Xya {ejU {d^mJ - Shivaji University. A. Part-I Sociology... · g_mOemñÌ n[aM` : nwñVH$mVrb ñd`§-AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMo g§KQ>Z ~r.E. ^mJ-1 nona H«$_m§H$-1 `m Aä`mgH«$_mV EH§$Xa

$Page 1: Xya {ejU {d^mJ - Shivaji University. A. Part-I Sociology... · g_mOemñÌ n[aM` : nwñVH$mVrb ñd`§-AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMo g§KQ>Z ~r.E. ^mJ-1 nona H«$_m§H$-1 `m Aä`mgH«$_mV EH§$Xa$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya {ejU {d^mJ

g_mOemñÌ n[aM`(Introduction to Sociology)

~r. E. (g_mOemñÌ) nXdr Aä`mgH«$_

~r.E. ^mJ-1, nona-1 : go{_ñQ>a-1 H$[aVm

H I

K J

© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)àW_md¥Îmr : 2007{ÛVr` Amd¥Îmr : 2009V¥Vr` Amd¥Îmr : 2010

~r. E. (g_mOemñÌ) ^mJ - 1 H$[aVmgd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm {Uma Zmhr.

àVr : 4,000

n

àH$meH$ :

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio

Hw$bg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

n

_wÐH$ :

lr. Oo. ~r. amOnyV

AYrjH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

n

ISBN- 978-81-905918-0-5

H Xya oejU H|$Ð AmoU oedmOr odÚm[rR> `m]ÔcMr _mohVr [wT>rc [Î`mda o_iy eH{$c.oedmOr odÚm[rR>, odÚmZJa, H$m{ëhm[ya - 416 004. (^maV)

H Xya oejU [nafX - B§oXam Jm§Yr amîQ>r` _w·V odÚm[rR>, Zdr oXëcr m§À`m odH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ m gmohË`mMr oZo_©Vr H{$cr Amh{.

(ii)

n Aä`mg_§S>i : g_mOemñÌ n

l S>m°. gmiw§I{ gO}amd E.g_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[ya.

l lr. X{gmB© goVe gO}amdg_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, [Ù^yfU S>m°. dg§VamdXmXm [mQ>rc

_hmodÚmc`, VmgJmd, oO. gm§Jcr

l lr. H$m§]i{ [r. ]r.g_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, m{JmdVr _hmodÚmc`, Hw$éH$cr, H$adra,

oO.H$m{ëhm[ya.

l lr. [mQ>rc Aem{H$ gXmerdg_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, èd§Vamd MìhmU dmaUm _hmodÚmc`,

dmaUmZJa, oO. H$m{ëhm[ya.

l lr. _m{{ohV{ g§[Vamd cú_Ug_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmodÚmc`, [mMdS>,

Vm. dmB©, oO. gmVmam.

l lr. [mZñH$a ìhr. Or.g_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, H$_©dra ^mD$amd [mQ>rc H$m°c{O,

CéU-Bñcm_[ya.

l S>m°. Jm`H$dmS> e§H$a Ec².à[mR>H$, g_mOemñÌ od^mJ,

S>m°. ]m]mgmh{] Am§]{S>H$a _amR>dmS>m odÚm[rR>, Am¡a§Jm]mX.

l lr. H$m§]i{ grVmam_ A_¥Vghmæ`H$ goMd, N>Ì[Vr emhÿ gh. gmIa H$maImZm oco_Q>{S>, H$mJc,

oOëhm. H$m{ëhm[ya.

AÜ`j - lr. H$X_ dg§V _méVr odd{H$mZ§X H$m°c{O, H$m{ëhm[ya

(iii)

àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndma

Hw$cJwê$,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya oejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[yan VÁk go_Vr n

n gëcmJma go_Vr n

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$cg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

_m. àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndmaHw$cJwê$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. ~r. amOJog§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$anarjm {Z §ÌH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. (lr_Vr) dmg§Vr amg_A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$emñÌo, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) ~r. Eg. gmd§VA{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Q>r. ~r. OJVmnA{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Ho$. EZ. gm§JioA{YîR>mVm, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$cg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. ~r. Eg. nmQ>rc{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) CÎm_amd ^moB©Q>o^maVr {dÚmnrR>, cmc ~hmÔÿa emñÌr _mJ©, nwUo

S>m°. E. EZ. Omoerg§MmcH$, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm,èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

lr. Oo. Ama. OmYdA{YîR>mVm, H$cm {dÚmemIm, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) Eg. E. ~marg§MmcH$, Xya {ejU Hw$d|ny {dÚmnrR>, H$Zm©Q>H$

àm. S>m°. (lr_Vr) gr_m odco(gXñ` g{Md)g§Mm{cH$m, Xya {ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya oejU H|$ÐoedmOr odÚm[rR>,H$m{ëhm[ya

g_mOemñÌ [naM` (^mJ 1)

Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$

àH$aU KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ boIH$

àH$aU n{hbo : g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n S>m°. gO}amd Am. gmiw§IoKQ>H$ - 1 g_mOemñÌ : ì`m»`m Am{U Aä`mg{df` àmÜ`mnH$,KQ>H$ - 2 g_mOemñÌ : EH$ emñÌ g_mOemñÌ {d^mJ,KQ>H$ - 3 g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U {dH$mg : WmoS>Š`mV ê$naofm {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.KQ>H$ - 4 g_mOemñÌmMo Cn`moJ

àH$aU Xwgao : _yb yV g§H$ënZm lr. ~mbmOr H|$Ðo

KQ>H$ - 1 gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m : AW© Am{U àH$ma A{Yì`m»`mVm,KQ>H$ - 2 g_mO : AW©, _mZdr g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço g_mOemñÌ {d^mJ,KQ>H$ - 3 gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àH$aU {Vgao : gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm lr. {dídZmW nmZñH$a

KQ>H$ - 1 gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm : AW© Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço A{Yì`m»`mVm,KQ>H$ - 2 Hw$Qy>§~ : ì`m»`m Am{U à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Ho$. ~r. nr. H$m°coO, Bñcm_nya.KQ>H$ - 3 Y_© : ì`m»`m Am{U H$m }KQ>H$ - 4 {ejU : AW© Am{U àH$ma

n«H$aU Mm¡Wo : g§ñH¥$Vr lr. O §V KmQ>Jo

KQ>H$ - 1 g§ñH¥$Vr : ì`m»`m Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço A{Yì`m»`mVm,KQ>H$ - 2 g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a,KQ>H$ - 3 g§ñH¥$VrMr H$m } _hm{dÚmc`, dS>Jm§d.

KQ>H$ - 4 g§ñH¥$VrMm ì`pŠV_Îdmdarb à^md

g§nmXH$,

S>m°. gO}amd Am. gmiw§Io, àmÜ`mnH$,g_mOemñÌ {d^mJ,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya - 416 004

(iv)

àñVmdZm{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Xya {ejU {d^mJmÀ`m A§VJ©V ~r. E. nXdr Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r àdoe KoVboë`m Am{U

g_mOemñÌ {df`mMr {ZdS> Ho$boë`m gd© {dÚmÏ`mªMo Amåhr ñdmJV H$aVmo. {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mMm g_mOemñÌ {df`mMm{dÚ_mZ nXdr Aä`mgH«$_ EHy$U VrZ dfmªMm Amho. g_mOemñÌ {df`mMr ~r. E. nXdr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZmEHy$U 8 nong©Mm Aä`mg H$amdm cmJVmo. nXdr Aä`mgH«$_mVrc nong© Imcrcà_mUo AmhoV.

àW_ df© ~r. E. - nona H«$_m§H$ 1

{ÛVr` df© ~r. E. - nona H«$_m§H$ 2 Am{U 3

V¥Vr` df© ~r. E. - nona H«$_m§H$ 4 Vo 8

(V¥Vr` df© ~r. E. H$[aVm AgUmao A{Zdm © Am{U EopÀN>H$ {df` Imcrcà_mUo

A{Zdm © (Compulsory) nong©

nona H«$_m§H$ - 4

nona H«$_m§H$ - 5

EopÀN>H$/d¡ {ŠVH$ (Optional) nong©

nona H«$_m§H$ - 6 A

Bn¡H$s EH$


Bn¡H$s EH$


Bn¡H$s EH$

`m nwñVH$mVrb ñd §-AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMo dmMZ H$aÊ`mnydu àË oH$ {dÚmÏ`m©Zo gXa àñVmdZm dmMUo _hÎdmMo Amho.`m àñVmdZoV ~r. E. ^mJ 1 À`m Aä`mgH«$_mMr C{ÔîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. Aä`mg gm_J«rMo gmXarH$aUH$go Ho$bo Amho `m {df`rMo {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. {edm`, ñd §-AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMm H$gm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ¿`mdm,hohr ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

{dÚmnrR>mnmgyZ Xyada ngaboë`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JaOm bjmV KoD$Z, Ë`m§Zm ñdV:M Aä`mg H$aVm `mdm ho Ü`mZmVKoD$Z ñd §-AÜ``Z gm{hË` V`ma Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r AÜ``Z-gm{hË`mMr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm ñd §-gyMZm nÕVrMmAdb§~ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m àñVmdZoMo dmMZ Ho$ë`mda, `m AÜ``Z-gm{hË`mMm H$m ©j_ dmna H$gm H$amdm, ho{dÚmÏ`mªZm C_Oob. {ejH$ qH$dm {df` gëbmJmamMr _XV KoÊ`mMr \$maer Amdí`H$Vm ^mgy Z o ho C{ÔîQ> S>moù`mg_moaR>oD$ZM AÜ``Z-gm{hË` V`ma Ho$bo Amho. gXa AÜ``Z-gm{hË`mÀ`m dmMZm_wio {dÚmÏ`mªZm gwb^ AÜ``Z AZw d

oB©b, `mMrhr H$miOr KoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

g_mOemñÌr` n[aM` : Aä`mgH«$_mMr C{ÔîQ>ço

~r. E. (g_mOemñÌ) Aä`mgH«$_mVrb n{hë`m dfm©À`m nona H«$_m§H$-1 "g_mOemñÌ n[aM`' `m Aä`mgH«$_mMrXmoZ à_wI C{ÔîQ>ço AmhoV. {dÚmÏ`mªZm EH$ gm_m{OH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌ {df`mMm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUo ho n{hbo

C{ÔîQ> Am{U g_mOemñÌmVrb H$mhr _yb yV g§H$ënZm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUo ho Xwgao _hÎdmMo C{ÔîQ> Amho.

}

}

}

(v)

g_mOemñÌ n[aM` : nwñVH$mVrb ñd §-AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMo g§KQ>Z

~r.E. ^mJ-1 nona H«$_m§H$-1 `m Aä`mgH«$_mV EH§$Xa AmR> àH$aUo AmhoV. àË oH$s Mma àH$aUm§Mm EH$ {d^mJAgo Aä`mgH«$_mMo XmoZ ^mJ Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma AÜ``Z gm{hË` V`ma H$aVmZm nwñVH$mMohr XmoZ ^mJ H$aÊ`mV AmboAmhoV. hm nwñVH$mMm n{hbm ^mJ Amho. `m ^mJmV, Aä`mgH«$_mVrb n{hë`m {d^mJmVrb 1 Vo 4 àH$aUm§À`mV`margmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobo AÜ``Z gm{hË` g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. nwñVH$mÀ`m Xwgè`m ^mJmV, Aä`mgH«$_mÀ`mXwgè`m ^mJmVrb àH$aU H«$_m§H$ 5 Vo 8 gmR>r Amdí`H$ Ago AÜ``Z gm{hË` g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

Ame`mÀ`m AmYmao àH$aUm§Mr {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ Ë`m Ë`m àH$aUmMm _w»` Ame` ho g§~§{YVàH$aUmMo erf©H$ R>odÊ`mV Ambo Amho. àË oH$ n«H$aUmMr Ë`mVrb {d{dY Cn-{df`m§À`m AmYmao {d{dY Aä`mg

KQ>H$m§_Ü o (Units) {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§Vrb {df` bjmV KoD$Z KQ>H$m§Zm erf©Ho$ XoÊ`mV

Ambr AmhoV. nwñVH$mÀ`m XmoÝhr ^mJmVrb ñd §-AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMo g§KQ>Z Imbrbà_mUo Amho.

g_mOemñÌ n[aM` (^mJ-1) : AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMo g§KQ>Z

g_mOemñÌ n[aM` : ^mJ - 1 `m nwñVH$mV g_m{dîQ> Ho$bobo AÜ``Z gm{hË` Imbrbà_mUo Amho.

