Year 9 Essential Knowledge for Cycle One

Ambition Determination Respect

Year 9Essential Knowledge for Cycle One

Name: ________________________

Form Group: ___________________


Contents

Page Number

Your Essential Knowledge Booklet and Knowledge Organisers Introduction 3

Using Your Essential Knowledge Booklet for homework and revision 4

How can I become an independent learner? 5

Art 6

Drama 7

English 9

French 11

Geography 12

History 13

Maths 16

Media 19

Music 21

PE 22

RE 25

Science 27

Spanish 31

2


Your Essential Knowledge Booklet and Knowledge Organisers

Knowledge Organisers contain essential knowledge you must know. This will help you recap, revisit and revise what you have learnt in lessons in order to remember this knowledge for the long-term.

You must have this Essential Knowledge Booklet for every lesson – it is a key part of your equipment.

Note to parents:

This booklet contains the essential information your child must know if they are to be successful in their first set of examinations (in the week beginning 11 January 2021). The booklet is not a complete record of everything that will be taught and discussed in lessons, but it contains the foundations of everything your child will learn. Your child will complete much of their homework using this booklet; they will need to learn sections of it and be prepared to recall them when asked to by their class teacher. You can be of immense help to your child as they seek to learn all the information that follows. For example, you could test them on the sections they have completed and return to those parts they have struggled to learn. Making this booklet part of your routine at home will have a profound effect on your child’s grades at school.

Please also consider supporting your child to extend their learning and memorisation of this essential knowledge even further through:• supporting their independent research of these topics• encouraging further reading around the subject matter• taking the opportunity to explore much of this content through trips to museums and exhibitions in London and beyond.

Many thanks in advance for your support.

Miss Capstick and the teachers at Walthamstow Academy

3


Using your Essential Knowledge Booklet for homework and revision

Students remember 50% more when they test themselves after learning.

You can use your Essential Knowledge Booklet to help memorisation.

1. Read a section of your knowledge organiser

2. Cover it up

3. Write out what you’ve remembered in the notes section

4. Check the knowledge organiser to see if you’re right

5. Repeat this process

4


How can I become an independent learner?

• Read actively: Pay close attention to the words you are reading and their meaning.• Read widely and ambitiously: Your knowledge organiser contains the foundations

of knowledge for Assessment Cycle 1. Speak to your teachers to seek out books, articles or websites you can read to deepen your knowledge of a topic and places you can visit to see what you are learning about in action.

• Different sources: When doing research, try to draw from a variety of different sources. Research is NOT accessing www.wikipedia.org = remember that ANYONE can edit a Wikipedia webpage to say anything they want it to say…

• Be determined: If a task is challenging, don’t give up. Keep at it until you understand what you need to do.

• Seek help where necessary: Asking for support and advice is an important part of independent learning. If you need help, ask for it!

• Discussions: If you want to explore a topic, discuss it with your friends or peers. This could help you think about an aspect of the topic you hadn’t considered before.

5

http://www.wikipedia.org/


1. CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY

“Art is a lie that enables us to realize the truth.”

Pablo PicassoArtists have always searched for ways to help them interpret and represent the world around them. Traditionally, before photography was created, these techniques’ main aim was to accurately represent the world exactly as it is. We call this “realism.”

Over the centuries artists have developed methods to help them achieve this. These have been passed down to each new generation largely unchanged for over 200 years.However our world, our cultures, our thinking and understanding have greatly changed. Artists today frequently seek out ways to challenge our eyes and minds; what we see, how we see it, how we understand and how we engage with our world.

2 KEY ARTISTS From

1 Bridget Riley UK

2 Yaacov Agam Israel

3 Aakash Nihalani America

4 Felice Varini Switzerland

3 KEY DRAWING SKILL: 1 POINT PERSPECTIVE1 CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY

Art Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserYear 9 Art: Illusion

AUTHOR: ECR JULY 2020 6


4 OP ART PRACTICE 5 KEY TERMS

1 Op Art A form of abstract art that gives the illusion of movement by use of pattern and colour, or where conflicting patterns emerge and overlap.

2 Vanishing point The point in a drawing where parallel lines seem to meet at a far distance.

3 Refraction The bending of light as it passes from one substance to another. The bending is caused by the differences in density between the two substances.

5 Anamorphic A distorted projection with a specific viewing point.

6 KEY DRAWING SKILL: 2 POINT PERSPECTIVE

Art Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserYear 9 Art: Illusion

AUTHOR: ECR JULY 2020 7


3 Skill: Voice Definition

Articulation Emphasis / clarity on consonants or vowels

Pitch Varying high to low quality (Deep / shrill / low / Piercing)

Pace Speed (fast / slow / quick / drawn out)Pause Choice of breaks in speech

Tone Mood or emotion of delivery (menacing, patronising, aggressive, disappointed etc)

1 Conventions Definition Foreshadowing Hint / clue that something is going to happen

Crosscutting Split scene

Ensemble monologue

One actor speaks as other recreates action of monologue

Soundscape Using their voices, one actor acts as a ‘conductor’, whilst the rest of the group are the ‘orchestra’

Mirroring Copying another Flocking Moving as one to represent an idea or subculture

Multi roling Playing at least two roles Monologue One character speaking to the audience

4 Lighting Definition

Gobo A plate shaped in front of a light to create a shape on the stage

Gel Filters on lanterns that create different colours

Intensity Brightness

Spotlight A lantern that can focus a beam of light on a specific place / actor

Fresnel A lamp with a soft edged beam

2 Staging Definition Traverse Audience on two sides facing in End on Traditional staging In the round Audience all around

Thrust End on but with a protruding stage at the front that comes into the audience

5: Six step analysis / Evaluation

1 Select one positive moment2 Justify / explain why that was effective3 Explain its impact on the audience4 Identify 1 area for improvement5 Explain why that was unsuccessful6 Explain what they need to do next

6 Skill: Physicality

Definition

Posture The way the actors hold their body when standing, sitting or moving

Gesture A movement (especially of the hand or head) to express an idea, meaning, feeling or intention

Facial expression The use of the face to convey emotions or reactionEye contact A moment when eyes meet. The length of eye contact can

convey emotion or statusSpeed / Pace How quickly the actor moves in the space

Drama Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserScript

AUTHOR: SGL JULY 2020 8


1 The poems that we will study:1 Mother, Any

DistanceSimon Armitage “Anchor. Kite.”

