,5'YE-�/7D/ 7DFG5'-0$'/E7D5'-[$'-0KB\$'-W36-0/:5X7u58&GH:/�L@QE365�hS-xQE3'-09�N�H.$[5'YR-MKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU +u7DF4QR-030?�]>YR-M36&4LMKRFG-W3V5�7.KRKR$8H:7.(XY&)35'H2QE36-M7nF4H.|b7D$8&w58YRLM&4(�$'-0KR$'-W36-0/b587u58&GH:/�?9yQRFG5'&4KRFG&)(�7D5'&4H./�7D/E9�9B&G+,&)36&4H./�HDN%KR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU+c7.FGQE-03!&)3!3V58$87.&G|:Yb56N�H.$8z>7D$X9�&G/7xF4H.|:7.$'&G5'YELx&)(C$'-0KR$'-W36-0/b587u58&GH:/�?

F4H.|"WX(w0Y�\ ; FGH:|�Wo"\Ëe�F4H.|�WoYE\F4H.|"WX x YE\ ; FGH:|�Wo"\ ù F4H.|�WoYE\

} 9R9B&G5'&4H./�HDNRF4H.|b7D$8&w58YRLM&4(õKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU[+u7DF4QR-03�&43�LMH.$8-%(�Hb3V58FGU:vD7D/E9@(�7D$8-�L�QE3V5�hS-%5873|.-�/5'Hn7c+.H:&49yQR/E9B-0$Z}SHuz�?FGH:|"WokeSYE\`;,+ FGH:|�WX:\ &GN�F4H.|"WXYE\ ù FGH:|�Wo"\#��-

FGH:|�WX:\Ëe�FGH:|�W " e�-��,KËW�F4H.|�WoYE\ ù F4H.|"WX:\Z\Z\ H.5'YR-0$'z!&)3'-��-�$8-.- &43x58YR-36L�7DF4F4-0365x$8-�KR$8-03'-�/b5X7DhRF4-y-��,KiH./E-�/b50v%N�H.$M-��R7DLMKRF4-.v%\VkdubkB?«kZN�H:$MtV#%#%#9BH.QRhEFG-nKE$'-W(�&)36&4H./K}EH:7D5'&4/R|KiH.&4/:5�/bQEL@hi-�$X3�z!YR-�/ 58YR-nF4H.|b7D$8&w58YRL�3�7D$8-�/E7u58QR$87.FVW�&4-.?4vhE7.3'-/�]\�?�]>YR&)3@58-0365�&43x/R-W(�-038387D$8U�58H�7c+:H.&)9�QR/E9R-�$.}EHuz &G/�5'YE-2(07DF4FP58H�-��BK�W)\�?�]>YR-��&4hR$87.$'U�HDN�;�$X7.(�5'&)(�7DF } hE365'$X7.(�5'&4H./E3þ ad�DÿC(�H:/:5X7D&4/E3M58YR$'-0-�LMHB9BQRF4-03�N�H:$y(�H:LMKRQB5'&4/R|z!&w58Y�3'LM7.FGF{KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU�+u7.FGQR-W3�võ&4/E(�FGQE9R&G/R|�7D/�-��,5'-�/S9B-09�-��BKSH:/R-�/b5�$8-�KE$'-W36-0/:5X7u58&GH:/7D/E92F4H.|:7.$'&G5'YELx&)(C$'-0KR$'-W36-0/b587u58&GH:/E3{QE3'&G/R|MhiHD58YZ�E�,-W9 7D/E9_}EH:7D5'&4/R|MKSH:&G/b5�/,QRL�hS-0$830?

��YR&GF4-@&G5J&)3C3'&4LxKEFG-�58Hn&4LxKEFG-0Lx-0/b50vÈFGH:|:7.$'&G5'YRLM&)(�7D$8&w58YRLM-�58&4(�(07D/hi- " _u\e_3u�5'&4Lx-W336F4HuzP-0$<5'YE7./�3V58$87.&G|:Y:5õKR$8H.hS7DhR&4FG&G5VU@7.$'&G5'YRLM-�5'&)(Dv:9R-�Ki-�/E9B&4/R|�H:/�58YR-J3'KS-0-09xHDNi5'YE-C}EH:7D56\&G/R|xKiH.&4/:5{QR/R&G5>7./E9M58YR-CL�7D5'YyF4&4hR$87.$'UxKR$8Hu+,&49B-W9Mz!&w58Yn58YR-CH:KS-0$87D5'&4/R|@3'UB3V58-�L ?<��YR-�/(�H.LMKRQR587u58&GH:/�58&GLM-x&43[7u5�7nKR$8-�LM&4QRL vi5'YR-0/�5'YE-�LMH:365�- � -0(�58&G+:-�3'H.F4QB5'&4H./�&43C5'HZKS-0$'&G\H,9R&4(07DF4FGUy38(�7.FG-C5'YE-�KR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�+u7.FGQR-W3>&G/258YR-?& $ Ø [ 7D/E9'o $ Ø [ 7.$'$X7cUB3�58HU|.-�-0Ky58YR-�L &G/7D/7.(0(�-�KR587DhEFG-�$X7D/R|:-.?