àH$aU n{hbo : g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n

KQ>H$ 1 g_mOemñÌ : ì`m»`m Am{U Aä`mg{df`

KQ>H$ 2 g_mOemñÌ : EH$ emñÌ

KQ>H$ 3 g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U {dH$mg : WmoS>Š`mV ê$naofm

KQ>H$ 4 g_mOemñÌmMo Cn`moJ

àH$aU Xwgao : _yb yV g§H$ënZm

KQ>H$ 1 gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m : AW© Am{U àH$ma

KQ>H$ 2 g_mO : AW©, _mZdr g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

KQ>H$ 3 gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm

àH$aU {Vgao : gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm

KQ>H$ 1 gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm : AW© Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço

KQ>H$ 2 Hw$Qy>§~ : ì`m»`m Am{U à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço

KQ>H$ 3 Y_© : ì`m»`m Am{U H$m }

KQ>H$ 4 {ejU : AW© Am{U àH$ma

àH$aU Mm¡Wo : g§ñH¥$Vr

KQ>H$ 1 g§ñH¥$Vr : ì`m»`m Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço

KQ>H$ 2 g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$

KQ>H$ 3 g§ñH¥$VrMr H$m }

KQ>H$ 4 g§ñH¥$VrMm ì`pŠV_Îdmdarb à^md

g_mOemñÌ n[aM` (^mJ-2) : Aä`mg gm_J«rMo g§KQ>Z

g_mOemñÌ n[aM` (^mJ-2) `m nwñVH$mV g_m{dîQ> Ho$bobo ñd §-AÜ``Z gm{hË` Imbrbà_mUo Amho.

(vi)

àH$aU nmMdo : g_mOrH$aU

KQ>H$ 1 g_mOrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m : ì`m»`m Am{U AW©

KQ>H$ 2 g_mOrH$aUmMr gmYZo

KQ>H$ 3 g_mOrH$aUmMo _hÎd

àH$aU ghmdo : gm_m{OH$ g_yh

KQ>H$ 1 gm_m{OH$ g_yh : AW© Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço

KQ>H$ 2 gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§À`m dJuH$aUmMo AmYma

KQ>H$ 3 àmW{_H$ Am{U Xwæ`_ g_yh

n«H$aU gmVdo : gm_m{OH$ {dMbZ Am{U {Z §ÌU

KQ>H$ 1 gm_m{OH$ {dMbZ : AW© Am{U H$maUo

KQ>H$ 2 gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMm AW©

KQ>H$ 3 gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMr H$m }

KQ>H$ 4 gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMr ê$no qH$dm àH$ma

àH$aU AmR>do : gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z

KQ>H$ 1 gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMm AW©

KQ>H$ 2 gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo KQ>H$

KQ>H$ 3 gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmVrb AS>Wio

darbà_mUo "g_mOemñÌ n[aM`' `m nwñVH$mÀ`m XmoÝhr ^mJmV {_iyZ ~r.E. (g_mOemñÌ) àW_ dfm©À`mAä`mgH«$_mVrb EHy$U 8 àH$aUm§Mr V`mar H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo AÜ``Z gm{hË` g_m{dîQ> Ho$bo Amho. nwñVH$mÀ`m n{hë`m^mJmVrb Mma àH$aUmV {_iyZ n§Yam Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho, Va Xwgè`m ^mJmVrb Mma àH$aUmV {_iyZ VoamAä`mg KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. XmoÝhr nwñVH$mV {_iyZ EHy$U AÇ>mdrg KQ>H$m§{df`rMo ñd §-AÜ``Z gm{hË` g_m{dîQ>

H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

àË oH$ n«H$aUmVrb AÜ``Z-gm{hË`mMo gmXarH$aU

nwñVH$mVrb àË oH$ àH$aUmMr Zì`m nmZmda gwédmV hmoVo. àH$aU H«$_m§H$, àH$aUmMo erf©H$ Am{U àH$aUmMràñVmdZm oWo XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. àH$aUmÀ`m àñVmdZoV Ë`m Ë`m n«H$aUmMm Aä`mg{df`/Ame` H$moUVm ho Z_yX Ho$boAmho. g§§~§{YV àH$aUmV H$moUË`m Am{U {H$Vr KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho Am{U Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg{df` H$moUVm Amho

`mMrhr WmoS>Š`mV H$ënZm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

àË oH$ KQ>H$mVrb AÜ``Z-gm{hË`mMo gmXarH$aU

àË oH$ KQ>H$mMr gwê$dmV Zì`m nmZmda Ho$br Amho. àË oH$ KQ>H$mV Á`m {df`mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho Ë`mg AZwgê$ZKQ>H$mMo erf©H$ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. àË oH$ KQ>H$mVrb {df` _m§S>UrMm H«$_ gy{MV H$aUmar "KQ>H$-g§aMZm' àma§ rMXoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. KQ>H$-g§aMZodê$Z g§~§{YV KQ>H$mV Aä`mg{df`mÀ`m H$moUË`m n¡by§Mo H$moUË`m H«$_mZo {ddoMZH$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho `mMr dmMH$mbm nyd©H$ënZm oVo. àË oH$ KQ>H$mbm "àñVmdZm' {Xbr Amho. àñVmdZoZ§Va "C{ÔîQ>ço'

XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. àË oH$ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va dmMH$ {dÚmÏ`m©bm H$moUVr {d{eîQ> H$m¡eë o g§nmXZ H$aVm

(vii)

oVrb `mg§~§YrMr hr C{ÔîQ>ço AmhoV. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m KQ>H$mVrb "Aä`mg{df`mMo gmXarH$aU' H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.Aä`mg{df`mMo gmXarH$aU H$aVmZm Amdí`H$Vm Agob Ë`mà_mUo {d{dY Cn{d^mJ nmS>Ê`mV Ambo AmhoV. Aem àË oH$Cn{d^mJmÀ`m eodQ>r, Q>ßß`m Q>ßß`mda {dÚmÏ`mªZm Amnbr Aä`mgmVrb àJVr VnmgyZ nmhVm `mdr åhUyZ "ñd §

AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ' XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. àË oH$ àíZmZ§Va CÎmao {b{hÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ-VrZ Amoir [aH$m_r OmJm gmoS>Ê`mVAmbr Amho.

àË oH$ CnKQ>H$ dmMyZ qH$dm Aä`mgyZ Pmë`mda, {dÚmÏ`mªZr g§~§{YV àíZm§Mr CÎmao {Xboë`m [aH$må`m OmJoV{bhmdrV Aer Anojm Amho. AmnU {b{hbobr àíZm§Mr CÎmao ~amo~a AmhoV H$s ZmhrV, ho VnmgyZ nmhVm `mdo `mgmR>ràË oH$ KQ>H$mV gmam§emZ§Va "ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao' `m erf©H$mImbr Ë`m KQ>H$mVrb Aem gd©àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. àË oH$ KQ>H$mV "gmam§e' `m erf©H$mImbr g§~§{YV KQ>H$mMm _w»` Ame` Am{UË`mVrb à_wI _wÔo `m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. àË oH$ KQ>H$mV, "ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao' `mKQ>H$mÀ`m Z§Va "gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR>' `m erf©H$mImbr Ë`m Ë`m KQ>H$mVrb Aä`mggm_J«r bjmV KoD$Z H$mhràíZ XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. àË oH$ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Pmë`mda {dÚmÏ`mªZr ñdV§Ì H$mJXmda Ë`m gd© àíZm§Mr CÎmao{bhÿZ H$mT>mdrV Aer Anojm Amho. `m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªZm àíZmoÎmao {b{hÊ`mMm gamd hmoB©b. {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m narjoÀ`mV`marMm ^mJ åhUyZ `mMr {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ZpíMVM _XV hmoB©b.

àË oH$ KQ>H$mV "qMVZ Am{U H$m ©' `m _Wù`mImbr {dÚmÏ`mªZm J¥hnmR> {Xbm Amho. àË oH$ {dÚmÏ`m©Zo `mJ¥hnmR>mV {Xbobo àíZ bjmV ¿`mdoV Am{U H$amd`mg gm§{JVbobr H¥$Vr qH$dm qMVZ H$amdo Am{U {Q>nUo V`ma H$amdrV."gamdmgmR>r' {Xbobo àíZ Am{U "qMVZ Am{U H$m ©' `m erf©H$mImbr {Xbobo àíZ `m Xmohm|Mr nyV©Vm Ho$ë`mda Amnë`mbmË`m Ë`m KQ>H$mVrb Aä`mg gm_J«rMo nyU© AmH$bZ Pmbo Amho {H$§dm Zmhr `mMr ñdV:M ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b. àË oH$KQ>H$mÀ`m eodQ>r "A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$' `m erf©H$mImbr H$mhr nwñVH$m§Mr `mXr {Xbr Amho. Ë`m Ë`m KQ>H$mVOmo {df` AmnU Aä`mgbm Amho, Ë`m{df`rMr A{YH$Mr _m{hVr OmUyZ ¿`md`mMr Agë`mg gXa nwñVH$m§Mm Cn`moJAmnUmbm H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b. Aem gd©M nwñVH$m§Mo dmMZ {dÚmÏ`mªZr H$amdo Aer Anojm Zmhr. nU Oa Aem gwM{dboë`m

nwñVH$mVrb _m{hVrhr {dÚmÏ`mªZr dmMbr Va Ë`m Ë`m {df`mMo {dÚmÏ`mªMo kmZ A{YH$ g_¥Õ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.

eãXH$moe Am{U g§X ©J«§W gyMr

"g_mOemñÌ n[aM`' `m nwñVH$mÀ`m XmoÝhr ^mJm§À`m eodQ>r XmoZ {d^mJ XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. "eãXH$moe {ZdS>H$

g§H$ënZm§Mo AW©' (Glossary) hm EH$ {d^mJ Va "g§X ©J«§W gyMr' (References) hm Xwgam Am{U nwñVH$mVrbgdm©V eodQ>Mm {d^mJ Amho. n{hë`m {d^mJmV {ZdS>H$ g_mOemñÌr` g§H$ënZm§Mo/g§km§Mo WmoS>Š`mV AW© {Xbo AmhoV.àW_ B§J«Or ^mfoVrb eãX, Z§Va _amR>rVrb n`m© r eãX Am{U Ë`mZ§Va g§~§{YV g§H$ënZoMm AWdm g§koMm AW©, AgoeãXH$moemMo gmXarH$aU Ho$bo Amho. `m nwñVH$mVrb {d{dY àH$aUo {b{hVmZm boIH$m§Zr Á`m g§X © J«§Wm§Mm AmYma KoVbmAmho, Aem gd© g§X © J«§Wm§Mr EH${ÌV `mXr "g§X ©J«§W gyMr' `m erf©H$mImbr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. AmnU Aä`mgboë`m{df`mdarb gm{hË` {H$Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV {d{dY nwñVH$m§À`m ê$nmZo CnbãY Amho ho g§X © J«§Wm§À`m gyMrdê$ZAmnë`mbm g_OyZ oB©b.

`m nwñVH$mMo g§nmXH$, {d{dY àH$aUm§Mo boIH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mVrb A{YH$mar Am{U H$_©Mmar dJ©,

{dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Xya {ejU {d^mJmVrb A{YH$mar Am{U H$_©Mmar dJ© `m gdmªÀ`m Amnë`mbm ew oÀN>m !

qqq

(viii)

~r. E. ^mJ-1 : go{_ñQ>a-1

AZwH«$_{UH$màH$aU /KQ>H$ àH$aUmMo/KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ nmZ H«$_m§H$

H«$_m§H$

àH$aU n{hbo g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n 1- 62

KQ>H$ 1 g_mOemñÌ : ì`m»`m Am{U Aä`mg{df`

KQ>H$ 2 g_mOemñÌ : EH$ emñÌ

KQ>H$ 3 g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U {dH$mg : WmoS>Š`mV ê$naofm

KQ>H$ 4 g_mOemñÌmMo Cn`moJ

àH$aU Xwgao _yb yV g§H$ënZm 63-112

KQ>H$ 1 gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m : AW© Am{U àH$ma

KQ>H$ 2 g_mO : AW©, _mZdr g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

KQ>H$ 3 gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm

àH$aU {Vgao gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm 113-178

KQ>H$ 1 gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm : AW© Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço

KQ>H$ 2 Hw$Qy>§~ : ì`m»`m Am{U à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço

KQ>H$ 3 Y_© : ì`m»`m Am{U H$m }

KQ>H$ 4 {ejU : AW© Am{U àH$ma

àH$aU Mm¡Wo g§ñH¥$Vr 179-222

KQ>H$ 1 g§ñH¥$Vr : ì`m»`m Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço

KQ>H$ 2 g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$

KQ>H$ 3 g§ñH¥$VrMr H$m`}

KQ>H$ 4 g§ñH¥$VrMm ì`pŠV_Îdmdarb à^md

eãXH$moe ({ZdS>H$ g§H$ënZm§Mo AW©) 223-230

g§X ©J«§W gyMr

(ix)

(x)

n odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :

àË {H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc

]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü { H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.

3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr

A[{jm Amh{.

ñd`§• _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV

Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ

Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd §• AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü { oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm

ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{

Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool) åhUyZ

C[ w·V R>aVrc.