2 Love After Love Derek Walcott “Give back your heart/to itself, to the stranger who has loved you”

3 A Portable Paradise

Roger Robinson “empty your paradise onto a desk”

4 My Tongue is Divided in Two

Quique Aviles “border patrol runs through the middle”

5 Be Nobody’s Darling

Alice Walker “Be an outcast”

6 Mushrooms Sylvia Plath “We are shelves, we are/ Tables”

7 Stop all the Clocks W.H.Auden “He was my North, my South, my East and West”

2 Key language terminology

1 Alliteration The repetition of consonants in words next to or near each other. E.g.: The brass bell was broken

2 Personification Giving inanimate objects human characteristics or features.

3 Metaphor Comparing two things by saying one thing is another. The comparison is often representative or symbolic. E.g: She had coal black hair

4 Extended Metaphor A comparison between two things that continues throughout a poem or a piece of prose.

5 Simile A direct comparison between two different things using likeor as.

E.g.: Her laugh was like an alarm bell

6 Juxtaposition To things being placed close together for contrasting effect.

3 Key from and structure terminology

1 Rhyme The use of similar sounding words; often but not always at the end of a line.

2 Rhythm Rhythm is the pattern of stresses within a line of verse.

3 Refrain The repetition of words or phrases in a poem –like a chorus in a song.

4 Free verse Poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular rhythm or structure.

5 Stanza The breaks in the body of a poem. These are similar to paragraphs in a piece of prose.

6 Caesura A pause within a line of a poem created by a full stop, semi-colon or colon.

7 Enjambment The continuation of a sentence across a line break without a pause.

English Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserPOETRY – RELATIONSHIPS

AUTHOR: EKR JULY 2020 9


1 Characters1 Othello The protagonist of the play. A tragic hero. He is known as a Christian ‘Moor’ = a

North African man and a racist term at the time. Victorious General in the Venetian armies – established as a hero. The play focuses on how he is easily manipulated by his ‘friend’ Iago and his

subsequent downfall as a tragic hero.

2 Desdemona Married Othello in secret. Daughter of a Venetian senator. Her father was not pleased with the marriage

as Othello is considered a North African ‘Moor’. She loves Othello unconditionally.

3 Iago Othello’s friend and the villain of the play. Passed over for promotion in favour of Cassio, of whom he is jealous. His motivation appears to be the downfall of Othello.

4 Cassio Othello’s Lieutenant who is loyal to Othello. Iago secretly accuses Cassio of having an affair with Desdemona which enrages

Othello.

5 Emilia Iago’s wife. Desdemona's attendant. Unknowingly helps Iago in his master plan of the downfall of Othello.

2 Structure of play – Freytag’s Pyramid1 Exposition We discover that Othello and Desdemona have secretly married.

Iago finds out he has not been promoted and therefore plans to bring about Othello & Cassio’s downfall.

2 Rising Action Iago tells Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. Othello becomes suspicious, jealous and angry.

3 Climax Othello sees Desdemona's handkerchief in Cassio’s possession. Othello vows to kill Desdemona and Cassio for their infidelity.

4 Falling Action Othello and Iago spy on Cassio.

5 Denouement Othello and Iago spy on Cassio then kill him Othello kills Desdemona even though she pleads her innocence. Emilia tells Othello that Desdemona is innocent. Othello cannot contain his guilt and kills himself.

3 Themes1 Prejudice Racism is the most prominent prejudice. Many characters’

descriptions of Othello focus on his colour rather than his prowess as a soldier.

2 Appearance vs. Reality

The ability of the villain, Iago, to mislead the tragic hero, Othello, by encouraging him to misinterpret what he sees.

3 Jealousy Iago is jealous of Othello’s success and therefore plans his demise by making Othello jealous of Desdemona's friendship with Cassio.

4 Masculinityand Honour

Throughout the play, various male characters seek to assert and protect their manhood and their honour.

5 Feminism and Purity

There are two contrasting images of women; the virtuous and loyal woman and the disloyal and impure woman.

Othello was written after 1601 and before 1604 and was therefore created in the last years of Queen Elizabeth I’s reign.

The play depicts a mixed race marriage. This was unconventional at the time.

The play includes a number of strong female characters such as Desdemona and Emilia. These strong characters are a notable feature of Shakespeare’s plays and may have been influenced by the long and successful reign of Elizabeth I as Queen of England.

The play includes common themes for Shakespearean tragedy such as: the difference between appearance and reality (Iago is not who he appears to be) and the idea that the universe has a ‘Natural Order’ that Othello breaks by murdering his wife in a fit of jealousy.

Context & Big Ideas

English Literature – Cycle 1 Knowledge Organiser ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare

AUTHOR: LHK JULY 2020 10


French – Cycle 1 Knowledge Organiser

AUTHOR: LAS JULY 2020 11


1Background information on NEEs1 Development As a country develops it usually means that the people’s

standard of living and quality of life improve. Different factors can affect development such as economic, social and political factors. Emerging countries have begun to experience higher rates of development, with a rapid growth in secondary industries.

