1. He is a fool. He is a madman.A: He is either a fool or a madman.2. The car dashed against a goat. The car

dashed against a donkey.A: The car dashed against either a goat or a

donkey.3. He cooks dinner. Or she cooks dinner.A: Either he or she cooks dinner.

4. She can have tea. Or she can have coffee.A: She can have either tea or coffee.5. I don’t like Stephen. I don’t like Peter.A: I like neither Stephen nor Peter.6. He keeps the keys himself. Or he leaves

them with his wife.A: He either keeps the keys himself or leaves

them with his wife.7. He did not come. He did not call.A: He neither came nor called.8. He wasn’t wearing a shirt. He wasn’t

wearing a coat.A: He was wearing neither a shirt nor a coat.9. He will not come here. He will not send a

representative.A: He will neither come here nor send a

representative.10. He may attend the function. Or his wife

may attend the function.A: Either he or his wife may attend the

function.11. Give me freedom. Or give me death.A: Give me either freedom or death.12. He must have done this. Or his brother

must have done this.A: Either he or his brother must have done

this.

Using ‘so...that’1. They arrived very late. They missed the

first part of the show.A: They arrived so late that they missed the

first part of the show.2. She spoke very rudely. I felt like slapping her.

A: She spoke so rudely that I felt like slappingher.

3. The food was delicious. We enjoyed itheartily.

A: The food was so delicious that we enjoyedit heartily.

4. He speaks very fast. I don’t understand halfof what he says.

A: He speaks so fast that I don’t understandhalf of what he says.

5. He is very forgetful. Sometimes he doesn’tremember his own phone number.

A: He is so forgetful that sometimes hedoesn’t remember his own phonenumber.

6. The pain was unbearable. I couldn’t sleepat all.

A: The pain was so unbearable that I couldn’tsleep at all.

7. She was very beautiful. I couldn’t take myeyes off her.

A: She was so beautiful that I couldn’t take myeyes off her.

8. The news is too good to be true.A: The news is so good that it cannot be true.

9. The thief ran too fast for the police tocatch.

A: The thief ran so fast that the police couldnot catch him.

10. He is too proud to beg.A: He is so proud that he will not beg.11. The tea was too hot to drink.A: The tea was so hot that I could not drink it.

'OR' The tea was so hot that it could not bedrunk.

12. The bag was too heavy for me to lift.A: The bag was so heavy that I could not lift it.13. He spoke too fast to be understood.A: He spoke so fast that he could not be

understood.

Using ‘if’

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You Must Use Your Time WiselyUsing Neither...nor / Either...or

1. He is very old. But he enjoys good health.A: Though he is very old he enjoys good

health. / He enjoys good health althoughhe is very old. (Note that though andalthough are interchangeable.)

2. He was very tired. Yet he completed thework.

A: Though he was very tired, he completedthe work.

3. The constable ran as fast as he could. Stillhe could not catch the thief.

A: Though the constable ran as fast as hecould, he could not catch the thief.

4. The doctors gave her the best medicalcare. Still they could not save her.

A: Although the doctors gave her the bestmedical care, they could not save her.

5. Raju left home early. But he was late forschool.

A: Though Raju left home early, he was late

for school.6. Maya had the required qualifications. Still

she did not get the job.A: Although Maya had the required

qualifications, she did not get the job.7. I had some money on me. But I didn't buy

anything.A: Although I had some money on me, I

didn't buy anything.8. Our cricket team played well. But they lost

the match.A: Though our cricket team played well, they

lost the match.9. He was annoyed. He didn't say anything.A: Although he was annoyed, he didn't say

anything. / He didn't say anything thoughhe was annoyed.

10. She is rich and famous. Still she isunhappy.

A: Though she is rich and famous she isunhappy. / She is unhappy though she isrich and famous.

Using ‘Though / Although’1. The boy asked a very foolish question.

Everybody laughed at him.A. The boy asked such a foolish question

that everybody laughed at him.2. The man spoke with great passion. All lis-

teners were moved to tears.A. The man spoke with such passion that all

listeners were moved to tears.3. It was a hot day. Nobody could do any

work.A. It was such a hot day that nobody could

do any work.4. It was a very interesting story. I read it in

one sitting.A. It was such an interesting story that I read

it in one sitting.5. He used very bad words. I couldn’t help

but slap him.A. He used such bad words that I couldn’t

help but slap him.6. The boy has very fine manners. Everyone

likes him.A. The boy has such fine manners that

everyone likes him.7. Russia is a big country. It has eleven time

zones.A. Russia is such a big country that it has

eleven time zones.8. She has very beautiful eyes. I can’t take

my eyes off her. A. She has such beautiful eyes that I can’t

take my eyes off her. 9. It was a good movie. Many people

watched it.A. It was such a good movie that many

people watched it.10. It was an expensive restaurant. I

decided not to go there anymore. A. It was such an expensive restaurant that

I decided not to go there anymore.

Using ‘Such .... that’

1. Vamsi : What are you doing here?Sirisha : I am waiting for the bus.

A: Vamsi asked Sirisha what she was doingthere and Sirisha replied that she was wait-ing for the bus.