223

eãXH$moe ({ZdS>H$ g§H$ënZm§Mo AW©)

Accommodation - g_m`moOZ : : : : : _V oX AgwZhr BVam§er OwidyZ KoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m. `m n{H«$ oV XmoZ g_yh

gm_m{OH$X¥îQ>çm nañnam§er OwidyZ KoVmV.

Actual structure - àË`j ApñVËdmV AgUmar g§aMZm : {d{eîQ> doir àË`jmV ApñVËdmV AgUmao

gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y.

Artifacts - _mZdr H$m¡eë`mZo V`ma Ho$bobr H$moUVrhr dñVy : _mZdmZo V`ma Ho$boë`m ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo

KQ>H$ Agboë`m dñVy.

Assimilation - g_mdoeZ : EH$m g_yhmZo Xwgè`m g_yhmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMm nyU© ñdrH$ma qH$dm AZwH$aU

H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m.

Belief- lÕm : bmoH$m§Zr Iao _mZbobo dñVwpñWVr~ÔbMo EImXo {dYmZ qH$dm H$ënZm. ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Zm

g_mZ Agboë`m lÕm àË`jmV "Iè`m' qH$dm Á`m§Mm Iao-ImoQ>onUm VnmgyZ nmhVm oÊ`mOmoJm Amho

(testable) Aem Agmì`mVM Ago Zmhr.

Cognitive Culture - ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr : : : : : g_yhmVrb gdmªZm g_mZ Agbobo kmZ, lÕm Am{U _yë o

`m§Mm g_mdoe ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo Am{U hm g§ñH¥$VrMm d¡Mm[aH$ KQ>H$ AgVmo.

Communication - g§àofU : : : : : g§Xoe XoÊ`mMr qH$dm nmR>{dÊ`mMr Am{U Vmo ñdrH$maÊ`mMr qH$dm àmßV

hmoÊ`mMr Ûr_mJu à{H«$`m.

Competition - ñnYm© ::::: gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMm EH$ àH$ma qH$dm ê$n. Ooìhm BpÀN>V qH$dm _m¡ë`dmZ

dñVy§Mm VwQ>dS>m qH$dm Xw{ ©ú` AgVo V|ìhm Ë`m Amnë`mbmM {_imì`mV åhUyZ ì`ŠVr Am{U / qH$dm

g_yh à`ËZ H$aVmV V|ìhm ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoVo.

Conflict - g§Kf© ::::: gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMm EH$ àH$ma qH$dm ê$n. g§Kfm©V BVa ñnY©H$m§Zm ñnY}VyZ ~mX H$ê$Z

qH$dm H$_Hw$dV H$ê$Z nm[aVmo{fH$m§da Ho$di AmnbrM EH$m{YH$maemhr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVmo.

Co-operation - ghH$m © : : : : : g_mZ C{ÔîQ>m§À`m àmßVrgmR>r g_yhmVrb AZoH$ ì`ŠVtZr Ho$bobo gm_y{hH$

n«`ËZ.

Consciousness of kind - AmnbonUmMr OmUrd : : : : : Am§Va{H«$`m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVt_Yrb nañnam§{df`rMr,

AmnbonUmMr OmUrd; EH$m g_yhmMo g^mgX Agë`mMr OmUrd.

Crescive Social Institutions - dY©_mZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm : : : : : Á`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {ZgJ©V:M,

AOmUVonUr Am{U ñd §ñ\y$V©nUo {dH${gV Pmboë`m AgVmV Ë`m§Zm dY©_mZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Ago

gåZa `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

224

Cultural Universals - gmd©{ÌH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ : : : : : Ago dV©ZàH$ma gm§ñH¥${VH$ JwU AWdm Aem

g§ñWm H$s Á`m gd© kmV g§ñH¥$VrV AmT>iyZ oVmV; gd© g§ñH¥$VrV g_mZ AgUmao KQ>H$.

Culture - g§ñH¥$Vr ::::: (1) Á`mMo gm_m{OH$ AÜ``Z hmoVo Am{U Á`mV g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Mm gh^mJ AgVmo

Ago gd© H$mhr åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr.(2) g_yhmVrb gdmªZm g_mZ Agboë`m MmbrarVr, lÕm, _yë o, kmZ

Am{U _mZd{Z{_©V gd© dñVy åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo .

Division of labour - l_{d^mOZ : : : : : g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§_Yrb H$m_m§Mo {d^mOZ. l_{d^mOZmMm

gm_m{OH$ n[aUm_ åhUOo Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrb {d{dY ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yhmV nañnamdb§~Z {Z_m©U hmoVo.

Dysfunction - AnH$m o© ::::: EImÚm gm_m{OH$ qH$dm gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$mMo Ago {Zar{jV n[aUm_ H$s Oo g_J«

g_mOì`dñWoMr A{^`moOZj_Vm qH$dm g_m`moOZj_Vm H$_r H$aVmV qH$dm Ë`mV AS>Wim AmUVmV.

Enacted social Institutions - {d{YñWm{nV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm : : : : : {d{eîQ> H$mir, {d{eîQ> hoVy§À`m

nyV©VogmR>r {Z`moOZ~Õ[aË`m OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV oUmè`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm CXm. H$m`Xo.

Escapism - nbm`ZdmX : : : : : ì`ŠVrMr _mZ{gH$ ñdg§ajUmË_H$ §ÌUm H$s Á`mV ì`ŠVr Xw:IX AWdm

YmoŠ`mMr n[apñWVr Q>miÊ`mgmR>r dñVwpñWVrnmgyZ _mKma KoVo.

Exchange - {d{Z_` ::::: Amnë`m H¥$VrÀ`m ~Xë`mV Xwgè`mH$Sy>Z {H$_mZ VodT>çmM _yë`mMo H$mhrVar

{_imdo `m AnojoZo Xwgè`mgmR>r H$mhr H$aUo.

Fatalism - X¡ddmX : : : : : X¡dmda qH$dm Zer~mda R>m_ lÕm R>odÊ`mMr d¥Îmr.

Folkways - bmoH$arVr (bmoH$éT>r) : : : : : EImÚm g_mOmVrb AWdm g_yhmVrb X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV {d{dY JmoîQ>r

H$aÊ`mÀ`m ê$T>, gd©gm_mÝ` Am{U gd`àYmZ arVr.

Formal Education - Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU : : : : : Á`m {ejUmH$[aVm Am¡nMm[aH$ Am{U à_m{UV Aä`mgH«$_

AgVmo, Am{U Oo emim, _hm{dÚmb o Am{U {dÚmnrR>o `mgma»`m Am¡nMm[aH$ e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmVyZ

à{e{jV {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z {Xbo OmVo, Ago {ejU.

Function - àH$m`© :àH$m`© :àH$m`© :àH$m`© :àH$m`© : g_mOmÀ`m EImÚm Cnì`dñWoMr qH$dm g_J« g_mOì`dñWoMr gm_m{OH$ JaO (qH$dm

JaOm) ^mJ{dÊ`mVrb EImÚm gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$mMo `moJXmZ. àH$m © åhUOo Ago {Zar{jV n[aUm_ H$s

Oo {d{eîQ> ì`dñWoÀ`m A{^`moOZmgmR>r qH$dm g_m`moOZmgmR>r gH$mamË_H$ `moJXmZ XoVmV.

Fundamentalism - _ybVÎddmX : : : : : OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV Amnbm Y_©M àmW{_H$ _hÎdmMm Amho Aer

{dMmaàUmbr.

Incest rules - OdiÀ`m aŠVg§~§{YV Hw$Qy>§~ gXñ`m§_Yrb b¢{JH$ g§~§YmZm à{V~§Y H$aUmao {Z`_

225

::::: Ago gm_m{OH$ {Z`_ H$s Oo Hw$Qw>§~mVrb dS>rb Am{U _wbJr, AmB© Am{U _wbJm VgoM ^mD$ Am{U

~hrU `mVrb b¢{JH$ g~§§Ym§Zm qH$dm {ddmhmbm à{V~§Y H$aVmV.

Informal Education - AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU : : : : : AZm¡nMm[aH$ gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©Ûmao {Xbo OmUmao {ejU.

Aem {ejUmV Am¡nMm[aH$ Aä`mgH«$_, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, à{e{jV {ejH$ `m§Mm A^md AgVmo.

g_mOmÀ`m àWm na§nam, Am{U X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV dmJÊ`m ~mobÊ`mMo g_mOg§_V àH$ma VgoM g_mOmV

OrdZ OJÊ`mMr H$m¡eë o `m{df`rMo ~hþVm§er kmZ Hw$Qw>§~mgma»`m g_yhmVyZ AZm¡nMm[aH$ _mJm©Zo

{eH${dbo OmVo.

Laws - H$m`Xo : : : : : AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV amÁ`g§ñWm qH$dm emgZ §ÌUoZo V`ma Ho$bobo Am¡nMm[aH$ {b{IV {Z`_.

g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§À`m dV©Zmda H$m`Xo Am¡nMm[aH$ nÕVrZo {Z §ÌU amIVmV.

Material Culture - ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr : : : : : _mZdmZo V`ma Ho$boë`m Am{U Vmo dmnarV Agboë`m gd© dñVy§Mm

g_mdoe ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo.

Matriarchal Family - _mV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qy>§~ ::::: _mVm H|$Ðr Ago Hw$Qy>§~ H$s Á`mV _mVoMr qH$dm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb

d`mZo Á oîR> _{hboMr gÎmm gd© Hw$Qy>§~ gXñ`m§da MmbVo. _wbo _mVoMo AmS>Zmd bmdVmV. d§ena§nam

_mVoH$Sy>Z MmbVo.

Matrilocal family - _mV¥ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ : : : : : Á`m Hw$Qw>§~mV {ddmhmZ§Va nVr nËZrÀ`m Kar ahmd`mg OmVmo

Ago Hw$Qy>§~.

Monogamous Family - EH${ddmhr Hw$Qy>§~ : : : : : EH$ nwê$f Am{U EH$ ñÌr `m§À`m {ddmhmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao

Hw$Qy>§~.

Mores - bmoH$ZrVr : : : : : H$moUVmhr g_mO Ë`mÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r, Ë`mVrb ì`dñWogmR>r, ñW¡ m©gmR>r _hÎdmMr

_mZVmo Aer Z¡{VH$ VÎdo; Á`m§À`mer bmoH$H$ë`mUmMr ^mdZm {ZJ{S>V AgVo; Á`m§Mo gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z

H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmbZ PmboM nm{hOo Agm g_yhmMm AmJ«h AgVmo, Aem na§nam qH$dm Z¡{VH$ VÎdo, (qH$dm

{Z`_Zo) åhUOo bmoH$ZrVr hmoV.

Neo-local Family - Zd-ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ : : : : : Zd{ddm{hV OmoS>ß`mZo ñdV§ÌnUo ñWmnZ Ho$bobo Hw$Qy>§~.

Non-Material Culture - A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr : : : : : ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$m§À`m Cn`moJmg§~§YrMo kmZ

Am{U H$ënZm, VgoM gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo, lÕm, _yë o Am{U kmZ `m§Mm g_mdoe A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV

hmoVmo.

Norm - {Z`_Z : : : : : (1) ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmda _`m©Xm KmbUmam Am{U _ZmV ~miJbobm A_yV© AmXe© åhUOo

{Z`_Z hmo , (2) dV©Z{df`H$ g_yhmÀ`m Anojm åhUOo {Z`_Z hmo .

]r. E. 1 : g_mOemñÌ [naM` ...15

226

Normative Culture - {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr : : : : : {Z`_Zo ho {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMo H|$Ðr` _hÎdmMo

_ybKQ>H$ AmhoV. {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrV bmoH$arVr, bmoH$ZrVr, H$m`Xo Aem {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {Z`_Zm§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo. {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr hm A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.

Nuclear Family - {d^ŠV qH$dm H|$Ð Hw$Qy>§~ : : : : : Á`m Hw$Qw>§~mV nVr-nËZr Am{U Ë`m§Mr A{ddm{hV _wbo

`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo Ago Hw$Qy>§~. ho Hw$Qy>§~ AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgVo Am{U Ë`mV \$ŠV XmoZ {nT>çm§Mm

(nmbH$ d Ë`m§Mr _wbo) g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Oral Tradition in Education - {ejUmMr _m¡{IH$ na§nam : : : : : {b{hÊ`mMr H$bm AdJV hmoÊ`mnyduÀ`m

Am{X_ g_mOmVrb {ejUmMr na§nam H$s Á`mV Oo {eH$dmd`mMo Amho Vo nmR>m§Va H$ê$Z bjmV R>odbo

OmV Ago Am{U nwT>À`m {nT>rbm AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§nH$m©Ûmao Vm|S>r {eH${dbo OmV Ago.

Organism - gOrd : : : : : Á`mV Ord Amho Agm H$moUVmhr gOrd àmUr.