]>YR-<N�H.F4FGHuz!&4/R| (n) ¡L*?¢�¡-,X.Wf¥T^¢10¨�M,X..�j/�¢�0n2k¢�£k� W)\�KR$'HB(�-09BQR$8-õ(�H:LxKEQB5'-W3E�ËWo��A*ZY^Ì�� �:\z!&w58Y�736&4|./R&G�S(07D/b5'F4U�$8-09BQE(�-09�$8&43.|�H.N{QR/S9B-�$.}EHuz�?Z*B(07DF4&G/E|$'-W9BQE(�-W3[5'YR-y/bQEL@hi-�$�H.N

`:a

Page 34: ]>YR- $'-0LM7.&G/S9B- $>HDN 5'YR&)3>$8- KiH.$'5>( …pnylab.com/papers/sed/sed.pdf0 ! " " "} :\? :¥; " ¯^ · ± «&¿ ¤ ´

FGH:|"WÁ\J(07DF4F43�N�$'H:L�5'YR-�/bQEL@hi-�$�HDN%7:9R9B&G5'&4H./E39vUWX��wdúN\>5'HZ5'YE-@L�7u�B&4L@QRL /,QRL�hS-0$CH.N36U,[email protected])3�&4/�-�&G5'YE-�$P365'$8&4/R|ïvUW�L�7u��Wo�V*,úï\Z\�? } 36&4LM&GF)7D$%7.KRKR$8H:7:(XY�L�7cU@hi-�5X7d|:-�/M&G/M58YR-k ¢XT;mX*S¢�¡-,-.�f�T�¢�0Q�M,-.,�j/�¢�0�2f¢�£:� W)\>KR$8HB(�-W9BQR$8-.?(�) ¡+*S¢�¡-,-.Wf¥T�¢�0Q�M,-..��/�¢10�2k¢�£k�:¤ ��43 YEÌ53 �:¥¦¨§ &16 Ø 6 q > " Âj¦ q > " ÂMv hfj=q > u^¯^§7©]ª�« �`;�uV�l�l�Z�½^§ 0 q > " x ¦`Âj¦��å;Fu^ÂMv $ q > F4H.|"Wo�1�0����\fe v $ihfj Â7 § ©]ª�« xU;�uV�l�l�,ú: § ± µ ¤ x_ð "%8 �Íð " ¥?¾9& $ Ø [ ��;�u^Â�ÃA^§ ± µ ¤ x_ð " ¥?¾;& $ Ø [=<?> ��WoHM*.Y [ \@& $ Ø [ hkj Â�ÃC § ± µ ¤ �#ð " ¥S¾B& $ Ø [=<?> ��Wo $ *.Hm\& $ihfj Ø [ ÂQÃF^§ ± µ ¤ x_ð "%D �Íð " ¥?¾9& $ Ø [E<?> ��WX $ *ZY [ \@& $ihkj Ø [ hkj ÂQÃH^§ & $ Ø [ G > 0 Â�¦ <?> & $ Ø [ ¦�^§ & � Ø Ì�G > ��Wi�T\p¦3¦¨§?«¹¿ ­mÀ «)º ¤ &w3 v�¥lÂ

]>YR- +c7.$'&)7DhEFG- 0 3V58H.$8-03�5'YE-2$8-0(�&GKE$'HB(�7.FPH.N9� [ & $ihkj Ø [ 7D/S9�&)3xQE36-W9�58H�38(�7.FG- 7DF4FKR$'H:hE7DhE&GF4&w5VU�+u7DF4QR-03Q& $ Ø32 7u5�58&GLM-V��? } 3P7�$'-W36QEFw5Wv.58YR-�KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VU@+u7DF4QR-W3�& $ihfj Ø32 7u5õ58YR-KR$'-0+,&GH:QE3C5'&4Lx-�365'-0K�hi-�YE7c+:-�7:3C&GN%58YR-�U�36QRLMLM-09�5'H2QR/R&G5VU.?x]>YR-M+u7D$8&47.hRFG-�v $ 3V58H.$8-035'YR-�W�F4H.|b7D$8&w58YRL�HDN�58YR-M\�5'H.587DFõ38(�7.FG&4/R|�58YE7u5�YE7.3[hi-�-0/�7DKEKRFG&4-09�QRK�58H27./E9�&4/E(�F4QE9B&4/R|5'&4Lx-ï��?

]>YR-ZKE$'H:hE7DhR&4F4&w5VU��ËWo^$m*.Y [ � �:\�H.N�5'YR- KR$8-��E� KS7D&4$ 'o^$m*ZY [ /�&43M365'H:$'-W9�&G/�5'YR-�& $ Ø [7D$8$87cUM7D/E9n5'YR-úv $ +.-W(�58H.$%$8-�58QR$8/R-09yhbU (n) ¡L*?¢Ë¡-,-.Wf¥T�¢�0¨�B,-..�j/�¢�0n2k¢�£k� WÁ\�?õt^5!L�7cUxhi-(�H.LMKRQR5'-09 9B&4$8-0(�58FGU27.3 �ËWX $ *ZY [ � �:\A; & $ Ø [ -��,KËW ù v $ \p�]�Hx7c+.H.&)9xQR/E9B-0$Z}SHuz�v.58YR-JF4H.|b7D$8&w58YRL H.N�5'YR-CKR$8-��R��KR$8H.hE7.hR&4FG&G5VUx3'YRH:QRF49Mhi-�(�H.LMKRQR5'-09&G/E365'-W7.9 7.3

F4H.|f�!WX $ *ZY [ � �:\A; FGH:|�WJ& $ Ø [ \ ù v $ �=�HD58-5'YS7u5y7DF4F�& $ Ø [ 7./E9 v $ +u7DF4QR-03n7.$'- /R-0-09B-W9~5'H�(�H.LMKRQB58- 5'YR-�e +u7.FGQR-W3�&4/�58YR-f�T�¢�0Q�M,-.,��R�SE�BT�£Q¢�£-U )  �.�fp£k�MS WÁ\CKR$'HB(�-09BQR$8-.?

`.`