You need performance Galactic makes it green

You need performance Galactic makes it green

NATURAL SOLVENTS

Galactic has developed a wide range of biosolvents with different solvent powers, high flash points and slow evaporation rates. All of our solutions are produced from natural ingredients and can replace traditional solvents.

www.lactic.com ENHANCING THE GENIUS OF NATURE

2 ENHANCING THE GENIUS OF NATURE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION p. 04

Market drivers p. 04 Leading-edge developments and tailor-made solvents p. 05

II. GALACTIC’S SOLUTIONS p. 06

1. Solution ranges: Galaster™ and Galasolv™ p. 062. Basic chemistry p. 06

A. Reactions p. 06B. Classification p. 07

3. Physico-chemical properties p. 07 A. Solubility and solvent power p. 08

B. Solubility of resins p. 09

C. Kauri-butanol index p. 10

D. Evaporation rate p. 10

E. Wettability p. 11

F. VOC or non-VOC: directives 1999/13/EC and 2004/42/EC p. 12

G. Water solubility (log P) p. 12

III. MAIN APPLICATIONS OF GALACTIC’S BIOSOLVENTS p. 13

1. Agrochemistry p. 132. Surface treatment p. 133. Electronics p. 144. Solvents p. 14

A. Resins in coatings, inks and adhesives p. 14

B. Additives in coatings p. 16

IV. OTHER BENEFITS p. 17

1. Health and safety p. 172. Environment p. 173. Cost-effectiveness p. 17

APPENDIX I: Resin dissolution with Galactic’s biosolvents p. 18

3BIOSOLVENTS

TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1: Physical-chemical properties of Galactic’s Galaster™ range p. 07

Table 2: Physical-chemical properties of Galactic’s Galasolv™ range p. 07

Table 3: Solubility of the Galaster™ solutions in various solvents p. 09

Table 4: Kauri-butanol index p. 10

Table 5: Evaporation rate p. 10

Table 6: Ethyl lactate versus ethylene glycol acetate p. 13

Table 7: Properties of the Galaster™ solutions in electronic applications

p. 14

Table 8: Summary of the main applications of the Galaster™ and Galasolv™ solutions

p. 16

Figure 1: Lactic acid molecule p. 05

Figure 2: Hansen solubility parameters of the Galaster™ solutions compared to traditional solvents

p. 08

Figure 3: Contact angle formed by a solvent drop and illustration of wettability

p. 11

Figure 4: Surface tension or wettability of the Galaster™ biosolvents on a PVC support

p. 11

Figure 5: Dissolution of a polyvinyl butyral resin by Galaster™ EL 98 (application: coatings of wood and metals)

p. 15

Figure 6: Dissolution of a polyvinyl chloride copolymer (application: varnishes and inks)

p. 15

Figure 7: Dissolution of a methyl methacrylate resin by Galaster™ EL 98 p. 15

Figure 8: Tests performed by CoRI with Galaster™ BL and Galaster™ EHL

p. 16

APPENDIX I: Resin dissolution with Galactic’s biosolvents p. 20


I. INTRODUCTIONSince 1994, Galactic has become one of the world leaders in biotechnology serving the food, feed, personal & health care and industrial markets. Based on its valuable experience in the fermentation of lactic acid and in the production of its derivatives, Galactic continuously develops sustainable, innovative and health-friendly solutions in the field of food safety, nutrition and green chemistry.

MARKET DRIVERS

As the global market for solvents is growing, the quantity of toxic emissions dangerous to the environment is rising. The environmental awarness about the use of polluting petroleum-based solvents is increasing and the demand for “green” solvents is also set to grow. Goverments are putting in place regulatory restrictions and manufacturers research and develop biological sources that are much less volatile and can reduce air pollution in order to comply with the environmental legislation and satisfy the rising demand for ecological products.

Galactic has developed a wide range of solutions to the biosolvents industry and focuses on four main trends:

Safe Green High Performance Industry compliance

Galactic esters are bio-sourced and sustainable produced through natural fermentation of sugar or maize glucose. Most of the alcohols used in the production of Galactic’s esters are biodegradable which enables the solvents to have a lower carbon footprint than the traditional petroleum-based solvents.