Patriarchal Family - {nV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qy>§~ : : : : : {nVm H|$Ðr Ago Hw$Qy>§~ H$s Á`mV {nË`mMr AWdm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb

Á oîR> nwéfmMr gÎmm gd© Hw$Qw>§{~`m§da MmbVo Aem Hw$Qw>§~mV d§ena§nam {nË`mH$Sy>Z MmbVo.

Patri-local Family - {nV¥ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ ::::: Á`m Hw$Qw>§~mV {ddmhmZ§Va nËZr nVrÀ`m Kar ahmd`mg OmVo

Ago Hw$Qy>§~.

Personality - ì`pŠV_Îd : : : : : gd`r, A{^d¥Îmr Am{U ñd^mdJwU `m§Mr g_mOrH$aUmVyZ {ZînÝZ hmoUmar EH$

ì`pŠV{d{eîQ> g_J«Vm åhUOo ì`pŠV_Îd hmo .

Polyandrous family - ~hþnVr-{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~ : : : : : O|ìhm EH$ ñÌr AZoH$ nwéfm§er {ddmh H$aVo

Am{U Vr ñÌr {VMo nVr d _wbo EH$Ì amhVmV Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm ~hþnVr-{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qw>§~ åhUVmV.

Polygamous Family - ~hþnËZr-{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~ : : : : : O|ìhm EH$ nwéf AZoH$ {ñÌ`m§er {ddmh H$aVmo

Am{U Vmo nwéf Ë`mÀ`m nËZr Am{U _wbm§g{hV EH$Ì amhVmV V|ìhm ~hþnËZr{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~ ApñVËdmV

òVo.

Primary Institutions - àmW{_H$ g§ñWm : : : : : Á`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm g_mOgXñ`m§À`m n«mW{_H$ JaOm

^mJ{dVmV (CXm. {ddmh, Hw$Qy>§~ AW©g§ñWm) àmW{_H$ g§ñWm åhUVmV.

Profane - Eo{hH$ :$ :$ :$ :$ : Y_m©Zo Á`mZm n{dÌ _mZbobo ZgVo Aem Eo{hH$ OrdZmVrb gd© dñVy. `m dñVy§H$S>o

Cn`mo{JVmdmXr X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ nm{hbo OmD$ eH$Vo.

Religion - Y_© ::::: n{dÌ _mZë`m Joboë`m dñVy§{df`rÀ`m lÕm Am{U {dYtMr EH$mË_ ì`dñWm.

Rituals - Ym{_©H$ {dYr : : : : : Ym{_©H$ àg§JmÀ`m doir Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m, na§namJV g§ñH¥$VrZo à_m{UV Ho$boë`m

Am{U àVrH$mË_H$ _hÎd AgUmè`m H¥$Vr.

227

Role - y{_H$m : : : : : {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ yf{dUmè`m ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z g_mOmZo Ano{jbobo dV©Z. y{_H$m hm

gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmMm H¥$Vrerb n¡by hmo . hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì o `m§À`m ^modVr Jw§\$bobm dV©Zà~§Y åhUOo

^y{_H$m hmo`.

Sacred - n{dÌ : : : : : Y_m©Zo n{dÌ _mZboë`m ^m¡{VH$ qH$dm A^m¡{VH$ Aem dñVy H$s Á`m Y_m©À`m AZw m`m§À`m

_ZmV AmXa wŠV ^rVr {Z_m©U H$aVmV; Aem dñVyZm Eo{hH$ OrdZmnmgyZ doJio H$mT>bo OmVo Am{U

Ë`m§Mm Cn`mo{JVmdmXr X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ {dMma Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.

Secondary Institutions - Xwæ`_ g§ñWm : : : : : Á`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm _mZdmÀ`m Xwæ`_ JaOm§Mr nyVu

H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVmV Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZ A{YH$ g§nÝZ Am{U àJVrerb ~Z{dVmV Aem g§ñWm

(CXm. {ejU, H$a_UyH$).

Secular Education - Y_©{Zanoj {ejU : : : : : Y_m©À`m à^mdmnmgyZ A{bßV AgUmao emñÌr`, _mZdVmdmXr

Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU. Ago {ejU AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhr g_mOmVrb Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU g§ñWm§_YyZ

{Xbo OmVo.

Social Institution - gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm : : : : : (1) gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mr g§K{Q>V Aer ì`dñWm H$s Á`m_Ü o

H$mhr g_mZ _yë o Am{U dV©ZarVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U Vr g_mOmÀ`m H$mhr _yb yV JaOm ^mJ{dVo.

(2) EH$m qH$dm AZoH$ H$m`mªÀ`m ^modVr aMë`m Joboë`m Am{U nañnamV Jw§\$U Pmboë`m bmoH$arVr,

bmoH$ZrVr Am{U H$m`Xo `m§Mm g§M åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm hmo .

Social Interaction - gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m : : : : : Á`m_Ü o XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ ì`ŠVtV AW©nyU© gm_m{OH$

g§nH©$ àñWm{nV hmoVmo d Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr dV©Zo WmoS>çm\$ma à_mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm ~XbVmV

Aer gm_mÝ` _yb yV gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m.

Social Processes - gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m : : : : : ì`ŠVr qH$dm gy_hm§_Ü o dma§dma KSy>Z oUmao gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$`m§Mo {d{dY àH$ma qH$dm ê$no (CXm. ghH$m ©, ñnYm©, g§Kf© B.) åhUOo gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m hmoV.

Social relations - gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y : : : : : gmnojV: XrK©H$mi {Q>Hy$Z amhUmao ì`ŠVr Am{U / qH$dm

g_yhm§_Yrb àñWm{nV nma§nm[aH$ Am§Va{H«$`mË_H$ dV©Z-à~§Y.

Social Structure - gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm : : : : : g_mO ì`dñWoÀ`m KQ>H$m§_Yrb gmnojV: {ñWa Aem

nañnag§~§Ym§Mo à{V_mZ åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hmo .

Socialization - g_mOrH$aU : : : : : gm_m{OH$ y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mMo gm_Ï © {eH$Umè`mbm àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmao

{ejU åhUOo g_mOrH$aU hmo . g_mOrH$aUmV g_yhmMr g§ñH¥$Vr {eHy$Z KoVbr OmVo.

Society - g_mO : : : : : gm_m{OH$ nañnag§~§YmMo Omio åhUOo g_mO hmo . Á`mV gd© d`moJQ>mVrb ñÌr-nwéfm§Mm

228

g_mdoe AgVmo Aer ñd §nyU© Am{U ñd §gmVËèrb ì`dñWm åhUOo g_mO hmo .

Social Status - gm_m{OH$ XOm© ::::: (1) EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo {d{eîQ> H$mir yf{dbobo g_mOmVrb ñWmZ,

(2) gm_m{OH$ XOm© åhUOo y{_Ho$Mm ñWmZmË_H$ n¡by hmo .

Structure - g§aMZm ::::: H$moUË`mhr dñVyMr g§aMZm åhUOo Ë`m dñVyVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo EH$_oH$m§er Agbobo

gmnojV: pñWa ñdê$nmMo nañnag§~§Y hmoV.

Sub-groups - Cn-g_yh : : : : : ì`mnH$ qH$dm {demb g_yhm§VJ©V g_m{dîQ> AgUmao bhmZ g_yh. CXm.

g_mOmVrb _§S>io, g_yXm` B.)

Sub-culture - Cn-g§ñH¥$Vr : : : : : EH$mM g_mOmVrb {d{^ÝZ g_yhm§À`m Á`m g_yhm{d{eîQ> g§ñH¥$Vr AgVmV

Ë`m§Zm Cn-g§ñH¥$Vr Ago åhUVmV.

Symbol - àVrH$ : : : : : Aer H$moUVrhr dñVy H$s Or Xwgè`m EImÚm dñVyMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo.

Theocracy - Y_©gÎmmH$ ì`dñWm : : : : : Y_m©Mr gÎmm AgUmar amÁ` nÕVr.

Values - _yë o ::::: ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmMr `mo½`mo mo½`Vm R>a{dUmao g_yh_mÝ` gm_mÝ` gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmXe© åhUOo

_yë o hmoV.

qqq

229

g§X ©J«§W gyMr (REFERENCES)

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Bhandarkar, P. L and Vaidya N. S. : Samajshastriya Siddhant (in Marathi), Maharashtra

Granth Nirmiti Mandal, Nagpur, 1986.

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Bombay, 1980.

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Broom, Leonard & Philip Selznick: Sociology, Raw, Peterson & Co, New York, 1957.

Chinoy, Ely : Society –An Introduction to Sociology, Random House, 1961.

David Dressler and Willis, W. M.: Sociology -The study of Human Interaction, Alfred A Knof,

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Davis, Kingsley : Human Society, Macmillan, New York, 1948.

Davis, Kingsley : Human Society, Surjeet Publications, New Delhi, 1982.

Donald Light, Jr. and Suzanne Keller : Sociology, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1975.

Fulcher & Scott: Sociology – Primary Principles, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi 2001.

George Ritzer: Sociological Theory, (5th Edition) International Edition, 2000.

Giddens, Anthony: Sociology (4th Edition), Blackwell Publisher Ltd., Oxford, U.K, 2001.

Ginsberg, Morris: Sociology, Surjeet Publications, New Deljhi, 1986.

Gisbert, Pascual: Fundamentals of Sociology, Orient Longmans, New Delhi, 1957.

Harlambos, M and R.M.Heald : Sociology : Themes and Perspectives, Oxford University

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Hastings, James (Editor): Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.3, T & T. Clark,

Edinburgh, 1951.

Horton and Hunt : Sociology(Fourth Edition), Mac Graw Hill, Tokyo, 1976.

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New, 1970.

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230

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1980.

Perry, John & E.K. Perry: Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Social Science, Allyn

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qqq

1

àH$aU n{hbo :

g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n(The Nature of Sociology)

àH$aUmMr àñVmdZm ( ( ( ( (Block Introduction)))))

`m Aä`mgH«$_mÛmao g_mOemñÌ m emñÌmMm AmnU n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV.

àñVwVMo àH$aU m nwñVH$mVrb n{hboM àH$aU AgyZ Vo n[aM`mË_H$ ñdê$nmMo Amho.

`m àH$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmnU EH$ àH$mao àñVwVÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mMr VgoM

g_mOemñÌ `m {df`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV. EH$ gm_m{OH$ emñÌ åhUyZ

g_mOemñÌ `m {df`mMm `m àH$aUmV n[aM` H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

àñVwV àH$aUmMr {d^mJUr Mma KQ>H$m§_Ü o H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. n{hë`m

KQ>H$mV, {d{dY ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao "g_mOemñÌ' `m g§koMm AW© Am{U

g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` AmnU g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. g_mOemñÌr` n[aàoú`mMr

R>iH$ bjUohr `m KQ>H$mV AmnU g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. Xwgè`m KQ>H$mV, "emñÌ',

"emñÌr` nÕVrVrb AdñWm', "emñÌr` kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço' m ~m~VÀ`m {ddoMZmÀ`m

nmíd©^y_rda g_mOemñÌmMo emñÌr` ñdê$n AmnU g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

g_mOemñÌmMr CJ_ñWmZo Am{U g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmMr WmoS>Š`mV ê$naofm `m

àH$aUmVrb {Vgè`m KQ>H$mV AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mV g_mOemñÌmMo

Cn`moJ H$moUVo ho AmnU g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

]r. E. 1 : g_mOemñÌ [naM` ...1

2

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

1.3 {df`-{ddoMZ

1.3.1 g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m

1.3.2 g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df`

1.3.3 g_mOemñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmMr à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço

1.4 gmam§e

1.5 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

1.7 {M§VZ Am{U H$m ©

1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

1.1 n«ñVmdZm (Introduction) :

`m KQ>H$mÛmao AmnU g_mOemñÌmMm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg gwédmV H$aUma AmhmoV. àW_ AmnU

'Sociology' m eãXmMr ì wËnÎmr H$er Pmbr Vo g_OyZ KoD$Z Ë`mMm AW© H$moUVm ho nmhÿ. Ë`mZ§Va g_mOemñÌ

`m g§koÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$. EImÚm g§koMr ì`m»`m AMyH$ eãXmV Zo_H$m AW© ñnîQ> H$aVo.

åhUyZM AmnU Zm_d§V g_mOemñÌkmZr Ho$boë`m "g_mOemñÌ' `m g§koÀ`m H$mhr {ZdS>H$ ì`m»`m§Mo {dícofU

H$aUma AmhmoV. g_mOemñÌmMm Zo_H$m Aä`mg{df` H$moUVm hohr AmnU `m KQ>H$mÛmao Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

KQ>H$ - 1

g_mOemñÌ : ì`m»`m Am{U Aä`mg{df`(Sociology : Definition and Subject-matter)

3

1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço (Objectives) :

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm g_mOemñÌmÀ`m :

u {Xboë`m ì`m»`m§n¡H$s H$moUVrhr ì`m»`m {b{hVm oB©b;

u ì`m» oMo {dícofU H$ê$Z {VMm AW© ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b;

u Aä`mg{df`mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVm oB©b; Am{U

u g_mOemñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm oVrb.

