< Outline >1) Motivation2) Characteristics of Maritime Continent3) Current Status4) Upcoming Schedule

Understanding the Role of the Maritime Continentin the Global Weather‐Climate Continuum: 

Year of the Maritime Continent  (YMC)K. Yoneyama (JAMSTEC), C. Zhang (U. Miami), C. Long (PNNL),

J.‐P. Duvel (LMD), and Nurhayati (BMKG)

Motivation (1) ‐ Systematic Errors of Precipitation in Climate Models

From Love et al. (2011)

TRMM(2008/09)

UKMet UM40km

UKMet UM12km

Overestimate/Underestimate for Land/Ocean region

Motivation  (2)   – CINDY/DYNAMO

TBB & Rainfall

MJO‐1

MJO‐2

MJO‐3

Period : Oct. 2011 ‐ January 2012 (Intensive Observing Period)‐ March 2012 (Extended Observing Period)

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

Source of Westward cloud system over Indian Ocean? 

TC over South China Sea on Dec 11

From  Kubota et al. (2014)

(1) Moist air associated with TC over SCSarrived at Sumatra on Dec 11

(2) Convection with diurnal cycle became active over Sumatra from Dec 11

(3) Cloud cluster developed over Sumatra moved westward with 2‐day cycle.

(4) After several cloud clusters arrived over the central Indian Ocean, MJO convection developed in late December.

MJO‐2

MJO‐3

(1) (2) (3)Time‐Height Diagram of RH

Relationship with MC Countries through CINDY/DYNAMO

No. of hi‐res data;  13,000 in total, including 4600 from Indonesia BMKG sites

Based on the survey at observatory, we identified the reason of erroneous surface data, and corrected data are now available from DYNAMO data archive center.

https://www.eol.ucar.edu/field_projects/dynamo

Temp.Dew Point

Purpose of YMC

The goal of the “Year of the Maritime Continent (YMC)” is to understand therole of the Maritime Continent in the global weather‐climate continuum byproviding a framework for the international collaboration on fieldobservations and modeling based on the establishment of support fromagencies of participating countries.

For this purpose,

1) We set (identify) key processes, which should be studied, and thencoordinate “several” intensive observations.

2) We must establish the tight relationship among “YMC Family”, so thatcontinuous data provision to scientific community can be made evenafter the 1.5‐years campaign.… This will be another purpose of this campaign …

Diurnal Cycle

A

B

A BFrom  Mori et al. (2004)

12LT

12LT 0 24LT

Land

Coastal Sea

Off Shore

[ Evening Rain ] – [ Morning Rain ] Rainfall Intensity

Diurnal Cycle over off Sumatra  vs.  MJO

Fujita et al. (2011)

16 LT 22 LT 04 LT

Surface wind associated with MJO

Land breezeGust flow

＋

Diurnal Cycle over off Sumatra  vs.  IOD

TBB during Positive IOD(184d in 1997 and 2006)

TBB during Negative IOD(154d in 1996, 1998, 2005, and 2010)

Fujita et al. (2013)

Topographic Effect (1)

Hamada et al. (2008)

InlandCoastal

Locality Index (LI)     =  ((Normalized Coastal Rain) –(Normalized Inland Rain) ) / STD

LI

Zonal Wind

Topographic Effect (2)

Simulated 950‐hPa WindWithout Orography

With Orography

Innes & Slingo (2006)

Time‐longitude Diagram of MSLPA

WithoutOrography

WithOrography

WithBig Flat MC

Key Processes : What characterize the MC weather & Climate?

1) Diurnal Cycle: Source of local circulation

2) Large‐scale Disturbances: MJO, Monsoon, etc. vs. Local Circulation

3) SST: ENSO, IOD, ITF, SCSTF

4) Upwelling: Relation to Eddies & Biogeochemical response

5) Aerosols: (Biomass burning) Aerosol‐cloud interaction

6) TTL: Interactions btwn the Troposphere & Stratosphere

BMKGBanda Ache

13 (2013),5 (2014),2 (2015)Stations

Padang

Medan

Bengkulu

Cilacap

Ranai

Biak

Manado

Palu

Makassar

Merauke

Ambon

Kupang

Cengkareng

Pangkal Pinang

Pontianak

Surabaya

PangkalanBun

Tarakan

Sorong

Routine Radiosonde Sounding Network by BMKG

Current Sounding Observations & Buoy Arrays

RAMA, TAO/TRITONRadar Radiosonde

Operated during HARIMAU (& follow‐on) Project (2006‐2013)

Equatorial Atmospheric Radar by Kyoto Univ. measures turbulence (~ 20km) & ionosphericirregularity (> 90km).