2. Teacher : Use the Oxford Dictionary.Students : Ok, Sir.

A: The teacher advised the students to usethe Oxford Dictionary and the studentsaccepted it.

3. Passenger: What is the fare forVijayawada?

Conductor: Rs.150, sir.A: The passenger asked the conductor what

the fare for Vijayawada was and the conductor said that it was Rs. 150.

4. Mohan: When will you come back?Gayatri: I will come back tomorrow.

A: Mohan asked Gayatri when she wouldcome back and Gayatri said that she wouldcome back the next day.

5. The Manager: Clean the office.The Sweeper: Ok. Sir.

A: The Manager ordered the sweeper to clean theoffice and the sweeper obeyed the order.

6. Kiran: I am going to a movie now.Geeta: I am not coming with you.

A: Kiran told Gita that he was going to amovie then but Geeta said that she wasnot going with him.

7. Gopi: This is tasty.Vani: No, this is not tasty.

A: Gopi said that that was tasty but Vani saidthat that was not tasty.

8. Vamsi: I will certainly lend you moneyKokila: Thank you.

A: Vamsi promised that, he would certainly lendher money and Kokila thanked him. (Kokilaexpressed her thanks in return.)

9. Lakshmi: Don’t forget to bring thenewspaper.

Ramu: OkA: Lakshmi reminded Ramu not to forget to

bring the newspaper and Ramu assured it10. Shreyan: It is hot today.

Mokshitha: Yes, it is.A: Shreyan said that it was hot that day and

Mokshitha agreed with him.

Reported Speech

Dr. N. PeraiahSubject Expert

Writer

Target-2020

TenthEnglish-Grammar

100100

1. She must consult a doctor. Otherwiseshe will not know what her problem is.

A: If she does not consult a doctor, she willnot know what her problem is.

2.The typist should be careful. Otherwiseshe will lose her job.

A:If the typist is not careful, she will lose herjob.

3.He will have to make the payment in time.Otherwise his house will be confiscated.

A: If he does not make the payment in time,his house will be confiscated.

4.You must use your time wisely. Otherwiseyou will not be able to do much.

A: If you do not use your time wisely, youwill not be able to do much.

5.He did not invite her. She didn’t come.A: She would have come if he had invited her.6.Mohan did not work hard. He did not pass

his examination.A: If Mohan had worked hard, he would

have passed his examination.7.She did not start early. She did not come

on time.A: If she had started early, she would have

come on time.8.You should work hard. Then you will get

good marks.A: If you work hard, you will get good

marks.9. You have to invite her. She will come.A: If you invite her, she will come.10. Obey the rules. Otherwise, you will be

persecuted.A: If you do not obey the rules, you will be

persecuted.

Strategies you can apply to answer thecomprehension questions with utmostaccuracy are:1. Read the questions first and underline

lightly the key words. These will help youlocate the answer easily.

2. Carefully observe if any negative words likenot, no, never, rarely etc are used in thequestion. If they are used you have to bemore careful in giving the apt answer.

3. Now, read the passage quickly to get ageneral idea of it and then read it againwith a steady pace linking the answers tothe questions. Here key words play theirrole in finding the answer.

4. Interpretative questions are to beanswered with your wit and wisdom con-nected to the topic.

Passage - 1Motion pictures, popularly known as cine-

mas, have become a part and parcel of pre-sent-day societies. People go to cinemas, basi-cally, to get entertained. Though their history isvery short, they have enormous effect on thehuman life. They not only entertain us throughour senses, but also create a long-lastingimpression on our minds. They simulate emo-tions and prepare us to bring a change in ourattitude. They even, educate us. There arenumerous examples for their remarkable influ-ence on the lives of billions of people. Theyhave turned many ordinary persons into greatleaders, reformers and activists.

Cinemas reflect culture. They make usaware of the geographical, historical, societal,political, lingual and genetical life styles ofpeople in different parts of the world. Thosewho cannot afford visiting the magnificent andspectacular sites can experience the thrill of

watching them in films.Cinemas portray the trends of contempo-

rary communities, past ages and even futuregenerations. They show both good and bad.Some critiques grumble over cinemas sayingthey are spoiling the youth and women byshowing obscene scenes and violent lifestyles. In fact, what they show is much lesserthan what actually exists in the society.

Nevertheless, the cinema producers, writ-ers, directors and other crew have to takesocial responsibility, besides business, whileproducing films. They shouldn’t create thescenes/roles which inflict criminal mentality.Now answer the following questions. Eachquestion has four choices. Choose thecorrect answer and write A, B, C or D inyour answer booklet.1. What is this passage about?

A) about how cinemas are producedB) about the history of cinemasC) about influence of cinemasD) about the ill-effects of cinemas

2. The primary purpose of cinemas isA) to educate peopleB) to stop criminalistC) to entertain people D) to change life styles

3. Who is primarily responsible for infusion ofcriminalist heroism in movies (cinemas)?A) producers B) writersC) directors D) photographers

Answer the following questions in ONE orTWO sentences each.4. What are the positive effects of cinemas

(movies)?5. How do cinemas (films) educate the people?