1.3 {df`-{ddoMZ (Presentation of Subejct-matter) :

àW_ AmnU g_mOemñÌ `m g§koMm eãXe: AW© Am{U `m g§koÀ`m ì`m»`m nmhÿ.

1.3.1g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m (Definition of Sociology) :

'Sociology' hr g§km Am°JñV H$m°åV (Auguste Comte) `m \«|$M VÎdkmZo Ë`mÀ`m "Positive

Philosophy'' m J«§WmV 1839 gmbr gd©àW_ dmnabr. àñVwV {df`mMo 'Sociology' Ago Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mMo

lo Am°JñV H$m°åVH$S>o OmVo. Am°JñV H$m°åVbm "g_mOemñÌmMm OZH$' (Father of Sociology) g_Obo

OmVo.

'Sociology' : ^mfmemñÌr` CJ_ñWmZ Am{U eãXmW© :

'Sociology' hr g§H$[aV g§km Amho. b°{Q>Z ^mfoVrb 'Socius' Am{U J«rH$ ^mfoVrb 'logos' qH$dm

'ology' `m XmoZ eãXmnmgyZ 'Sociology' hr g§km V`ma Pmbr Amho. (Socius + logos = Sociology).

b°{Q>Z mfoVrb 'Socius' åhUOo ghMa (Companion) Am{U J«rH$ mfoVrb 'logos' åhUOo CÀM nmVirdarb

Aä`mg qH$dm emñÌ. åhUyZ ì wÎnÎmremñÌX¥îQ>çm 'Sociology' m eãXmMm AW© "_mZdm-_mZdmVrb gmhM`m©Mm

A_yV© nmVirdarb Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ' Agm bmdVm oB©b.

g_mOemñÌ : {ZdS>H$ ì`m»`m :

AZoH$ g_mOemñÌkm§Zr g_mOemñÌ `m g§koÀ`m ì`m»`m {d{dY àH$mao Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio AZoH$

ì`m»`m CnbãY AmhoV. nU gdmªZm _mÝ` Agbobr EH$M ì`m»`m XoVm oUo _mÌ eŠ` Zmhr. åhUyZM gwà{gÕ

g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Ho$boë`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m H$mhr {ZdS>H$ ì`m»`m Imbr {Xë`m AmhoV.

1) qH$½Obo S>opìhg - ""g_mOemñÌ ho g_mOm{df`rMo gm_mÝ` {dkmZ Amho.'' ("Sociology is a

general science of society." - Kingsley Davis)

2) bw§S>~J©, Or.E. - ""g_mOemñÌ ho g_mOm{df`rMo emñÌ Amho.'' ("Sociology is a science

of society." - Lundburg, G. A.)

4

3) Am°J~Z© Am{U {Z_H$m°\$ - ""_mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm Aä`mg åhUOo g_mOemñÌ

hmo .'' (Sociology is "the study of social life of man." - Ogburn and Nimkoff)

4) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> - ""_mZdr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm emñÌr` nÕVrZo Ho$bobm Aä`mg åhUOo

g_mOemñÌ hmo .'' ("Sociology is the scientific study of human social life." - Horton

and Hunt)

5) am°g B.E. - ""g_mOemñÌ ho gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§{df`rMo emñÌ Amho.'' ("Sociology is the

science of social phenomena." - Ross E.A.)

6) E{_b XwaIr_ - ""(gm_m{OH$) g§ñWm, Ë`m§Mr CJ_ñWmZo Am{U Ë`m§Mo H$m © `m§À`m{df`rMo

emñÌ åhUOo g_mOemñÌ'' ("Sociology can be defined as the science of institutions,

of their genesis and of their functioning." - Emile Durkheim)

7) h°ar Om°ÝgZ - ""g_mOemñÌ ho gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§g§~§YrMo emñÌ Amho.'' ("Sociology is the

science that deals with social groups." - Harry Johnson)

8) {H§$~mb `§J - ""g_mOemñÌ ho _mZdmÀ`m g_yhm§_Yrb dV©Zm{df`rMo emñÌ Amho.''

("Sociology deals with the behaviour of man in groups." - Kimball Young)

9) {dZ~J© Am{U em~Q> - ""g_mOmÀ`m _yb yV g§aMZoMm Aä`mg åhUOo g_mOemñÌ hmo .''

("Sociology is the study of the basic structure of society." - Weinberg and Shabat)

10) ~oZoQ> Am{U Q>çy{_Z - ""g_mOemñÌ ho gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMr g§aMZm Am{U H$m } `m{df`rMo

emñÌ Amho.'' ("Sociology is the science of the structure and functions of social

life." - Bennet and Tumin)

11) _°Šg do~a - ""gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mo AWm©nZmË_H$ AmH$bZ H$aÊ`mMm (qH$dm AÝd`mW©

cmdÊ`mMm) à`ËZ H$aUmao emñÌ åhUOo g_mOemñÌ hmo .'' ("Sociology is the science

which attempts the interpretative understanding of social action." - Max Weber)

12) A°boŠg B§Ho$ëg - ""gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m ì`dñWm§Mm Am{U Ë`m_Yrb Am§Vag§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg

åhUOo g_mOemñÌ hmo .'' ("Sociology is the study of systems of social action and

of their interrelations." - Alex Inkeles)

13) JmoëS>Za Am{U JmoëS>Za - ""gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg hr g_mOemñÌkm§À`m X¥îQ>rZo

H|$Ðr` _hÎdmMr ~m~ Amho.'' ("The study of social interactions is central to

sociologists." - Gouldner and Gouldner)

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14) _m°[ag {JÝg~J© - ""ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo, _mZdr Am§Va{H«$`m d Am§Vag§~§Y, Ë`m§Mr H$maUo Am{U

n[aUm_ `m§Mm Aä`mg åhUOo g_mOemñÌ hmo '' ("In the broadest sense, sociology is

the study of human interactions and interrelations, their conditions and

consequences." - Morris Ginseberg)

15) _o[ab Am{U EëS´>rO - ""g_mOemñÌ ho _mZdr nañnag§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ Amho.''

("Sociology is the science of human relationships." - Merril and Eldrige)

16) _°H$m`ìha Am{U noO - ""g_mOemñÌ ho "gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mm', gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§À`m Omù`mMm

Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ Amho, gm_m{OH$ nañnag§~§Ym§À`m Omù`mbmM AmnU g_mO åhUVmo''("Sociology is the study of 'Social relationships', the network of relationships; the

network of relationships, we call society." - MacIver and Page)

darb ì`m»`m H$miOrnyd©H$ Aä`mgë`m Va Amnë`mbm Imbrb ~m~r Ü`mZmV oVrb.

A) "Aä`mgnÕVr' Am{U "Aä`mg{df`' `m Xmohm|À`m g§X^m©V g_mOemñÌ `m g§koMm AW© darb gd©

ì`m»`m§_YyZ ñnîQ> Pmbm Amho.

~) "emñÌ', "emñÌr` nÕVr' `m g§km g_mOemñÌ ho EH$ emñÌ Agë`mMo ñnîQ> H$aVmV. g_mOemñÌk

emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$aVmV. Vo Ho$di H$ënZm H$arV ZmhrV, _wŠV qMVZ H$arV ZmhrV. g_mOemñÌk

Aä`mg {df`mg§~§YrÀ`m gd© nyd©H$ënZm, nyd©J«h ~mOybm R>odVmV Am{U Z¡{VH$X¥îQ>çm VQ>ñW amhÿZ Aä`mg

H$aVmV.

H$) g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` qH$dm Aä`mgjoÌ ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r darb ì`m»`m§_Ü o {Za{Zamù`m eãXm§Mm

/ g§km§Mm dmna Ho$bm Amho. AJXr ì`mnH$ qH$dm gd©gm_mÝ` (general) AWm©Zo g_mOemñÌmMo Aä`mgjoÌ

ñnîQ> H$aVmZm "g_mO', "gm_m{OH$ OrdZ', "gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm' `m eãXm§Mm dmna darb ì`m»`mVyZ

{XgyZ oVmo. "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm', "gm_m{OH$ g_yh' Am{U "gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm' `m g§km§Mm dmnahr H$mhr

ì`m»`mVyZ Ho$bm Amho. gyú_ nmVirdarb g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` åhUyZ "gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m',

"gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m' `m g§km§Mm dmnahr darb ì`m»`mVyZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

darb ì`m»`m§_YyZ g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` {d{dY eãXm§V ì`ŠV Pmbm Agbm Var gd© eãXm§_YyZ

ì`ŠV hmoUmar H|$Ðr` H$ënZm _mÌ EH$M Amho. Vr åhUOo g_mOemñÌ ho _mZdr gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mm Am{U

gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m gd© gm_m{OH$ VÏ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ Amho.

darb gd© ì`m»`m§VyZ ñnîQ> hmoUmam AW© Ü`mZmV KoD$Z g_mOemñÌ `m g§koMr ì`m»`m AmnUmbm

Imbrbà_mUo H$aVm oB©b.

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g_mOemñÌ ho _mZdr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mo, gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mo Am{U gm_m{OH$ nañnag§~§Ym§À`m Omù`mVyZ

{Z_m©U hmoUmè`m gd© gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo emñÌ Amho.

ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1 (Check Your Progress - 1)

Imbrb àíZm§Mr àË oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm :

1) 'Sociology' `m eãXmMr ^mfmemñÌr` ì wËnÎmr gm§Jm.

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2) E{_b XwaIr_ `m§Mr g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m {bhm.

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3) _°Šg do~a `m§Mr g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m {bhm.

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4) _°H$m`ìha Am{U noO `m§Mr g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m {bhm.

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1.3.2 g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` (Subject-matter of Sociology) :

`m {d^mJmV AmnU g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` H$moUVm `mMr MMm© H$aUma AmhmoV. àma§ r AmnU,

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`m~m~VÀ`m Zm_d§V g_mOemñÌkm§À`m _Vm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV.

Z§Va, H$mhr R>iH$ Aä`mg{df`m§Mo WmoS>Š`mV {ddoMZ H$aUma AmhmoV.

H$mhr Zm_d§V g_mOemñÌkm§Zr g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mg§~§Yr _m§S>bobr _Vo H$moUVr, ho AmnU àW_

nmhÿ.

1) Am°JñV H$m°åV (Aguste Comte) : Am°JñV H$m°åVZo g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mMr Imbrb XmoZ

ñWyb {d^mJmV {d^mJUr Ho$br.

A) gm_m{OH$ pñW{VemñÌ (Social Statics) : gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm, àH$m }, gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y, gm_m{OH$

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ì`dñWm VgoM gm_m{OH$ EoŠ` Am{U gm_m{OH$ ñW¡ © `m§Zm ~iH$Q>r àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm

Aä`mg gm_m{OH$ pñWVremómV H$m°åVbm A{^àoV hmoVm.

~) gm_m{OH$ J{VemñÌ (Social Dynamics) : gm_m{OH$ ê$nm§VaU, gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z, gm_m{OH$

CËH«$m§Vr Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg `m§Mm Aä`mg gm_m{OH$ J{VemñÌmV H$m°åVbm A{^àoV hmoVm.

2) E{_b XwaIr_ (Emile Durkheim) : : : : : \«|$M g_mOemñÌk E{_b XwaIr_ `m§Zr g_mOemñÌmÀ`m

Aä`mg{df`mMr {d^mJUr VrZ ^mJmV Ho$br.

A) gmoeb _m°\$m©bm°Or - gm_m{OH$ ê$no Am{U g§aMZm§Mm Aä`mg.

~) gmoeb {\${OAm°bm°Or - gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg.

H$) gm_mÝ` g_mOemñÌ - gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg.

3) Om°O© {gå_ob (Georg Simmel) : : : : : O_©Z g_mOemñÌk Om°O© {gå_ob `m§Zr g_mOemñÌmMr VrZ

Aä`mgjoÌo gm§{JVbr AmhoV.

A) gm_mÝ` g_mOemñÌ - g_mOmMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mg, Ë`mVrb b`~ÕVm, AdñWm, {dH$mg-à~§Y, dmT>

Am{U èhmg `m§Mm Aä`mg.

~) AmH$m[aH$ g_mOemñÌ - gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m {d{dY ê$nm§Mm (CXm. ghH$m ©, ñnYm©, g§Kf©, dM©ñd

B.) Aä`mg.

H$) VmpÎdH$ g_mOemñÌ - gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§Mm kmZ_r_m§gmemñÌr` Aä`mg.

4) _°Šg do~a (Max Weber) : O_©Z g_mOemñÌk _°Šg do~a m§Zr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m hmM g_mOemñÌmMm

Aä`mg{df` Agë`mMo åhQ>bo Amho.

