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The French and Indian War…
The North American Theater of the Seven Years’ War
Learning Targets
• You should be able to identify the major players in the French & Indian War
• You should be able to cite the four primary reasons why the French & Indian War began
• You should be able to analyze the reasons why Native Americans aligned with either the French or the British
• Homework: Reading Assignment #2
Just so you know…
• This conflict spanned the entire globe: Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines
• Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Portugal, Sweden, Saxony, Spain & Russia– We are going to focus on the North American
theater of war: The French & Indian War
Who were the major players?
The British The French
The Iroquois
Spanish, French & British Colonies circa 1700
British ColoniesNew France
New Spain
Disputed Areas
Boundary of Iroquois League
What were the major causes of tension?
1. Land, land, land–French & British coexist in North America
for nearly 100 years• BUT, both are seeking to expand their territory
–Problem: France and Britain both claim the Ohio River Valley as their own!• Zoinks!
2. Both French and British ignored the plight of the Native American–Results in animosity between the
Native American and the settlers• How did Britain and France differ in terms
of population in North America?• Great Britain also has many more settlers
than France resulting in greater enmity
What were the major causes of tension?
Review…
• Who were the three main players in the French and Indian War?
• What is the relationship between the Seven Years’ War and the French & Indian War?
• Cite two of the main conflicts we discussed yesterday regarding the tensions between the French & British in North America.
British ColoniesNew France
New Spain
Disputed Areas
Boundary of Iroquois League
What were the major causes of tension?
3. Religion– British settlers practiced what faith?• Denominations of Protestantism
– French settlers practiced what faith?• Catholicism
– What problem may this create?• British feared that their religious freedoms may be
limited with increased French presence on the continent, and allegiance to the Pope
What were the major causes of tension?
4. FUR! Namely, beaver fur!– Beaver Wars (1640 – 1701) fought between
French and their allies & Iroquois Confederation• French allies: Huron, Algonquians and the Mohicans• Iroquois: main trade partner = British (& Dutch)• Beavers growing scarce in Iroquois territories
because they were SO SUCCESSFUL…need new supply– Iroquois set their sights on the lands of the Algonquians in
the Ohio Valley and over the course of 50+ years set about terrorizing the lands
What were the major causes of tension?
4. FUR! Namely, beaver fur!– Uses for Beaver Fur:• Native Indians traded the beaver pelts for advanced
weapons, tools, beads, and European goods • Beaver hats = status symbol for position and wealth;
hat sales were extremely important source of income for English & French
What were the major causes of tension?
4. FUR! Namely, beaver fur!– Outcome of the Beaver Wars:– Iroquois realize the British are as dangerous as
the French and sign treaty with the French– Iroquois come to see that they held the balance
of power between the two European powers and could they used that position to their benefit
Make dams…not
war!
Native Americans Choose Sides
• Indians did not want to side with either, but had to make a choice
• Both France and Britain tried to gain Indian support
Choosing Sides
• French– Trappers– Traders– Lived amongst the
land– Married Native
American women– Adopted Native
American ways• Algonquin & Huron
• Britain– Lowered price of trade
goods– More powerful– Cleared land for farms– Ignored Indian rights– Enslaved Native
Americans• Iroquois– Enemies of Huron &
Algonquin (and still hostile from Beaver Wars)
British Advantages
1. Alliance between English and Iroquois Nation (6 Indian nations: Cayuga, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk and the Tuscarora).
2. Stronger army and navy, and better trained men
3. English settlers (1.5 million) outnumbered French settlers (75,000) 15x
French Advantages
1. Extensive system of forts in the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes region
2. Single system of command…– What about the colonists?
3. Better relationship with Native Americans due to trade (hunters, trappers and traders) and less settlement
4. French better suited to fighting in wilderness
British Disadvantages
• Colonies could not agree on a united defense
• 13 separate colonial assemblies could not act quickly
• Fighting “style”
French Disadvantages
• Difficult to defend• Smaller population
Review
• Identify the Native American nation that aligned itself with the British during the French & Indian War
• What were the 4 primary causes of the conflict?• Identify the advantages for the British? The French?• Identify the disadvantages for the British? The
French?• What was the immediate conflict before the start of
the French & Indian War?
