Yachts and Yachting 1887 Cozzens

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Harvard CollegeL ~ r a r y

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THE MAYFLOWER-GALATEA CONTEST, 1886.[Tke artist "as chosetl 'haI pari 0/ 'he ,.ace 0/ S ~ p t l ! m ~ r 7th, , "hm" MoyflOtver" set lu r bal/oon jib,immetiiately upon rOllndin.l{ f h ~ Lightslllp.]

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.Mayftower and Galatea Contest, Frontispiece.

PACE GE.Adrienne, . 66 2;Aida, 131 63Alpha, Z3 53America, 22 41America's Cup, The, 108 Gertrude, 158Atalanta, 119 . Gimcrack, 15Athlon, 74 Gitana, 82Atlantic, 93 Gracie, 39Bedouin, 87 62Bianca, 44 32Buttercup, 153 am Launch, 17Camilla, 117 20Carlotta, 147 56Clytie, 61 Hornet, 17Constance, 149 Intrepid, 55Comet, 34 . Ione, 151Corsair, 116 Irex, '43Course, The d Galatea 59Races), 14 19Crocodile, 78 e, 14Cygnet, II 58Dawn, 148 25Diagram of Yachts, 15 Madeleine, 28Diane, 152 Madge, 75Dreadnaught, 33 Maggie, 88Egeria, 156 Magie, 48Electra, 122 38Enchantress, 4 5Este1Je, 60 38Fanita, 67 7Fanny (sloop 47 1 44Fanny (Boston). 51 Mischief, 69

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THE HISTOR Y UF AMER.lCAN YACHT.lNG.dently the wind was too strong for thesIoop; but it was a close race, the schoonerwinning in 6h. 35m. 30S.; the sloop 7h. 1m.These were yachting years evident!y, andnext year, viz , 1847, they got at it early,the schooners Sybil (42), Mr. C. Miller,and the Cygnet (45), Mr. D. L. Suydam,sailing a match on the 25th of May, for$500 a side, over the regular club course,and the Sybzl won.On the 31St of May, ,8 i7, which now-adays is our great opening day, there wasanother match race sailed for $500 a side,between Mr. William Edgar's schoonerCornelia (90), aoo Mr. D. L. Suydam'sschooner C:ygnet (45), over the regularclub course. The Cornelia groundedoff ElIis' Island, going down, and, ofcourse, the Cygnet won.

At the regular regatta, thisyear, which tM k pIace June 2,the sloop Ulla, afterwards SOcelebrated, and after which,it was thought by some,the sloop Purilalt wasmodeIed, sailed herfirst race. She was

Then there was a class for outside vessels,in which there were four starters, twoschooners and two sloops. There werethree different allowances, viz.: for firstclass club boats, 35 seconds; for secondclass club boats, 45 seconds; and far theoutside craft, 40 seconds per tono Thewind was fresh from southwest, and theMaria and Ulla, in their respective c1asses,

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Il MARI""."

owned by Mr. James M. Waterbury, andwas 39 tons.For the first ti me two classes weremade,showing that the yacht owners were beinggradually educated in the ethics of thesport. There were three entries in thefirst, and six in the second class. Therigs, however, were not separated, and inthe first class the schooners Cornelia andSiren were pitted against the sloop Maria.

won as they pleased, while the sloop Dari(59), an outside boat, took the prize there.Now-a-days, a proposition to race a sloopagainst a schooner inferior in size, andwithout allowance for rig, would be laughedto scornoOctober 12 of this year, 1847, there wasanother "Corinthian" race, and this ti meover the regular club course. I t was for asubscription cup, the yacht lo be mannedand

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%0 TH E HISTORY OF AMERICAN YA CH TING.only the schooner Sybil and Corneliocarne to the line and went over thecourse. Th e Sybil won, and the Corneliacaptured the second prize. Evidently,owners were getting better acquaintedwith their boats and those opposed tothem, and they do not seem to have relisheddefeat any more than their successors donow-a-days. There were no starters amongthe sloops, probably for the reason that as

against the Maria and Una no vesselstood a chance, and it was labor lost, andmoney thrown away, to fit them for a race.Previous to this race of November 3, however, viz., October 31, 1848, there was amatch between the sloops Ulla and Ultraover the club course. The Ultra was 65tons, the Una but 39; and size told inthose days as now, and the allowance of 17minutes 15 seconds which the Una gotwas n6t enough for her. Th e Ultra, thenowned by Mr. C. B. Miller,WOll by 15 minutes.Ne.xt year, 1849, there wasno race unti l the regular Juneregatta, which occupied twodays, June 5 and 7. On thefirst day the course was theregular one, bu t the secondday the start was off Robbins'Reef and the yachts wentaround the a n d y Hook lightship for tlte first time. The,II:[aria carne in ahead on thefirst day, bu t was disqualified011 account of fouling theUltra. On the second daythe prizes were $50 for each

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THE HISTOR Y OF A.JfERICAN YACHTING.with a 'congenial party sue h as the yachtcould comfortably accommodate, and go fora ten days' cruise to the eastward. Thesecruises, of course, were as frequent as thebusiness en he owner woulpermit, all th ting season, anlong before r last rsum, athe end of f 1858, the pennant of the acht Club habeen a com ery harbor froGlen Cove to yard, the yachtsmen being always welcome visitors, andleaving always substantial pecuniary benefits behind them.Continuing the history from the pointwhere I left it, I may say that in 1859another change was made in the system ofmeasuremen e of time beinby area of h d breadth at thwater-line o en into the acount, and t ved so satisfactory, that it nged until 187when in vie of the schooneCambria to race or t e A11Ierica's Cup,the rule was changed to the cubical contents one, which, I think, was the fairestfor all shapes of vessels, taking all thingsinto consideration, of any that the club hasever adopted. The annual regatta wassailed this year over the old Elysian Fieldscourse, and thing particulaabout it exc in the system omeasuremen canvas to areof hull, a gr nt.Duri,ng th se, this year, othe 6th of A net matched hsloop Rebecca agalOst the schooner Rcstlessfor $500 a side, to sail from Brenton's ReefLighthouse, off the harbor of Newport,through the Sound to the Throggs Neckbuoy, a distance of 154 miles. I t was avery fine race, the wind being strong fromthe southwest and the Reslless, being beighteen to vessel, beat thRebecca twel Two days lateAugust 8, Fazlorite anHaze sailed w London, ovea course 24 az'orile won, anon August I fleet had a racat Newport, the course being from off PortAdams, to a stake boat anchored sixteenmiles southwest by south half south fromthe Brenton's Reef Lightship, and at thismatch, for the first time, two classes ofsloops as well as two classes oC schoonerssailed.The club hoff Owl's Hat this thereand two of

a, this year, froe lightship, anasses of sloopThe race fixe

originally for September 22 failed on thatday from lack of wind, and was finally sailedSeptember 26.This seems to have been a yachting year,ober 6 there be-chooners GyPS) or-nd Zinga (I I rseoff Hart Islan ndEaton's N eck ty-for $50 each syrace was sail edsails, and the ,Favorite twisted her rudderbead.In 1860 the regular regatta was sailed,June 7, and, ac; in the last race, there werethree classes of sloops and two of schooners,and they went over the old course from offFields. On histhe sloops Jult c-sailed amate tofrom Sandy as was the firs hisce become hi, heyac ts smled with housed topmasts bystipulation, and under jib and mainsail only.Th e Julia won by thirteen minutes.On the annual cruise, this year, the fleetsailed a race at New Bedford, there being,as had now become the fashion, threeclasses of sloops and two of schooners thening the cha or

the New York adThis was in ofng out of the w 62,t it again, wit ofsloops, and three of schooners, dlvlded lOtothose of 800 square feet of area, from thatto 1,300 for the second class, and over1,300 for the first class of sloops. Theschooners were up to 1,000 feet for thethird class, between 1,000 and 1,500 for thesecond and ali over 1,500 feet for the first,s race the M rstas a schooner asId course, as ofich year the a asune I I , and wa hehistory of the otseem to give much satisfaction, as it wasnot repeated, but I fancy there was toomuch machinery about it, as the allowanceswere graded to fit any wind from a lightbreeze to a gale. It attracted, however,an entry of 9 schooners and 7 sloops, and. over the old co864, at the reg he

back to the 01 wosloops and tw rs,ailed over the utDi Dle


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THE HESTORY OF AMERECAN YACHTELVG. 3Sthey only had a little stump oC a bowspritand a short main topmast-more a ftag-staffthan anything else-on which was hoisteda sort oC square topsail with a yard on it,sent up from the deck ftying. 'fhe moderngaff topsail, now in universal use on Coreand aft vessels was 110t introduced untilsome years after the organization of theNew York Yacht Club.To return to my story of this great race,in which there is ampie material for a history by itself, and which the Iimitations of

space forbid my more than merely glancingat. As soon as Mr. Bennett heard of thismatch having been made, he signified hisdesire to take a part in it, and, after someconsideration, the other gentlemen consented, an article being added to the agreement as follows :

"The yacht Henrietta enters the aboverace, by paying $30,000 subscriptionby members of the New York Yacht Club;any minor points not embraced in theabove, that cannot be settled by Messrs.Osgood, Lorillard and Bennett, shall be decided as follows: Each shall choose anumpire; the umpires chosen in case of adisagreement to choose two others. Twentyper cent. of the money to be deposited withMr. Leonard w. Jerome, on the 3d ofNovember, the balance to be deposited onthe first Tuesday in December-play orpay. Signed by J. G. B e n n ~ l t , Jr.,Franklin Osgood,

G ~ o r g ~ A. Osgood,Prn Lorti/ard, Jr.December 5, 1866."