5) A°boŠg B§Ho$ëg (Alex Inkeles) : Zm_d§V g_mOemñÌkm§Mr g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`m~m~VMr

_Vo Am{U g_mOemñÌmÀ`m H«${_H$ nwñVH$mVrb Ame` m§À`m AmYmao A°boŠg B§Ho$ëg m§Zr g_mOemñÌmMm

Aä`mg{df` Mma ^mJmV {d^mJbm Amho.

A) g_mOemñÌr` {díbofU : _mZdr g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mOmMm {díbofUmË_H$ Aä`mg.

~) gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb àmW{_H$ EH$H$ : gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m, gm_m{OH$ g§§~§Y, gm_m{OH$ g_yh Am{U

g_wXm`m§Mm Aä`mg.

H$) _yb yV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm : Hw$Qy>§~, AmßVg§~§Y ì`dñWm, AW©g§ñWm, amÁ`g§ñWm, H$m`Xm, Y_©, {ejU,

{dkmZ, H$a_UyH$, g_mOH$ë`mU, A{^ê$Mr Am{U A{^ì`ŠVrXe©H$ {H«$`m `m§Mm Aä`mg.

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S>) _yb yV gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m : gm_m{OH$ {d oXZ, gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU, ghH$m ©, ñnYm©, g§Kf©, gm_m{OH$

{Z §ÌU, gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z B. Mm Aä`mg.

EH$ emñÌ `m X¥îQ>rZo g_mOemñÌ H$mhr _yb yV àíZm§Mr CÎmao Am{U ñnîQ>rH$aUo {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aVo. g_mO H$go {Z_m©U hmoVmV? g_mO H$m Am{U H$em arVrZo {Q>Hy$Z amhVmV? g_mOmV H$moUË`m H$maUm§_wio

Am{U H$go n[adV©Z KSy>Z oVo? m àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mgmR>r Á`m-Á`m ~m~tMm Aä`mg Amdí`H$ Amho, Aem

gd© ~m~tMm g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mV A§V^m©d hmoVmo. g_mOemñÌ ho EH$ ì`mnH$ emñÌ Agë`mZo Ë`mV

H$moUË`m {d{eîQ> ~m~tMm Aä`mg hmoVmo ho gm§JUo AdKS> Amho. gd©gmYmaUnUo Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, g_mOemñÌk

g_mOm§Mm, Ë`m§À`m CËH«$m§VrMm Am{U {dH$mgmMm Aä`mg H$aVmV, {d{dY g_mOm§_Yrb gmå`- oXm§Mm Aä`mg

H$aVmV, g_mOmÀ`m g§aMZoMm, {d{dY g§aMZmË_H$ KQ>H$m§Mm (CXm. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm), Ë`m_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mm

Aä`mg H$aVmV. g_mOmV EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z ñW¡ © àñWm{nV H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm VgoM g_mOmV n[adV©Z

KS>dyZ AmUUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mmhr g_mOemñÌmV Aä`mg hmoVmo. g_J« gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMmM Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV

hmoVmo.

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mg§§~§YrÀ`m darb {ddoMZmVrb à_wI _wÔo {dMmamV KoD$Z g_mOemñÌmMm

Aä`mg{df` Imbrbà_mUo WmoS>Š`mV ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b.

1) gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m / gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg (Study of Social Actions / Social

Interactions) :

_mZdr ì`ŠVr g_mOmV Amnbo OrdZ ì`VrV H$aVo. åhUOoM Vr BVam§À`m g§nH$m©V amhÿZ, BVam§er g§~§Y

àñWm{nV H$ê$Z Amnbo OrdZ OJVo. BVam§À`m g§nH$m©V Amë`m_wio g_mOmVrb BVa ì`ŠVtMm {VÀ`m dV©Zmda

à^md nS>Vmo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo AW©nyU© ñdê$nmMo, BVa ì`ŠVtZm AZwbjyZ Ho$bobo, Am{U BVam§_wio à^m{dV

Pmbobo ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m (Social Action) hmo . EH$ ì`ŠVr dm g_yh Xwgè`m ì`ŠVr dm

g_yhmÀ`m g§nH$m©V Amë`mda Ë`m§À`mV KSy>Z oUmè`m nmañn[aH$ dV©Zmbm qH$dm AÝ`moÝ` n[aUm_mÀ`m {H«$ obm

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m (Social Interaction) Ago åhUVmV. AmVm, gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m dm dV©Z qH$dm gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$`m hm g_mOemñÌr` {díbofUmVrb gyú_ (Micro) nmVirdarb AÜ``Z KQ>H$ hmo . gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$ o_wioM g_mOmVrb KQ>H$m§V AW©nyU© gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmoVmV, BVa gd© gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m

KSy>Z oUo eŠ` hmoVo, EdT>oM Zìho Va gm_m{OH$ OrdZhr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ o_wioM eŠ` hmoVo. åhUyZM AZoH$

{dÛmZm§Zr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m, Ë`m§Mr H$maUo, Ë`m§Mr {d{dY ê$no Am{U Ë`m§Mo n[aUm_ B. Mm Aä`mg

g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo `mda â {Xbm Amho.

2) gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg (Study of Social Relationships) :

H$mhr g_mOemñÌk gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y hmM g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` Amho `mda {deof â XoVmV.

_Zwî`mMo BVa _Zwî`m§er AgUmao g§~§Y hm IamoIarM g_mOemñÌr` Aä`mgmMm Img Agm Aä`mg{df` Amho.

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g_mOmV XmoZ ì`ŠVtV Ogo nañnag§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV. (CXm. n{V-nËZr, Jwé-{eî`, Am{U {à`H$a-ào gr `m

Xmohm|_Yrb g§~§Y), VgoM ì`ŠVr d g_yh (CXm. ZoVm d Ë`mMo AZw m`r, _mbH$ d Ë`mÀ`m H$maImÝ`mVrb _Oya,

{ejH$ d Ë`mMm dJ©) Am{U g_yhm-g_yhmV (CXm. XmoZ Hw$Qw>§~m§V, XmoZ amOH$s` njm§V, XmoZ amîQ´>m§V) XoIrb

{Z_m©U Pmbobo AgVmV. XmoZ gm_m{OH$ dJm©V, XmoZ g_wXm`m§Vhr Ago g§~§Y nmhmd`mg {_iVrb. gm_m{OH$

g§~§Y EH$mM àH$maMo ZgyZ Ë`m§V {d{dYVmhr AgVo. Vo ghH$m`m©da AmYmabobo AgVrb, ñnYm©Ë_H$ ñdê$nmMo

qH$dm g§Kf©àYmZhr Agy eH$Vrb, {_ÌËdmMo AgVrb dm eÌwËdmMo AgVrb, ho g§~§Y g_nmVirdarb AgVrb

qH$dm loîR>-H${ZîR>ËdmMo n[a_mU bm^bobo Ago AgVrb. g_mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§V gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y {Z_m©U

hmoÊ`mMr, Vo pñWa hmoÊ`mMr VgoM Ë`mV n[adV©Z KSy>Z oÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gmVË`mZo gwê$ AgVo. gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y ho

O{Q>b qH$dm Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgVmV. Vo ì`ŠVr dm g_yhm§À`m g_mOmVrb ñWmZm§da qH$dm XOm©da AmYmabobo AgVmV

Am{U H$mhr {Z`_Zo Am{U _yë`m§Ûmam {Z §{ÌV Pmbobo AgVmV. Ago gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y åhUOo gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMr

EH$ ì`dñWmM AgVo. H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV Ago Ag§»` gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y nmhmd`mg {_iVrb. Aem gm_m{OH$

g§~§Ym§VyZM g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. g_mO ho gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mo OmioM AgVo. Ë`m_wioM g_mOemñÌmV, gm_m{OH$

g§~§YmMo dm {H«$`m-ì`dñWm§Mo ñdê$n, àH$ma, Ë`m§Zm ñW¡ © àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmao KQ>H$ VgoM Ë`mVrb n[adV©ZmgmR>r

O~m~Xma AgUmao KQ>H$ m gdmªMm emñÌr` nÕVrZo Aä`mg hmoVmo. åhUyZM, g_mOemñÌ ho gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mm

Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ hmo .

3) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg (Study of Social Institutions) :

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm ho _mZdr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb Am{U g_J« g_mOì`dñWoVrb AË §V _hÎdmMo KQ>H$

hmoV. {ddmh, Hw$Qy>§~, AmßVg§~§Yì`dñWm, AW©g§ñWm, amÁ`g§ñWm, H$m`Xm, Y_©, {ejU B. m H$moUË`mhr g_mOmVrb

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm hmoV. m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr g_mZ bjUo H$moUVr? Ë`m H$moUVr H$m } nma nmS>VmV? g_mOì`dñWm

{Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mV Ë`m§Mo Zo_Ho$ moJXmZ H$moUVo? {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§V Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m ñdê$nmMo nañnag§~§Y

AgVmV? g§ñWm H$em {Z_m©U hmoVmV? Ë`mV H$go n[adV©Z KSy>Z oVo? B. àíZm§À`m g§X^m©V gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm

Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo Am{U hm Img g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZmMm EH$ _hÎdmMm Aä`mg{df` hmo .

4) gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mm Aä`mg (Study of Social Groups) :

ì`ŠVt_Yrb nañnag§nH©$ Am{U nmañn[aH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§VyZM gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. H$moUË`mhr

g_mOmV {d{dY AmH$mamMo Am{U {d{dY àH$maMo gm_m{OH$ g_yh AgVmV. ho g_yhXoIrb àË`jmàË`jnUo

nañnam§er g§~§{YV Ago AgVmV. _mUyg g_mOmV amhVmo `mMm AW© Vmo Ë`m g_mOmVrb H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m

g_yhmMm g^mgX åhUyZ Amnbo OrdZ OJVmo. EImXr ì`ŠVr AZoH$ g_yhm§Mr g^mgX AgVo. Hw$Qy>§~, {_Ì_§S>i,

emim, _hm{dÚmb o, {dÚmnrR>o, amOH$s` nj, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, g¡Ý`-Xbo B. ho {d{dY àH$maMo gm_m{OH$

g_yhM AmhoV. ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmda gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mm O~aXñV à^md nS>V AgVmo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmbm diU

bmdÊ`mV Am{U EH$ _mUyg åhUyZ ì`ŠVrMr OS>U-KS>U H$aÊ`mV gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mr y{_H$m A{Ve` _hÎdmMr

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AgVo. {d{dY g_yhm§{edm` gm_m{OH$ OrdZ g§ dVM Zmhr. åhUyZM gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mo ñdê$n, Ë`m§Mo àH$ma,

Ë`m§Mr H$m }, ì`ŠVr d g_yh `m§Vrb nañnag§§~§Y B. {df`m§Mo g_mOemñÌmV AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo.

5) _mZdr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm Aä`mg (Study of Human Social Life) :

_mZdoVa àmÊ`m§hÿZ _mZdr dV©Z AJXr doJio Am{U d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. åhUyZM _mZdmgmaIo n[anyU© Ago

gm_m{OH$ OrdZ AÝ` àmÊ`m§V {XgV Zmhr. Ho$di _mUygM g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U H$aVmo. g§ñH¥$Vr ho _mZdàmÊ`mMo EH$

AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. _mUyg ê$T>r-na§nam {Z_m©U H$aVmo. Ë`m§Mo nmbZ H$aVmo, g§ñWm§Mr {Z{_©Vr

H$aVmo, _yë o {Z_m©U H$aVmo, `m gdm©V n[adV©Zhr Vmo KS>dyZ AmUVmo. _mZdr g§ñH¥$Vr ê$T>r-na§nam, {Z`_Zo-_yë o

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, gm_m{OH$ Midir, gm_y{hH$ OrdZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço, B. Mm Am{U {d{dY

nXar Aem _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo.

