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YOUNG CHILDREN’S EARLY LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT
DR. HAWLEY 2017
WHY LEARN ABOUT YOUNG CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT?
• AWARENESS OF DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
• AWARENESS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS
• PROMOTES PARENT/FAMILY EDUCATION
• REINFORCES PROTECTIVE MEASURES/FACTORS
2-4 MONTHS WHAT CAN I CAN DO??
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• BABIES PAY ATTENTION TO FACES-LOVE FACES
• BEGIN TO TRACK WITH EYES AND CAN RECOGNIZE FAMILIAR
PEOPLE FROM A DISTANCE
• MAKES CUES KNOWN
• RESPONDS TO PARENT/CARING ADULT/AFFECTION
• REACHES FOR OBJECT WITH ONE HAND
• HAND EYE COORDINATION (USES HANDS AND EYES TOGETHER
FOR PREFERRED OUTCOME-REACHING FOR A DESIRED ITEM
LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION
• COUES AND MAKES GURGLING SOUNDS
• TURNS HEAD TOWARDS SOUNDS
• BABBLES
• BABBLES WITH EXPRESSION (SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL)
• ALTERNATES CRIES TO GET NEEDS MET (TIRED, HUNGRY, IN PAIN,
FRUSTRATED)
GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• HOLDS HEAD UP
• PUSHES UP WHEN LAYING ON TUMMY
• LESS JERKY MOVEMENTS WITH ARMS AND LEGS
• PUSHES LEGS DOWN WHEN FEET ARE PLANTED ON A HARD
SURFACE
• MIGHT BE ABLE TO ROLL OVER FROM TUMMY TO BACK
• HOLDS AN OBJECT/TOY AND SHAKES IT
• BRINGS HAND TO MOUTH
• WHEN PLACED ON TUMMY PUSHES UP TO ELBOWS
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
WHAT CAN I DO…..
• BRIEFLY SELF SOOTHES (HANDS TO MOUTH/SUCK ON HAND)
• STARTS TO SMILE
• GAZES PARENT/PRIMARY CAREGIVER
AND …..
• SMILES AT PEOPLE
• COPIES SOME FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
• LIKES SOCIAL INTERACTION WITH PEOPLE
6-9 MONTHS WHAT I CAN DO…
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• LIKES TO PLAY AND BE WITH OTHERS
• IS SENSITIVE TO AND RESPONDS TO OTHERS EMOTIONS
• STRANGER ANXIETY EMERGES
• LIKES TO LOOK AT SELF
• LOOKS FOR HIDDEN OBJECTS /EXPLORES IN MIRROR
• PLAYS GAMES LIKE PEEK-A-BOO
• MOUTHS OBJECTS
• CAN DEFTLY MOVE ITEMS FROM ONE HAND TO THE OTHER
• PINCER GRASP- THUMB AND INDEX FINGER: PICKS UP A CHEERIO
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
• RESPONDS TO SOUNDS BY MAKING SOUNDS OF OWN
• WHEN BABBLING STRINGS VOWELS TOGETHER ( “AH, “EH, “OH)
• RECIPROCAL SOUND MAKING WITH PARENT/CAREGIVER
• TURNS HEAD TO NAME WHEN CALLED
• USES SOUNDS TO SHOW PLEASURE AND DISPLEASURE
• CONSONANT SOUNDS EMERGE “(MMMM” “BBBB”)
• UNDERSTANDS NO
• COPIES SOUNDS AND MIMICS GESTURES
• USED FINGER TO POINT AT ITEMS
• EXPLORES SOUNDS SUCH AS “BABABABABA AND MAMAMAMA
GROSS MOTOR AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• ROLLS OVER IN BOTH DIRECTIONS (FRONT TO BACK AND BACK TO
FRONT)
• STARTS TO SIT WITHOUT SUPPORT
• ROCKS BACK AND FORTH-PRE CRAWLING INDICATORS
• ROCKS BACK AND FORTH BEFORE FORWARD MOVEMENT
• WHEN STANDING SUPPORTS WEIGHT ON LEGS
• BOUNCES WHEN STANDING WITH SUPPORT
• STANDS HOLDING ONTO PEOPLE/FURNITURE
• CRAWLS
• POSITIONS SELF IN SEATED POSITION
• SITS WITHOUT SUPPORT
SOCIAL EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• KNOWS FAMILIAR FACES
• KNOWS IF SOMEONE IS A STRANGER
• LIKES SOCIAL INTERACTION/PLAY
• LIKES TO LOOK AT SELF IN MIRROR
• RESPONDS TO OTHERS EMOTIONS
• STRANGER ANXIETY IS COMMON
• CLINGY WITH FAMILIAR ADULTS
• HAS PREFERRED TOYS/ITEMS
1-YEAR WHAT I CAN DO…..