Objectives
• After today you should be able to…– Cite and explain the specific events leading to
the French & Indian War– Analyze the ways in which the colonists tried to
work together to fight the French– Predict how William Pitt’s actions will lead to
future conflict within the British colonies
Throw Down…1747-1750
• Ohio Company formed by Virginian land speculators granted 200,000 acres by the king– What country did these men
pay allegiance to?
• France’s response: build forts along the Ohio River Valley and fortify with 2,000 soldiers
Throw Down…1753• Virginian governor’s
response: – Sends a guy named George
Washington to deliver a message:• “France, you better get out or
else.”• France’s reply: “You can’t make
us! You’re not the boss of us!”• Washington returns to Virginia
with his tail between his legs…
Oh no you didn’t!
Robert Dinwiddie
Throw Down…1754• Fast forward one year:– Governor sends Washington
and a crew (approx 36 men) to build a fort at the forks of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers…where is that?!?
– Problem: The French had already begun building a fort in the same place (500 men) • Named after the governor of
New France:
Go Steelers?!? Wait, who are the Steelers?
LOOK FAMILIAR?
What to do now?!?
• Washington moves his men 50 miles south to Great Meadow (Uniontown, Fayette Co.)
• May 28, 1754: Washington surrounds French forces (35 men) with the help of the Seneca Indian chief (Iroquois nation)– French had 13 casualties and 21 captured– British had 1 casualty and a few wounded
• Became known as Jumonville Glen after the French leader killed there– First battle of the war…holla!
Jumonville Glen
Jumonville Today
Hmmm…what to do now?!?
Fort (of) Necessity
• In five days, Washington and his troops (approx. 300) build a fort (June 3, 1754)
• One month later, on July 3, 600 French and 100 Indians surrounded Washington and his men.• British casualties much worse than French.• At midnight, signed truce
• …Although it was in French and Washington couldn’t read French!
• Stated the G. Wash had Jumonville assassinated• Washington surrendered fort to French.
Solid American craftsmanship???
The Albany Congress, June 19th – July 11th, 1754
• The first meeting of the colonies to discuss forging a union of the 13 colonies– 7 of the 13 attended: • CT, MD, MA, NH, NY, PA & RI
• Proposed union: each state would send delegates to the council, a president would be elected
The Albany Plan of Union
• Proposed by Benjamin Franklin
• Focus: Indian relations, military preparedness, trade regulations–Albany Congress say,
“Heck yeah…”–But the individual
colonies REJECT the plan…why?
This is what I looked like during the French &
Indian War!
Interpretation?
General Edward “Bulldog” Braddock
• Braddock sent to by the British crown to serve as commander in chief of the British forces in North America against the French
• First Objective: seize Fort Duquesne– Use to fighting in the open fields of Europe in
columns or lines; very structured• Movement was slow:– Pack animals, road needed to be built, supplies
from colonies did not arrive, many soldiers fell ill
– Left many soldiers behind as well
General Edward “Bulldog” Braddock
• Commanded 700 colonial militiamen (whom he regarded disdainfully) and 1,400 British regulars
• Moved across the Alleghenies from Cumberland, Maryland, building a road– Braddock’s Trail today.
• Movement was slow:– Pack animals, road needed to be built, supplies
from colonies did not arrive, many soldiers fell ill
– Left about 1/3 of his British regiments behind
Benjamin Franklin Describes General Edward Braddock
"This general was, I think, a brave man, and might probably have made a figure as a good officer in some European war. But he had too much self-confidence, too high an opinion of the validity of regular troops, and too mean a one of both Americans and Indians. ...