6) g_J« g_mOmMm Aä`mg (Study of Society as a Whole) :

_mZdr g_mO nañnag§~§{YV Am{U nañnamdb§~r Aem {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zr {_iyZ ~Zbobm AgVmo. Ë`m gd©

KQ>H$m§Mm ñdV§ÌnUo Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmoM, nU g_J« g_mO (society as a whole) hmM g_mOemñÌr`

{díbofUmMm EH$H$ (unit of analysis) _mZyZ g_mOemñÌk g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aVmV. g_mO hr EH$ ì`dñWm

Amho Ago _mZyZ g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY A§Jm§Mm g_mOemñÌmV gmH$ë`mZo Aä`mg hmoVmo. _mZdr g_mOm§Mr d¡[eîQ>ço

H$moUVr? {d{dY g_mOmV H$moUVr g_mZ d¡{eîQ>ço {XgyZ oVmV? Ë`mVrb oXm§Mo ñdê$n H$moUVo? g_mOmÀ`m

{dH$mgmV {d{dY AdñWm AgVmV H$m`? _mZdr g_mOm~ÔbÀ`m Aem gd©gmYmaU ñdê$nmÀ`m àíZm§À`m g§X^m©V

Ogo g_mOemñÌmV AÜ``Z hmoVo Ë`mMà_mUo g_mOmÀ`m A§VJ©V g§aMZoMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mVhr g_mOemñÌkm§Zm

{deof ag AgVmo. Á`m g§ñWm§Zr {_iyZ g_mO ~ZVmo Ë`m_Yrb nañnag§§~§Y H$go AgVmV? g_mOmV A§VJ©V

{d oXZ H$em arVrZo ApñVËdmV oVo? H$moUË`mhr g_mOmbm H$moUË`m A§VJ©V g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo? Ë`m

g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMr §ÌUm g_mOmV H$em arVrZo ApñVËdmV oVo? g_mOmVrb {d{dY H$m`m©Mo Am{U O~m~Xmè`m§Mo

dmQ>n g_mOì`dñWoV H$em arVrZo H$aÊ`mV oVo? g_mOì`dñWm§Zm ñW¡ © àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmao KQ>H$ H$moUVo?

g_mOì`dñWm§V n[adV©Z H$go KSy>Z oVo? `m Am{U `mgma»`m AZoH$ àíZm§Mm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo.

g_mO n[adV©Zerb qH$dm J{Verc AgVmo. Ë`mV gmVË`mZo ~Xb KSy>Z oVmV. g_mOmVrb m n[adV©Zm§Mm

qH$dm ~Xbm§Mm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio g_mOemñÌ ho emñÌXoIrb J{Verb Amho. g_mOmV KSy>Z

oUmè`m n[adV©Zm§Mm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoV Agë`mZo g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgH$joV gmVË`mZo Zì`m {df`m§Mr

â nS>V OmVo. CXm. àma§ r wamonr` Xoem§_Ü o Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU KSy>Z Ambo, ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ obm àma§ Pmbm.

`m XmoÝhr à{H«$`m§Mo VoWrb g_mO ì`dñWoda n[aUm_ Pmbo. m gd© ~m~tMm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV àW_ H$aÊ`mV

Ambm. Z§Va Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU ZmJarH$aU Am{U AZwf§{JH$ gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zo OJmVrb BVa XoemVhr KSy>Z oD$

bmJbr. Ë`m_wio BVa Xoem§Vhr `m {df`m§Mm g_mOemñÌmV Aä`mg hmoD$ bmJbm Am{U AOwZhr hmoV Amho.

Ë`mZ§Va AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` ~Zbr. 1970 À`m XeH$mV {ó`m§Mr Midi

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VgoM n`m©daU{df`H$ Midir OJâ {Z_m©U Pmë`m Am{U {ñÌ`m§Mo àíZ Am{U n`m©daUr` g_ñ`m m {df`mZr

{dÛmZm§Mo bj AmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoVbo. ho {df` XoIrb g_mOemñÌmMo Aä`mg{df` ~Zbo AmhoV. AJXr

AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oZo doJ KoVbm Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oMo Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q>

n[aUm_ OJmVrb gd©M g_mOmV {XgyZ oD$ bmJbo AmhoV. OmJ{VH$sH$aU hmhr g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df`

~Zbm Amho. gmam§e, g_mO n[adV©Zerb Amho, g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao g_mOemñÌhr J{Verb Amho; Ë`mV

ZdZì`m Aä`mg{df`m§Mr gmVË`mZo â nS>V OmVo.

g_mO emñÌmMo ñdê$n mo½àrË`m g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ

KoUohr Amdí`H$ Amho. g_mOemñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmÀ`m R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo WmoS>Š`mV {ddoMZ Imbr {Xbo Amho.

g_mOemñÌr` X¥{ï>H$moZmMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço (Salient Features of Sociological Perspective):

dmñVd n[apñWVrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr {d{eîQ> arV åhUOo X¥{îQ>H$moZ hmo . g_mOemñÌmMm Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mg

{df`mH$S>o, g_mO Am{U _mZdr gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm {d{eîQ> Agm X¥{îQ>H$moZ Amho. m g_mOemñÌr`

X¥{îQ>H$moZmMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb:

1) {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZoÀ`m Aä`mgmV g_mOemñÌmbm ñdmañ` Zmhr; _mZdr gm_y{hH$ OrdZmV dma§dma

KSy>Z oUmè`m KQ>Zm§À`m qH$dm dV©Z-n«~§Ym§À`m Aä`mgmV VgoM gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`m A_yV© bjUm§À`m

Aä`mgmV g_mOemñÌmbm {deof ñdmañ` Amho.

2) g_mO, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$ nañnag§~§Y m ~m~tZm g§aMZm AgVo, Ë`mZm ì`ŠVthÿZ {Zamio

Am{U ñdV§Ì ApñVÎd AgVo Am{U g_mO Ë`mVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m Jmoim~oaOonojm A{YH$ H$mhrVar AgVmo

Agm g_mOemñÌmMm `m ~m~tH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm X¥{îQ>H$moZ Amho.

3) g_yhmÀ`m g§X^m©V _mZdr dV©ZmMm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo. ì`ŠVtÀ`m dV©ZmMm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV

hmoVmo nU Vmo ì`ŠVr åhUyZ Zìho, Va g_yhmVrb {d{dY ñWmZo yf{dUmè`m Am{U {d{dY y{_H$m nma

nmS>Umè`m g_mOmMm gXñ` AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr `m X¥îQ>rZo Vmo hmoVmo.

4) "gyú_bú`r' (Micro) VgoM "g_J«bú`r' (Macro) Aem XmoÝhr X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ gm_m{OH$ dmñV{dH$VoMm

Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo. gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m Am{U gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg hm gyú_bú`r

nmVirdarb Aä`mg Va ì`mnH$ g_mOì`dñWm hmM EH$H$ _mZyZ g_J« g_mOmMm Ho$bobm Aä`mg hm

g_J«bú`r Aä`mg AgVmo. g_mOemñÌmV gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg gd©g_mdoeH$ (holistic) VgoM

gmnoj (relational) Aem XmoÝhr X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ hmoVmo. g_mOemñÌr` Aä`mgmgmR>r JwUmË_H$ (qualitative)

VgoM gm§p»`H$s` (quantitative) Aem XmoÝhr g§emoYZ V§Ìm§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo.

5) EH$m ~mOybm, gm_m{OH$ eŠVtÛmam (social forces) ì`ŠVtMo dV©Z H$go à^m{dV Am{U AmH$m[aV hmoVo

`m X¥îQ>rZo g_mOemñÌmV ì`ŠVtÀ`m gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMm Aä`mg hmoVmo, Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm, ì`ŠVrM

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(H$V}) gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMr, g_mO-OrdZmVrb {d{dY àg§Jm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Am{U nwZa²{Z{_©Vr H$er H$aVmV

Am{U Ë`m§ZrM {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm Ë`m§À`m dV©Zmda H$gm à^md nS>Vmo mhr X¥îQ>rH$moZmVyZ

g_mOemñÌmV H$Ë`mªÀ`m (Actors) dV©ZmMm Aä`mg hmoVmo.



1) "gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m' `m g§koMm AW© gm§Jm.

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2) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mr VrZ CXmhaUo Úm.

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3) gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mr VrZ CXmhaUo Úm.

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4) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgjoÌmV _hÎdnyU© _mZbo OmUmao H$moUVohr Mma Aä`mg KQ>H$ gm§Jm.

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5) g_mOemñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmMr H$moUVrhr XmoZ R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

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1.4 gmam§e (Let Us Sum Up) : : : : :

`m KQ>H$mV g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m Am{U Aä`mg{df` `m§Mm Aä`mg AmnU Ho$bm. `m KQ>H$mV AmnU

Aä`mgbobo R>iH$ _wÔo Imbrbà_mUo :

"g_mOemñÌ' (Sociology) hr g§km gd©àW_ Am°JñV H$m°åV `m \«|$M VÎdkmZo Ë`mÀ`m 'Positive

Philosophy' `m J«§WmV 1839 gmbr dmnabr. Ë`mbm "g_mOemñÌmMm OZH$' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

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'Sociology' hm B§J«Or eãX 'socious' m b°{Q>Z Am{U 'logos' (qH$dm 'ology') m J«rH$ mfoVrb eãXm§nmgyZ

V`ma Pmbm Amho. "_mZdr gmhM`m©Mm Aä`mg' Agm Sociology m eãXmMm AW© hmoVmo. {d{dY g_mOemñÌkmZr

doJdoJir eãX`moOZm dmnê$Z g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. AmnU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {d{dY g_mOemñÌkmZr

Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m§Mm `m KQ>H$mV Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm AgVm Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s,

"Aä`mgnÕVr' Am{U "Aä`mg{df`' `m XmoZ _wÚm§À`m g§X^m©V g_mOemñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mV Amë`m

AmhoV. "g_mO', "gm_m{OH$ OrdZ', "gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm', "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm', "gm_m{OH$ g_yh', "gm_m{OH$

g§aMZm', "gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m', "gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m' Am{U "gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y' Aem g§km g_mOemñÌmÀ`m

Aä`mg joÌmMm {ZX}e H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY ì`m»`m§_YyZ dmnaÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. darb {d{dY ~m~tMm Aä`mg

emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z g_mOemñÌmV hmoV Agë`mMohr gd©M ì`m»`m§VyZ AYmoao{IV H$aÊ`mV Ambo

Amho.

g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` {deX H$aVmZm àW_ AmnU Am°JñV H$m°åV, E{_b XwaIr_, Om°O© {gå_ob,

_°Šg do~a Am{U A°boŠg B§Ho$ëg mZr g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mg§~§Yr ì`ŠV Ho$boë`m {dMmam§Mm WmoS>Š`mV

AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m§_Yrb Aä`mg{df`m~m~VMo _wÔo Am{U Zm_d§V

g_mOemñÌkm§Mr _Vo `m Xmohm|À`m AmYmao g_mOemñÌmV _hÎdmMo _mZbo Jobobo Aä`mg{df` H$moUVo ho AmnU

g_OyZ KoVco Amho. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mMm Jm^m _mZbo Jobobo ho _wÔo nwT>rbà_mUo : 1) gm_m{OH$

{H«$`m Am{U Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg, 2) gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg, 3) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg, 4)

gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mm Aä`mg, 5) _mZdr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm Aä`mg Am{U 6) g_J« g_mOmMm Aä`mg.

g_mOemñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmÀ`m qH$dm n[aàoú`mÀ`m (Sociological Perspective) à_wI d¡{eîQ>çm§Mmhr

Aä`mg AmnU `m KQ>H$mV Ho$bm Amho. g_mOemñÌmMm gm_m{OH$ dmñV{dH$VoH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm EH$ {d{eîQ> Agm

X¥{îQ>H$moZ Amho. `m X¥{îQ>H$moZmMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo : 1) {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZoÀ`m Aä`mgmV

g_mOemñÌmbm ñdmañ` Zmhr; gm_y{hH$ OrdZmV dma§dma KSy>Z oUmè`m KQ>Zm§À`m qH$dm dV©Zà~§Ym§À`m A_yV©

bjUm§À`m Aä`mgmV g_mOemñÌmbm ñdmañ` Amho, 2) g_mOmbm VgoM g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m KQ>H$m§Zm ì`ŠVthÿZ

{Zamio ñdV§Ì ApñVËd AgyZ `m ~m~r g§a{MV AgVmV, VgoM g_mO Ë`mVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m ~oaOohÿZ A{YH$

H$mhrVar AgVmo, Agm g_mOemñÌmMm X¥{îQ>H$moZ Amho, 3) g_yhmÀ`m g§X^m©VM ì`ŠVrdV©ZmMm Aä`mg

g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo. (4) gyú_bú`r (Micro) VgoM g_J«bú`r (Macro) Aem XmoÝhr X¥îQ>rZr gm_m{OH$

dmñV{dH$VoMm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo, Vmo gd©g_mdoeH$ (Holistic) VgoM gmnoj (Relative) Aem

XmoÝhr ñdê$nmMm AgVmo; JwUmË_H$ Am{U g§»`memñÌr` Aem XmoÝhr Aä`mgnÕVtMm Adb§~ Ë`mgmR>r Ho$bm

OmVmo, 5) gm_m{OH$ eŠVtÛmam ì`ŠVtMo dV©Z H$go à^m{dV hmoVo `mMm Ogm g_mOemñÌmV Aä`mg hmoVmo

Ë`mà_mUoM ì`ŠVrM g_mOOrdZmMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U nwZa²{Z{_©Vr H$er H$aVmV d Ë`mÛmao ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z H$go

à^m{dV hmoVo `mMmhr Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo.

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1.5 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to Check Your Progress) :

ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-1 :

1) 'Sociology' hm eãX 'Socius' `m b°{Q>Z Am{U 'logos' `m J«rH$ ^mfoVrb eãXm§nmgyZ V`ma Pmbobm

B§J«Or ^mfoVrb g§H$[aV eãX Amho.