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• EXPLORES ITEMS: BANGS, SHAKES, THROWS
• FINDS HIDDEN OBJECTS (OBJECT PERMANENCE IN PLACE)
• PLACES THINGS IN AND OUT OF A CONTAINER
• BANGS TWO ITEMS TOGETHER
• IDENTIFIES WHAT TO DO WITH ITEMS (SIPS FROM CUP, PUTS
SPOON TO MOUTH, PLACES BRUSH TO HAIR)
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
• USES SIMPLE GESTURES (ARMS UP FOR PICK ME UP, WAVE BYE BYE,
SHAKES HEAD NO)
• RESPONDS TO SIMPLE REQUESTS
• USES DIFFERENT TONES WHEN EXPERIMENTING WITH SOUNDS
• SAYS MAMA, DADA, AND EXCLAMATIONS LIKE “UH OH”
• TRIES TO IMITATE WORDS HEARD (APPROXIMATIONS)
ADD PIC
• LOOKS AT A PICTURE/ITEM WHEN NAMED
• COPIES GESTURES
• INCREASED INDEPENDENCE SKILLS
• POINTS AND POKES AT THINGS WITH INDEX FINGER
• FOLLOWS ONE STEP DIRECTIONS (GIVE ME THE BALL)
GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• MAY TAKE A FEW STEPS WITHOUT FALLING
• MAY STAND ALONE
• PULLS TO STAND, WALKS/CRUISES HOLDING ONTO FURNITURE
• CAN GET INTO A SITTING POSITION WITHOUT HELP
SOCIAL EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• CAN BE NERVOUS AROUND STRANGERS
• SHOWS FEAR IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS
• HANDS YOU A BOOK OR A TOY WHEN WANTS TO ENGAGE IN
READING OR PLAY
• HAS PREFERRED ITEMS AND PEOPLE
ADD PIC
• PUTS OUT ARM/LEG TO HELP WITH DRESSING
• PLAYS SIMPLE GAMES (PEEK-A-BOO” AND PAT-A-CAKE”)
• REPEATS SOUNDS AND ACTIONS TO GET ATTENTION
• CRIES WHEN MOM, DAD, CAREGIVER LEAVES
18 MONTHS- WHAT I CAN DO
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• POINTS TO GET THE ATTENTION OF OTHERS
• CAN FOLLOW SIMPLE ONE-STEP DIRECTIONS WITHOUT USE OF
PHYSICAL GESTURES
• POINTS TO OWN BODY PART (EXAMPLE: WHERE ARE YOUR FEET?)
ADD PIC
• CAN USE CRAYON/PEN TO SCRIBBLE
• KNOWS WHAT FAMILIAR AND BASIC OBJECTS ARE (PHONE, BRUSH,
BOWL)
• EMERGENT PRETEND PLAY (FEEDING DOLL/STUFFED ANIMAL)
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
• HAS SEVERAL SINGLE WORDS
• SAYS NO AND CAN SHAKE HEAD “NO”
• POINTS TO SHOW WHAT HE/SHE WANTS
GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• CAN WALK ALONE
• MIGHT BE ABLE TO WALK UP STEPS
• MIGHT BE ABLE TO RUN
• CAN PULL A TOY WHILE WALKING
• CAN HELP UNDRESS SELF
• DRINKS FROM A CUP
• EATS WITH A SPOON (OR LIKE UTENSIL)
SOCIAL EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• GIVES ITEMS TO OTHERS TO INITIATE PLAY
• TEMPER TANTRUMS ARE COMMON
• CLINGS TO CAREGIVERS IN NEW SITUATIONS
PIC
• POINTS TO SHOW SOMETHING OF LIKING/INTEREST
• EXPLORES ALONE BUT WITH PARENT/CAREGIVER CLOSE BY ACTING
AS A “SECURE BASE”
• SIMPLE IMAGINATIVE PLAY
2-YEARS WHAT I CAN DO…
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• BEGINS TO SORT SHAPES AND COLORS
• SEEKS FOR WANTED OBJECTS
• COMPLETES SENTENCES AND RHYMES IN FAMILIAR STORY BOOKS