There was a supplementaryagreement which provided thatneither yacht was to take a channel pilot from this city, andthat, in addition to thesaiIs previousIy named,each yacht might carry asquare sai!. The thirdagreement provided

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TRE RISTORY OF AMERICAN YACHTING. 37

"WANDKRER."

in site, this was a bad beat for the newschooner, from which so much had beenexpected. Here are the dimensions of thetwo boats:Sappho, ons; 3146.0 farea.Palmer, 94.2 ton5; 237feet area.1868 wa being the ywhen the c l itself at Clift ,S. I., and for the first time started itsannual regatta from there on J une 18,1868. There were four sloops and eightschooners started, and the affair failedfrom lack oC wind, and next day only twosloops, the Gussie and TVhite TVing, carneto the line ners Magie, IdiSilz and as generally hpened on d poned races habeen saile cracking bree

the lVhite TVing was disabled, and theMagie took the schooner prize. A famousrace was sailed July 15, of this year, be-schooners M . ine"r of the .Il1'agic o tohe course bein onee lightship; the o ~ s , he Pauline, 81. mm-ey started from , asustom for som , andthe Pauline led her larger competitor allthe way around the course, and beat her,finally, thirty minutes fifteen seconds,actual time. This was the worst beatingthe Magie, a wonderfully smart boat, everreceived, and showed most concIusivelyrtainties of ya Thehe first \Vas v they got a fresh b uth-as t the Pau/iiI( she

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TIlE H/STOR Y OF AMER/CAN YACHT/NG.went, getting clear ou t to the lightship be-fore the Magie, inside of the Hook, go t thebreeze at alI.During the annual eruise, this year, therewere some fine matehes, bu t nothingespecially worthy of note. Mr. PierreLorillard gave a cup at New London. Mr.Thomas Durant, at that time owner of thesehooner /dler, gave one at Newport, andthere was an ocean sweepstakes from ClarksPoint,off New Bedford, twenty miles to seaand return, and to be made in five hours.Of course, it was not made in that time.The Poillons, meanwhile, not having beenable to secure a purchaser for the Sappho,had sent her to England for sale, andshe sailed a mateh around the Isle ofWight. l t was a sweepstakes, .t;2entrance money; the race to be madein nine hours. The Sappho enteredat 31 0 tons. Cutters were to havetwo thirds of their tonnage added.There were no square sails allowed,but in fore and aft canvas there wasno limito N o greater amountof time than twenty minutesto be allowed in any eventoEvidently, the big Yankeeschooner did not frightenJohn BulI to any great ex-tent, for the eutter Oimaraundertook to sail the Sappho011 even terms, while, asrespected English yachts, shewas to have two-thirds ofher tonnage added, and wasto be classed at 275 tons.The other yachts were the

cutter Condor (215), and the schoonersGambria (193) and Alillc (212). The Cam-bria was owned by Mr. Ashbury, and theAlillc by Mr., now Sir Richard, Sutton,

who carne here last summer with the cutterGmcsta. The above were the measure-ments sailed under, the real measurementsof the Oimara and C01ldor being 165 and

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THE H/STOR Y OF AMER/CAN YACHT/NG. SIto have you rectify the error. The time which elapsedbetween the passing of the home stake boa t by the Col-"mbia and the Maddi!itu is incorrectly given, being3m. 13s., instead of 1m. 13s. Th e time was obtainedfrom your own appointed time-keeper. Unquestionably, to my mind, Commodore Voorhis must be fullyaware of the actual difference in the time of arrivai ofour respective boats, as on an occasion like this everyyacht owner knows the time of his passing the homestake boato I am prepared to fumish you with fullproof to substantiate my claim of having fairlybeaten the M a d d ~ j t u .

JUtu 28, 1871.Two or three times, summer residents atCape May have induced the New Yorkyachtsmen to come down there and sail arace, and the first time that this occurredwas in this season of 187 I . Attracted bythe offer of two $1 , 000 cups, one forschooners and one for sloops, opcm to any

yacht-club in the world, severa! of theschooners of the New York club andsloops of that and other clubs went down.They found a miserable harbor, very difficult of entrance, and an open roadsteadwith poor anchorage outside; and camehome vowing that nothing should temptthem there again.These were the yachts which wentdown. Schooners: Sappho, Dalml-less, Rambr, Alarm, Wantlertr,Columbia, Palmer, M atldeilu, TidalIVave, M atlgie, Eva and Sun-s;';ne. Sloops : Grac andVindcx, of the N ew York, and

Daphne of the At!antic club. The race\Vas sailed July 4. from a point off thehotels at Cape May, to and around theFive Fathom Light-ship; thence five milesnortheast to a stake-boat, and back tothe pIace of departure, a total distance of

39.% miles. If the affair was remarkablefor anything, it was for the sailing of theschooner Wanderer on the passage down.In anice working breeze dead ahead, shebeat the Sappho and Daunllesshandsome!y. In an ali day beat,the breeze steady, she led theDaunlless about an hour andthe Sappho over an hourand a quarter. And shehas never sailed remarkab!y well since. Captain" Bob" Fish wason board of heron this occasion,and said onarrivaI a tCape May,

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that he could make her do bettero Re gotpermission to alter her trim, and did so,and the next day, in the race, she wasnowhere.l 'he SaPPho was bound up too tight.~ e x t day, the lanyards of her rigging were

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THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN YACHTfNG. 53and, with some few exceptional years, havedone so ever since. Many N ew York clubmemners joined the Eastern, and some ofthe gentlemen of the Eastern club joinedthe New York. There has been a community of interest between them ever since.They joined company this year, at N ewport,and sailed east around Cape Cod and hada regatta at Swampscott, Mass., for prizes,$1000 for schooners and $500 for sloops,offered by the Eastern club, and to besailed according to its rules. There wereal so prizes offered by the citizens ofSwampscott-$800 for schooners, and $400for sloops, without any lime allowance.As showing that even as late as 1871, noother club than the New York was of muchimportance, I will give the vessels of thetwo clubs and their sizes. The New Yorkclub entered, schooners: Columbia (220) ;Sapplzo (274) ; Daunllus (268) ; Flulwing(206); Dreadnought (275); Edler (133) ;Wanderer (187); Tarolinta (178); Hal-eyon (121); Magie (91) ; Eva )81} ; Foam(III); Tirial Wave (153); lesla (201);Spri/e (77) ; Rambler (242).The Eastern Club had the schooners:Rebeeca (77); Belle (45); Editn ~ 4 7 ~ ; Juniata (81); Vivim {52}; Elnel 60 ;Julia (80); fanthe (35); GHmpse 59 ;Dawn (41); Silvie (106);and Zepnyr (41).In sloops, the New Yorkclub entered the Vixm (32);~ a d i e (26); Gracie (58);and Vindex (61). .The Eastern club hadsloops Alarlll (2 l) ; Alice(24); Coming (54); Violet(15); Narragansett (28).

Things have changed relatively sincethat time, and to-day the Eastern Club hasthe finest club-house in America, on Marblehead N eck, and some of its schooners- t h e Ambassadress, ForlulIa, Gitana, etc.- are the peers of any in the world; whilethe Puritatl, Thetis, and a half-dozen otherbig sloops cannot be beaten by singlestick vessels anywhere.This course at Swampscott was 39'umiles in length, and there started thirtythree yachts, of which thir ty finished thecourse. It was the largest number whichhad ever competed in American waters.

" P'MOLte." s.",,, YRASCIS("o.

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THE HISTORY OF AJJfERICAN YACHTING. 55having been on board of her on this occasion. and enjoyed a most beautiful sail, theyacht having made the course in less timethan it had ever, as matter of record, beendone before. She started at 12h. 12m.,with wind south-west, and we beat down tothe buoy, heading south on one tack andwest on the other, the yacht going anicec1ean full, and doing better, I thought, thanif she had been racing. 'l'hat celebratedracing skipper, " Sam " Greenwood was atthe wheel, and he had a way. I thought, ofpinching the SaPPho too much. She wouldwork in seven points; but for her bestwo rk he required eight. Given a goodc1ean full within four points of the wind. she was the smartest yes el in the wholewor ld. On this occasion he rounded theBlock l sIand buo)' at 3h . 19m., IO . and,running with onIy working top aiIs, baIloonjib topsail and mai n topma t taysailfa r Iight kite, he turned th e Sow andPig Light-. hip at 6h. 30m. She COLI Idthen ju t Iie her co m c for the finish,and arrived there at 8h om., 30s.,having macle the 64 miles in 7h.,48m., 30s., beating the reeor.T here was another tr ial forthe cup over this cou rse August25 , the Sapplto, Drradnollgntand AI adg starting. Th eM adg withdrew wh en apart of the course ha

I have said that the Brooklyn YachtClub was about this ti me coming intosome prominence; but without the aid ofthe New York it did not make much of ashow, even as late as August, 187 I . I t hadits cruise at the same ti me as the N ew Yorkclub had, and it had a regatta at NewLondon, August 25, 1871. Th e onlyschooners it could boast were the Madelfine (the ftag-ship) and Fleur de Lis, atthat tlme owned by Mr. J hn R. Dickerson, the present owner of the Maddeu /and of its sloops were the Addie, Qui Ville,

u I;'IiITRHPID."

been covered, and the other two made thecourse, but not in nine hours. Their timesare worth giving, as showing how c10se theDreadl1ought, on this occasion, carne to theSaPPho. 'l'hey were, Sappho, 10h., 12m.,os.; Dreadnought, 10h., 18m., 45.; a difference of 6m., 4s., in favor of the Sappho onclapsed time, and in a race of that distanceon allowance, she would have won.

