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Describe what you saw. Keep in mind, that this is a police investigation and that your
testimony can be used in a court of law.
S E N S A T I O N
O u r s e n s e s h a v e p i c k e d u p a m e s s a g e f r o m t h ee n v i r o n m e n t – v e r y s i m p l y “ T a k i n g i t a l l i n ”
P E R C E P T I O N
I n t e r p r e t i n g w h a t w e s e n s e – M a k i n g s e n s eo u t o f s e n s a t i o n s
Book Definition:
The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information into the central nervous system
Book Definition:
The process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world
1 . P a s t e x p e r i e n c e s“ S t a r s p a n g l e d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ”
2 . M o o d s , A t t i t u d e s , a n d V a l u e s
H a v i n g a b a d d a y a n d “ t h i n g s ” s e e m t o s n o w b a l l
3 . N e e d sI f y o u ’ r e h u n g r y , y o u t h i n k a b o u t …
4 . W h a t t h e g r o u p b e l i e v e s
W e h a v e a t e n d e n c y t o , “ g o a l o n g w i t h t h e c r o w d . ”
S E E I N G – H E A R I N G – T O U C H I N G – T A S T I N G – S M E L L I N G
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9940824
'Lucifer Effect' Asks Why Good People Go Bad
http://www.zimbardo.com/
http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2769000
THE SCIENCE OF EVILHow can ordinary people perform unthinkable acts?ABC News - Primetime
Absolute Thresholds for HumansReading: Ernst Weber – Classic Experiments in Psychology
SENSE STIMULUS RECEPTORS THRESHOLD
Vision Electromagnetic Energy
Rods & Cones in the retina
A candle flame viewed from a distance of about 30 miles on a dark night
Hearing Sound Waves Hair cells of the inner ear
The ticking of a watch from about 20 feet away in a quiet room
Smell Chemical substances in the air
Receptor cells in the nose
About one drop of perfume diffused throughout a small house
Taste Chemical substances in saliva
Taste buds on the tongue
About 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water
Touch Pressure on the skin Nerve endings in the skin
The wing of a fly falling on a cheek from a distance of about 0.4 inches
SENSETYPE OF
DISCRIMINATION
WEBER’S CONSTANT (WEBER’S
FRACTION)
VISION Brightness of light 1/60
HEARING Pitch (frequency) of a tone
1/333
Loudness of a tone 1/10
TASTE Difference in saltiness 1/5
SMELL Amount of rubber smell
1/10
TOUCH Pressure on the skin surface
1/7
Deep pressure 1/77
Difference in lifted weights
1/53
http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/aladdin.htm
Claim: In the film Aladdin, the hero whispers, "Good teenagers, take off your clothes."
1) The Pepsi Cool Can In 1990, Pepsi actually withdrew one of its “Cool Can” designs after someone protested that Pepsi was subliminally manipulating people by designing the cans such that when six-packs were stacked at grocery stores, the word SEX would emerge from the seemingly random design. Critics alleged that the red and blue lines on the “Cool Can” design were far from random <27>.
Where are the following?
Blind spotIrisPupilLensCorneaOptic NerveRetina
FIGURE 4.3 In the human eye, light travelsthrough the pupil to the lens and is then reflected onto the retina. The optic nerve sends the visual information to the brain.
VISUAL PROBLEMSColor Blindness
Trichromat – normal color vision
Color Blind – sensitive to only black & white
Dichromat – only sensitive to certain colors – partially color blind
Plate 2
• Those with normal color vision should read the number 8.
• Those with red-green color vision deficiencies should read the number 3.
• Total color blindness should not be able to read any numeral.
Plate 3
• Normal vision should read the number 29.
• Red-green deficiencies should read the number 70.
• Total color blindness should not read any numeral.
Plate 4
• Normal color vision should read the number 5.
• Red-Green color deficiencies should read the number 2.
• Total color blindness should not be able to read any numeral.
Plate 5
• Normal color vision should read the number 3.
• Red-Green deficiencies should read the number 5.
• Total color blindness should not be able to read any numeral.
Plate 6
• Normal color vision should read the number 15.
• Red-Green deficiencies should read the number 17.
• Total color blindness should not be able to read any numeral.
Plate 7
• Normal color vision should read the number 74.
• Red-Green color deficiencies should read the number 21.
• Total color blindness should not be able to read any numeral.
Plate 8
• Normal color vision should read the number 6.
• The majority of those with color vision deficiencies cannot read this number or will read it incorrectly.
Plate 9
• Normal color vision should read the number 45.