5BIOSOLVENTS

Galactic’s solvents are:

• Substitutes for a large number of polluting solvents, that are increasingly regulated in order to limit the environmental and health impact.

• Safe to handle, store and use. They do not present a risk when stored under normal conditions and must not be handled in a particular way. They are environmentally sound as they are biodegradable and non-polluting.

LEADING-EDGE DEVELOPMENTS AND TAILOR-MADE SOLVENTS

Galactic’s objective is to develop natural lactic acid-based solutions to replace dangerous and toxic ingredients. Since its creation, Galactic has acquired broad experience in Lactochemistry®.

Lactic acid allows different chemical reactions (esterification, condensation, oxidation, reduction, substitution, etc.). Thanks to its hydroxyl and acid functions, it can be used as a building block for an unlimited development of derivatives. Galactic offers standard solutions together with tailor-made formulations and solutions that possess the desired properties.

Galactic’s team has an expertise in production processes, the development of solutions and formulation chemistry and provides solutions to manufactures to simplify the innovation process.

Figure 1: Lactic acid molecule

Acid function(carboxylic group)

Alcohol funtion(hydroxyl group)


II. GALACTIC’S SOLUTIONS1. SOLUTION RANGES: GALASTER™ AND GALASOLV™

Galactic has developed two ranges of biosolvents to offer substitutes for the traditional solvents. The Galaster™ and Galasolv™ ranges have a high flash point and evaporate slower than traditional solvents. Some of them are completely soluble in water and are, for the most part, fully sustainable.

Galaster™ range is mainly composed by the following solutions.

Galaster™ ML: methyl lactate Galaster™ NPL: n-propyl lactate Galaster™ EL: ethyl lactate Galaster™ IBL: i-butyl lactate Galaster™ IPL: i-propyl lactate Galaster™ EHL: 2-ethylhexyl lactate

Galasolv™ range includes Galasolv™ 003, a fast-evaporating biosolvent blend (based on lactic ester).

Galactic is continuously developing new blends for customers for specific industries, for example solutions that have a weaker smell compared to the traditional solvents used in the industry.

2. BASIC CHEMISTRY

A. REACTIONS

Galactic produces biosolvents by reacting alcohol with lactic acid during the esterification reaction (condensation).

Where R1 is an alkyl, an i-alkyl or a sec-alkyl.

A meticulous control during the esterification reaction and separation processe enables Galactic to produce solvents with a low content of water, alcohol and acid. Galactic also makes other syntheses such as transesterification for some solutions of Galaster™ and Galasolv™ by using:a. Another lactic ester (usually methyl lactate or ethyl lactate)

b. A lactide (cyclic dimer of lactic acid)

HO HO

H3C H3C

O O

O O

R 1 R 2

+ HO R 2 + HO R 1

HO OH

OH3C

+ HO R 1

HO

H3C O

O R 1

+ H2O

HOCH3

H3C H3C

O

O

O

O

O

R

O

+ 2 HO R 2

7BIOSOLVENTS

B. CLASSIFICATION

All of the solvents of the Galaster™ range are:1. Organic2. Protic - The solutions of Galaster™ can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds thanks to the free hydroxyl

group.3. Polar - The longer the hydrocarbon chain of the alcohol used, the more the polarity of the solvent

decreases. This explains why Galaster™ EHL is not miscible with water (unlike Galaster™ EL).4. Oxygenated - Lactic esters have a hydroxyl group in addition to their ester bond.

3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Table 1: Physico-chemical properties of Galactic’s Galaster™ range

Solv

ent

Mol

ecul

arw

eigh

t

Han

sen

solu

bilit

ypa

ram

eter

s

Hild

ebra

ndso

lubi

lity

para

met

ers

Den

sity

Vis

cosi

ty

Flas

h po

int

Boili

ng p

oint

Vapo

urpr

essu

re

Part

ition

coef

ficie

ntlo

g P

Mis

cibi

lity

with

wat

er

Perc

enta

geof

rene

wab

lem

ater

ials

g/mol MPa1/2 g/cm3

(20°C)mPa.s(25°C) °C °C kPa

(20°C) Log ([octanol]_______[water] ) g/100 ml %

δd δp δh δ Galaster™

ML 97 104.1 17.6 8.59 12.95 23.48 1.090 2.9 55 144 0.34 -0.2 Miscible 80 or 100*

Galaster™EL 98 118.1 16.7 6.45 11.6 21.33 1.030 2.8 56 154 0.18 0.31 Miscible 100