Katc, Kaiser IVillldm, Maggie B. , Sophia,Mllr)', Reereatm, Jennie, T-wilight, WestWind, Nettie B. , Ada, Nellle, Frolie, T-wilight, Carr:, Khedive, fVater Lily, Ah Sin,Haidee, and Annie. Many of these wereyachts belonging to New London. TheMaggie B., at this time, was owned by thecelebrated "Tom Thumb," who was amember of the Brooklyn club, and ha a

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THE HISTOR Y OF A1JfERICAN YACHT.lNG. 57race;" and he wanted a series of tweIveraces. He has been represented as desiring to sai! twelve races, and if he won ontoul oj lI u twdve, to take the cupo I feellike saying that Mr. Ashbury was nottreated over and above fairly by the NewYork club, and am glad to have him setright on this important point.As I have said, the club received thisproposition at a regular club meetingheld on the Dauntless, and some ofthe members were in favor of replyingand reject ing a proposition which no oneat the meeting ever dreamed of accepting.Others, however, said, " Let him come andwe'll make terms with him after he getshere," and Mr. Ashbury was induced tobring the Lt"ilonja here under the impression that the propositions contained -in hisletter of August 12, which was submittedat this meeting, had been accepted.The last race of this brilliant seriesat N ewport, was for the usual cup presented annually by the citizens and valuedat $1,000, which was sailed August 28,over the usual Block Island course.There were nine starters, and with theusual moderate south-west wind, thePalmer, at the Block Island buoy, had along lead and looked a sure winner; but ingybing around the buoy, one of Mr. Stuyvesant's guests was taken overboard by themain sheet. He swam towards the stakeboatanchored nearthe buoy, and shoutedto Mr. Stuyvesant to go on, but that gen-tleman refused to do so, and rounded toand took him on board again, thus givingaway her chance for this splendid prize,

which was finally won by the SaPPho, beating the Columbia 3m. 8s.October 2, 1871, after the return of theclub to New York, the sloop Gracit challengt'd the Addit for the Bennett Cup overthe New York course, and won it by 22S.Then the yachts or some of them wenton to N ewport again to sail the unfinishedraces for the Douglass and Lorillard Cupsover the long 64-mile course. That forthe Lorillard Cup was sailed October 9,187 I , the starters being the Enchantress-then owned by Mr. George Lorillard-the Palmer, Dreadnough/, and Sappho.The Dreadnoughl carri ed away flying jibboom before the start and ran back to theharbor. The Enchanlrtss struck a sunkenrock or wreck running from the BlockIsland buoy to the Sow and Pigs. Th eother two kept on, and the SaPPho won,making the races in 7h. 24m. 58s., and beating her own record. There was a moderate gale from south-west.October IO , the unfinished race for theDouglass $1,000 cup was sailed over theNewport long course, in a fresh northerlybreeze; the starters being the Dreadnough/,Palmtr, Madgit, and IVanderer. I t was inthis race, that the Dr.eadnoughl immortalized herself, beating the Palmer and finishing the race in 7h. 33m. 58s., coming withinnine minutes of the Sappho's time in thepreceding race. This concluded the racing for this year, except the Liz'onja r a c e ~ ; for the Amcrita's Cup and those whichgrew ou t of the visit of that yacht to thiscountry, ami these I will reserve for a future chapter.

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60 THE H/STOR Y OF AMERICAN YACHT/NG.instruction that Mr. Ashbury's very reasonable request for another race should, Ithink, have been granted. l t should bestated, however, that Mr. Ashbury's firstclaim was that the race be awarded to theLivonia, and this the committee was rightin refusing.After the final race with the Sappho,however, October 23, Mr. Ashbury sent acommunication to the committee, informing them that the Livonia would be at herstation the next day for the sixth race, andalso on the following day for the seventh,he cIaiming that he had already won tworaces, and that these two would give himthe cupo The committee sent no answer tothis, and the Livonia went over the coursein a race with the Dauntlcss for a fiftyguinea cup, the match being sailed underthe old 186o measurement, the yachts beingentered as follows: Dauntless, 2,899square feet; Livonia, 2,5 I 2 square feet.They went to windward from the light-ship,and the Dauntless won by nm. 3S. actualand 6m. 3s. corrected time. By the newsystem she would win by 10m. 31S.Mr. Ashbt1ry did not carry ou t his promise of sailing over aTone on the next day,

and this match ended his racing in America. Either one of the four schoonersselected could have beaten the Livoniaalways in any square race.There were two more ocean races as awind-up to the season of 1871 : the Sapp""and Dauntless each sailing a match withthe Dread1llJught for $250 cups, and eachbeating her with ease. The Dread1llJughtwas built originally for Mr. Frederick W.Lane, who, I believe, never went on boardof her. Before she was finished, he hadaltered his mind, and concluded that hedid not want a yacht, and captain Samuels,under whose superintendence she wasbuilt, was running her during this seasonin order to find a customer for her. Shewas afterwards purchased by Mr. A. B.Stockwell, and by him sold to the late C. J.Osborn, who had Mr. Henry Steerslengthen her, making her a much fasteryacht than before. I may say, in concIudingthe events of the year, that Mr. Ashbury leftfor England, October 30, on the Cunardsteamer, and Captai n Wood took theLiz'onia home. At the first meeting of theNew York Yacht Club in the year 1872, aletter was read from Mr. Ashbury, in which

" ESTRLLE.'J

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THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN YACHTIKG.of an ebb tide, and reached the slack wateron the Long lsland shore, while the Come!was reaching in the strong ebb of the Narrows. l will give the dimensions of thetwo yachts:- I OWNER. !wo L. L I l ~ G T ~ . -!B"RAMo! c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ HAN.. "'T e FI . n. 'Magic. 11wm. T. Garner .. 1 78.85 1:>0.91 5.07779~ o m e t : . Wm: H. Langley 1. 733 f :"95, 4.662 .44

Th e ) lfagit: allowed 2m . J{S.

was a miserably rainy afternoon, the yachtstuck in launching, and the elegant assemblage of ladies and gentIemen whom Mr.Garner had bidden to the launch, and forwhose accommodation he had chartered alarge steamboat, had a moist and disagreeable time. 1'0 give an idea of the enormous'sail-spread of this famous schooner, l maystate that from the top of her club top-sailsprit to the water was 163 feet, and fromthe end of her mai n boom to the end ofher ftying jib boom was 235 feet; andwithal, she was the stiffest yacht I was everon board oL She was 121 feet on waterline, 30 feet, 4 inches in beam, and 9 feet,4 inches depth of hold. l have sailed inher, carrying three whole lower sails, withthe water just bubbling along the lee-planksheer, when ali other yachts in companywere double-reefed and staggeringalong with lee-rails u{lder. TheM ohawk had greater initial stabil itythan any yacht ever built in thiscountry, and only the grosseststupidity caused her to capsize.In the minds of those ignorantof the principles of nauticalconstruction, h e r m i s h a pcreated a prejuice againstcenter-board vessels, entirely unreasonable, and

it has not entirely beendissipated to this day.People forget thatthe center - boardschooner Vesta,the center-board

olFANITA."

June 9, 1875, the unfortunate schooneryacht Mohawk was launched from the yardof her builder, Mr. Joseph Vandeusen, footof N orth Seventh street, Brooklyn, E. D. I t

sloop Sih-ia and others have gone safelyacross the Atlantic and returned - thattwo-thirds of all ~ h e American coasting fleetare cent-boards, and make their passages

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T./lE HISTORY OF AMERICAN YACHTING. 75the third,arace from this port to and aroundthe Cape May Light-ship and return. Th eprizes offered were the medal and diplomaof the International Exhibition of 1876.Beside these events thus early in theseason provided for, there were, of course,the annual regattas of the clubs, the Brenton's Reef Challenge Cup race, fixed forJtily 22 , and the Cape May Challenge Cuprace, fixed for October. In preparationfor these events, the schooners Ra11lbler,Dreadnough/ and Idler were alllengthenedthis year, and many minor changes made inother yachts, the sail-makers being kept atwork day and night.I may mention just here that it was inthis year that the first yacht at all approach-ing in model to what has, by common con-sent, come to be known as the cutter, wasbuilt, and that the designer of her, Mr.John Hyslop, who has contributed someinteresting articles on yachting to OUTlNG,was considerably ridiculed, and was bysome considered a trifle insane upon thissubject o{ yacht designing. l 'heyacht was called th e Petrd, and shewas 32 feet over all, 8 feet beam, 6feetdeep and 4 feet 6 inches draught.She was to have four tons of ballast,alI of iron, inside.