2 Urbanisation Emerging countries have some of the fastest rates of urbanisation in the world.

This is causing urban areas (cities) to become highly populated. This process can have both opportunities and challenges. One example of a perceived challenge is the growth of squatter settlements.

3 TNCs Emerging countries often host the factories of many transnational companies. They provide wages and taxes, and can promote development

2 Characteristics of emerging countries 1 Countries MINT - Brazil, Russia, India, China.

BRIC - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey.

2 Industrialisation The process of a country moving from mostly agriculture (farming) to manufacturing (making) goods.

3 Employment structure

How the workforce is divided up between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary employment.

A large amount of the population work in secondary employment

4 Exports Sending goods to another country for sale.

5 Urbanisation The growth in the number/ proportion of people living in towns and cities.

3 Example - India1 Development

indicators GDP per capita HDI Life expectancy

2 Rural to urbanmigration

The movement of people from rural areas (countryside) to urban areas (cities).

Bihar to Mumbai

3 Pull factor

Push factor

Things that attract people to live in an area e.g. large range of informal and formal jobs in Mumbai.

Things that make people want to leave an area e.g. a lack of jobs. There is a huge amount of poverty in Bihar.

4 Mechanisation When machines begin to do the work which humans once completed.

Manufacturers have established factories in India, including Coca Cola, taking advantage of paying low wages to workers. There are environmental issues linked to the manufacturing of Coca Cola, such as overuse of water.

5 TNCs Transnational corporations India is host to many TNCs including Coca Cola, BT,

Disney and Nike. Footloose industries are industries which are not tied to a

location due to natural resources or transport links. Globalisation is where there is increased connectivity of

countries around the world e.g. through trade. Mumbai has a natural deep harbour which is ideal for trading.

A host country is where the TNC places its factories e.g. in an emerging or developing country. A source country is where the headquarters for the TNC is located e.g. a developed country.

6 Encouraging development

A subsidy is money given by a government to help an industry keep down the cost of exports.

Tax breaks reduce the amount of tax a company must pay(normally for a fixed period), therefore increasing profit. Mumbai has encouraged TNCs into the city through tax breaks.

Geography Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserLife in a newly emerging economy (NEE)

AUTHOR: ESS JULY 2020 12


1: KEYWORD DEFINITIONS

1 Black Hand Gang

A violent Serbian nationalist movement. Led by Gavrillo Princip who was responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand during his visit to Sarajevo, in June 1914.

The assassination was the ‘spark’ responsible for the outbreak of WWI in August 1914. WWI led to the deaths of over 15 million people.

2 Nationalism The belief that your country is more powerful and superior to other countries. To have a huge amount of pride in your country and desire for it to be free and not

controlled by other countries you consider inferior. Serbia did not want to be controlled by Austria-Hungary and so assassinated the man to be their next Emperor.

3 Martyr Someone who is willing to die for their beliefs and or country.

4 Assassination To kill a public figure or leader. For example, a politician or monarch such as Franz Ferdinand in 1914, the heir and next Emperor of Austria-Hungary.

5 Sarajevo, Bosnia

The capital of Bosnia, where the assassination of Franz Ferdinand took place in June 1914, starting the events known as the July Crisis. This would led to the outbreak of WWI at the end of August 1914 between Austria, Russia, France, Germany and Britain.

6 July Crisis, 1914

The period of crisis following the assassination during which Germany encouraged and supported Austria-Hungary to start a war with Serbia that would lead to war with Serbia’s ally Russia and then France. Britain joined its allies France and Russia. This is what Germany wanted according to many Historians.

7 Alliances Agreements about friendship and support between countries, such as the military alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary which agreed that if Austria was attacked by Russia then Germany would support Austria with its huge military power.

8 Arms Race A competition between countries to try and be more militarily powerful than other countries.

Between 1890 and 1914 an arms race took place between Germany, Russia, France and Britain to be the most powerful military nation in Europe. This meant in 1914 when war broke out they all had large armies, navies and lots of modern weapons.

2: KEY KNOWLEDGE: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, 1914

1 - Short-term cause (SPARK): On 28th June 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand arrived in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. It was his wedding anniversary, so his wife Sophie joined him on the visit. Bosnia was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire – but only since 1908 when it had been conquered by the Austrians. Many Bosnians were still deeply unhappy about this. They wanted to join with their neighbours, Russia, and many Serbians wanted to join with them. One gang of Serbians, known as the ‘Black Hand’, decided to take drastic action to highlight their cause. They planned to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand. His visit to Sarajevo was the perfect opportunity to kill Franz Ferdinand.

2 - On 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand and his wife visited Bosnia because it was controlled by Austria-Hungary and they wanted to show the people they cared about Bosnia. Franz Ferdinand and his wife took a tour of the city (Bosnia) in an open-top car so the crowds could see them. Whilst in their car they were both shot dead by Serb nationalist, Gavrilo Princip and the Black Hand Gang. Franz Ferdinand’s bulletproof jacket did not save him and his wife Sophie (who was pregnant) was also shot and died.

3 - Austria attempted to use the assassination as a chance to crush Serbia. When Russia prepared to defend Serbia, Germany too became involved in the conflict. In turn, the alliance with Russia brought France into the conflict. Germany declared war on them both on 1 August 1914. This period between the assassination and the outbreak of WWI when tensions rose is known as the July crisis, with Britain also joining the war against Germany.

4 CHALLENGE KNOWLEDGE: The Serbian government and secret service planned the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and armed the Black Hand Gang so that the Serbian government would not be blamed because they wanted a war with Austria-Hungary. Colonel Appi was the head of the secret service and later found guilty of treason and executed.

History Department – Cycle 1 Year 9 Knowledge OrganiserTopic: What were the main short term causes of WWI?