Galaster™NPL 98.5 132.2 16.3 6.80 10.77 20.68 1.005 23 69 170 0.11 0.39 Miscible 55 or

100*

Galaster™IPL 98 132.2 15.8 6.81 10.77 20.30 0.991 22 60 157 0.17 0.39 Miscible 55 or

100*

Galaster™BL 97 146.2 15.9 4.60 10.49 19.60 0.980 3.9 79 187 0.03 1.1 4.5 49 or

100*

Galaster™EHL 98 202.3 16.0 2.15 8.27 18.14 0.940 32 113 247 0.002 3.3 0.03 36

*Depending upon customer needs, Galactic may offer these esters made with bio-sourced or petroleum-based organic alcohols.

Table 2: Physico-chemical properties of Galactic’s Galasolv™ range

Solv

ent

Mol

ecul

arw

eigh

t

Han

sen

solu

bilit

ypa

ram

eter

s

Hild

ebra

ndso

lubi

lity

para

met

ers

Den

sity

Vis

cosi

ty

Flas

h po

int

Boili

ng p

oint

Vapo

urpr

essu

re

Part

ition

coef

ficie

ntlo

g P

Mis

cibi

lity

with

wat

er

Perc

enta

geof

rene

wab

lem

ater

ials

g/mol MPa1/2 g/cm3

(25°C)mPa.s(25°C) °C °C kPa

(20°C) Log ([octanol]_______[water] ) g/100 ml %

Galasolv™003 118 2.8 <40 154 0,18 Miscible 100


A. SOLUBILITY AND SOLVENT POWER

Hansen solubility parameters determine if a solvent will be able to solubilise a substance, a polymer or a resin to form a homogenised solution. They give essential information on the solvent power.

The position of the Galaster™ range according to the Hansen solubility parameters are compared to traditional petroleum-based solvents on Figure 2. These solutions advantageously replace halogenated hydrocarbons, (such as chlorinated solvents), glycol ethers (and their acetates), but perform the same functions as alcohols and traditional esters and even ketones.

Figure 2: Hansen solubility parameters of the Galaster™ solutions compared to traditional solvents

0 5 10 15 20 25

25

20

15

10

5

Ethanol

Cyclohexanol

Octanol

Isoamyl alcohol

EGPE

EGME

EGEE

EGBE

DPGME

DEGME

DEGBE

PGMEA

EGEEA

Toluene Benzene

DMAC

DMF

NMP

DMSO

Methanol

Isopropanol

n-butanol

Diacetone alcohol

Ethylacetate

Methyl acetaten-butyl

acetate

THF

MIAK

MIBK

MEK

Acetone

Cyclohexanone

Xylene

Turpentine

HexaneCyclohexan

Methyl chloride Chloroform

Trichloroethylene

Galaster™ BL 97 - IBL 98

Galaster™ IPL 98-NPL 98.5 Galaster™ EL 98

Galaster™ ML 97

Galaster™ IAL 98

Galaster™ EHL 95

Polarity (MPa1/2)

Hyd

roge

n bo

nd (M

Pa1/

2 )

Aromatic 200 D-limonene

The Galaster™ solutions are miscible with a great number of traditional solvents such as alcohols, ketones, acetates, ethers and most hydrocarbons.

Alcohols Glycol ethers and acetates Ketones

Acetates Amides Aromatic hydrocarbons

Aliphatic hydrocarbons Chlorinated solvents D-limonene

Cyclic ethers and esters Organosulfur compounds Galaster™ and Galasolv™

9BIOSOLVENTS

Table 3: Solubility of the Galaster™ solutions in various solvents

Solvent Miscibility Solvent Miscibility

Alcohols Ketones

Methanol Acetone

Ethanol Methyl ethyl ketone

n-propanol Methyl isobutyl ketone

Isopropanol Methyl isoamyl ketone

n-butanol Cyclohexanone

n-pentanol Isophorone

Isoamyl alcohol Chlorinated solvents

2-ethylhexanol Ethylene dichloride

Octan-1-ol Methyl chloride

Octan-2-ol Chloroform

Cyclohexanol Trichloroethylene

Esters Aromatic hydrocarbons

Methyl acetate Xylene

Ethyl acetate Toluene

n-butyl acetate m-cresol

Dimethyl succinate Tetrahydrofuran

Propylene carbonate Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Glycol ethers and acetates Cyclohexane

