Upload
miena
View
228
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 1/49
Your Genes,Your
Choices: by Catherine
Baker Exploring the
Issues Raised by Genetic Research
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 2/49
New Genetics: One way to explore the topic of new
genetics and genetic research is tolook at it in terms of the ethical,legal, and social issues.
Ethical issues concern what is moralor right.
Legal issues concern theprotections that laws or regulationsshould provide.
Social issues concern how society as
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 3/49
Genetic Testing In the past few years researchers
have increased their knowledge totest for hundreds of geneticdisorders
More new tests are established allthe time
Tests are helpful for diagnosingdisorders in the young and adults
Tests are also useful in predicting
chances for an individual to come
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 4/49
Continue... They are also used by couples who
want to learn their risk of passing ongenetic disorders to any childrenthey may have.
Prenatal tests are done before birthto an embryo or foetus, to check for
genetic problems Test results can be definite but in
other cases they only suggest the
risk for developing a disorder.
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 5/49
Continue... One way of testing is to do a
medical exam
A person’s family history is studiedusing for example, pedigree, forclues as to how the disorder hasbeen passed down from generation
to generation. A blood sample can be obtained in
order to look at a person’s
chromosomes.
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 6/49
Concerns About
Genetic Testing
Great progress is been made ingenetic testing but it is slower in thetreatment of genetic disorders
Tests are available to give resultsbut treatment is lacking e.g..Huntington Disease
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 7/49
Genetic
Counselling: It is a medical speciality that helps
parents and prospective parentsevaluate and cope with their risk of passing a hereditary disorder to their
children It is important for anyone wanting to
obtain information about their genes
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 8/49
Continue... With counselling from professional
advisors, people can understand thefacts of their situation
Counsellors can help inunderstanding the limitations of thetests and how different test results
might affect them Counsellors can explain to people
what their choices are after they
know the results
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 9/49
Continue... Genetic counselling is a new field
and there’s a small number of trained genetic counsellors
New tests are coming out fasterthan new counsellors are beentrained
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 10/49
Genetic
Determinism: Genes have something, but not
everything, to do with disorders Misunderstanding that genes by
themselves determine what happens
to you is called geneticdeterminism
It can lead people to harmful and
unfair judgements about themselvesand others
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 11/49
Dealing with
Genetic
Knowledge Decisions we make on how to live
our lives will be influenced by
information we have about our genes Knowing one’s genetic profile is
helpful:
Suggests what health-related
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 12/49
Continue... Tips you off to have frequent
checkups for genetic conditions
Helps to plan life by avoidingbehaviours and substances thattrigger disease
Knowing one’s genetic profile cancreate problems:
Everyone has a number of problemgenes that they don’t know about
until a health problem surfaces
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 13/49
Continue... A piece of paper listing “problem”
genes could give a lot to worry about
People tend to limit their choicebased on fears
People may choose not to marry orbuild a career because of their“problem” gene or genetic profile
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 14/49
A Big Question! ! !
Whether children should be toldinformation about the genes theycarry or, if so, at what age theyshould be told
It is difficult for children tounderstand facts about genetics
such as the difference between arisk and a sure thing
There’s a possibility of
misunderstanding what they are told
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 15/49
Discrimination
Based on Genes
Information about “problem” genescan bring extra trouble e.g. Cost of health insurance
People with “problem” genes havebeen denied health insurance ordropped from their health plans.
Medical expanses are not covered
due to genetic conditions
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 16/49
Continue... People have been told that their
children will not be covered becausethey are at risk for inheriting geneticdisease
Number of such cases may increaseas genetic testing becomes more
common Some people are concern that
employers may use genetic
information to weed out workers who
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 17/49
Continue... The fear of being discriminated
against may lead people to refusegenetic testing even when it couldhelp diagnose, prevent or treat ahealth problem
They may be too afraid that the
information will be used againstthem; If that happens, then all thebenefits of genetic research could
come to nothing.
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 18/49
Genes and
Behaviour
The study of whether and how traitsfor behaviour are inherited is calledbehavioural genetics
Scientists have long tried to figure
out whether behaviour is shaped byour genes or by how we are raised. Itis called the question of “nature
versus nurture”
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 19/49
Continue...