AUTHOR: VPA JULY 2020 13


KEY TERM: DEFINITIONS:

1 Alliance Agreements about friendship and support between countries such as the military alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary or the friendship alliance between Britain, France and Russia known as the Entente (friendliness).

2 Empire A powerful and rich country that has a big army and controls other countries (its ‘Empire’).

3 Arms Race / militarism

One country / Power increases its army and weapons leading to other Powers increasing theirs, leading to a competition or race for which Power can have the most powerful army, navy and weapons.

4 Rivalry Competition between countries, e.g. Germany and Britain’s navy.

5 Dread-nought

Prestigious battleships developed by Britain and Germany.

6 The Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy to support each primary other against Russia.

7 The Entente Cordial

An agreement between France and Britain in 1904 to support each other.

8 The Triple Entente

Russia joined the Entente Cordiale in 1907 with France and Britain.

1. KEY TERM DEFINITIONS: 2: KEY KNOWLEDGE: Long term Causes

1 - Long-term cause (European tensions / Alliances): Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance. In 1882, they signed a document that promised they would give each other military support in case of a war. The Alliance agreement stated it was 'essentially defensive and conservative' with the aim of stopping anyone who 'might threaten' the three nations

2 - Long-term cause (European tensions / Alliances): The Triple Entente was created in reaction to the forming of the Triple Alliance, and included Britain, France and Russia. In contrast to the Triple Alliance, the terms of the Entente did not require each country to go to war on behalf of the others, but stated that they had a 'moral obligation' to support each other.

3 - Arms Militarism: Britain had a powerful navy, due to its large empire. Germany began to challenge this by building dreadnoughts and, eventually, they developed U-boats (submarines). The rest of Europe had vast armies and were prioritising military spending after 1900.

- KEY MILITARISM FACTS:France = 1.25 million soldiers; 28 battleships; Britain = 711,000 soldiers; 64 battleships; Germany = 2.2 million soldiers; 40 battleships; Russia = 1.2 million soldiers; 16 battleships

4 CHALLENGE KNOWLEDGE: ‘The Blank Cheque’, July 1914- Blank Cheque – Germany made it clear to Austria they would support them no matter the

consequences of their ultimatum with Serbia knowing that supporting Austria ‘unconditionally’ would lead to war with Russia, France and probably Britain!

History Department – Cycle 1 Year 9 Knowledge OrganiserTopic: What were the main long term causes of WWI?



KEY TERM: DEFINITIONS:1 Trench

warfareA method of warfare in which soldiers fight from the protection of deep ditches known as trenches to defend their position.

2 Trench Long, deep channels dug into the ground for many miles to protect soldiers from the opposing army’s artillery and machine guns.

3 No-Man’s Land

The area of land in between both army’s trenches. It was usually protected with barbed wire and mines. There were also snipers waiting to shoot anyone who entered no-mans land.

4 Artillery A type of very powerful modern cannon that can fire large explosive shells (bombs) for several miles.

5 Dug-out A deep well built tunnel below the trench in which soldiers are protected from artillery. They can sleep and rest in the dug-out.

6 Machine Gun

An advanced rapid firing gun, which can fire thousands of rounds (bullets) every minute. Machine guns were one of the main causes of death in trench warfare along with artillery and shrapnel.

7 ‘Over the top’

The term used when soldiers would climb out of the trenches to fight the enemy. They would walk across no-mans land to the enemy trench.

8 Trench foot The name given to the disease that many soldiers suffered as a result of wet flooded trenches that soldiers would spend time standing in wet boots for months. It could lead to amputation.

9 Shell shock A form of psychological illness soldiers would suffer because of the constant shelling and terrible conditions in the trenches.

10

Trench Fever

Soldiers’ uniforms would be infested with ticks (bloodsucking insects). Over a long period of time this led to soldiers developing a condition in which they would get a very high fever, headaches and drowsiness as a result of the tick bites.

1. KEY TERM DEFINITIONS: 2: KEY KNOWLEDGE: Trench Warfare, 1914-18

1 - Daily life was monotonous (repetitive) and often very dull. It involved the cleaning and inspection of weapons; the construction and repair of trench defences; the removal of dead and wounded soldiers from the trenches and no man's land; the transfer of supplies, food rations and new equipment; observing enemy activity and movement; repairing barbed wire defences; delousing of uniforms.

2 - Conditions in the trenches were shocking. Soldiers had to live there in all weathers. In winter, trenches flooded, and sometimes froze. As a result of wet conditions and poor hygiene, some soldiers suffered from ‘trench foot’ and ‘trench fever’.

3 - Front line soldiers could be expected to advance across no man's land towards the enemy frontline trenches, in the face of shelling, machine gun fire and barbed wire defences. Thousands of casualties could be expected in such a "push" or attack.

4 - Soldiers had to live with the constant danger of enemy shelling and snipers; the sound of artillery bombardments which sometimes resulted in soldiers suffering from a breakdown known as "shell shock"; the death or injury of close friends; the dangers of poison gas attacks; rats and lice; the boring diet of tea, biscuits and tinned beef.

5 - Soldiers suffered enormous casualties due to the deadly effects of modern artillery, grenades, mines and machine guns.

- At the Battle of the Somme, 1916: Casualties topped 1 million, including the deaths of more than 300,000.

- British troops sustained 420,000 casualties—including 125,000 deaths during the Battle of the Somme. The casualties also included 200,000 French troops and 500,000 German soldiers.

6 CHALLENGE KNOWLEDGE: Use of chemical warfare using a range of gases was used on a wide scale for the first time during WWI. Chlorine gas, Mustard gas and Phosgene were used. It did not lead to mass casualties, only 1% of deaths because of the invention of gas masks but it had a psychological terror effect on the soldiers.