Let Us See how to solve the Answers1) The first question is inferential. All the four

options seem to be right. But ‘no’. History ofcinemas is not discussed. Production pro-cedure is also not mentioned. Ill-effects ofcinemas are not elaborated. Hence A, Band D should be eliminated. Then theanswer is ‘C’.

2) If we carefully observe the key words in the

second question, they are: primary pur-pose. When we read the passage carefully,we can find a synonym for the word prima-ry in para one. That is ‘basic’. Then we caneasily locate the answer as ‘entertainment’.Thus, the correct answer is ‘C’.

3) A film is the brainchild of a writer. All thecharacters are created by the story writer.Then the remaining crew may poke theirnose in the story and make some changes.Hence the writers are mainly responsiblefor both positive and negative roles in thefilms. Thus, the right answer is ‘B’

4) The positive effects of cinemas are: 1. Theyentertain the viewers. 2. They inspire theviewers to achieve something in their life. 3.They transmit cultures. And so on.

5) Cinemas show how people behave in vari-ous situations. They show the life styles ofdifferent people from myriad social back-grounds. They also portray the duties andlimitations of different professions/occupa-tions. Most of the cinemas show what isright and what is wrong.

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The Primary Purpose of Cinemas is?Reading Comprehension

Poetry is not as easy as prose as long as wetry to understand it with mind. Once we try tounderstand it with heart, it seems easier thanprose. Hence put your effort with heart to com-prehend a poem. Questions on a poem are abit different from the questions on a prose pas-sage. The questions on a poem generallyrevolve around the central theme of the poem,speaker of the poem, tone/mood of the poet,figures of speech in particular lines etc.Tone: cheerful, humourous, angry, gloomy,sad, serious etc. Mood: optimistic, realistic,pessimistic, mournful, sorrowful, romantic etc.Figures of speech: simile, metaphor,personification, irony etc.

Passage 3

Read the following poem. I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shineand twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretched in never-ending line along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but theyOut-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, in such a jocund company: I gazed-and gazed-but little thought what wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.

Answer the following questions.

6. What is the figure of speech used in thefirst line of the first stanza?

A) personification B) reverse personification C) alliteration D) onomatopoeia

7. What is the tone of the poet?

A) humourous B) angryC) gloomy D) cheerful

Answer the following questions in one ortwo sentences

8. What is the central theme of this poem?9. Which stanza does you like the most? Why?10. ‘A poet could not but be gay’. Explain this

line relating to the whole poem.

Answers: 6-B 7-D

8. The theme (central idea) of this poem isthe feelings, emotions, and happiness thepoet had when he saw a host of tenthousand daffodils swaying their heads allat a time on a river side.

9. I like the second stanza very muchbecause of the imageries that give a feastboth to the heart and the eye. I can feel likeI am directly experiencing the beauty of thedaffodils.

10. When something touches our heart, werespond gently and enjoy it. If a poet(a person who has aesthetic sense) lies inour heart, we get a lot of happiness.When the poet (Wordsworth) saw the daf-fodils he got such bliss.

Poetry Comprehension

Read the following passage:

Machines make human life easier. Theyhave replaced humans and animals inmutual assistance. Using machines, manis able to conquer the universe to a greatextent. If machines were not invented, thelife of man is no better than that of animals.

There are six classic simple machines.The oldest one is hand axe. Mostmachines are based on this. The secondoldest simple machine is inclined plane. Ithas been used since prehistoric times tomove heavy objects. The third one iswheel. It was invented Mesopotamia (mod-ern Iraq) during the fifth Millennium BC.Invention of wheel nurtured civilization ofman. The fourth one is lever, the first cranemachine invented around 3000 BC. Pulley,the fifth classic simple machine, datesback to 2nd Millennium. Last one of the sixsimple machines is the screw. It wasinvented between 911 and 609 BC. Almostall the simple machines were invented inMesopotamia and skillfully used in Egypt.

Discovery of mechanical advantage ofsimple machines by Archimedes brought arevolution in human life. Life withoutmachines now is almost impossible.

Answer the following questions:

11. Hand axe was invented duringA) historic age B) prehistoric ageC) modern ageD) very recently

12. Which invention rooted the base forcivilizations?

A) wheel B) liver C) screw D) pulley

13. Which country is the breeding groundof simple machines?

A) India B) England C) China D) Iraq

Answer the following questions in oneor two sentences

14. How would be the life without simplemachines?

15. Who discovered mechanical advantage? What is the use of this discovery?

Answers11. B 12. A 13. D14. Life without simple machines could be

like that of early humans. I t would bevery hard. There wouldn’t be much dif-ference between humans and animals.

15. Archimedes discovered the use ofmechanical advantage. After knowingit, man might have started using simplemachines to do more work in less timewith little human force.

Passage - 2

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Target-2020

TenthEnglish Paper-2

100100

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