I t was in this year 1876, that the Seawanhaka club first came to New York fromOyster Bay, where it had been ti rst organized.

Il MAUGa. ' t , Cuttc:r J."a,lgt , uwncd by E. \V . Sheldon, New Vork.

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82 THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN YACHTING.May Light-ship and return. I may mentionthat the onIy entries for this prize were theschooners Id/er,owned by Mr. Samuei J.Colgate, and the Atalanta, owned by Mr.William Astor. The start was made October 12, and the Atalanta won, beating the

determined mainIy by chance, that theyhave proven so distastefui to yachtowners.This race concluded the racing of this remarkably active yachting year, but previousto this, on September 16, the Seawanhakaclub had a fine faH regatta atOyster Bay, and also a fal! eventover the regu!ar club course onSeptember 19. The entries tothe latter event, however, werefew, on!y two chooners in eachof the two schooner classes, anda single sloop in each of thetwo classes of that rig, ho wingthat owner had become lired ofracing. The Seawanhaka clubfinally wound up its season by a

orinthian Tace for ali second-class schooners over its NewYork cour e, and theBrooklyn club had alsoa concluding race overits regular course. TheAtlantic club also hada pennant regatta on'eptember 23. Be sidethe e, theTe were fallevents in ali the mi norcJubs in thi neighborhood, showing that theimpetll given 10 thesport by the challengefor the Alllrrica's Cupwas fett to the end ofthe season.Early in the year1877, wbat may be

Idler 3h. 10m. 35. It was a ftuky race, called the second "cutter" ever built inand the result did not correctly show the this country, was begun by Mr. Johnrelative merits of the two yachts. I t is Mumm, at the foot of Court street, Brookbecaulie these long races have always been Iyn, from a design by Mr. Robert Center., Schooner GitaNa, o"ned by Wm. F. Weld, Jr., Philadelpbia.

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4 TRE RISTORY OF AMERICAN YACHTING.The Bunker Hill club,organized in 1869,.n 1877 y-six y 'h nine ofwere sc s, the la f which,er, was eet 9 in length,e small eet.The New Bedford club was organized in1877, and as is well known to yachting men,has been one of the most prosperous in therysince me.Lynn r ~ a n i z e 70, withyacht slxteen rs, hadin 1877 thirty-seven yachts and 132 members.The Haverhill club, organized in 1874,about a memb d someozen ya d in th r s grownrty mem d thirte hts, twoof whlch were steamers.The Quincy club, also organized in 1874,had grown to be an active and flourishing'zation' 8 7, and h . ce thatone ah h a spin breeze.above mentio e N ewnd club, how ho port ofyachting had broadened out. Each ofthese clubs had at least one, and some sixand eight races during the season, andrs and akers in n wereusy for ole yea7, howe sa dull ng year.l t was the natural reaction {rom the ani

mation and excitement of the centennial yearwhich preceded it, and at its beginning,were on e new y uildingthe Un ates, if t n boatscepted of the re weremuch fewer t an usual.A feature of yachting in J877 was thebuilding of the double-hulled schooneracht Nereid, for Mr. Anson Phel s Stokesten Is y Mr. ' Towneme afte to be k s Slokesbu t wh t built, ghtenedthe owners of second class schooners somuch that a special meeting of the NewYork Yacht Club was held, in order toeasure her o e racese move ame very ucceed-The hu e three ide andplaced ten feet apart, slie was schooner rigged, with masts 43 feet and topmast 20 feet,boom 28 feet and gaff 14 feet, the hulls weredeep a h had oenter-She ered w rudderbetwee wo hull ne huIaccomm the offi d crew,and in the other the owner and guests. Not~ a v i n ~ the Herreshoff ball and socketjoints and the connections between thebeing ri was an failure

Mr. Charles A. Meigs, of Staten Island,quite a h siast o h ubjectle-hulle s, and one buiyear at of Coo t, Brooy Th e h e 46 fe , of 3 fe6 inch beam. The connection betweenthem was rigid, and of course the usualresult, flat failure, followed. Any oneng at shoff c an as shds alo h hull its owpendent n, will wha t thhulls of the boat rigidly connected desireto do and are unable; one of two thingsmust surely happen, either there will be nod or the tion wi k, to pethe des otion. caseMeigs' e was b the mofllmsy manner, and went ali to pleces.l ought not to omit to mention, in a history of American yachting, that the sportf racing miniature yachts attained quite ainence the 876 an, the pr head-q for thbeing ake in ct ParThe lessons learned there have been apparent in many changes in model and rigadopted since. l t would have been well ifport ha encour ut afteror two nto dise ann e rega the NeYork Yacht Club, this year, was memorable

for the squali at the finish, which caughtthe schooners Rambler and Wanderer, withil set, iged th et everygo by , the W r forgi nthe !in nner, w club tosal flying far ou to leewa I e an Im-mense flag of triumph, and her balloonmain topmast staysail dragging under tuelee counter. The Rambler in a hardlydishev ondition but onte beh r. Th e is weayed in ure by Smith,copy of which is to be seen in ali collections of yachting pictures.Ali the clubs had their annual events as

I, but most hey wer affair usual, here wing esp note ab m. Pehaps the most noteworthy was the Corinthian match of the Seawanhaka club,whicb mustered two second-class' schoon-wo firs I Ioops, ad' e secondsloops re was h breezduring ion of t , a har, the am doing ork wiali the efficiency of professionai seamen.June 22, a novei accident occurred dur-ing a race between the catamarans Ama-and ilpin,' erresho

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88 THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN YACHTING.N ew York sloops. The race was sailedAugust 14. the Thistle sailing against theActive, Vixen and Regina. The Bostonyacht started ahead and led alI around thecourse, but was beaten by the Vixen, 1m.14S. elapsed, and '2m. 57S. corrected time.She was miserably sailed, however, and itwas my opinion at the time, I having been0 0 board of ber during the race, that badshe been a5 well handled as the New Yorksloops, sne would have beaten them. TheA d il'e beat the T/ustle 27s. and the Tllistlebeat tne Rt'gla 2m. 4-1-5. The course watwenty miles.l ma)' mention as an \ incident of thiscruise, that iu a run from ineyard

mark. They tried again October 22, andmade the race, the weather having beenmoderate and sea smooth, and the Gradewon by 13m. 46s., thus ending the seasonoC 1878.

The next season was adulI one andthere was little of note in its events. The

1 "MAGGtlt."

Haven to Newport, the double-hulledschooner Nened beat the fleet, gaining heronly victory. She took a short cut throughWoods Hole, gaining a fair tide thereby,and arrived at Newport twenty secondsahead of the Vixen, which carne secondoThe Brooklyn club issued a most elaborate programme for a cruise, but no yachtsappeared at the rendezvous and the cruisedid not take piace, and since then theBrooklyn has been a club only in name.October 15 of this year, the sloops Gradeand Vision attempted a race twenty milesto windward from the Sandy Hook Lightship. The Vision was of the most proRounced skimming-dish type, drawing but4 feet, IO inches of water on a water-linelength of 60 feet, 2 inches. The Gracie drew6 feet, 3 inches on a water line of 65 feet.Neither was fit for ocean racing, and bothwere disabled and failed to reach the outer

dubs, big and Iittle, had their regattas, theentries few and the interest trifling, andconfined altogether to the particular clubwhose yachts were racing.I t was in June of this year, that Mr.Piepgras built the cutter Yolande, the sec

ond real British cutter ever built in thiscountry. She was built in the yard attachedto Mr. Piepgras' dwelIing, and then movedthrough the street to the water, severalblocks distant.I cali her a cutter. because by commonconsent this name has been given to deep,narrow yachts, similar in model and rig tothe one-masted vessels common in England,and to distinguish them from the broadand shallow centerboard sloops. Of course,proper1y speaking, the rig should governthe designation in this, as in ali other craft,ship, bark, brig, schooner, etc.; but weneeded some appellation which shouldI Cuner" Maggi.... Own.d by Mr. L. c.... Ledyard. N.w York.