History Department – Cycle 1 Year 9 Knowledge OrganiserTopic: Conditions in the Trenches – Trench Warfare, 1914-18



9.0 Place Value and Number Properties

1 Addition and Subtraction of Whole numbers

KEYWORDS Addition: sum plus, total, more

Subtraction:Takeaway, minus,less, reduce

2. Multiplication of Whole Numbers “GelosiaMethod”

Keywords: Example: Product, 58 X 213Times , Of Answer

= 12354

3. Division of numbers “Bus Stop Method “

Keywords: per, Example: Example:over, each 360 / 8 468/42

Place Value

1

Prime Factorisation

1

Prime factorisation:Finding the prime

factors of the number Use “Tree Method”

2 Venn Diagram for

Factors

Venn Diagram method Product of the middle section of the Venn diagram

3 HCF: Highest Common Factor

List Method: list all the factors and circle the highest factor in both. Example: HCF of 12 and 18Factors of 12: 1,2,3,4,6,12Factors of 18: 1,2,3,6,9,18 HCF = 6

HCF of 24 and 60: 2 x 2 x 3 = 12

4

LCM: Lowest Common Multiple

List Method: List all the multiples and circle the lowest multiple in both. Example: LCM of 10 and 12Multiples of 10: 10,20,30,40,50,60Multiples of 12: 12,24,36,48,60 LCM = 60

LCM of 24 and 60: 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 240

9.1 Factors, Multiples and Primes 1 Keywords:

Multiple: A number in the times table Factor: A number that goes into another number

Example: First five multiples of 5: 5,10,15,20,25

All factors of 20: 1,2,4,5,10,20

2 Prime number: A number that only has 2 factors- 1 and itself1 IS NOT A RPIME NUMER

List of first 10 prime numbers: 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29

REMEMBER : 1 is NOT PRIME

Maths Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge Organiser

AUTHOR: PMA JULY 2020 16


9.2 4 Operations - Decimals

1 Addition of Decimals

Line up the numbers keeping the decimal point in line.

2 Subtraction of Decimals

Remember the rules of borrowing apply

3 Multiplication of Decimals

Use Gelosia Method for large numbers Example: 3.17 X 5.8

4 Division of Decimals

When dividing decimals remember to make the denominator a whole number

Use Bus stop method for Dividing Decimals

𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓 =

𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 = 𝟒𝟒

𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 =

𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 = 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎

9.4 Indices, Powers and Roots 1 Index (plural Indices): The

small number which indicates how many times a number is being multiplied by itself.

Power: Another term used for indices

2 Roots: Inverse of Power

9.3 Rounding and Estimation 1 Decimal Place (dp) The number of digits the

number should have after rounding after the decimal point

Significant figure(sf) : The number rounded in a way that there are the required number of non zero digits.

Estimate: Round the numbers to 1 sf and use in calculation

Example: Round 4.356 to

1 dp: 4.4 2 dp: 4.36

1sf: 4 2 sf: 4.4

3 sf: 4.36




9.7 Fractions

1

Keywords:Numerator: The number on the top of

the fraction

Denominator: The number at the bottom of the fraction

Improper Fraction: When the numerator is greater than the

denominator its an improper Fraction

Mixed Number: A whole number and a fraction is called a mixed number

When Adding / Subtracting FractionsMake the denominators the same

2 Multiplying Fractions

Times the numerator and the denominator and then simplify

3

Dividing FractionsKeep the first fraction]

Flip the second fraction and Change the divide to times 9.6 Ratio

1

Ratio: Comparison of 2 quantitiesExample: If there are 4 girls in a

class of 10 students Ratio of B:G = 6: 4

Ratio must be simplified as 3:2

Dividing in a given ratio:

9.5 FDP1 Fraction to Decimal : Divide the numerator by the

denominator or make the denominator either a 10 or 100 Example 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟓

as decimal = 𝟐𝟐 𝑿𝑿 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝑿𝑿 𝟐𝟐

= 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎

= 0.4

2Decimal to Fraction: Divide the number by the number of zeros as there are decimal places and then simplify the fraction

Example 0.2 = 2 tenths = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎

0.52 = 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

=𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟓

3 Percentage to Fraction: Divide the percentage by 100 and simplify the fraction

Example: 30% = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎

5% = 𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎

4Fraction to Percentage: Multiply to make the denominator 100 and do the same operation with the numerator

Example: 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎

= 𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 84%

5Percentage to Decimal: Divide the percentage by 100 and find the equivalent decimal

Example 30% = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 0.3

72% = 𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 072

6Decimal to Percentage: Divide the given percentage by 100

Example 0.3= 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

=30 %

4.5 = 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎

= 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 450 %

9.8 Percentages

1 Percentage of an amountFins 10% and 1% to solve

Example: Find 42% of 80 10% = 8 1%= 0.8 42% = 8X4 + 0.8X2 = 33.6

2 Percentage using a calculator Example: 69% of 42 = 69/100 X 42 = 28.98




4 Two Types of Newspaper – Stereotypical Characteristics

1. Tabloid: Content more gossip, colourful, soft news, celebrity, football, often right wing, colloquial /informal language. Mass audience.

2. Broadsheet: Content more serious, hard news, politics, world news, formal. More niche audience.

1 Key Media terms

1 Alliteration repetition of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words

2 Caption helps to tell a story by explaining a picture

3 Fact when something is undeniably true

4 Headline used to grab your attention and tells the story in as few words as possible

5 Opinion a view or judgement

6 Pun a joke that exploits the different possible meanings of a word

7 Quote to repeat or copy words that someone has spoken or written

8 Subheading an additional headline or title that comes after the headline or a heading given to a paragraph of writing

9 By-line the printed line of a text that names the writer of an article

10 Anchorage the text (copy) that fixes (anchors) and image and its meaning

2 Key information

• What happened or what will happen?

• Who was involved or who will be involved?