Wind Profiler

cf.

Scanning Radar

Monthly Mean Rainfall   :   Climatology (1998‐2012)

NOV

DEC

JAN

AMF2

[ Objective ]To study precipitation mechanism over theEIO & MC with focus on the relationship to

1) Diurnal cycle (Land/Sea breeze)2) MJO3) IOD   (SST over Upwelling region)

[ Observations ]1)  Ships R/V Mirai (EIO off Sumatra), R/V Investigator (in Java Sea or south of Java)2) Land sites  South‐west coast of Sumatra, Kalimantan, etc.3) Enhanced  Radiosonde sounding network, etc.

[ Period ]1) Ship Nov 2017 – Jan 20182) Land Oct 2017 – Mar 2018

An Example of Proposed Intensive Observation (under discussion)

Australia : CAWCR, Monash U., U. Melbourne, UNSWCanada : McGill U.China : FIO, SCSIOFrance : LMD, LEGOS, CNESGermany : KIT, AWI, Max‐Planck GeselleschaftIndia : NIOIndonesia : BMKG, BPPT, LAPANItaly : ISAC/CNRJapan : JAMSTEC, Kyoto U., Hokkaido U., U. Tokyo, U. Toyama, etc.Malaysia : National U. of MalaysiaPhilippines : PAGASASingapore : NEASwitzerland : ETH ZurichTaiwan : NTU, NCU, Academia SinicaUK : UK Met Office, U. East Anglia, U. ReadingUSA : U‐Miami, PNNL, ANL, LLNL, NRL, NASA, NOAA/GFDL, SIO,

UH/IPRC, UW, CSU, TAMU, SUNY, CU, U. Notre Dame, etc.Vietnam : NHMSOthers: ECMWF

*  Above indicates those who have expressed their interest for participation,sorry for that we may miss to include your name in spite of your will.

Potential Participants  (as of July 2014)

Governance

* Scientific Steering Committeeconsists of PIs of “Key processes” & Intensive observation

* Operation Steering Committeeconsists of PIs of participating MC countries & SSC members

* Advisory Boardconsists of experts of “Key processes”

For the Success of the Campaign 

1) IIOE‐2 (2015 ‐ 2020)(International Indian Ocean Expedition ‐ 50th Anniversary Initiative)

ex. Eastern India Ocean Upwelling Research Initiative

2) Numerical Model Projectsex. S2S (Subseasonal‐to‐seasonal Prediction Project)

MJO Task Force

3) Othersex. SOWER (Tropical Tropopause Layer project)

Stratéole‐2 (Balloon in the UT/lower Stratosphere)7SEAS (NASA & NRL, Main target: Aerosol)

Collaboration with Relevant Projects

2014Sept. 2 ASEAN Sub‐committee for Met & Geophysics

First Formal Announcement to All ASEAN countriesSept. 5 Kick‐off Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia

Inter‐agencies consortium in Indonesiaand International relationship

Dec. 15 ‐ 19 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, USAMC session

2015Jan. 27‐30 First International Science & Planning Workshop

in SingaporeDrafting Science Plan (ver.1)Science Organizing Committee(C. Zhang, Nurhayati, J. McBride, C. Jacob, K. Yoneyama)

Upcoming Schedule

< Purpose >The goal of the “Year of the Maritime Continent (YMC)” is to understand the role of the Maritime Continent (MC) in

the global weather‐climate continuum by providing a framework for the international collaboration on field observationsand modeling based on the establishment of support from agencies of participating countries. During the YMC, severalcoordinated intensive observations will be carried out to study key processes over and around the MC.

< Proposed Period >April 2017 – October 2018

< Key Processes >1)  Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Land interactions

over the coastal upwelling & inland regions2) Modulation of MJO propagation3)  Effect of ITF and mixing onto SST distribution4) Diurnal cycle of convective activity5) Aerosol and their interaction with clouds6) Monsoons7) Troposphere‐stratosphere interaction and dehydration process in the  TTL

< Potential Participants >Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, USA, Vietnam, and more.