2-ethoxyethanol (EGEE, Cellosolve™, ethylene glycol) n-heptane

2-n-butoxyethanol (EGBE, Butyl Cellosolve™, butylene glycol) n-hexane

1-methoxy-2-propanol (PGME, Dowanol™ PM, propylene glycol methyl ether) n-octane

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE, ethylene diglycol) Amides

1,2-dimethoxyethane (EG2ME, dimethylene glycol) N,N-dimethylacetamide

2-ethoxyethyl acetate (EGEEA, Ethyl Cellosolve™ Acetate, ethylene glycol acetate) Dimethylformamide

2-n-butoxyethyl acetate (EGBEA, Butyl Cellosolve™ Acetate, butylene glycol acetate) n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone

1,2-propylene glycol ethyl ether acetate (PGMEA, Dowanol™ PMA) Dimethylsulfoxide

2-(2-n-butoxyethoxy) ethanol acetate (DEGBEA, Butyl Carbitol™ Acetate)

All tests were made with both Galaster™ EL 98 and Galaster™ EHL 95 (high and low polarity). See Table 1 for the solubility in water.

B. SOLUBILITY OF RESINS

The Galaster™ range is very effective for the solubility of resins, be it used alone or in combination with other solvents. Studies were conducted in collaboration with world leaders in the sector. Appendix I presents a summary of our analyses.


C. KAURI-BUTANOL INDEX

The Kauri-butanol index (ASTM D 1133) measures the ability of a solvent to eliminate rubber residues, resin residues and other fatty substances. The higher the index, the more powerful the solvent: a value of approximately 20 indicates that the solvent is ineffective and a value greater than 100 that it is powerful.

Table 4: Kauri-butanol index

Solvent Value EvaluationGalaster™ EL 98 > 164 ExcellentMethyl chloride 136 ExcellentTrichloroethylene 130 ExcellentPerchloroethylene 93 Good1,1,1-trichloroethane 107 Excellentn-hexane 27 MediocreWhite spirit 31-33 MediocreTrichlorotrifluoroethane 31 MediocreToluene 84 Goodn-methyl-2-pyrrolidone > 300 Excellent2-Ethylhexyl lactate > 100 ExcellentButyl lactate > 100 Excellent

D. EVAPORATION RATE

Galactic uses the standard NF T 30-301 to determine the evaporation rate of a solvent. It takes butyl acetate as a reference (evaporation index Ibuac).

Solvents are ranked in three categories according to their evaporation rate:

- Slow drying, more than 30 minutes (Ibuac < 0.2)- Medium drying, between 1 and 30 minutes (0.2 < Ibuac < 1)- Rapid drying, less than 1 minute (Ibuac > 2)

Table 5: Evaporation rateSolvents Ibuac Categories Boiling point (°C)

Acetone 5.6 Rapid 56Ethyl acetate 4.1 Rapid 77.1Ethanol 1.6 Medium 79Toluene 2 Medium 110n-butyl acetate 1 Medium 126Galaster™ EL 98 0.22 Slow 153Galaster™ BL 97 0.035 Slow 187n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone 0.04 Slow 202Galasolv™ 003 n/a Rapid n/aGalaster™ EHL95 <0,001 Slow 247

In general, Galactic biosolvents solutions evaporate slowly compared to other solvents, thus constituting an advantage (extension of the open time) to varnish, paint, ink formulators.

11BIOSOLVENTS

E. WETTABILITY

The surface tension of a solvent can be obtained by measuring the contact angle formed by the tangent to the solvent drop and its support. The smaller the angle the greater the suface covered by it and the higher the wettability. Galaster™ EHL 95 has an excellent wettability even at concentrations below 5,000 ppm. In agrochemistry, it is used to enable a better wettability of active substances on crops.

Figure 3: Contact angle formed by a solvent drop and illustration of wettability

The wettability is regarded as good when the angle is less than 90°.