• Where did it happen or where will it be happening?

• When did it happen or when will it be happening?

• Why it happened or why will it be happening? Is there a reason why?

• How it happened?

3 Mise-en-scene

CostumesLighting

Acting (facial expressions, body language)Make up

PropsSettings

Media Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserNewspapers (Print)

AUTHOR: HJW JULY 2020 19


5 Genre Conventions of a Newspaper

MASTHEAD: Name of newspaper. ‘Redtops’ refer to tabloids with the red logo

MAIN IMAGE

DATE & PRICE

HEADLINE: Main story, attached to

main image. SUB HEADING: Brief info about the main headline.

PUFFS: content that will be inside the magazine (enigma codes)

SECONDARY LEAD:Different story

runs along side the main story.

6 Media audiences

1 Mode of address The way a media product ‘speaks’ to its audience

2 Niche audience/ market

A small segment of an audience with specific tastes and interests

3 Audience positioning

Each media text that is constructed to position its intended audience in a particular place and to respond in a certain way to it

4 Demographics The characteristics and make- up of a sample of the population e.g. age, gender, nationality

Media Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserNewspapers (Print)

AUTHOR: HJW JULY 2020 20


1 Musical Features

1 Riff ❑ A simple repeated musical pattern

2 Walking Bass ❑ The bass part in Blues ‘walks’ up the notes of a chord creating a ‘walking bass’ part.

3 Blues Scale ❑ The melody of a blues piece, uses a special scale. This blues scale is built using: C Eb F Gb G Bb C (remember the 3 triangles below)

4 Improvisation ❑ To make music up on the spot without planning. This was widely used in Blues and Jazz music.

5 Arpeggios ❑ Broken chords; the notes are played one at a time instead of simultaneously.

6 Syncopation ❑ When music is played on the off-beat (i.e. not played on the main beats of the bar). Syncopation create a disjointed feel.

7 12 Bar Blues ❑ Traditional style of music, using 3 chords (C, F, G) over a 12 bar cycle. See the diagram below.

8 Song Structure ❑ A typical pop song consists of: Verse - Chorus - Verse -Chorus - Middle 8 - Chorus - Instrumental - Chorus

9 Accompaniment ❑ The accompaniment is the background music that supports a melody. This is provided by the chords, played either on Piano or Guitar

10 Chord ❑ A chord is 3 notes played at the same time. This type of chord is called a triad. Only certain notes sound nice as a chord. The notes have to have a space of 1 keyboard key between them. There are 2 types of chord: Major and Minor. Major chords sound happy, Minor chords sound sad.

2: Chord diagrams

3: Chord chart

Music Department – Cycle 2 Knowledge OrganiserYear 9: Blues

AUTHOR: PAD JULY 2020 21


1. Balanced Diet (Key words)1 Carbohydrates Food source that acts as the body’s preferred

energy source (55-60%).

2 Fat Food source that provides energy at low intensities (25-30%).

3 Protein Food source which is predominantly for growth and repair of body tissues (15-20%).

4 Vitamins ‘Organic substances’ that are required for many essential processes in the body.

5 Minerals ‘Inorganic substances’ which assist the body with many of its functions.

2. Hydration/Dehydration (Factors affecting)

1 Hydration Having enough water to enable normal functioning of the body.• Maintains hydration levels• Helps with reaction times• Maintains body temperature

2 Dehydration Excessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body.• Blood thickens and slows down blood flow• Heart rate increases and causes an

irregular heart rate• Body temperature increases/overheating• Reaction times become slower• Muscle fatigue and/or muscle cramps

3. Health, Fitness and Well-Being1 Health A state of complete physical, mental and social

well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity.

2 Fitness The ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment.

3 Well-Being A mix of physical, mental and social factors that gives people a sense of being comfortable, healthy and/or happy.

4. Benefits and Reasons for Participation

1 Physical • Loss of excess weight• Physical challenge• Improved muscle definition• Prevents obesity• Improves heart and body functions

2 Mental • Relieves stress and helps you to relax

• Develops aesthetic appreciation• Increases confidence/self-esteem• Improved control of emotions

3 Social • Meeting new friends• Reduces boredom• Improves cooperation skills• Improves team work skills• Provides opportunities to socialise

Physical Education Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserYear 9

AUTHOR: EFA JULY 2020 22


5. Applied Anatomy Functions (Key words)1 Shape The skeleton gives the body its shape, which changes

with growth

2 Support The skeleton gives the body support, enabling us to stand and walk upright.

3 Protection The skeleton protects vital organs.

4 Movement Bones work with muscles to create and allow movement.

5 Blood Cell Production

Red and white blood cells and platelets are made in the bones.

Cranium

Sternum

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Pelvis

Spinal Vertebrae

Clavicle

Rib Cage

Femur

Patella

Fibula Tibia

Triceps

Latissimus Dorsi

Gluteus Maximus

GastrocnemiusHamstrings

TibialisAnterior

Quadriceps

Abdominals

Pectorals

Biceps

Deltoids

PE Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserYear 9

AUTHOR: RGN JULY 2020 23


6. Fitness Components (Key words)1 Agility The ability to move and change direction quickly

(at speed) whilst maintaining control.

2 Balance Maintaining the centre of mass over the base of support. Static – still, Dynamic – moving.

3 Cardiovascular Endurance

The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles.

4 Coordination The ability to use different (2 or more) parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently.

5 Flexibility The range of movement possible at a joint.

6 Muscular Endurance

Ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions avoiding fatigue.