Scientists agree that both genes(nature) and environment (nurture)
help make us who we are What no one knows is just how
nature and nurture work together
Researchers believe that genesshape our inborn frame of mind ortemperament
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 20/49
Prenatal Tests:
TypesI. Alpha-fetoprotein test (AFP)
A sample of the mother’s blood istaken to measure the amount of aspecial protein produced by thefoetus
Too much or too little of the proteinindicates that the genes may not beworking right
Therefore, the brain or spine of the
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 21/49
Continue...1. Enzymes
Foetal cells are checked for
presence of important enzymes Some diseases are caused when
the gene that gives the instructionsfor producing an enzyme doesn’t
work
If the production of the enzymeceases, an important body function
stops and this results into a disease
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 22/49
Continue...3. Ultrasound imaging
Ultrasound uses sound waves to
create an image of the baby insidethe mother
4. Amniocentesis (called “amnio” forshort) and chorionic villus
sampling (CVS)
These are tests that check fordefects in the chromosomes
Cells surrounding the foetus are
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 23/49
Continue... A special technique is used to
rearrange the chromosomes intopairs.
The picture that is created is called akaryotype which makes it easy tosee if any chromosomes are missing
or broken, or if there are any extrachromosomes
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 24/49
Reproductive
Technology Advances in prenatal testing have
come hand in hand with advances inmedically assisted ways of makingbabies; reproductive technology
Is often used to help people whohave problems conceiving children
Also is used to help people reduce
their risk of having babies with
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 25/49
Continue… Types:
2. Artificial Insemination
3. In vitro fertilization4. Ex utero genetic testing
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 26/49
DNA Typing: First introduced in the early 1980s
Turns DNA sample into a set of lines
The lines of one DNA sample can becompared to the lines of anothersample to see if they are alike
A match between two samples canbe made only if entire DNAsequences are compared
Hair, blood, saliva, semen, skin, and
nail clippings, because they all are
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 27/49
Uses For DNA
Typing: For identifying bodies; because DNA
lasts longer
To tell whether two people comefrom the same family
Gender identification and otherphysical characteristics
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 28/49
Continue… To prove innocence
To prove guilt
To identify relatives To prove fatherhood
To identify bodies
To identify soldiers To uncover history
To study human evolution
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 29/49
Issues of
Privacy Computers can store informationfrom millions of DNA samples
They can rapidly search through all
of this information to find matches Searching is done in the DNA data
bank where the samples are stored
Every time the police search theircomputer to find a match for someDNA evidence found at some crimescene, they are checking someone’s
DNA without permission
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 30/49
Continue… Owners of DNA samples are being
made permanent suspects, whichmeans that their privacy is invaded
Privacy is the “right to be left alone”or “the right to decide for yourself what information others can know
about you.” Also is the right to decide what
information you learn about yourself
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 31/49
Controls on DNA
Files: DNA information could end up in other
types of data banks Personal and medical information is
released in most cases such as, applyingfor a job, life or health insurance, credit,
financial aid, or government benefits If the results of any DNA tests become
part of your records, you may have torelease the information in order to obtain
needed services.
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 32/49
Continue… There are no laws concerning DNA
data banks No law which says that a blood
sample collected for one kind of DNAtesting can’t be used for anotherpurpose
No law that limits data bankemployees from snooping in yourfiles
No law that gives you the right to
check your DNA file to find out what
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 33/49
Eugenics: The word "eugenics" was coined by
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) todenote scientific endeavors to
increase the proportion of personswith better than average geneticendowment through selective matingof marriage partners
Is the science which deals with allinfluences that improve the inbornqualities of a race; also with thosethat develop them to the utmostadvantage (THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 34/49
Continue… Also defined as the use of genetic
knowledge to improve the humanrace
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 35/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 36/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 37/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 38/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 39/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 40/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 41/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 42/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 43/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 44/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 45/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 46/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 47/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 48/49
8/14/2019 Your genes your choices
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/your-genes-your-choices 49/49