• SHOWS HAND DOMINANCE
ADD PIC
• CAN FOLLOW TWO-STEP DIRECTIONS (PICK UP THE BALL AND PUT
IN ON THE CHAIR)
• NAMES ITEMS IN A PICTURE BOOK (DOG, CAT, DUCK)
• CAN STACK/BUILD WITH FOUR OR MORE BLOCKS
• PLAYS SIMPLE IMAGINARY GAMES
LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION
• KNOWS NAMES OF FAMILIAR PEOPLE
• KNOWS NAMES OF BODY PARTS
• USES SENTENCES WITH 2-4 WORDS
• FOLLOWS SIMPLE DIRECTIONS
• REPEATS WORDS WHEN HEARD IN A CONVERSATION
• POINTS TO ITEMS IN A BOOK
** DATA FACT AN AVERAGE TWO YEAR OLD HAS A WORD BANK OF
50 WORDS
GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• KICKS A BALL (OFTEN WITH PREFERRED LEG)
• STARTS TO RUN
• CAN WALK ON TIP TOES
• CAN WALK UP AND DOWN STAIRS WITH SUPPORT (HOLDING ON)
ADD PIC
• CLIMBS ON FURNITURE WITHOUT SUPPORT
• CAN THROW A BALL OVERHEAD
• CAN COPY STRAIT LINES AND CIRCLES (EMERGENT YOUNGER
TWO’S)
SOCIAL EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
“ IF I GIVE IT TO YOU AND CHANGE MY MIND LATER IT’S MINE”
“IF I CAN TAKE IT AWAY FROM YOU IT’S MINE”
“IF IT’S MINE IT WILL NEVER BELONG TO ANYBODY ELSE, NO MATTER WHAT.”
“IF WE ARE BUILDING SOMETHING TOGETHER, ALL THE PIECES ARE MINE”
“IF IT LOOKS LIKE MINE IT’S MINE”
“ IF IT BREAKS OR NEEDS PUTTING AWAY ITS YOURS”
THE TODDLERS CREED
• LIKES TO BE AND GETS EXCITED TO BE AROUND OTHER CHILDREN
• SHOWS MORE INDEPENDENCE AND LIKES TESTING NEW FOUND
SKILLS
• SHOWS DEFIANT BEHAVIORS/TESTS THE LIMITS
• PARALLEL PLAY AND SOME INTERACTIVE RECIPROCAL PLAY
• IMITATES OTHERS (ADULTS AND CHILDREN)
3-YEARS WHAT I CAN DO….
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• CAN ENGAGE IN MAKE BELIEVE PLAY
• CAN MANIPULATE SMALL TOYS, LARGER BUTTONS, LEVERS,
MOVING PARTS
• CAN COMPLETE LARGE 3-4 PIECE PUZZLE
• COPIES CIRCLE WHEN DRAWING
• TURNS PAGES OF BOOK ONE AT A TIME
• CAN BUILD A TOWER WITH BLOCKS (6 OR MORE)
• TURNS DOOR HANDLE
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
• CAN NAME FAMILIAR OBJECTS/PEOPLE
• UNDERSTANDS CONCEPT OF “IN, ON, UNDER”
• CAN SAY NAME, SEX, AGE
• CAN NAME A FRIEND
• SAYS “I, ME, WE, YOU”
PIC
• SAYS SOME PLURALS (CARS, DOGS, DUCKS, CATS”
• CAN PARTICIPATE IN A CONVERSATION USING 2-3 SENTENCES
• FOLLOWS 2-3 STEP DIRECTIONS
• TALKS WELL ENOUGH FOR MOST STRANGERS TO UNDERSTAND
GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• RUNS WITH EASE
• CLIMBS WELL
• CAN PEDAL ON A TRICYCLE
• DRESSES AND UNDRESSES SELF (MAY STILL NEED ASSISTANCE)
• WALKS UP AND DOWN STAIRS, ONE FOOT ON EACH STEP
SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL
• TAKES TURNS IN GAMES
• SHOWS AFFECTION AND EMPATHY FOR FRIENDS AND FAMILY
• UNDERSTANDS THE IDEA OF “MINE, HIS, HERS”
• CAN SEPARATE FROM PARENTS/PRIMARY CAREGIVER
• CAN GET UPSET WHEN ROUTINE CHANGES
• DISPLAYS A WIDE RANGE OF EMOTIONS