7 Power The product of strength and speed.Strength x Speed = Power

8 Reaction Time The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus.

9 Strength The ability to overcome a resistance.Types: Maximal, Dynamic, Explosive and Static.

10 Speed The maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a

period of time. Distance ÷ Time = Speed

7. Somatotypes1 Ectomorph • Tall

• Very thin / Lean• Not much Fat• Long arms and high forehead

E.g. High Jumper, Long Jumper, Marathon Runner, Tennis Player

2 Mesomorph • Large muscle content • Wedge shape• Broad shoulders / Thin waist

E.g. Sprinter, Weightlifter, Rugby Player

3 Endomorph • Pear shaped• High content of fat• Fat round middle • Larger thighs and upper arms

E.g. Front Row Forward Rugby Player, Sumo Wrestler, Shot Putter

Physical Education Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserYear 9

AUTHOR: EFA JULY 2020 24


1 Origins of the universe

1 Stewardship The idea that believers have a duty to look after the environment on behalf of God.

“The Earth is the LORD’S and everything in it.” Psalm 24:1

2 Dominion Ruling or power over something, taking charge.

3 Big Bang theory The theory that suggests the universe started with an incredibly small, hot atom which expanded and exploded. 13.8 billion years later it became the cosmos that we know today.

4 Creationist Christians believe that the world is God’s loving creation.

God created the earth and all living things on earth.

3 Origins of human life

1 Christian Bible on the origins of human life

“So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them.” (Genesis 1:27)

2 Muslim Qu’ranon the origins of human life

“You [humans] were lifeless and He gave you life.” (Qur’an 2:28)

3 Evolution The process by which living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms of life during the history of the earth.

4 Adaptation The process of change where organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

2 Animal rights

1 Contrasting Christian views on animal rights

‘"A righteous man cares for the needs of his animal, but the kindest acts of the wicked are cruel."

(Proverbs 12:10) “Rise, Peter, kill, and eat.” (Acts 10:9-13)

2 Contrasting Muslim views on animal rights

“All the creatures that crawl on the earth and those that fly with their wings are communities like yourselves.” (Qur’an 6:38)

Whoever kills a sparrow or anything bigger than that without a just case, God will hold him accountable on the Day of Judgement.” (Hadith)

3 Vegetarian A person who does not eat meat or fish, and sometimes other animal products, especially for moral, religious, or health reasons.

4 Vegan A person who does not eat or use animal products.

5 Factory farming Hold large numbers of animals, typically cows, pigs, turkeys, or chickens, often indoors, typically at high densities to produce large quantities of meat, eggs, or milk at the lowest possible costs.

4 Abortion

1 Christian Bible on abortion

“Before I formed you in the womb I knew you.“ (Jeremiah 1:5)

2 Muslim Qu’ranon abortion

“Do not kill your children for fear of poverty- We shall provide for them and for you – killing them is a great sin.” (Qur’an 17:31)

3 Sanctity of life The belief that all life is holy as it is created and loved by God; human life is sacred and belongs to God.

4 Pro-choice “A woman's life comes first so she has the right to choose”.

5 Pro-life “Life begins at conception so abortion is a form of murder”.

RE Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserReligion and Life

AUTHOR: LHA JULY 2020 25


7 The Afterlife

1 Akhirah Islamic belief in everlasting life after death.

2 Barzakh A Muslim belief - The state of waiting until the Day of Judgement after death.

3 Resurrection Rising from the dead or returning to life after death.

4 Purgatory Place where souls are cleansed in order to enter heaven. (Roman catholic belief)

“For he is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers' soap; he will sit as a refiner and purifier ... and he will purify” (Malachi 3:2-4)

5 The Day ofJudgement

A religious belief – God will judge a person for everything they have done through their life.

Resulting in either punishment or reward.

6 Heaven or Jannah

A state of eternal happiness in the presence of God.

“There will be no more mourning or crying or pain.” (Revelation 21:4)

7 Hell or Jahannam The place of eternal suffering or place without God.

“Hell, where the fire never goes out.”(Mark 9:43)

5 Euthanasia

1 Christian Bible on euthanasia

“Your eyes saw my unformed body; all the days ordained for me were written in your book before one of them came to be.” (Psalm 139:16)

2 Muslim Qu’ranon euthanasia

“No soul may die except with God’s permission at a predestined time.” (Qur’an 3:145)

3 Euthanasia The painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma.

4 Active euthanasia

Ending a life by deliberate action, such as by giving a patient a lethal injection.

5 Passive euthanasia

Allowing a terminally ill or incurably ill person to die by withdrawing or withholding medical treatment.

6 Types of pollutionCauses Effects/consequences

1 Air Fumes from factories and vehicles.

Asthma attacks, lung cancer, global warming, climate change and acid rain.

2 Land Ineffective disposal of waste.

Poisons wildlife, result in contaminated food.

3 Water Dumping waste into the sea.

Kills marine life and birds due to the oil in the sea.

AUTHOR: LHA JULY 2020

RE Department – Cycle 2 Knowledge OrganiserReligion and Life

26


KEYWORDS – REACTIVITY1 Atom The smallest unit that makes up matter

Contains protons, neutrons and electrons

2 Element Substance made up of only one type of atom

3 Compound Two or more elements chemically bonded together

4 Mixture Different elements, compounds or molecules mixed together but not chemically bonded

5 Law of conservation of mass

In a chemical reaction , atoms are not created or destroyed only re-arranged.