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THE HISTOR Y vF AM CAN TING.Th e Mischicf was able to sail at leastth ' rd fast th either f h otherson of si as ther o timece she ith ali Theremoder e the er thearrivai of the yachts, and in some way areport got abroad that the TVave was missing, causing much uneasiness among theof tho board o As aable rac s worth e here.mention at the stimewas 39h. 47m., beating the Rr,:;illa, whichcarne second, 4h. 20m. The lVau wasthird. In this connection, and havinged an .. as to t itable-shallow board } f smallencoun cean b nd sea,I wIIl give an Illustratioll in opposltion to

that opimon. Early in the month of February, 1880, the sloop yacht Comzg, havingbeen urchased b a NewYork entleman,ployed n Germ nd hisof Glen .L,to p to Newn, where ch t had d, andbring her to New York. Captai n Germaineemployed Mr. William H. Lane of N ewLondon to assist him and having bentIs, they dered b owner,a favo ance to o N ewI t cam he shap n offerfrom Captain Scott, of the tu g boat Alert,

who having been hired to tow the Britishbrig Guisborouglz to New York from New, offere ain Ge a freed the C ade fa e sternbrig an ed. W ittle tow rd of N ven, a h rtheastgale was encountered, and the tug finally,for her own safety, was obliged to let gothe brig and make for New Haven forThe de sail, r sailslown a she fi nk offrt, L. on boa ishing.Of the yacht nothing was heard for somedays, when she was sighted off Southold,L. I., dismasted, with bowsprit gone, andow som injured in allespects od con Th ewere o bows, a boatshung at the d..lvlts. In the cabm a mealof corned beef and cabbage was spread,and not a dish had fallen to the fioor. Thet h d falle d' tly aft a d I on thehe wrec he bow d rig-as overb nd this eratedrag kee er hea e sea.Evidently the captai n and crew, believingthat they would be safer on the brig, hauledup under her counter to get on board ofd in so he bows d mast

were carried away, and the bow stove. Hadth remained the yacht they wouldIy have aved.IS yacht the extr mmingype, ha weath t one othe most terrific gales of that winter, andlived in a sea which was represented, bythose out in it, to have been somethingndous. e buoys re sparr hous not la nd wereundis showin duringher lonely drift not a sea had boarded her.This yacht was 6 feet, 4 inches over all;56 feet, IO inches water line ; 20 feet, 5 inches;; 5 feet . es dee 4 feetes drau water.ere is lit ote oC hting o

I o, the usua regattas and cruises takingpiace without any marked incident, except,perhaps, that this year another attempt was:made at a handicap race by the New YorkClub; arles M the sec,offerin o cup. ingwacess so he han 'a s concerned, and it is evidently the best of alIsystems for allowance; but the starters;were few, ohly three schooners and sixThe er .Dali nd sloop.icf wer nners.ight als ion in p that thefirst regatta of the Larchmont Yacht Clubtook piace on July 5,1880, its largest starterbeing the sloop Vh'a, 29 feet, 6 inches. As.hing of h . g impor I may sayhe iro yacht ai r andger wer ched a delphiayear, the .. eam yac ynia waslaunched at Newbugh-on-the-Hudson, andthe iron steam yacht Yosemile al Chester,Pa. -an evidence of the growing popularityam as ve pow ng theme n, a s has pparentnd mor ince an ontinueIt may confidentIy be asserted that no morelarge sailing yachts will be built; but thatalI wh can afford it will have steam.ing the . of the ' rk club.ear, 18 e was race atBedford 'achts o Easternand New Bedford clubs takmg part, sevenschooners and eleven sloops starting. TheNew York yachts Crusader and Misclzicfd Regina ca tured three of the rizes, andew Bed hooner - for-a New c h t - t e other.smen in I of 188 a gooddeal fluttered by the rllmor that the Britishcutter ValldUartl \Vas to come next seasonfor the America's Cup. She \Vas just thenhey-da triump ranked

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92 THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN YACHTING.carne again from Canada, and was promptedsolely by the desire of Captai n Cuthbert ,the builder of the schooner Counless 01.Dufferm, Cor the advertisement and consequent increase oC business which the notoriety oC building a challenging yacht wouldgive. The schooner he had built had proveda failure, bu t he asserted he could build a

that ensued, a writer in one of the N ewYork weeklies incautiously suggested thatthe Bay oC Quinte Yacht Club was hardlyas important as the New York Yacht Club,and that the soci al position oC the membersoC the latter was, perhaps, rather more elevated than that oC the members of the challenging club; and he raised such a storm

I "ORIVA."

sloop which could beat any of the American single stick vessels, and a schoonercould not be put against her with any chanceoC success, because there was, in the NewYork Yacht Club rules, no allowance fordifference of rig.The Royal Canadian Club had had enoughof Captain Cuthbert, and oC challenges forthe A1Ilerica's Cup, but there was a spiritedlittle club at Belleville, Ontario, with anattach oC the local newspaper as its secretary, and its members were delighted withthe prospect oC being brought prominentlyinto notice as the challenger for this celebrated trophy ; so probably Cor the first timeoutside of Belleville, Ontario, the Bay ofQuinte Yacht Club was heard of. In thecourse of the preliminary correspondence

of indignation in Belleville that he repentedhis incautious utterance in sackcloth andashes. However, the Bay of Quinte YachtClub at its annual meeting adopted a resolution to challenge for the cup, and namedSeptember as the month for the race, orraces.At this time the flag officers of the NewYork Yacht Club were Com. John R. Waller; Vice-Com. James D. Smith and RearCom. Herman Oelrichs. These gentlemenhad no doubt Dut that either of the sloopsGracie, Mischielor Hildegard would be fas tenough to beat the new sloop building in Canada to compete for the cup; but with commendable spirit they resolved that if therewas anything better in this country it oughtto be at the disposition of the club. Th e

I Cuuer .. Oriva ." Owned by Mr. C. Lee Smith, New York.

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100 THE H.lSTORY OF AMER.lCAN YACHT.lNG.have something to go to England for, ifany owner should SO desire. This finishedthe career of the Genuta in this country,and she left for England, October 8.

This also c10ses the yachting for 1885,and with this I will end this history ofAmerican yachting. I should have been

glad to have made it more full and complete, but have been obliged to omit meotion of ali except the most importantevents. I have intended to make it asmuch as possible a record, as well as toshow the well-nigh marvelous growth of thesport in the short space of forty-one years.

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108 THE MAYFLOWER AND GALAT,EA RACES OF 1886.minute before noon she goes about oncemore; the MayjlO1ver follows her lead at1 2 . 0 3 ~ , and goes round between buoys 9and 1 I . The recital of tacks seems endless,but on each board the American boat increased her Iead, and finally rounded buoyat 1:1:51, official time. The Galateaweathered the same buoyat 1:7 :7. From

THB U AMIUUCA's " CliP.

here to buoy 5 the positions of the con estants did not vary much, and the jJ.fayjlO'werled her antagonist by about six minutes, irrespective of the 38 seconds time allowanceshe had to give the cutter. The wind continues Iight, and the sea is as smooth as atennis court. Rounding buoy 8 both

boats can about Iie the course to the lightship, which bears S.E. by E. The breezeseems a good deal fresher outside, and theMa)'.flO1tJer is dancing gaily along, Iyingover to her plank-shear. How gIoriousIybuoyant is her motion as she rises andfalls to the gentle undulations which makeuP.as we gain the opeh water! This is theIongest reach of the day, and gives us alIa breathing spell for refreshments.At 2.28 the sloop comes " in stays," andtakes in her jib-topsail as she stands towardsthe ugly-looking red hulk that shows theway into the channel. Her crew are busygetting her balloon jib-topsail run up "instops," and soon a white streak runningfrom truck to bowsprit end appears. Thefloating navy that has accompanied us alithe way are gathered thickly round theIightship, hovering Iike bees about a sugarbarrel; and now, as the swiftly gIiding sloopapproaches the turning-point, their pent-upenthusiasm can be restrained no longer,first one and then another impatient tugand steamer emits her shrill scream ofwe1come, and then ali at once it seems asjf every demon from the nether world isIet loose, roaring round the MayjlO'Wer.Th e toot-toot-tooting is simply ear-splittingo Cannon thunder forth thejr approbation from brazen throats; frantic crowdsbellow themselves hoarse ; the very planksbeneath my feet seem starting from theseams of the Stranger as her boomingcannon, withheld by rigid discipline tillthe exact moment of rounding, be1chesforth her quota to the hurly-burly aroundusoBut see! it is scarce five seconds sincethe Mayjlmver turned her sharp prow toplow homewards, when lo! a white puffof snowy canvas bursts like the smokefrom a distant battery, and belIying to aspanking breeze, her baIloon jib-topsail issheeted home and envelops her from topmast head to end of her jibboom, andaway aft to her full waist. WeIl andsmartly handled, ye motley crew ; you maynot look so neat and natty as the uniformedlads of the Galatea, but the old Norseblood of your forefathers runs in yourveins, and ye are no degenerate sons ofHengist and Horsa, and the other vikingsof your native land.But VtE 1tis! Already the tardy cutteris almost forgotten as she struggles bravelyon, irrevocably handicapped beyond redemption now, for the sloop is runningwhile she has stilI a weary beat before shecan do tlte same. At last she too tacks for

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THE MAYFLOJVER AND GALATEA RACES OF 1886. II Ito windward back home, and finally wonthe deciding event by 29m. 9s. For thesubjoined history of the A m c r i c a ' ~ ' Cup Iam indebted to my friend, Captain RolandF. Coffin, famous as a sailor, and stilImore so as the historian of sailors' deeds:

The cup which has once more been suceessfullydeCended by an American yacht, was first won by theschooner Ammca in 1851, in a race of the RoyalYacht Squadron around the Isle of Wight, she sailingas one o( a Iarge /leet of schooners and cutters. Thepopular impression is that she sailed against thewhole /leet; but this is incorreet. Sbe simply sailedas one of tbem, each one striving to win. Whenwon it became the property of the owners of theAmffica, and was brought by them to this countryand retained in their possession far several years.They then concluded to make of it an internationalchallenge cup, and by a deed of gift placed it in thecustody of the New York Yacht Club as trustee.By this deed of gift any foreign yacht may competefor it upon giving six months' notice, and is entitledto one race aver the New York Yacht Club course.There is, however, a clause in the deed which per-mits tbe challenger and tbe club to make any con-ditions they choose far the contest, and as a matterof fact, it has never been sailed far under the tennsexpressed in the deed of gift; the two parties hav-ing always been able to agree upon other conditions.When the schooner yacht Cam/m'a carne far itin 1870, she being the first challenger, the six months'notice was waived, and she sailed apinst the whole/leet, against the protest of her owner, l\fr. JamesAshbury, he contending that only a single vesselshould be matched apinst her. Th e Camma wasbeaten, and l\fr. Ashbury had the schooner Livoniabuilt eXfressly to challenge far this cupo Thematter o his protest having been referred to l\fr.George L. Schuyler, the only one of the owners of

the A m ~ r i c a who was living, he decided that Mr.Ashbury's interpretation of the deed of gift wascorreet, and that such was the intention of the donor.!of the cupo When tbc Livonia carne, in 1871,the club selected four schooners, the keel boatsSapp/w and Dau"llus, and the centerboards Pal","and Q,lumbia, to defend the cup, claiming the rightto name either of those four on the morning of eachrace. Th e series of races was seven, the best fourto win. There were five races sailed, tbe Columbiawinning two, the Sapp"o two, and the Livonia one.The next challenger was the Canadian schoonerCounlus of D u . f f ~ r i n , in 1876, and l\fajor Gifford,who represented her owners, objected to the namingof more than one yacht by the New York club, andasked that she be named in advance. The NewYork club has from tbe first behaved in the mostliberai and sportsmanlike manner in relation to thiscup, and on this occasion it assented to Major Gif-ford's request and named the schooner M a J d d n ~ . The races agreed upon were three, best two to win.Only two were sailed, Capto .. J oe" Elsworth sail-ing the Canadian yacht in the second race. TheMatkkiM won both races with ease.In 1881 a challenge was received from thc BayofQuinte Yacht Club, naming tbe sloop Alala"la, andtbe conditions agreed upon were tbe same as in theraee with the other Canadian yacht, tbe club namingthe sloop M i s c " j ~ f , which won tbe first two races.Th e next challenger was the cutter .Gmula lastyear, practically the same conditions being agreedupon as in the two previous races. Th e only dif-ference was that as a concession to thc challenger,two aut of thc three races were agreed upon to besailed outside the Hook. The Purita" won thetwo first races, as the AIayjlower has won tbero thisyear. From first to last, the only victory of eitherof thc challengers has been that of the Livonia overthe Columbia, which was gained by the Americanyacht carrying away part of her steering gear.

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AMERICAN STEAM YACHTING.'BY EDWARD S. JAFFRAY.

THlS branchor that most del i g h t fui andpopular reereation, yachting,has hitherto reeeived but littlenot ice from'Writers on the subject. This is part ly owing,no doubt, to the comparatively recent com

mencement of the use of steam in yachts.As, however, this power is rapidly growing in favor, while sails remain almost stationary, it is desirable to piace steam yachtsin their proper piace before the public, andgive them, at least, a share of the attentionand commendation which have hitherto"been devoted almost exc1usively to sails.Your regular old yachtsman has a profound contempt for steam yachts. He considers that aIl the romance and pleasure ofyachting consist in the uncertainties, dangers, and difficuities attending sailing. Heglories in the storms which compel theshortening of sail, the Iying-to, the scudding before the wind under a staysail, andaIl the other vicissitudes which attend excess of wind; while, on the other hand, hetak.es dead calms, with sails idly flappingagainst the masts, and the reflection of hisvessel in the mirror-like water, with philosophy and contentment, passing the longhours of inaction in spinning yarns and(possibly) drinking cocktails. This c1assofyachtsmen is slowly passing away, and is

being succeeded by men of more modernviews. GraduaIly we see some of thesegentlemen disposing of their sloops andschooners and order ing steamers to replacetheBl. I can mention a few of these as anilIustration - COrllmodore Bennett, Mr.William Astor, and Mr. Stillman.The great truth is graduaIly dawning onthe minds of yachtsmen that steam is theperfect motive power. Steam yachtsmencan go where they please and when theyplease, and, what is more important, /lzeyknow whm /hey will get back.

In this happy country, we are nearly alimen of business, and we have neither timenor inclination to be becalmed on the glassyocean for hours and days, or to creep alongat three knots indefinitely.Nhat the American yachtsmen require imperatively is thepower of getting about with speed and certainty. With a steam engine on board, aman is able to command time and space,and is independent of storrns and calms." There is a tide in the affairs of men which,taken at the flood, leads on to fortune."This tide is sleam, and though it may notalways lead on to fortune, it invariably leadsto the piace whither the owner wants to go.I have had a steam yacht for ten years,and in that time have traveled in it 55,000miles, and as I have been constantly incompany with sailing yachts, observingtheir picturesqueness and their helplessness,I think I am qualified to pronounce anopinion on the comparative merits of thetwo c1asses of yachts.I may give a few instances of my experience. Some years since, as I was nearingIrvington,' on my return from the city, Imet Mr. Stillman's yacht Wanderer, whichhad just got under way for a cruise. Weexchanged salutes, and I went home. Nextmorning,on my tr ip down the river, I againencountered the Wanderer, which, aftersailing (or floating) ali night, had not yetreached Y onkers.

On another occasion, I met the Acnve,Captai n Hurst, at Thirty-fourth street,bound up the river. I proceeded to Twentythird street, disembarked, went to my office,and, in the afternoon, at 3 :30, started on myl We desire lo express our indebledn_ lo Mr. Cbarles Miller, of N . . . .u street, for permjtting our artist to use many ofbis excelleot pbotograr.b.s in tbe preparation of tbis articIe T . . oty-five mi e t from New York.I EiKbteeo mileo from New York. IIS

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116 AMERICAN STEAM YACHTING.

.. CORSAIR;' O\VNED BY J. PIERPONT MORGAN. OF HIGHLAND FALLS ON HUDSON.

usual homeward trip, and arrived at Irvington just as the Active was dropping heranchor. Her time Crom Staten Island, 33miles, was about 12 hours.In the race around Long Island, in 1884,there were fourteen oC our best sailingyachts entered. I went to meet them atExecution Light, and arrived there just asthe two winning boats, the Grayling, andthe Fanny, hove in sight. Their time aroundthe island was Cairly good, but they werestopped a couple of miles from the stakeboat by a dead calm, and I lay there twohours, while they were making their lasttwo miles.In the highly-interesting cruise of theNew York Yacht Club, last summer, involving the trial races between the Purilan andPriscilla, the advantages of steam shone ou tconspicuously. Th e steamers were able totake any position they preferred, and thus,on leaving N ew London, they allowed alIthe sailing yachts to start, and then folIowedthem, under easy steam; running along thewhole extended line of schooners and sloops,viewing them from the most advantageouspoints, and running past them alI in turn,until they reached the leading boats, whichwere the two champions, the Puritan andPrisal/a, and they were then able to keepalong with these at a short distance to leeward alI the way to N ewport.Steam yachts may be divided into fourclasses. First, the launch, from forty tosixty feet long - an open vessel withoutdeck; delightful vessels Cor river and har-

bor navigation.' The Herreshoff Company,oC Bristol, R.I., have been t'he most successful in building this class oC vessels,their launches showing a speed oC ten toCourteen miles an hour. Some of these,like the Camilla, owned by Mr. Brandreth,oC Sing Sing, and the Luci/le, belonging toMr. Herreshoff, are beautiful vessels, perfect in alI their proportions, and of speedwhich enables them to perform runs of fiftyto 100 miles in an afternoon. They havecomfortable cabins, with glass windows, inwhich their occupants can enjoy the scenery,while completely protected from theweather; and Cor use on the HudsonRiver and similar waters they are alI thatcould be desired.In the second class I put regulardecked vessels of 75 to 100 feet long,which have trunk cabins. They have no tdepth enough to have cabins with a f1ushdeck above them, and therefore the deck,which is "par excellence" the best partof the vessel, is sacrificed to the cabin.As yachting is carried on only in the summer (as a rule), when it is pleasant to be inthe open air, yachtsmen and their guestsare always on deck, viewing the sceneryand the passing vessels, except when theannouncement by the steward that a meaIis ready causes them to hurry down to thesaloon with generally, I presume, excelIentappetites. As soon, however, as the eating

, I omit alllaunches below forty feet ID length, as tbe Ne .York Yacht Club does not recognize an y vessel of leso thanforty feet long as a yacht, and does no t admit them into theclub.

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AMERICAN STEAM YACHTING

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(Drawn by Cozzena, New York and American Yacht Clubs.)

