Y11 Active feedback9 - 83%

8 - 74%

7 - 66%

6 - 56%

5 - 46%

4 - 36%

3 - 26%

2 - 16%

1 - 7%

Most of the world's hot deserts lie between 15° and 35° north and south of the equator (1)

Several deserts are found on the western side of continents, for example the deserts of South America and southern Africa (1)

The largest desert (the Sahara) stretches across northern Africa into the Middle East (1)

Some hot deserts extend much closer to the equator, for instance the Atacama desert on the western side of South America (1).

No credit for simply listing continents or places where the

deserts are found.

Responses should include description and explanation. There should be clear evidence that the photograph has been used.No credit for features not observed in the photograph.

• Due to the high rainfall, leaves often have drip tips which allow the water to be channelled to the end and fall so the leaf does not break. Leaf stems are also flexible to allow leaves to move with the sun.

• The bark on the trees is thin and smooth to allow free flow of water and because the high temperatures mean that there is no need for protection against cold.• The waxy upper surface of the leaves protects against the heat. • Lianas, climb up the trees to reach sunlight for photosynthesis, while others live on branches in the canopy for the same reason ieepiphytes.• Buttress roots support the trees as they grow incredibly tall (over 50 m in some cases) as there is great competition for sunlight.

Max level 1 for either description or explanation.

INCREASE

DECREASE

Central America

Which are greater loss compared to the world average? 6

• Forest habitats are destroyed leading to reduction and possible decimation of species (2) • Soil erosion increases as the tree cover is removed which can cause barren land, flooding and landslides (2) • Burning the rainforest releases CO2 which contributes to world climate change (2).

• Countries can be relieved of some of their debt, known as debt for nature schemes (1) in return for retaining their rainforest areas (2) • International organisations such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) promote sustainable forestry (1) by guaranteeing that timber products are sourced from sustainable managed forests (2).

Western Desert – Las Vegas

To what extent – Judgement (+&-) made about the environment (desert) and what it has to offer.

Paragraph 1 – PEE –Make your point – Positive impact ideaExplain what it and how it has helped development.Example – PLC facts (help get 7+)

Paragraph 2 – PEE –Make your point – Negative impact ideaExplain what it and how it has hindered development.Example – PLC facts (help get 7+)

To secure 9 Paragraph 3 – PEE –Make your point – Negative or positive impact ideaExplain what it and how it has helps or hinders development.Example – PLC facts (help get 7+)

Example:Positive about energy production –solar power.

Negative that Farming and Tourism have on water.

Tourism Tourism is the Western Deserts most important

source of income. Tourists can visit National Parks to

experience the wilderness, Las Vegas attracts 37

million people per year.

Water is a problem as tourists require water for drinking and

also leisure time e.g pools and the watering of golf courses.

Lake Mead and Powell attract 2 million visitors each year and

they offer sailing, fishing and water skiing. High levels of footfall

can erode natural environments e.g Grand Canyon.

Farming

and

agriculture

Sunlight and hot temperatures mean that crops such

as grapes can be grown led to the development of a

wine industry. Farming provides jobs for people in

rural areas of the Western desert.

Water supply is a problem as crops need water to grow. Canals

are used in the Western desert to irrigate their crops.

Farmers are allocated 80% of the water in Colorado which

causes conflicts. Lake mead levels have reduced by 90%.

Energy

Production

Can benefit from solar power. The Sonoran Solar

Project in Arizona is a new power plant that will

produce energy for 100,000 homes and provide 360

jobs.

HEP is also provided by the water at Lake Mead. The

Hoover Dam employed 5,000 people.

Oil fields are built upon land owned by the Navajo people. They

receive some of the profits. There is environmental damage

created by the drilling of oil.

Mineral

Extraction

The Western desert contains minerals such as copper,

uranium, lead, zinc and coal which can be traded and

benefit the economy.

Conflicts with other land uses e.g. farming and tourism. A plan to

mine uranium near the Grand Canyon was halted due to

opposition from indigenous tribes. Uranium can contaminate

local water supplies and impact upon plants and animals.

Meander

460563 = 46481561 = 1432 metres – must include metres.

concave shape/steep in the upper course (1), gentler slope in lower course (1)

Near the source the river cuts downwards, but further downstream it is eroding laterally (1).The valley sides become less steep because of the effects of mass wasting and weathering (1)

Gradually become smaller in size (1).Particles in the river may collide with each other (attrition) (1)

The focus of the question must be on the economic effects of river flooding. Direct interpretation of the photograph is required.

• Damage to property, which may be very costly to repair. High costs of temporary rehousing and additional travel. • Decline in the local economy as businesses are unable to operate without power or road connections.• Unemployment may increase if businesses are unable to fully recover from a flood. • Disruption to agriculture as fields are flooded, crops submerged under water and livestock stranded or drowned. • Communities are cut off from normal supplies-people are unable to travel to shops and services, or to reach work. • Closure of roads may mean extensive detours for other traffic, which is expensive and time consuming. • Huge cost of floods to insurers, resulting in rising premiums.