Figure 4: Surface tension or wettability of the Galaster™ biosolvents on a PVC support

<

<

>

>

>

ϒSL

ϒSG

ϴC

ϒLG

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 Concentration (ppm)

Water Galaster™ BL 97 Ethanol Green surfactant Galaster™ EHL 95

120

100

80

60

40

2020

0

Cont

act a

ngle

(°)

Poor Medium Excellent


F. VOC OR NON-VOC: DIRECTIVES 1999/13/EC AND 2004/42/EC

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a high vapour pressure at room temperature. The boiling point of these products is low and, thus, a great number of molecules evaporate when the product is liquid.

The European Union distinguishes two categories of VOCs and defines them:

• Certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products (directive 2004/42/EC) “Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250°C measured at a standard pressure of 101,3 kPa”.

• Certain activities and installations (directive 1999/13/EC) “Any organic compound having at 293,15 K a vapour pressure of 0,01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions of use”. According to directive 1999/13/EC, Galaster™ EHL 95 is non VOC as it’s vapour pressure is lower than 0.01 kPa at 20°C.

(See Table 1: Physico-chemical properties of Galactic’s biosolvents).

G. WATER SOLUBILITY (LOG P)

The Galaster™ range includes solutions that are fully soluble, partially insoluble and totally insoluble in water. This is indicated by log P (see Table 2: Physical properties of Galactic’s biosolvents).

Log P, also called partition coefficient octanol/water, measures the difference in solubility of an element in a mixture of octanol and water. It gives an indication of the hydrophilic (affinity for water) and hydrophobic (water repelling or incapable of mixing with water) properties of this element.

If log P is higher than 0, the element is more soluble in octanol than in water, which means it is hydrophobic. If log P is less than 0, it is hydrophilic.

The solubility in water is a key factor and determines which solution of the Galaster™ or Galasolv™ ranges will be more appropriate, chiefly for aqueous formulations and formulations that need a coalescing agent.

13BIOSOLVENTS

III. MAIN APPLICATIONS OF GALACTIC’S BIOSOLVENTSGalactic’s solutions are increasingly used in agrochemistry, in the treatment of surfaces and in electronics.

1. AGROCHEMISTRY

The solutions of the Galaster™ range are used as optically-pure reagents to synthesise active substances and as substitutes for traditional solvents to dissolve active substances in the oil phase of the formulations. As it was previously demonstrated, Galactic’s solvents improve the wettability of active substances on surfaces. According to the type of formulation, the solutions of the Galaster™ range (like Galaster™ EHL) replace certain compounds present in liquid-concentrated and emulsifiable solutions. Galactic biosolvents are very effective because of their excellent solvent power and their high boiling point, prolonging the contact time of active substances on weeds and insect parasites for instance.

2. SURFACE TREATMENT

The treatment of surfaces mainly consists in removing the most difficult contaminants, such as oils, fats, carbon, inks, waxes, dyes, and other type of residues.

Galactic offers solutions for industries in which various kinds of materials have to be cleaned correctly and rapidly such as in the aerospace, the railway and the automotive.

Traditionally, many harmful solvents are used in these industries, such as chlorinated solvents, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, standard or modified alcohols and hydrocarbonated solvents. The Galaster™ and Galasolv™ ranges effectively replace traditional solvents. They offer the advantage of being environmentally friendly, non-toxic and safe. They are used in different surface treatment processes such as cold cleaning and vapour degreasing in open or closed circuit. In these two systems, the solutions can be associated with ultrasonic transducers.

Galaster™ EL 98 is a perfect cleaner for printing presses. Because of its complete miscibility with water or other solvents, it is able to clean offset presses regardless of the type of ink (water or solvent-based). Galaster™ EL also replaces chlorinated solvents and aromatic solvents. As it has similar physico-chemical properties to certain glycol ethers, it ideally replaces ethylene glycol acetate.