1S accomplished, they return to the deck tosmoke their cigars and see what is goingon. N o w ~ to sacrifice the decK merely tohave a more roomy cabin, is, I consider,a fataI mistake, and I consequently disapprove in toto of this class of vessels.Beside the 10ss of the deck there is another serious objection to them. Theyare not safe in a sea way. A sea taken onboard might easily crush in the sides of thetrunk cabin and swamp the vessel, and,onsequently, these yachts are not fit to gointo the open sea except when the barometer stands above thirty and the ocean is ina quiet mood.The third class consists of vessels somewhat larger than the preceding, and es-

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pecially havlng greater depth, with a ftushdeck from stem to sterno These yachtsare very desirable, and can go anywhere.Among the best of these are the Pastime,the Sentine!, and the Tilley. This class ofyachts should satisfyall persons who pro'pose to navigate the Hudson River, theSound, and as far along the coast as MountDesert Island, where they can make a portat the end of each day's run, and do notrequire to pass the night on the open sea.The fourth class consists of larger vessels,which are regular se:l-going craft, fit to circumnavigate the globe. Of such are theNourmahal, Namouna, Atalanta, and I mayadd, though they are of a somewhat smallerclass, the Efedra, the Corsair, and the

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HASSAN STEAM LAllNCH OF JAMK.'t GORDON HKNNSIT.(From a drawing by Hennelle, in VMM.)

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118 AMERICAN STEAM YACHTING.S t r a n g ~ r . These alI have ftush decks ofampie dimensions, and large saloons andstate-rooms, and in fact combine ali thequalities necessary to make them the perfection of comfort and pleasure.

There is probably no better yachtingground than the waters around New Yorkand the coast of New England, as far asthe Bay of Fundy. For 200 miles, with theexception of the run from Watch Hill toCuttyhunk, the waters are protected byoutlying islands. Th e voyage, then, fromOak Bluffs to Portland is in the open seafor three-fourths of the distance, but fromPortland to Bar Harbor the navigation

A good steamer, with a speed of 15to 17 miles an hour, can make this.eastern cruise about as follows. First dayrun to that delightful harbor, New London,1 IO miles; next day to Newport, 46 miles ;.and after staying a couple of days forthe festivities and hospitalities sure to.be found there, run to Oak Bluffs, about50 miles. A day there wiII sufficeto see the thousand ornamental cottages,after which, starting at daylight, run to.Portland, 190 miles, going through theShoals, and skirting the long, sandy shoreof Cape Cod, passing in turn the various.life-saving stations and light-houses, a n d ~

"UTOWANA," OWNBD BY W. Be CONHOR, RKAR COMMODORE BOSTON YACHT CLUB.

again is in inland waters, so that in thecruise of 550 miles the course exposed tothe open sea is not more than 200 .While sailing yachts have a troublesomeand difficult navigation through NantucketShoals to reach Cape Cod, steamers can liethe direct course from light ship to light ship,feeling their way along, guided by the belIor fog whistle of the various light vessels,and can navigate with comparative safetyand certainty through the labyrinth of sandbanks, while the sailing yachts, baffled bylight winds, and embarrassed by fogs, haveto anchor or turn back tilI a favorablechange in the weather.

after reaching the end of the promontorymaking a course almost due north, to thefine harbor of Portland.A delightful excursion may be made,while here, the head of Casco Bay, somethirty nautical miles, running up one avenueof beautiful verdure-ciad islands, returningdown another equally interesting. Thenext run should be to that charming spotBar Harbor, about 120 miles direct; bu t thedistance may be increased to 160 by goingin and out among the crowd of picturesqueislands, and folIowing the line of the undu-lating shore. The yacht would thus passclose to Rockland, Rockford, and Camden.

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AMEIUCAN STEAM YACHTING. 119in the beautiCul bay oC the latter namewhich has as a background the fine rangeoC the Camden Hills.From Bar Harbor the cruise may be continued to Campo Bello, to St. Johns, toHaliCax, and round into the Gulf oC St.Lawrence, as may be most agreeable.With a steam yacht of the larger classone may do anytlzing. There are no limitsto the enjoyments oC such a mode oC traveling, and when it is desired to return, onemay telegraph the exact day, and almostthe hour, when he will drop his anchoragain in the Hudson.As a compromise between steam andsails, I would suggest the sailing vessel withan auxiliary screw, like Sir Thomas Bras-

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bination oC sails and steam has undoubtedlygreat advantages, being superior to eitherstyle alone. But there are very Cew yachtsmen who have the leisure or the desire togo off on a six months' cruise, and for aliriver and harbor and coasting expeditionsthe steamer is the true style oC vessel. TheSunbeam, which, I presume, is one oC themost successful oC her class, and a perCectlysatisCactory vessel to her owner, would cu tbu t a poor figure in a run up the Hudsonor the Sound in company with our betterclass oC yachts. The best speed of theSunbeam under steam alone is, I believe,8 knots, while our steamers run from IOto 17 knots, so that, starting in company, asI have supposed, she would be out of sight

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H ATALANTA," OWNRD BV }AV COULD. AMBRJCAN YACHT CLUB.

sey's yacht, the Sunbeam. In this he has astern in a couple oC hours run. There i!icircumnavigated the globe, and cruised in nothing so galling to a man of fine feelings,the Mediterranean many times with great when yachting, as to have another yachtsuccess and comfort, and there is no more come up and go past him. Under theseagreeable reading to be found than Lady circumstances a man is tempted to sit onBrassey's graphic accounts of these voy- the safety valve and turn on the steam jet,ages. This class oC vessel combines the burn rosin and kerosene, and to do anydelightful romance and uncertainties of the thing desperate to avoid such a humiliasailing yacht with the power to get through tion; and this spiri t of competition andcalms and against head winds, when neces- emulation is one of the greatest helps tosary, by means of the steam engine. l t can the development of excellence in buildingthus go on long voyages without the incon- these vessels. Every man who gives anvenient burden ofa large cargo of coal, as' order for a steam yacht directs the builderin vessels propelled wholly by steam, and to make it a little faster than any previousall the interesting experience of navigation \ressel, and thus the ingenuity of the enterby sails can be enjoyed . for weeks and prising builders is taxed to the uttermost,months together, so that one might almost and excellence is the natural result. Thereforget the engine and boiler down below, is, however, a limit to the speed of suchand feel as if the winds were the only pro- vessels; every additional mile added to thepelling power. For long voyages this com- speed is only obtained by an enormously

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AMERICAN STEAM YACHTING. 12 3

Il:.;ti Il,:.;IQ l..g " liAlIIt. ::o ... .5 "CI Type of BoilerIl i " .5... f 8. >.Il c>l It UQ 'O - a 'Oc o':; 'O o A - .2 t l!IQ ... .c ... o :; "il i"- Ii bO .i ... "O E "li. " l:I l! > .!!:l j " ii: ".- ,:.; l'!l Q Q Q ,:.; Q lJl- - - - - - - -- - -Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft . Ft . In . InFi..,Oy .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1868 S C h ~ n e r ... 62 6-r r3 5 9 ' iO 16 ,. 2: Hori tontaJ 'W.Dter tube:.MilcbieI .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1869 TI 76 rs 9 ' 40 ,6 I. u u~ ~ ~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1869 Brigantino .. :, 76 rs 9 ' 40 ]6 IO 60 .. ..[81' SCboontr ... . 85'S 9 ' 4 ' j r l 6 ,. Sa Uprlgbt ' ubuw.

l.urlino:. . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ,87' " 80 85 r6 S ' 4' '3--3i :a: .6 go Reann borimntal 'ub"llI.rSkylarlr .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1874 T8 84 r6 5 " 5 1 ~ - 2 0 lO 'CCI Uprigbt wa ' . tube.J.ookoul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r875 100 105 r6 S 5 ,O> 1:2-'20 16 ' .0 Hori r:ootBl wate:r tube..Truan' . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 1876 T7 8616 S 4 ~ 4 ~ j r l 6 12 100 F i ~ l d t ~ ! " , (b. . , ing).Promise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187, 91 98 16 S S 2)0 l: l- ,2u 16 1)0Rival. .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 91 9816 S 9 ' 00 .. -- ,6 9D Scotcb 1 rect diamolcr.Tb"""" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [880 go 96 16 5 9 ' 75 10-00 "I 70Mlnn"baha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ! ~ ~ .. \7 60 4 4 3 5 3"" p!l ir 8 8 100 W'3;'Ube.Tillie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " '5 " 9 '7 S ~ s ~ S l iO '4 -2 .6 go Scot 9 r .. diameler.Winirred .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9' 98 16 5 9 145 12""


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AMERICAN STEAM YACHTING.

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u V1KJNG: OWNBD BY HON. SAMUBL J. TlLDIIlN, OP' GUYSTON& OH HUDSON.

Propeller: 56 inches diameter; 300 revolutions per minute.Joinery: Saloon OD main deck aft; pilothouse forward.Accommodations for officers and crew;capstan on main deck forward.Speed: 2 miles per hour."VICTOR," 1878.

Dimensions: Length over aH, 55 feet;,beam, molded, IO feet; beam, over guards,13 feet; depth, amidships, 4 feet 6 inches.Machinery: One direct-acting, vertical,surface - condensing engine; cylinder 6inches diameter by 8-inch stroke, with attachments complete; donkey feed pump,injector, etc.Boiler: Vertical, tubular boiler, 36x63inches for a working pressure of 100 poundsper square inch; air jet into stack.PropeHer: 36 inches diameter.Joinery: Cabin forward, with berths,lockers, etc., finished in hard wood; pan. try, kitchen, etc., aft.Two masts, schooner rigged.