The question implies knowledge of fluvial processes, and their interrelationship with the landform(s) created. Emphasis is on explanation, so processes should be outlined as well as the sequence of formation.

Processes include the erosional processes of hydraulic action and abrasion. Erosion is most rapid during powerful flood events.

A waterfall with plunge pool, and a steep sided valley or gorge is clearly visible.

Horizontal bands of hard and soft rock are crossed by the river as it flows down the long profile. This leads to differential erosion as the underlying soft rock is eroded faster than the overlying hard rock via abrasion and hydraulic action. Over time, the soft rock is gouged out to leave an overhang as the profile is steepened. This will be unable to support its weight and will collapse into the plunge pool providing further material for erosion and the deepening of the waterfall. Over many centuries, the waterfall may retreat to form a gorge of recession.

HDI values in South America are generally higher than in Africa (1) The highest figures for HDI are in the extreme north and south of Africa showing values exceeding 0.6 (1). The highest in South America are in the southern part, with values above 0.8 (1).

Comparison needed – higher, highest, whereas

A single measure may only measure the economic state of the country. Combined measures such as HDI take into account social indicators such as education levels (2)

Using one measure can be misleading because it is an average for the country, egSaudi Arabia where the GNI is high but most of the money is held by a very few extremely rich people (2)

Some aspects of development change before others, such as death rate which falls before birth rate, so if you just looked at death rate you would not really be able to tell the stage of development of a country (2).

Responses should show understanding of one of the three indices in making comparisons between different countries.

Life expectancy is the average lifespan of someone born in a country. The higher the life expectancy the higher the quality of life.Countries with high life expectancies such as Italy tend to be more developed, reflecting higher-quality diet and nutritional standards. Life expectancy increases due to healthcare improvements such as the introduction of vaccines and the development of drugs. By contrast, Sierra Leone, an LIC, records a low life expectancy (almost 40 years less than Italy) and therefore has a poor quality of life.

Higher literacy rates tend to be associated with higher levels of development, and can be linked to economic growth and higher quality of life. Countries such as Italy and China tend to invest more in education, and if more and more citizens of a country are literate, the country can cope with the fast changing world and with developing technology. By contrast Sierra Leone has a low literacy rate. Lack of educational opportunity results in poor quality of life.

DID YOU HAVE A RULER?

4.6 kmAllow 4.0–5.0 km.

2.5 Using Figure 6, explain the advantages of

this location for the Cambridge Science Park.

[4 marks]

Credit the advantages of the broader location, such as The position at the end of the M11 motorway, which links with the rest of the network; quick and easy access to other major settlements, especially London.

Situation on the outskirts of Cambridge near the junction of the A10 and A14, close proximity to housing areas for workforce.

They help to support new and growing businesses through research and new ideas (1)

The growth in demand for new products such as mobile phones means that new technology needs to be developed, which builds on research in science parks (1)

They have grown in the UK because of the high reputation of some university science research departments (1).

The Fairtrade farmer receives double that of the non-Fairtrade producer.The Fairtrade farmer receives 14% whereas the non-Fairtrade

farmer receives 7% (1).

£234.4 million Allow range of values from £234 million to £235 million

Fairtrade gives farmers a guaranteed price for their products (by setting up co-operatives); this money can provide the basic needs for their families Profits from fair wages are spent in the country and these can be invested in health, education and infrastructure

Potential to increase corruption as different businesses compete to be the one favoured by government or agencies.

Prices of Fairtrade products are often more expensive, so people may not buy them as much (2)

Lcompanies such as TNCs may control production of a commodity, so there is less opportunity to introduce Fairtrade schemes (2).

To what extent – Judgement (+&-) made about the TNCs impact on the host country.

Paragraph 1 – PEE –Make your point –impact idea supporting your tickExplain what it and how it has impacted the host country.Example – PLC facts (help get 7+)

Paragraph 2 – PEE –Make your point – impact idea supporting your tickExplain what it and how it has impacted the host country.Example – PLC facts (help get 7+)

To secure 9 Paragraph 3 – PEE –Make your point – Counter-argue an impact idea that doesn’t supporting your tickExplain what it and how it has helps or impacted the host country.Example – PLC facts (help get 7+)

Positives impacts Negative impacts

Growth rate of 6.3% mainly due to selling oil.

Shell - employment – income to pay for resources – better quality of life. Life expectancy has grown since 1975.

Industry changes:Primary dropped but tertiary grew by 53%.

Shell foundation – charity set up to help conserve the biodiversity.

Shell extracted oil from Nigeria delta – 9 million barrels of oil was spilt leaving 75% people with no clean water.

Gas flaring – health issues.

Corrupt government – Ogani people protested about Shell but the government back Shell and protesters were killed.

Profits go straight to the TNC HQ country.