• The majority of those with color vision deficiencies cannot read this number or will read it incorrectly.
Plate 10
• Normal color vision should read the number 5.
• Those with color vision deficiencies will not read the number or read it incorrectly.
Plate 11
• Normal color vision should read the number 7.
• Those with color vision deficiencies will not read this number or read it incorrectly.
Plate 12
• Normal color vision should read the number 16.
• Those with color vision deficiencies will not read this number or read it incorrectly.
Plate 13
• Normal color vision will read the number 73.
• Those with color vision deficiencies should nor be able to read this number or will read it incorrectly.
Plate 14
• Normal color vision and those with total color blindness should not be able to read any number.
• The majority of those with red-green deficiencies should read the number 5.
Plate 15
• Normal color vision and those with total color blindness should not be able to read any number.
• The majority of those with red-green deficiencies should read the number 45.
Sound
• Sound - A wave which is created by vibrating objects and transmitted through a medium from one location to another.
• Auditory – having to do with hearing
Pitch
• Frequency – number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit Hertz.
• Hertz – A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One Hertz, or 1Hz, equals one cycle per second.
Loudness
• Amplitude – height• The higher the
amplitude of a wave, the louder the sound.
• Decibel – A unit expressing the loudness of a sound. Abbreviated dB.
http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html
PLEASE VISIT THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE: PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE
http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html
COMPLETE THE INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY FOR PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE. As you progress through the activity, place your cursor over the words in blue for further information. When placing the information “in position” on the timelines, be as precise with the placement of the names/descriptions/etc.(tags) as possible, otherwise the info. will “bounce back.” The “tags” fit in precisely to the right positions.
All Stressed Out EEG and Sleep Stages
Hunger and the Fat Rat
Operant Conditioning
Auditory System Expressing Emotion Iconic Memory Psychology's Timeline
Cognitive Development
Get Smart Mind-Reading Monkeys
Social Decision Making
Computer Therapist Helplessly Hoping My Head Is Spinning
Visual Illusions
Descriptive Statistics
Hemispheric Specialization
Mystery Client Your Mind on Drugs
PSYCHSIM5 – WORTH PUBLISHERS
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5044711
Wishing for a Silent Night in Toyland by Michele Norris
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJlMGsQQeCA
Page 87
CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
SENSORY-NEURAL DEAFNESS
STIMULATION DEAFNESS
ARTICLE: Loss of Hearing Can Be Frustrating!
February 14, 2001
Or
ARTICLE: The Sounds Around UsJanuary 18, 2006
Conduction Deafness
• Caused by the failure of the three tiny bones inside the middle ear to pass along sound waves to the inner ear or the failure of the eardrum to vibrate in response to sound waves
• Possible cause is a build-up of fluid
• Hearing aids • Normal hearing may
return.
Sensory-Neural Deafness
• Damage to the inner ear. Most often caused by loss of hair cells that will not regenerate.
• Damage to the auditory nerve.
• Cochlear implants can help patients with this form of deafness.
Stimulation Deafness
• Exposure to very loud sounds
• Prolonged exposure to 85 dB can cause stimulation loss.
• Ringing sound can mean hair cells have been damaged
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4059387
Americans Win Nobel for Research on Smell
ARTICLE: "A Secret Sense in the Human Nose"
ARTICLE: "A Woman's Nose Belongs to Daddy":
The Science of Sex Appeal unsexy scents
http://www.youtube.com/ (time 2:04)
ARTICLE: “Smells aren’t Good or Bad, They’re Learned”
ARTICLE: Just browsing at the mall? That’s what you think. (Sept. 2006)
ARTICLE: Taste and Smell – How does food seem tasteless when you have a cold?
ScentAir website: http://www.scentair.com/index_flash.html
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6577600
“Marketing Campaign Targets Noses at Bus Stops”
http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/10/25/PM200610255.html
Dr. Alan Hirsch: Talking About the Science of Smellhttp://www.scienceofsmell.com/
Sensations are created by chemical reactions on your taste buds
Taste is heavily influenced by smell – this is called sensory interaction
TASTE QUALITIES
(Get on the Busss!)
• Bitter
• Umami
• Sour
• Salty
• Sweet
FLAVOR DEPENDS ON…• Temperature
• Odor
• Texture
• Taste(I T.O.T.T. you about flavor)
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813416Study: Tastes Form in Infancy
Touch and Pressure
• Sensory receptors located around the roots of hair cells fire when surface of skin is touched.
• There are at least 6 basic types of touch receptors in your skin.
• One for hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, and fine touch.