Table 6: Ethyl lactate versus ethylene glycol acetate

Ethyl lactate Ethylene glycol acetate

Hansen solubility parameters

Dispersion forces (MPa1/2) 16.7 16Polarity (MPa1/2) 6.45 4.7Hydrogen bonds (MPa1/2) 11.6 10.6Other propertiesBoiling point 154°C 156°C

Evaporation rate 0.21 0.19


Methylene chloride, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and many other harmful solvents are widely used in the formulation of paint strippers. These solvents based on oil resources are hazardous and toxic. The solutions of the Galaster™ ranges are known to be excellent paint strippers and graffiti removers. Galaster™ EL 98 is ideal solvent to formulate strippers that are effective, safe for humans and environmentally friendly. If necessary, it is also possible to combine them with other green solvents. The recommended concentration of Galaster™ EL 98 varies between 40 and 60%w/w. Galactic’s research and development team remains at your disposal to advise you according to your needs.

3. ELECTRONICS

In the electronics industry, the solutions of the Galaster™ range are used in the formulations of photosensitive resins (in photolithography processes), in edge-bead removers and in the cleaning during the

manufacture of printed circuits and semiconductors. Photosensitive resins containing Galaster™ EL are used in the manufacturing of

microelectronic elements such as semiconductor chip or printed circuits.

Table 7: Properties of the Galaster™ solutions in electronic applications

Properties Unit Galaster™ EL2-ethoxyethyl acetate

1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate

Hansen solubility parameters

Dispersion forces MPa1/2 16.7 16 16.1

Polarity MPa1/2 6.45 4.7 6.1

Hydrogen bonds MPa1/2 11.6 10.06 6.45

Boiling point °C 154 156 146

Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 1) 0.21 0.19 0.33

4. SOLVENTS

A. RESINS IN COATINGS, INKS AND ADHESIVES

Galactic’s solutions are very effective solvents in all types of coatings, inks, varnishes or adhesives. The choice of the product depends

on the Hansen solubility parameters of the solvents to be substituted.

Because of their solvent power, the solutions of the Galaster™ range are able to dissolve a

great number of resins to produce solvent-based solutions such as acrylic resins, phenolic resins

and cellulosic resins (see appendix I).

15BIOSOLVENTS

Examples of substitutions:

106

105

104

103

102

10

14 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Dry matter (%)

Vis

cosi

ty (m

Pa.s

)

Galaster™ BL 97

Galaster™ EL 98

Galaster™ NPL 98.5

Figure 6: Dissolution of a polyvinyl chloride copolymer (application: varnishes and inks)

106

105

104

103

102

10

1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Dry matter (%)

235

823

3240

12530

56610

Characteristics of the resin Mn : 30 to 40,000 Hydroxyl content: 18 to 20% Butyral content: 75 to 81% Acetate content: 1 to 4%

Vis

cosi

ty (m

Pa.s

)

Figure 5: Dissolution of a polyvinyl butyral resin by Galaster ™ EL 98 (application: coatings of wood and metals)

Applications Coating for electrical insulation of wire, inks for flexographic and gravure, metal coating, nitrocellulose lacquers for wood.

Applications •• Plastic coatings, printing inks ••• Plastic coatings

106

105

104

103

102

10

1 0 10 20 30 40 50

Dry matter (%)

Vis

cosi

ty (m

Pa.s

)

Mn = 500,000

Mn = 300,000

Mn = 200,000

Mn = 180,000

Mn = 80,000

Figure 7: Dissolution of a methyl methacrylate resin by Galaster™ EL 98

Note: Evolution of the viscosity according to the concentrations of resins of different Mn.


According to these tests, Galaster™ EL 98 is non-flammable, the most effective solution to dissolve resins. It is also possible to use a solvent with a higher boiling point such as Galaster™ NPL 98.5 and Galaster™ BL 97. Galactic’s research team remains at your disposal for further information regarding other technical purposes.

B. ADDITIVES IN COATINGS

The solutions of the Galaster™ range are used as additives to improve the wettability. They control the evaporation in solvent-based formulations and play the role of coalescing agents in water-based formulations.

As described in Figure 4, Galactic recommends Galaster™ EHL 95 to improve the wettability. As the solutions of the Galaster™ range are solvents with low evaporation rate (high boiling point), they are effective for coatings. They improve the open time and, thus, the formation of a homogeneous film.

In collaboration with CoRI (Coatings Research Institute), Galactic has proved that Galaster™ BL 97 and Galaster™ EHL 95 are equally, or more effective, coalescing agents than the traditional solutions such as glycol ether, texanol, etc.