6 Thermal decomposition

A chemical reaction where a substance is broken down by heating

7 Combustion Scientific name for burning a fuel

8 Collision Theory Particles must bump into each other with enough energy for a reaction to take place

9 Effect of temperature on rate of reaction

The higher the temperature the faster the rate of reaction

10 Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction

The higher the concentration the higher the rate of reaction

11 Effect of surface area

The greater the surface area, the higher the rate of reaction

12 Catalyst Substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being used up or changed in the reaction

13 Endothermic reaction

A reaction that takes in heat energy

14 Exothermic reaction A reaction that releases heat energy

15 Evaluation of method

Suggesting improvements for a scientific method to reduces sources of error

16 Hypothesis A prediction of what you think will happen in an investigation

17 Independentvariable

The variable that you change in an investigation

18 Dependent variable The variable that you measure in an investigation

19 Control variables The variables that you keep the same in an investigation so that your results are valid

11 Effect of surface area

The greater the surface area, the higher the rate of reaction

20. Structure of an atom 21. Activation energyEnergy required by particles in order for a reaction to take place

22. Word Equation

Reactants --------------- Products

Science Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserReactivity

AUTHOR: NCN JULY 2020 27


KEYWORDS – PLANTS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS1 Photosynthesis A chemical process used by plants to make

glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. It uses light energy.

2 Chloroplast Contains the green pigment chlorophyll. The site of photosynthesis.

3 Chlorophyll The green chemical inside the chloroplasts of plant cells. It enables photosynthesis to take place.

4 Limiting factors The factor that is the limiting the rate of photosynthesis.

5 Xylem/Phloem Xylem moves water from the roots to the leaves. Phloem carries sugars all around the plant.

6 Respiration The chemical change that takes place inside living cells; it uses glucose and oxygen to release the energy that organisms need to live.

7 Glucose A sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms.

In plants, it can be used in respiration, storage or making proteins and fats.

8 Starch A large insoluble sugar found in plants. Orange/brown iodine solution turns blue/black

in the presence of starch.

9 Carbon dioxide A gas naturally present in the air that is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis.

It is also released during respiration.

10 Oxygen Is vital for respiration, which is the process that releases energy from glucose to plant cells.

KEYWORDS - STRUCTURE OF A LEAF

11 Waxy cuticle Waterproof layer to prevent water loss.

12 Palisade layer Packed with chloroplasts (which contain chlorophyll) to trap sunlight.

13 Spongy layer Contains air spaces to allow gas movement.

14 Stomata Small pores in the lower epidermis that open and close to allow gases in and out and involved in loss of water vapour.

15 Guard cells Control the opening and closing of the stomata.

(light)Carbon dioxide + water -------- glucose + oxygen

(chlorophyll)

Photosynthesis word equation

Glucose + oxygen ------ Carbon dioxide + water (+Energy)

Respiration word equation

Science Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserPlants and Photosynthesis



KEYWORDS 1 Force Push or pull

Always act in pairs with each force acting in the opposite direction

Contact or Non-contact

2 Interaction pair An object exerts a force on another object and vice versa

3 Moment The turning effect of a force around a pivot

4 Moment equation M = F x d Moment = Force x distance

5 Elastic material Will change shape when a force is applied but will return to its original shape when the force is removed

6 Non-elastic material Will change shape when a force is applied but will stay in its new shape when the force is removed

7 Hooke’s Law The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied to it

8 Hooke’s Law Equation

F = k e Force = Spring Constant x Extension

9 Law of conservation of energy

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed from one type to another

10 Different energy types

Thermal, sound, electrical, gravitational potential, elastic potential, nuclear, chemical, light, kinetic

11 Deformation Changes in an object’s shape due to a force being applied

12 Resultant force The overall force acting on an object

13 Velocity How quickly an object is moving

KEYWORDS 14 Constant velocity Moving at the same, steady speed

15 Stationary Not moving

16 Balanced forces A pair of forces that are equal in size

17 Unbalanced forces

A pair of forces where one force is larger than the other force

18 Limit of proportionality

The point at which an elastic material will not return to its original shape

Science Department – Cycle 1 Knowledge OrganiserForces



1 Solids Particles in fixed, regular arrangement

Strong forces of attraction Particles vibrate in a fixed position

2 Liquids Particles close together, but can move past each other

Irregular arrangement Weaker forces of attraction Random movement Can’t be compressed significantly

3 Gases No forces of attraction between particles in Ideal Gases

Random movement More energy than solids/liquids

4 Pressure Can be calculated: Pressure = Force / Area

(Pa) (N) (m2)

5 Gas pressure Caused by gas particles hitting the insides of a container

Each collision exerts a force This builds pressure

6 Density A measure of how much material there is in a given space?

7 High density More matter in a given space E.g. brick

8 Low density Less matter in a given space E.g. polystyrene

9 Density equation Density = mass / volumekg/m3 kg m3

10 Changes of state Changing from solid to liquid to gas or back the other way

10 Changes of state

Changing from solid to liquid to gas or back the other way

11 Freezing Liquid to solid

12 Melting Solid to liquid

13 Sublimation Solid directly changes to gas and skips the liquid stage

14 Evaporation Liquid to gas

15 Condensation Gas to liquid

16 Internalenergy

Energy stored by particles In an ideal gas, the internal

energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the particles

17 Latent heat The heat required to change state without changing the temperature

18 Specific heat capacity

The heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by one degree Celsius

19 Finding the density of a solid object

1. Use a balance to measure the mass

2. If it is a regular solid, measure the length, widthand height

3. Calculate the volume using the formula

4. For an irregular shape, you can find the volume by submerging it in a eureka can filled with water

5. The water displaced by the object with be transferred to the measuring cylinder

6. Record the volume of water. This is the volume of the object

7. Use the density equation

20 Finding the density of a liquid

1. Place a measuring cylinder on a balance and zero it

2. Pour 10ml of liquid in the cylinder and record the mass

3. Pour another 10ml in the measuring cylinder and measure the mass

4. Record the total volume and mass each time

5. For each measurement, use the formula to calculate the density

6. Finally take an average of your calculated densities

Science Department - Cycle 1 Knowledge Organiser Matter



Spanish – Cycle 1 Knowledge Organiser

AUTHOR: LAS JULY 2020 31

Documents

Year 9 Essential Knowledge for Cycle One