"I ventured only to say, ' ... The only danger I apprehend of obstruction to your march is from ambuscades of Indians, who, by constant practice, are dexterous in laying and executing them. ... ’
"He smiled at my ignorance, and replied, 'These savages may, indeed, be a formidable enemy to your raw American militia, but upon the King's regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is impossible they should make any impression."
This
Will NOT work here!
I should’ve listened to Ben
Franklin…maybe then I wouldn’t
have DIED!
• July 9, 1755: French learn of his advance– While crossing Monongahela River,
Braddock met by a force of 900 men– Braddock was attacked near – Massacred by the French and Indians
• Casualties– 1,459 engaged, 977 were killed or
wounded– French & Native casualties: 9 killed
• Braddock mortally wounded; Washington ordered the retreat
Disaster at Fort Duquesne
Hey guys!
The Fall of Braddock (1755)
Tally-ho!
Braddock’s Burial
DEAD
Braddock’s Grave
The Seven Years’ War
• May 1756: Britain formally declares war on France:–Allied selves with Austria and Prussia–Fighting spread to West Indies, India and
Europe
William Pitt
• 1757 – Britain’s new Prime Minister– Pitt believed that to win control of the overall
war, he needed to win the front in North America– Sent Britain’s best generals to North America– Sent more supplies and men to North America
• BUT – Forcibly recruited colonists– Seized supplies and equipment from local
farmers and tradesmen– Compelled colonists to offer shelter to British
troops
The British Turn the Tide
• 1758 –British win many key victories (which we
will NOT focus on!)• Louisburg (use of navy to control the seas)• Frontenac• Fort Duquesne captured by the British and
renamed Fort Pitt• Niagara• Crown Point• Ticonderoga
The British Turn the Tide
• 1759: British capture Quebec (capital of New France)– British sneak up cliff (Plains of Abraham) outside
of Quebec on an unguarded trail and lay siege to the city for 3 months• 4,000 men on the side of the Brits
– Actual Battle lasts 15 minutes– General Wolfe defeats the French General
Montcalm (both die…no lols here!)• 1760: British take over Montreal• Fighting ends in North America..Woot!
Montcalm Wolfe
Dead
Dead
Plains of Abraham
Wolfe…Dead
How can I possibly go
on?
Montcalm…DeadI hope this doesn’t
take long…I’m kinda hungry!
12
3
5
46
6
1760 - War in North America is Over
Battle Worksheet
Treaty of Paris - 1763
• Marked the end of French power in North America– Transferred Canada and all other
French territory east of Mississippi to GB
– Ceded New Orleans and their claims west of Mississippi to Spain..• Also ceded territories in Africa, the
Mediterranean, and colonies in India…but held tight to Caribbean Islands – why?
Olé
Tally Sheet
• Britain now controlled:– Canada…au revoir “New France”– All lands east of the Mississippi River– Spanish borderlands (Florida)
• France only controlled:– A few islands in the Caribbean (regained
Martinique, Guadeloupe, and St. Lucia from GB)• Spain now secured: – All lands west of the Mississippi River
Consequences of the War
• Expanded England’s territorial claims in the New World
• Enlarged Britain’s debt• Tension between British and the
colonists:– Colonists didn’t put forth much effort
toward the war– Some colonists sold food and other
goods to the French in the West Indies
• England decides to restructure the empire – increasing British authority
The British
Consequences of the War
• Forced colonists to act in unison against a common foe
• Friction of 1756-1757 over British policies = unwanted British presence
• Important socializing experience for men who served in army
The Colonists
Consequences of the War• British victory was disastrous for Natives in Ohio Valley
• Iroquois:– British saw their wavering
support as duplicity – Iroquois alliance quickly
unraveled; Iroquois Confederacy crumbled by the end of the Revolutionary War
Quiz: French & Indian War
• 30 Points:–15 mulitple choice–3 essays (5 points a piece)• Study causes of the F & I War• Study terms of Treaty of Paris• Study Impacts of the War on Brits &
colonists
