YOUR BODY: FORM & FUNCTION

Key Terms

• Anatomy: body’s structure

• Physiology: function- how things

work

• Homeostasis: maintenance of stable internal environment

Calcium: highest mineral in body

99% in bone & teeth (structure)

Calcium important:

1. Structure- bones/teeth

2. Function: muscle contraction,

blood clotting

Bone Blood Muscles

Calcium

What happens when your blood calcium level starts to fall?

Blood calcium stimulus parathyroid glands (neck) Parathyroid hormone bones Blood (normal level) calcium

Return to normal blood calcium

Stop releasing parathyroid

hormone

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

What happens if bones continue to release calcium & not replaced in diet?

Not enough calcium in diet?

Bones calcium blood

Bone thinning: osteoporosis

Osteoporosis

• Peak bone mass: ages 16-30 • After 35-45 bone breakdown > bone formed • Bone density: African Americans > Caucasians Men > Women Smoking alcohol Weight bearing exercises, calcium

intake

Vitamin D

Some people don’t

get enough from:

1) Diet

2) Made in skin

(sunlight)

Vitamin D:

Important for

Calcium absorption

Low Vitamin D, bones

Lose calcium

Vitamin D

May also protect you against

• Cancer

• Heart disease

• Stroke

• Type 2 Diabetes

Vitamin D & sunlight- most of US:

November-February- Vitamin D: skin

Human Anatomy

• Dorsal (back) cavity: cranial (brain) & spinal cavities

• Ventral (front) cavity:

1. Thoracic : lungs and heart

2. Abdominal: stomach, liver, intestines

Partition: muscle sheet= diaphragm

Organ system

Body

Parts Organ

Tissue

Cells

Molecules Atoms

• Atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

• Molecule: H2O

• Organelle: mitochondria

• Cell: basic unit of life - heart muscle cell

• Tissues: cells together- common function (ex: heart muscle beating)

• Organ: different tissue types: special body function (heart): nervous + muscle tissue

• Organ system: several organs + tissues working together Example: cardiovascular system (heart + blood vessels + nervous tissue)

4 Tissue Types

1. Epithelium: covers surfaces

Examples: skin, inner lining blood vessels

2. Connective Tissue: support

Cells surrounded by “ground substance”: extracellular material

Example: bone & cartilage

Cells + ground substance (hard)

Example: blood cells + plasma (fluid)

3. Muscle Tissue: ability to contract (shorten)

Three types:

A) Skeletal

B) Cardiac

C) Smooth

Skeletal: striped (striated)- biceps

Cardiac (heart) muscle (striated): dies during heart attack

Smooth muscle: no striations Ex. Stomach, blood vessels, uterus, lung tubes

4. Nervous Tissue

Neurons Glial Cells

(impulses) Wrap around neurons: speed

nerve impulse

Also: “sense organs”: eyes, ears

Organs: Several different tissues

Animals in Research & Safety Testing

Saving Animals: tissue engineering

• In vitro testing: use cells from human donors

• Cells grown into tissue

• Example: “reconstructed human epidermis”

• Used for drug testing: pharmaceutical companies

Human Skin growing “in vitro”

Cosmetics Industry & Animal Testing

In 2009: “Only companies that don’t use animal testing can sell makeup in Europe” NY Times 11/20/07

Cosmetic companies: human skin harvested from cosmetic operations

Cosmetic Industry: L’Oreal- test safety cosmetics

• Alternative to skin

testing/sacrificing

thousands of

mice, dogs,

rabbits

Tissue Engineering

Cells + Matrix Materials

Grow together in vitro

Replacement

Trachea (wind pipe) Arteries

“Blood Vessels Grown from Patient’s Skin”

NY Times 10/9/07

Cytograft Tissue Engineering, California

Replace damaged blood vessels without rejection

Building a new heart from old tissue

• Adult rat heart- soak in chemicals

• Leave behind

structural

tissue

“skeleton”

• Add heart cells

from baby rat

• Produce new

beating/pumping heart

Cancer Cells Live Forever In Vitro

1951 Henrietta Lacks died

aggressive cervical cancer

at Johns Hopkins Baltimore

• Doc snip- cervical tissue:

gave to researcher

• Family not notified

• Her cells “Multiplied like

crazy and never died”

in vitro (NY Times 2/2/10)

• Her cells: “immortal”

• Named HeLa cell line

• HeLa cells research:

1. 1st Polio vaccine

2. Went into outer space:

study: zero gravity

3. Drug development:

Parkinson’s, leukemia,

influenza

11 organ systems: organs + tissues working together

#1 Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, glands (oil, sweat)

Function: protection, stable body temperature

#2 Skeletal: Bones, cartilage, ligaments

Function:

Support

&

Protection

#3 Muscular & # 4 Nervous systems

#3 Muscular system

Function: movement, posture, support

Produces heat: keeps us warm

#4 Nervous system: sends signals (impulses): brain, spinal cord, nerves

Sense organs (eyes & ears)

#5 Endocrine & # 6 Lymphatic Systems

#5 Endocrine System

Hormones: chemical messengers

Produced: endocrine glands

Example: Thyroid gland

Thyroid hormone

Speeds up metabolism

#6 Lymphatic system:

Lymphatic vessels: collect extracellular fluid blood

Immune cells: lymph nodes

protect against cancers, infections (bacteria)

#7 Cardiovascular &

#8 Respiratory Systems

#7 Cardiovascular System

• Heart, blood, blood vessels, bone marrow (makes red blood cells)

• Carries:

nutrients,

gases,

hormones,

wastes

#8 Respiratory System

• Lungs and air passageways

• Exchange

O2 & CO2

#9 Digestive & #10 Urinary Systems

#9 Digestive System

• 30 foot tube: mouth anus

• Digestion of food

• Absorption:

Nutrients & H2O

• Includes: pancreas,

Liver

#10 Urinary System

• Removes wastes

• Conserves H2O

#11 Male & Female Reproductive System

What are your vital signs?

• Temperature: 98.6 F

• Blood Pressure: 120/80

• Pulse: 72 beats/minute

• Respiration: 15-20 breaths/minute