SKIN SENSES*Vision is usually the most dominant of the senses*
• Touch
• Pressure
• Warmth
• Cold
• Pain
TOUCH & PRESSURE
Most sensitive – fingertips, lips, noses and cheeks (page 91)
1. nerve endings are more densely packed in the fingertips and face than in other locations
2. a greater amount of sensory cortex is devoted to the perception of sensations in the fingertips and face
Two-Point Threshold – to assess sensitivity to pressure –The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be separated before the subject will report that there are two rods, not one, on 50% of occasions
TEMPERATURE
Warm & Cold receptors – they adapt and sometimes they fire simultaneously
PAIN
* The more pain receptors located in a particular area of our skin, the more sensitive that area is. (figure 4.9 on page 91)
*Originates at the point of contact* - message is sent from the point of contact to the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain. Then it is projected to the cerebral cortex where the person registers the location and severity of the pain.
*Release of various chemicals – prostaglandins, bradykinin, P*
* Aspirin & Ibuprofen work by curbing production of prostaglandins
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7654964
GATE THEORY – pain messengers can’t get through
ENDORPHINS – Bodies natural pain killers
Endorphins are inhibitory neurotransmitters. They lock into receptor sites for chemicals that transmit pain messages to the brain. Once the endorphin “key” is in the “lock,” pain-causing chemicals cannot transmit their messages. There are a number of endorphins.
Endorphins also play a role in regulating respiration, hunger memory, sexual behavior, blood pressure, mood, and body temperature.
ACUPUNCTURE – ancient procedures/releasing endorphins
PLACEBO – bogus treatment
KINESTHESIS – The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies
VESTIBULAR SENSE – The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity
1. Perceptual Organization
Closure page 93 figure 4.10
Figure-ground page 93 figure 4.11
Proximity page 93-94 figure 4.12 (A)
Similarity page 94 figure 4.12 (B)
Continuity page 94 figure 4.12 (C)
Common fate page 94
VISUAL PERCEPTION
2. Perception of Movement
Stroboscopic Motion* page 95
3. Depth Perception
Monocular Cues:
Perspective background image
Interposition or Overlapping page 96 figure 4.13
Shadowing page 96 figure 4.14
Texture Gradient page 96
Motion parallax page 96
Binocular Cues:
Retinal Disparity* page 96image page 97
Convergence page 96
4. Perceptual Constancies
Size page 113 & 115 figure 3.26 & 3.27
Shape page 114 figure 3.24
Color page 113 figure 3.23
Brightness page 114
5. Visual Illusions – when principles of perceptual organization lead to misrepresentations of reality.
Height/Width illusion
Interrupted extent
Illusion of contour
Equivocal illusion
Illusion of depth
Illusion of contrast
Non-classified illusion
http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/aesthetics/perception.html
BINOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH
RETINAL DISPARITY & CONVERGENCE
MONOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH
CLEARNESS
TEXTURE GRADIENT
PERSPECTIVE
OVERLAPPING or INTERPOSITION
Shadowing
Optical IllusionsWhen principles of
Perceptional organization lead to
misrepresentations of
reality
Height-Width
Interrupted Extent
Equivocal
Depth
ContrastContour Non Classified
TYPES OF OPTICAL ILLUSIONS
1. HEIGHT-WIDTH ILLUSIONAn upright line segment appears longer than a nearbyequal horizontal line
2. ILLUSIONS OF INTERRUPTED EXTENTThe distance between the portions of an interrupted lineor figure appears to shrink
3. ILLUSION OF CONTOURAn open or empty figure appears to have greater area orcapacity than an equal closed or filled figure
4. EQUIVOCAL ILLUSIONThe drawing of a three-dimensional object appears tohave two or more interpretations
5. ILLUSIONS OF DEPTHLines or figures are distorted as the result of a point, line,or figure appearing to be behind or in front of another
6. ILLUSIONS OF CONTRASTSurrounding lines or figures cause other lines or figuresto appear have distorted dimensions or shapes
7. ILLUSION NON-CLASSIFIEDAn optical illusion that does not fall into the abovecategories
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4804413
“Wine Fans Take Heart: Smells Differ in Nose, Mouth”
PAIN MANAGEMENT
Accurate Information
Distraction & Fantasy
Hypnosis
Relaxation Training
Coping with Irrational Beliefs
ARTICLE: Seeing Life in Colors: Cross wired Senses
A synesthetes alphabet
ARTICLE: Seeing—and hearing and tasting—redSOURCE: Monitor on Psychology
Volume 39, No. 3 March 2008
http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/carol.html