Current and Future Development in

Networks and Communications

Name : ___________________________

Form : 4 Alamanda

Subject : Information and Communication Technology ( ICT )

Teacher :

1.0 Introduction

A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices.

For example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras.Communications

is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver whilst

Computers communicate with digital signals. The older forms ofcommunications

technology, such as telephones and radios, use analog signals and others.

2.0 Mobile Computing

2.1 Definitions

Mobile computing is a generic term describing one's ability to use technology while

moving as opposed to portable computers, which are only practical for use while

deployed in a stationary configuration. Many types of mobile computers have been

introduced since the 1990s, including the:

‡ Wearable computer

‡ Personal digital assistant/Enterprise digital assistant

‡ Smartphone

‡ Ultra-Mobile PC

2.2 Specification, services, and frequencies of Mobile Computing

APPLE iPHONE 4S

Specifications

UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA,

GSM/EDGE,

CDMA EV-DO Rev. A,

WiFi,

Bluetooth 4.0 wireless technology

Services

Web Browsing,

Camera, Video & Photo,

Mail Attachment Support,

Sensors, Language and keyboard support,

Dictionary support

Frequencies

UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA (850, 900, 1900, 2100

MHz);

GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)

CDMA EV-DO Rev. A (800, 1900 MHz)4

802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi (802.11n 2.4GHz only)

3.0 Internet technology and services

3.1 VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general term for a family of transmission

technologies for delivery of voice communications over IP networks such as the Internet

or other packet-switched networks. Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous

with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB),

broadband telephony, and broadband phone.

Internet telephony refers to communications services-voice, facsimile, and voice-

messaging applications-that are transported via the Internet, rather than the public

switched telephone network (PSTN). The basic steps involved in originating an Internet

telephone call are conversion of the analog voice signal to digital format and

compression/translation of the signal into Internet protocol (IP) packets for transmission

over the Internet; the process is reversed at the receiving end. VoIP systems employ

session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio

codes which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via

an audio stream. Codec use is varied between different implementations of VoIP

(and often a range of codes are used); some implementations rely on narrowband and

compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codes.

3.2 BLOG

A blog is a type of website, usually maintained by an individual with regular

entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video.

Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. Many blogs provide

commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online

diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and

other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an

interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual,

although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketches (sketchblog),

videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting). Micro-blogging is another type

of blogging, featuring very short posts.

4.0 Types of Network

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their

scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers are:

• PAN

• VPAN

• WLAN

• WiMAX

4.1 PAN

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among

computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one

person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a

PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for communication among the personal

devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level

network and the Internet (an uplink). Personal area networks may be wired with computer

buses such as USB and FireWire. A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be

made possible with network technologies such as IrDA, Bluetooth, UWB, Z-Wave and

ZigBee.

4.2 VPN

A Virtual Private Networks (VPN) utilizes public telecommunications networks

to conduct private data communications. Most VPN implementations use the Internet as

the public infrastructure and a variety of specialized protocols to support private

communications through the Internet.

A VPN provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their

organizations network. A virtual private network can be contrasted with an expensive

system of owned or leased lines that can only be used by one organization. The goal of an

VPN is to provide the organization with the same capabilities, but at a much lower cost.

4.3 Wireless LAN (WLAN)

A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless local area network that links two or more

computers or devices using spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation technology based to

enable communication between devices in a limited area. This gives users the mobility to

move around within a broad coverage area and still be connected to the network.

HOME

WORKSTA

TION

BRANCH

OFFICE

INTERNET

HUB

4.4 WiMAX

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a communications technology that

uses radio spectrum to transmit tens of megabits per second in bandwidth between digital devices such

as laptop computers. Similar to WiFi, WiMAX brings with it the ability to transmit over far greater

distances and to handle much more data.

5.0 Conclusion

The digital world involving and the trends are changing, making the world faster

ever before and technology more stable. Mobility is all about today’s world which took

birth with the invention of the first pager in 1956 by the Japanese.

New technologies are being implemented, tested and applied in mobile computing

making us and the future another step closer. The internet is also getting better along the

lines of the information age. Meanwhile, types of network available for us is making

computer networks and communications the new man’s best friend.

The computer networks and communications are expanding rapidly each and

every day making the sharing of information easier and faster. Mobile computing is now

getting more high-tech by the day and now focused in small, medium and large

businesses, and hence becoming a competitive industry in the global market. Mobile

computing may be beneficial to the environment as less transportation will be utilised.

This mobility aspect may be carried further in the people will interact via mobile stations,

eliminating the need to venture outside pf the house.

In conclusion, the future of mobile computing looks increasingly exciting with the

emphasis on compact, small mobile computers that it may also be possible to have all the

practicality of a mobile computer in the size of a hand held organizer or even smaller.

The working lifestyle will change, with the majority of people working from home, rather

than commuting.

References:

•http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=mobile+computing&i=47137,00.as

p(28.072010)

• http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070629052817AASZjbY(28.072010)

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol(28.072010)

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog(28.072010)

•http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/a/network_types.htm(28.

072010)

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Area_Network(28.072010)

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN(28.072010)

• http://www.mariosalexandrou.com/definition/wimax.asp(28.072010)

• http://cell-phones.toptenreviews.com/smartphones/apple/apple-iphone-4s-details.html

(28.07.2010)