Figure 8: Tests performed by CoRI with Galaster™ BL and Galaster™ EHL

Evolution of the Persoz hardness through time

125

100

75

50

25

0 1 day 7 days 28 days

Pers

oz h

ardn

ess

(s)

Reference (Texanol™) Galaster™ BL Galaster™ EHL

10

8

6

4

2

0

Bloc

king

resi

stan

ce in

dex

Method used: ASTM D4946-89

Blocking resistance

20

19

18

17

16

15 Method used: ISO 11998

Loss

of t

hick

ness

(%

)

Scrub resistance (washability)

Table 8: Summary of the main applications of the Galaster™ solutions

Gal

aste

r™ M

L 97

Gal

aste

r™ E

L(d

iffer

ent g

rade

s)

Gal

aste

r™ N

PL 9

8.5

Gal

aste

r ™ B

L 97

Gal

aste

r™ E

HL

95

Agrochemistry + +

Cleaning

Paint strippers and graffiti removers + ++

Cleaning of metal surfacesOpen system + + +

Closed system ++ +

Electronics ++

Solvents

Solvent for resins in inks, varnishes, coatings and adhesives

Polar resins + ++ ++ + Hydrocarbon resins + +

Additives in inks, varnishes, coatings and adhesives

Wettability/spreading + ++ ++

Coalescing agent + + ++

17BIOSOLVENTS

IV. OTHER BENEFITS1. HEALTH AND SAFETY

The solutions of the Galaster™ and Galasolv™ ranges do not present a hazard to the health of end users and workers. Because of their high boiling point, they provide higher security as they are non-flammable and have a low ecotoxicological profile.

2. ENVIRONMENT

Given the dangerousness of petroleum-based solvents, it is therefore necessary to invest in research to develop equally effective products, but which are natural and biodegradable. Many solvents available on the market are toxic because they are VOCs. The Galaster™ and Galasolv™ ranges formulations are as effective as the traditional ones, but do not affect the environment thanks to their non-VOC status.

3. COST-EFFECTIVENESS

Galactic’s solutions are less expensive to store, manipulate and recycle. Their effectiveness enables customers to reduce the quantities used compared to chemicals and, thus, generate significant savings.

18 ENHANCING THE GENIUS OF NATURE 19BIOSOLVENTS

APPENDIX I:RESIN DISSOLUTION WITH GALACTIC’S BIOSOLVENTS

Resins Type Galaster™ ML 97

Galaster™ EL 98

Galaster™ NPL 98.5

Galaster™ BL 97

Galaster™ EHL 95 Suppliers of the different resins used to run tests

Acrylic resins Methyl methacrylate S - NR TS TS TS to I S - NR Evonik (Degalan®), Lucite International (Elvacite®)

Isobutyl methacrylate I TS TS TS S - NR Evonik (Degalan®), Lucite International (Elvacite®)

Ethyl methacrylate S - NR TS TS TS S - NR Evonik (Degalan®), Lucite International (Elvacite®)

n-butyl methacrylate I TS TS TS I Lucite International (Elvacite®)

Methyl methacrylate/butyl methacrylate S – NR TS TS TS S - NR Evonik (Degalan®), Lucite International (Elvacite®), DSM NeoResins+ (NeoCryl®)

Methyl methacrylate/ethyl methacrylate S – NR TS TS TS S - NR DSM NeoResins+ (NeoCryl®)

Butyl methacrylate/styren S – NR TS TS TS S - NR DSM NeoResins+ (NeoCryl®)

Cellulose esters Cellulose acetate S - NR TS S - NR I I Eastman (Eastman™ Cellulose Acetate)

Cellulose acetate butyrate TS TS TS TS I Eastman (Eastman™ Cellulose Acetate Butyrate)

Cellulose acetate propionate TS TS TS TS TS Eastman (Eastman™ Cellulose Acetate Propionate)

Polyvinyl chloride copolymers

Vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride acetate copolymer I TS TS TS I SolVin, Wacker (Vinnol®)

Polyvinyl acetate homopolymers

Vinyl acetate homopolymer I TS TS TS I Wacker (Vinnapas®)

Polyvinyl butyral All types TS TS TS TS TS Kuraray (Kuraray Mowital®), Solutia Inc. (Butvar®)