< Governance >Science Planning and Operation Committee and Advisory Board (to be formed). Currently, JAMSTEC (Japan), Univ. of 

Miami (USA), and BMKG (Indonesia) are leading the discussion as advocators. 

< Upcoming Schedule >2014 Sept. 5 Kick‐off Meeting in Jakarta (organized by a consortium in Indonesia)

Dec. 15‐19 AGU Fall Meeting (MC session)2015 Jan. 27‐30 First International Science and Planning Workshop of YMC in Singapore

Year of the Maritime Continent  (YMC)

Extra Slides

< Current Status >

We proposed R/V Mirai cruise (Nov 2017 – Feb 2018), which consists of 2 missions(Coastal upwelling study & YMC stationary observation), to the Ship OperationSteering Committee.Science plan itself has been approved. But, shiptime has not been secured yet. Itsfinal decision depends on how much JAMSTEC can get fund for JFY2017.

Proposed R/V Mirai Observations

Leg‐12017  Oct Japan ‐> Eastern Indian Ocean

Nov Buoy maintenanceCTD obs along several linescall at Bali

Leg‐22017 Dec Stationary obs at (100E, 5S)

Leg‐32018 Jan Stationaru obs at (100E, 5S)2018 Feb Return to Japan

< Atmospheric Measurements >

1) Polarized Doppler Radar2) Radiosonde3) Videosonde4) Surface Met5) Skin SST (Radiometer, Seasnake)6) GPS water vapor7) Raman Lidar8) Ceilometer

< Oceanographic Measurements >

1) CTD+ water sampling (Nutrients, DO, Chl-a)+ LADCP

2) Underway CTD3) Ocean surface turbulence4) Shioboard ADCP5) Sea Surface Monitoring (T, S, DO, Chl-a, etc.)

Proposed R/V Mirai Observations

First shot of ZDRAt （2014.06.06, 139-30E, 32-30N）

Polarized C-band Doppler radarAntenna Diameter = 4mRadome Diameter = 7m

ZDR    < 0     ~ 0     > 0 dB

Nitta (1987)

Kubota et al. (2011)

Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon Study Hisayuki Kubota (JAMSTEC)

• To understand the seasonal march of Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon and its  predictability

• Mechanisms: the role of westerly wind flow, cross equatorial flow and those air‐sea interaction through observational study

• Influences: teleconnection to East Asia, Southeast Asia, and US

Mass Divergence

SST Variability

Contribution of intraseasonal variability to total SST variances

Courtesy: Arnold Gordon

OLR SST

Oct

Apr

Diurnal Cycle over off Sumatra  vs.  IOD

Simulated Rain during Positive IOD(184d in 1997 and 2006)

Simulated Rain during Negative IOD(154d in 1996, 1998, 2005, and 2010)

Fujita et al. (2013)

BMKG Radar Network

Existing(2007‐2013)

Planned(2014)Obs.Radius150km(C‐bandDopplerradars)

Planned(2015)

Planned(2016)

MalinauMalinau

MaumereMaumere

Planned(2017‐2019)

SaumlakiSaumlaki

KaimanaKaimanaPkl.BunPkl.Bun

WaingapuWaingapu

PaluPalu

MajeneMajene

LuwukLuwuk

MukomukoMukomuko

SintangSintang ManokwariManokwari

BandungBandung

CilacapCilacap

TimikaTimika

BMKG AWS Network (176 locations)

Papua (10)

Sulut (5)Grtlo (1)Sulbar (2) Sulteng (2)

Kalbar (10)

Babel (1)Riau (2)

Sumut (2)NAD (2)

NTT (7)

Sultra (3)Sulsel (7)

Kalsel (3)Kalteng (7)

NTB (3)Bali (3)Jatim (18)DIY (3)Jateng (21)Jabar (18)

Banten (8)

Lampung  (12)

Sumsel (2)

Jambi (4)

Sumbar (1)

Kepri (1)

DKI (6)

Papua Barat (2)Malut (4)

Maluku (3)

Kaltim (3)