"DIONE," 1879.Dimensions: Length between perpendiculars, 43 feet; length over all, 47feet 4 inches; beam, molded, 7 feet 9inches; depth from base line to top of gunwale plate at dead flat, 3 feet IO inches;depth from base line to top of gunwaleplate at dead flat, at stem, 5 feet 4%inches; depth from base line to top of gun-

ale plate at dead flat, at end of counter,4 feet 7% inches.Machinery: Inverted, direct-acting, propeller engine 8xlo inches.Joinery: Trunk cabin, with ali accommodations for pleasure and comfort.Boiler: Horizontal locomotive type ofboiler for 120 pounds working pressure."FALCON," 1880 (IRON HULL).

Dimensions: Length between perpendiculars, 100 feet; length over all, on deck,107 feet; breadth of beam, 15 feet 6 inches;depth from base line, 7 feet 6 inches.Machinery: One vertical, direct-acting,condensing engine, cylinder 16 inches by16 stroke. Propeller, 5 feet 7% inchesin diameter.Boiler: One high-pressure boiler, withtwo furnaces, flues below and return throughtubes; arranged for a working pressure of100 pounds per square inch.Joinery: Joiner 's work of soft wood, except the dining room and social hall forward, and two state-rooms aft, which arefinished in hard woods.Forecastle forward, and two state-roornsunder the soci al hall.Pilot house on promenade deck forward,with room abaft of same. Promenade deckfitted with rail and stanchions with ropenetting, also awning stanchions and awning frame.Iron water tanks; hand fire pump; icebox; iron cranes for carrying boats; anchorcrane forward; oil tanks, etc.

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.. WANOA," OWNBD BY W, WOOOWARD, JR., ANO JAMKS STILLMAN, .ltUTBRN YACHT CLUb

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126 U NOOYA." J. H. ANDRaWS. OWNBK.

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AMERICAN STEAM YACHTING.

STEEL YACHT "NOURMAHAL," 1884.Dimensions: Length on dek foreside ofrudder post to afterside of stem (or itsrake line), 232 feet 5 inches; length on water

line, 22 1 feet; breadth extreme (or its rakeline), 30 feet; depth of hold, top of floorsto underside of deck, amidships, 18 feet7 inches; depth molded, top of keel totop of bearns at sides and amidships, 20feet; with five athwartship and two foreand aft bulkheads.The Nourmahal is a queen among steam

mann, of City IsIand, N.Y., who designedthe vessel, superintended her c o n s t r ~ c t i o n ; and an inspector of the English L1oyds,under the rules of which the yacht wasbuilt, performed his duty thoroughly.Frequent reference to the construction ofthe Nourmahal in these columns have contained in full the measurements and scientific data involved, which need not berepeated, bllt her internai arrangementsand fittings are entitled to consideration.Th e Nourmahal looks the ocean yacht aliover. Her model is exceedingly shapely,

"NOOYA"-DRCK VIKW.

yachts. She is of steel throughout, and in and the long, easy lines, with reduced areaconstruction and fittings neither time nor of amidship section, cannot fail to attractmoney have been considered. A pleasure attention. The bow has a peculiarly rakishvessel capable of any service, either under appearance, and her elliptical stern is verysteam or canvass, was required, and it is handsome; and while it is daimed there isbelieved there is not afloat, to-day, in any greater strength in this construction, it isdime, a stronger, handsomer, or more per- certainly less dangerous than the squarefect craft. Almost a year has elapsed since stern when running before a heavy sea.the Harlan & Hollingsworth Company, of The plating of the vessel above the waterWilmington, Del., began the preliminary line is smooth as a board, and the neatworks incident to the building of this manner in which this work is done demandsvessel, and had it not been for delays im- especial mention. The hull is painted apossible to prevent, in the matter of ob- glossy black, with a female figure and ataining required amounts of steel at delicate gold tracery at the head as aDrequired times, the Nourmahal would have ornamentation, and on the stern there isbeen ready months ago. Mr. Gustav Hill- notbing but her narne, and the port from

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128 AMERICAN STEAM YACHTING.

"PROMISE," OWNED BY A. n. CORDOVA-LARCHIIONT YACHT CLUB.

which she hails, in massive gold letters.She has one large single smoke-pipe, alsopainted black, and she is bark rigged.Numerous large lights are on the sides forair and light, and eight coaling ports havebeen provided. External ly the NOlJrmahafis a yacht of grand proportions and rakishbeauty, capable of ll around the worldexplorations, and of strength sufficient tolaugh at the fitful moods of the oceano In-ternally there is a worlfi of room, suppliedwith every known novelty of approved excellence, while the finish, fittings anddecorations are of a very costly nature andmagnificent in their exquisite simplicity.The Efeclra was designed by Mr. Hillmann to combine strength, speed and convenience, and she was built under the superintendence of Mr. Gerry and the architect, under the rules of the English Lloyds.Her dimensions are as follows: decklength, 178 feet; at water-line, 161 feet;beam, 23 feet; hold, 13}.:( feet; draught,97f feet. She is bui lt in the stanches t manner. Her motive power is a propeller 8feet in diameter, with 13 feet pitch, capable .of 160 revolutions a minute. I t is turnedby an inverted direct-acting compound engine, with high-pressure cylinder 22 inchesin diameter, and a low pressure cylinderof 40 inches diameter and a stroke ofpiston 26 inches. Steam is generated intwo cylindrical steel shell boilers, each I 1feet long, 107f feet in diameter and su pplied with furnaces 42 inches in diameter.The engines and boiler rooms occupy the

whole width of the vessel and occupy aspace 50 feet in length, with co al bunkerson either side and under the forward cabincapable of carrying 100 tons. The smokestack is double; and so arranged that apipe from the kitchen connecting therewithcarries off all the smoke and smell ofcookery.In the engine room are also located theengines for rnnning the fifty-eight Edisonelectric lights of 16-candle power each, bywhich the boat is mainly lighted, as well asthe Edison light of loo-candle power atthe mast-head and the side electric signals;the ice machine, which makes 56 pounds aday; an independent condenser, not connected with the frame of the engine;

i n d e p e n d e n ~ air, circulating and feedpumps, as well as an independent steamfire and bilge pump, and a blower to blowinto an air-t ight fire room and to aid inthe proper ventilation of the cabins.She has six water-tight bulkheads, andalI the connecting doors shut water-tight;in addition to her steam propelling power,she has a schooner rig, with top masts, andcarries a forestaysail jib, foresail, two gafftopsails and a spanker. She also carriesfour boats, inc1uding a gig 24 feet long, alife boat 2 feet long, and two dingheyseach 17 feet long. Her gross registry oftonnage is 33.98 tons.The following is a list of the steam yachtsbuilt by the Herreshoff Manufactur ingCompany of Bristol, R.I:Aida, built 1882, for Mr. Mark Hopkins,

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AMERICAN STEAM YACHTING. 129St. Clair, Mich. Length, 95 feet; breadth,12 feet 6 inches; depth, 6 feet 3 inches;qraught, 4 feet 6 inches; speed, 16 milesper hour.Camilla, built 1881, for Dr. J. G. Holland. Length, 60 feet; breath, 9 feet; depth,4 feet 7 inches; draught, 3 feet, 5 inches;speed, 15 miles per hour..Dolplzin, built 1879, for Robert LenoxKennedy. Length, 42 feet; breadth, 8 feet6 inches; depth, 4 feet; draught , 3 feet;speed, IO miles per hour.Editlz, built 1880, for William Wood-

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ward, Jr., New York. Length, 60 feet;breadth, 9 feet 2 inches; depth, 4 feet 7inches; draught, 3 feet 5 inches; speed, 15miles per hour.Gltam, built 1880, for William H. Graham, Baltimore. Length, 120 feet; breadth,16 feet; depth, 6 feet 5 inches; draught, 5feet 8 inches; speed, 17 miles per hour.Idlt HtJUr, built 1879, for B. F. Carver.Length, 60 f e e t ~ breadth, 9 feet; depth, 4feet 7 inches; draught, 3 feet 5 inches;speed, 15 miles per hour.Jult, built 1881, for Morris & Jones,Bartom-on-the-Sound. Length, 45 feet;

breadth, 9 feet; depth, 4 feet 3 inches;draught, 3 feet; speed, I I miles per hour.

Magnolia, built 1883, for Fairman Rogers, Philadelphia. Length, 99 feet;breadth, I7 feet 6 inches; depth, 8 feet 6inches; draught, 4 feet; speed, I I ~ milesper hour. 'l'his vessel has twin screws,and is the only yacht of this kind in theU nited States.Ntrd, built 1882, for Jay C. Smith,Utica, N.Y. Length, 76 feet; breadth, 12feet 6 inches; depth, 6 feet 3 inches;draught, 4 feet 6 inches; speed, 14 milesl'er hour.Orienta, built 1882, for J. A. Bostwick,

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New York. Length, 125 feet; breadth, 17feet; depth, 8 feet 6 inches; draught, 6 feet6 inches; speed, 17 miles per hour.Ossabaw, built 1883, fo

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Yachts and Yachting 1887 Cozzens