Polyvinyl formal All types Not tested TS Not tested Not tested Not tested JNC Corporation (Formvar®, Vinylec®)

Phenoxy resins All types S - NR TS TS TS S - NR InChem (InChemRez®)

Phenolic resins Alkylphenol Sumitomo Bakelite Europe

Terpene I TS TS TS S - NR Sumitomo Bakelite Europe

Modified Novolac TS TS TS TS S - NR Sumitomo Bakelite Europe

Novolac TS TS TS TS S - NR Hexion Specialty Chemicals GmbH (Bakelite®)

Alkylphenolic Novolac TS TS TS TS S - NR Hexion Specialty Chemicals GmbH (Bakelite®)

Alkylphenolic resol TS TS TS TS S - NR Hexion Specialty Chemicals GmbH (Bakelite®)

Etherified resol Hexion Specialty Chemicals GmbH (Bakelite®)

Cresol resol Hexion Specialty Chemicals GmbH (Bakelite®)

Epoxy resins Novolac epoxy resin based on epichlorhydrin and bisphenol A TS TS TS TS I Dow (D.E.N.™)

Epoxy resin based on epichlorhydrin and bisphenol A (high epoxy content) TS TS TS TS S - NR Dow (D.E.R.™)

Epoxy resin based on epichlorhydrin and bisphenol A (low epoxy content) TS TS TS TS S - NR Dow (D.E.R.™)

Polyterpene resins Alpla-pinene I I I I TS Pinova (Piccolyte® A)

Beta-pinene I I I I TS Pinova (Piccolyte® C)

D-limonene I I I I TS Pinova (Piccolyte® S)

Rosin resins Partially hydrogenated rosin Not tested MS Not tested Not tested MS Pinova (Staybelite®)

Strongly hydrogenated rosin Not tested MS Not tested Not tested MS Pinova (Floral®)

Strongly hydrogenated glycerol ester of rosin Not tested TS Not tested Not tested TS Pinova (Floral®)

Comparison for a given concentration of solvent and resin. Gel is considered to be insoluble.

Thinnable

Good solubility (TS = transparent solution, MS = milky solution)

I = insoluble

S - NR = soluble, but not recommended (gel)

HEADQUARTERS

www.lactic.comENHANCING THE GENIUS OF NATURE

Since 1994, Galactic has become one of the world leaders in biotechnology serving the food, feed, personal & health care, and industrial markets. Based on its valuable experience in the fermentation of lactic acid and other derivatives, Galactic continuously develops sustainable, innovative and health-friendly solutions in the field of food safety, nutrition and green chemistry. With headquarters and an innovation campus in Belgium, production facilities in the United States (Milwaukee), China (Bengbu) and Europe (Escanaffles), high-performance labs in China (Bengbu) and the United States (Milwaukee) and sales offices in Belgium (Brussels), Japan (Tokyo) and Brazil (Curitiba), Galactic employs more than 380 people worldwide and is active in 65 countries.

NORTH AMERICAGalactic Inc. 2700 W. Silver Spring Drive Milwaukee - WI 53209 USA Tel : +1 414 462 1990 [email protected] www.lactic-us.com

LATIN AMERICAGalactic Bioquimicos Ltda. Batel Business Center Av. Batel, n° 1230 Cj. 405 - Torre BBC Curitiba - PR - Brazil Tel : +55 41 3042 7113 [email protected] www.lactic.com

EUROPE & AFRICA Headquarters & production plant Galactic s.a. Place d’Escanaffles 23 7760 Escanaffles - Belgium Tel : +32 69 45 49 21

Galactic Innovation Campus Allee de la Recherche, 4 1070 Brussels - Belgium Tel : +32 2 332 14 00 [email protected] www.lactic.com

ASIA & OCEANIA Anhui COFCO Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd. 1 Cofco Avenue, Bengbu 233010 Anhui Province - China Tel : +86 552 2081 288 [email protected] www.bglactic.com

JAPAN B&G Japan Co., Ltd. AiOS Nagatacho, 17-17Nagatacho 2-chome, Chiyoda-kuTokyo 100-0014 JapanTel: +81 3 6205 8112 [email protected] www.b-gjapan.com

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