Yoritaka Tashiro/2010, August1 This paper aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for urban greening of Beijing Province ・・・・・ an urban greening

Yoritaka Tashiro/2010, August 1

This paper aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for urban greening of Beijing Province ・・・・・ an urban greening plan ・・・ to achieve long-term sustainability.

At the regional level, a big natural and semi-natural forest area in the northwest and an ecological buffer belt in the southeast are planned to protect the environmental quality of Beijing and provide habitats for wildlife.

At the city level, a green network system of green wedges, parks and green corridors has been proposed.

At the neighborhood level, green extensions and connections of riverside greenway, road greenway, parks and vertical greening permeate into the built-up areas..


Green space planning in the development of a city in chinahas been thought as a important process after European and American influence

Environmental and ecological city concept is a typical exampleand master plans have been prepared for every city in which“Spot-Linear-Spatial” concept was a fundamental principle

Planning theory to allocate green wedges in large city is amain trend today, and it is obvious to do in Mega Cities





Well,the most important practical problem of Network Theory is

　 to connect a certain object with something

What, how it is, where it is, when it is connected ？

This is a practical problem of connectivity


“Connectivity” in urban rivers: Conflict and convergence between ecology and design Rachel May , a,

aOffice of Environment and Society, Syracuse University, 431 Crouse-Hinds, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA


Two approaches of Connectivity 　　　　　　　　　　　　　

１： Bio-physical approach

　

２： Cultural and design approach

　　 ex: river front design by urban planner　・ access from down town・ connection with visual and conceptual river　　　 Green way, parks, river side spots

　例：Ｂａｆｆａｌｏ　Ｂａｙｏｕ　Ｍａｓｔｅｒ　Ｐｌａｎ　　　 land connectivity　　　 urban connectivity with spatial network　　　 social connectivity


At all these different scales, connectivity “may be defined as the ease with which organisms, matter or energy traverse the ecotones between adjacent ecological units” [2]. By this definition, the highest degree of landscape and habitat connectivity in a riparian system would be achieved by periodic flooding alternating with dry periods. Such a pattern would share nutrients among aquatic and terrestrial habitats and create transition zones that would favor a diverse array of amphibious species and wetland plants.

Defining connectivity—biophysical approaches


Defining connectivity—　　　　　　　　　 cultural and design 　 approaches

For urban planners concerned with riverfronts, the main issues are making the river accessible to people from the most densely used or occupied parts of the city (pedestrian paths and bridges, transit linkages),


linking the river visually and conceptually to the city (greenways, parks, attractive riverfront destinations, integrated design elements, vista points, identifiable images and logos), and providing social and cultural attractions along the riverfront. ・・・for land connectivity, for urban connectivity through space networks and centers, and social connectivity through lively and interactive gathering places, both built and natural”


famous urban riverfronts of the world, such as those in Amsterdam, St. Petersburg or San Antonio, Texas.

From the ecological perspective, these are poor models, being entirely artificial constructions based on channelized riverbeds, in which the hydrology and ecology of the original river have been altered to suit the economic and aesthetic values of the city. When ecological connections are made in these places, the context is usually negative, as with the floods and outbreaks of water-borne diseases in St. Petersburg and the annual need to drain the “river” in San Antonio to dredge out the mud.

Cont’d

• Furthermore, as the authors of the definitive report on “Ecological Riverfront Design” from the advocacy organization American Rivers point out, each urban river is a unique place with a unique conjunction of ecological and cultural demands, and models from one city do not readily adapt to another [12].



Connecting the connectivity: 　　　　　 a cognitive approach

Pedagogical restoration plans

Riverfront museums

“Eco-revelatory” design


Net work, what？


Ecological networks: A spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes

Paul Opdam , , Eveliene Steingröver and Sabine van Rooij

Alterra, Landscape group, Wageningen University Research Center, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA

Wageningen, The Netherlands


　　 Strong power to realize

philosophy and concept

to connect something with some other


There have been so many proposals on networksIn the past, but,…………….?


TOWARDS A GREEN STRATEGY FOR LONDON

STRATEGIC OPEN SPACE AND GREEN CHAINSSummary of a report by Tom Turner to the London Planning Advisory Committee, May 1991


Fig. 3. The first planned open spaces in London were the residential squares, as represented by Diagram A. The 1944 Abercrombie plan recommended a park system (Diagram B). The Greater London Development Plan proposed a hierarchy of parks of different sizes (Diagram C). The present proposal is that urban squares, public parks and riverside walks should be interconnected to form a green web, by means of civic walks, green chain walks, pedestrian streets and countryside walks (Diagram D). (Diagrams reproduced from Turner, T., Landscape Planning, (1987) by courtesy of Hutchinson Education).

Fig. 4. London could have a network of Ecological Corridors. They would be based on parks, cemeteries, woods, hedgerows, the River Thames and its tributaries, canals, railways and other lines of opportunity, and would be accessible to the public only in part.


The existing pattern of long-distance walkways could be extended to create a Greenspace Web for pedestrians

The London Cycling Campaign has proposed a 1,000 mile Strategic Cycle Route Network for London.


Green chains can be linked to pedestrianised shopping streets, business malls and shopping malls, so that they become environmental improvement corridors and spread their influence throughout the city.


Green chains can be linked to pedestrianised shopping streets, business malls and shopping malls, so that they become environmental improvement corridors and spread their influence throughout the city.


Every practical implementationHas started fromLondon’s Green Belt


What is power？

　　　　　 Power to implement

　　　　　Ｌｉｖｅａｂｌｅ　Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ


　　　　 Compact Sustainable Community is

a fundamental concept for

a grand trial for structure

of Green Space Network



The reason why differences like this appear is only one

Compact building is possible in a local city where market-mechanism is out of question

Green space and open space is properly managed in the community

Residential pattern with population density of 75/ha

Which is the most sustainable one?

Which is to be chosen/

This will make the green pattern and its existence.


New strategic development in London

　　　　 GREEN GRID-Thames Gateway

　　　 New London Plan

Strategy for Green space networkRegional management system by green space community And ground work project


Example planning:

Thames Gateway, its principle

New vegetation must be introduced prior to construction to establish Ｇ green Framework

Documents

Yoritaka Tashiro/2010, August1 This paper aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for urban greening of Beijing Province ・・・・・ an urban greening