4-YEARS WHAT I CAN DO
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• CAN NAME COLORS
• CAN NAME SOME NUMBERS AND LETTERS
• UNDERSTANDS THE IDEA OF COUNTING
• STARTS TO UNDERSTAND TIME SEQUENCE
• REMEMBERS PARTS OF STORIES
• UNDERSTANDS THE CONCEPT OF SAME AND DIFFERENT
• CAN DRAW A PERSON WITH 2-4 BODY PARTS
• CAN USE SCISSORS
• STARTS TO COPY CAPITAL LETTERS
• PLAYS BOARD GAMES/SIMPLE (IF ACCESS TO)
• CAN PROJECT WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN NEXT IN A BOOK/STORY
LANGUAGE &COMMUNICATION
• SINGS SONGS FROM MEMORY
• TELLS STORIES
• KNOWS BASIC RULES OF GRAMMAR SUCH AS; “HE AND SHE”
• CAN TELL YOU FIRST AND LAST NAME
• ENGAGES IN RECIPROCAL DIALOGUE WITH PEERS AND FAMILY
GROSS AND FINE MOTOR
• CAN CATCH A BOUNCED BALL MOST OF THE TIME
• HOPS AND STANDS ON ONE FOOT FOR UP TO 2 SECONDS
• CAN USE THE TOILET ON OWN
• CAN POUR AND CUT WITH SUPPORT AND SUPERVISION
• CAN EAT AND MASH FOOD ON OWN WITH UTENSILS
• CAN USE PENS, CRAYONS, PENCILS
SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL
• EXPANDS ON CREATIVE PLAY
• PREFERS PLAYING WITH PEERS OVER PLAYING SOLO
• LIKES TO DO NEW THINGS
• HAS TROUBLE DISTINGUISHING REAL FROM MAKE BELIEVE
• COOPERATES WITH OTHER CHILDREN
• TALKS ABOUT LIKES AND DISLIKES
5-YEARS WHAT I CAN DO
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• CAN COUNT 10 OR MORE THINGS
• CAN PRINT SOME LETTERS AND NUMBERS
• UNDERSTANDS HOW THINGS ARE USED (FOOD, MONEY, ETC.)
• CAN COPY SIMPLE SHAPES
• CAN DRAW A PERSON WITH AT LEAST SIX BODY PARTS
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
• SPEAKS CLEARY
• CAN TELL A SIMPLE STORY USING FULL SENTENCES
• USES THE FUTURE TENSE (MY MOM IS COMING AT….)
• CAN SAY NAME FIRST AND LAST AND MIDDLE IF APPLICABLE
• KNOWS HOME ADDRESS (IF APPLICABLE)
GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• CAN STAND ON ONE FOOT FOR 10 SECONDS OR LONGER
• CAN DO A SOMERSAULT
• USES A FORK AND SPOON AND OR APPLICABLE UTENSILS TO
CULTURE/FAMILY EATING PREFERENCES
• HOPS
• MAY BE ABLE TO SKIP
• CAN USE THE TOILET ON OWN
• CAN SWING AND CLIMB
SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL
• WANTS TO DO WHAT FRIENDS ARE DOING
• WANTS TO PLEASE PEERS
• MORE LIKELY TO AGREE WITH RULES
• IS AWARE OF GENDER
PIC
• CAN TELL WHAT’S REAL AND WHAT’S MAKE-BELIEVE
• SHOWS MORE INDEPENDENCE
• CAN BE DEMANDING AND PERSISTENT
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES RESOURCES
ZERO TO THREE – NATIONAL CENTER FOR INFANTS, TODDLERS, AND
FAMILIES
• HTTP://WWW.ZEROTOTHREE.ORG/ABOUT-US/AREAS-OF-EXPERTISE/FREE-
PARENT-BROCHURES-ANDGUIDES/AGE-BASED-HANDOUTS.HTML
CDC DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
• HTTP://WWW.CDC.GOV/NCBDDD/ACTEARLY/MILESTONES/INDEX.HTML
FOR FOLLOW UP
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