2) ""g§ñWm, Ë`m§Mr CJ_ñWmZo Am{U Ë`m§Mo H$m © `m§À`m{df`rMo emñÌ åhUOo g_mOemñÌ'' Aer E{_b

XwaIr_ `m§Zr g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho.

3) ""gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mo AÝd`mWm©Ë_H$ AmH$bZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmao emñÌ åhUOo g_mOemñÌ hmo .''

Aer _°Šg do~a `m§Zr g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho.

4) g_mOemñÌ ho "gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mm', gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§À`m Omù`mMm Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ Amho,

gm_m{OH$ nañnag§~§YmÀ`m Omù`mbmM AmnU "g_mO' åhUVmo. Aer _°H$m`ìha Am{U noO `m§Zr

g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho.

ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 2 :

1) BVa ì`ŠVtÀ`m dV©ZmÀ`m g§X^m©V, BVamZm AZwbjyZ Ho$bobr Am{U H$Ë`m©À`m X¥îQ>rZo AW©nyU© AgUmar

H¥$Vr åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m hmo .

2) dS>rb Am{U _wbJm `m§À`mVrb g§dmX, amOH$s` ZoË`mMr nÌH$ma n[afX Am{U XmoZ g§KmVrb {H«$Ho$Q>Mm

gm_Zm hr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mr VrZ CXmhaUo AmhoV.

3) Hw$Qy>§~, amOH$s` nj Am{U H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm hr gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mr VrZ CXmhaUo AmhoV.

4) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m AÜ``ZH$joVrb Mma _hÎdnyU© {df` nwT>rbà_mUo : 1) gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mm Am{U

Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg, 2) gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg, 3) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg, 4) g_J«

g_mOmMm Aä`mg.

5) g_mOemñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmMr (n[aàoú`mMr) XmoZ R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbn«_mUo : 1) gm_y{hH$ OrdZmV

dma§dma KSy>Z oUmè`m KQ>Zm§À`m qH$dm dV©Zà~§Ym§À`m A_yV© d¡{eîQ>çm§À`m Aä`mgmV g_mOemñÌmbm

{deof ñdmañ` Amho. 2) g_mO, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y m ~m~rZm g§aMZm AgVo Agm

g_mOemómMm X¥{îQ>H$moZ Amho.

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1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR> (Exercise / Home Assignment) :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao V`ma H$am.

1) g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z {VMm AW© ñnîQ> H$am.

2) g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` ñnîQ> H$am.

3) g_mOemñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmMr (n[aàoú`mMr) R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$am.

1.7 qMVZ Am{U H¥$Vr (Reflection and Action) :

`m KQ>H$mV Zm_d§V g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Ho$boë`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m {Xë`m AmhoV. Ë`m ì`m»`m§Mo

H$miOrnyd©H$ AÜ``Z H$ê$Z Vwåhr ñdV: g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m V`ma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.

1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :

1) gmiw§Io gO}amd : g_mOemñÌmVrb _yb yV g§H$ënZm, Za|Ð n«H$meZ, nwUo, 2003.

2) Rawat, H.K. : Sociology, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, 2007.

3) Inkeles Alex : What is Sociology?, Inglewood Cliffs, Inc., Prentice Hall, New

Delhi 1964.

4) Shankar Rao C.N. : Sociology (5th Edition), S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi,

2006.

5) Johnson, Harry M. : Sociology - A Systematic Introduction, Allied Publishers,

Pvt. Ltd., Bombay New 1970.

6) Tischler, H.L., Whitten, Phillip & Hunter, David E.K. : Introduction to Sociology,

Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.

ooo

16

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

2.1 àñVmdZm

2.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

2.3 {df` - {ddoMZ

2.3.1 "emñÌ' `m g§koMm AW©

2.3.2 emñÌr` nÕVrVrb à_wI nm`è`m

2.3.3 emñÌr` kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

2.3.4 g_mOemñÌmMo emñÌr` ñdê$n

2.4 gmam§e


2.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR>

2.7 qMVZ Am{U H¥$Vr


2.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :

AmO g_mOemñÌmbm EH$ ñdV§Ì gm_m{OH$ emñÌ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm bm^br Amho. nU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m

{dH$mgmÀ`m àma§{^H$ H$mimV Q>rH$mH$ma Ë`mbm EH$ ñdV§Ì emñÌ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mg ZmIyf hmoVo. `m KQ>H$mV

EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n AmnU g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. `mgmR>r, àW_ AmnU "emñÌ' åhUOo

H$m`? emñÌr` nÕVrVrb {d{dY AdñWm H$moUË`m? emñÌr` kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço H$moUVr? m àíZm§Mr CÎmao _m{hV

H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV. `m nmíd© y_rda _J AmnU g_mOemñÌmMo emñÌr` ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

KQ>H$ - 2

g_mOemñÌ : EH$ emñÌ(Sociology as a Science)

17


`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm :

u "emñÌ' `m g§koMm AW©© ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b;

u emñÌr` nÕVrVrb {d{dY AdñWm/nm`è`m ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb;

u emñÌr` kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb; Am{U

u EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb.

2.3 {df` - {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter) :

`m KQ>H$mMr {d^mJUr Mma {d^mJmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. n{hë`m {d^mJmV "emñÌ' qH$dm "{dkmZ'

(Science) m g§koMm AW©; Xwgè`m {d^mJmV, emñÌr` nÕVrVrb {d{dY AdñWm; {Vgè`m {d^mJmV, emñÌr`

kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço; Va Mm¡Ï`m {d^mJmV, g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emñÌr` ñdénm{df`r {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

àW_ AmnU "emñÌ' qH$dm "{dkmZ' `m g§koMm AW© g_OyZ KoD$.

2.3.1 "emñÌ' `m g§koMm AW© (Meaning of 'Science') :

"emñÌ' `m g§koÀ`m ì`m»`m :

1) J«rZ, E. S>ãë y - ""g§emoYZmMr arV (nÕVr) åhUOo emñÌ hmo .''

2) ~g§VmZr Ho$.Q>r. - ""emñÌr` nÕVrZo {_i{dboë`m KQ>Zm§À`m qH$dm VÏ`m§À`m kmZmMo gwì`dpñWV

g§KQ>Z åhUOo emñÌ hmo .''

3) nw. b. ^m§S>maH$a - ""emñÌ hr {dídmVrb {H«$`m-à{H$`m§Mr dm KQ>Zm§Mr gwg§JVr bmdÊ`mMm

d Ë`m§Mo WmW© kmZ H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmar EH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ dm d¡Mm[aH$ moOZm AgyZ eŠ`

{VVŠ`m gwb^nUo, AMwH$nUo d g§nyU©nUo AZw dH$joV oUmè`m VÏ`m§Mo, Vo gà_mU {gÕ

H$aVm oVrb Aem nÕVrZo dU©Z d g§H$ënrH$aU H$aUo hmM emñÌmMm Ame` hmo .''

emñÌ `m g§koMm AW© :

B§J«OrVrb 'Science' (_amR>r ^mfoVrb à{VeãX emñÌ qH$dm {dkmZ) hm eãX 'Scientica' `m b°{Q>Z

eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho. b°{Q>Z_Ü o 'Scientica' åhUOo kmZ. mdê$Z emñÌ åhUOo EH$m {d{eîQ> ñdénmMo

kmZ hmo .

emñÌmÀ`m da {Xboë`m XmoZ ì`m»`m§Mo H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMZ Ho$ë`mg Ago bjmV oVo H$s, emñÌmMr

ì`m»`m H$aVmZm "g§emoYZmMr arV' qH$dm "emñÌr` nÕVr' m ~m~rda {deof a XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo,

~g§VmZr `m§À`m ì`m» oV Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo emñÌ ho "VÏ`m§{df`rMo kmZ' AgVo Am{U Vo "gwì`dpñWV[aË`m


18

g§K{Q>V Ho$bobo' kmZ AgVo. "emñÌm'Mm AW© g_OÊ`mgmR>r `m _wX²çm§Mo A{YH$ Vnerbdma {ddoMZ Amdí`H$

Amho.

1) emñÌ - KQ>Zm qH$dm VÏ`m§{df`rMo kmZ (Science : Factual Knowledge) :

àË`j KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm qH$dm VÏ o (facts) hm emñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` Agë`mZo VÏ`m§{df`rMo kmZ

åhUOo emñÌ Ago åhUVm oB©b. AmVm VÏ` åhUOo H$m`? Oo Oo ñdV§ÌnUo ApñVËdmV Amho Am{U Oo Oo AZw dmÀ`m

H$joV oD$ eH$Vo Ago H$mhrhr åhUOo VÏ` hmo . KQ>Zm§Mo qH$dm VÏ`m§Mo kmZ {ZarjUmZo hmoVo, åhUyZ Oo Oo {ZarjU

H$aÊ`mOmoJo Amho Ë`mMm Aä`mg emñÌ H$aVo. mMm AW© Agm H$s VÏ o H$moUVr AgmdrV mda emñÌmMo H$moUVohr

~§YZ ZgVo. {ZarjUj_ Aem ^m¡{VH$ (Physical), O¡{dH$ (Biological), _mZ{gH$ (Psychological),

gm_m{OH$ (Social), AWdm gm§ñH¥${VH$ (Cultural) KQ>Zm AWdm VÏ`m§~m~VMr emñÌo Agy eH$VmV; Zìho Vr

àË`jmV ApñVËdmV Ambr AmhoV.

AmnUmbm kmZ|{Ð`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo KQ>Zm§Mo qH$dm VÏ`m§Mo àË`j {ZarjU H$aVm oVo. Ë`mMà_mUo H$mhr

emñÌr` CnH$aUm§À`m (CXm. gyú_Xe©H$, XyaXe©H$ B.) _XVrZohr {ZarjU H$aVm oVo. emñÌr` CnH$aUm§Mm

{ZarjUmgmR>r dmna Ho$ë`mZo {ZarjUmMr ì`mßVr Am{U AMwH$Vm dmT>{dVm oVo. CnH$aUm§À`m ghmæ`mZo Ho$ë`m

OmUmè`m {ZarjUmMmhr emñÌr` {ZarjUmV g_mdoe hmoVmo. kmZ|{Ð`m§Zm ñdV:À`m ~imda qH$dm CnH$aUm§À`m

_XVrZo Á`m VÏ`m§Mo kmZ hmoD$ eH$Vo Ë`m§Zm "{Zar{jV VÏ o' (Observed facts) åhUVmV. VÏ o {Zar{jV

(Observed) VgoM AZw_m{ZV (Inferred) Aem XmoÝhr ñdê$nmMr AgVmV. Á`m VÏ`m§Mo kmZ AZw_mZo hmoVo,

Ë`m§Zm "AZw_m{ZV VÏ o' (Inferred facts) åhUVmV. CXm. - nmÊ`mMo kmZ Amnë`mbm àË`j {ZarjUmZo hmoD$

eH$Vo. nmÊ`mÀ`m W|~mH$S>o gyú_Xe©H$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nm{hbo Va Ë`mMo A{YH$ Mm§Jbo kmZ hmoVo. nU Varhr ho kmZ

{Zar{jV VÏ`m§À`m ñdê$nmMoM Amho. nU nmUr hm`S´>moOZ d Am°pŠgOZ `m§À`m g§ moJmZo ~ZVo ho VÏ` {Zar{jV

VgoM AZw_m{ZV Amho. H$moUË`mhr emñÌmVrb {Z`_ hr AZw_m{ZV VÏ oM AgVmV. gmam§e, {Zar{jV Am{U

AZw_m{ZV Aem XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m VÏ`m§{df`rMo kmZ åhUOo emñÌr` kmZ hmo .

Á`m ~m~tMo kmZ {ZarjUmZo {_i{dVm oV Zmhr, Á`m§Mo {ZarjU Am{U _mnZ eŠ` ZgVo Aem ~m~tMo

emñÌ Agy eH$V Zmhr. CXm. - " yV', "Xod' `m ~m~r {ZarjUj_ ZmhrV, _mZdr H$ënZm, lÕm `mhÿZ {Zamio

ñdV§Ì Am{U {ZarjUj_ ApñVËd `m ~m~rZm Zmhr. åhUyZM Ë`m§Mo emñÌr` AÜ``Z eŠ` Zmhr.

2) emñÌ : VÏ`m§{df`rÀ`m kmZmMo gwì`dpñWV g§KQ>Z (Science : Systematically organized

factual knowledge) :

emñÌ åhUOo VÏ`m§Mo qH$dm _m{hVrMo Ho$di g§H$bZ Zìho. emñÌ hr VÏ`m§Mr EH$ ì`dñWm qH$dm aMZm

Amho. emñÌ åhUOo VÏ`m§{df`rÀ`m kmZmMo gwg§~Õ g§KQ>Z hmo . emñÌmVrb {Z`_ dm gm_mÝ`rH$aU åhUOo

VÏ`m§Mo EH$ àH$maMo g§KQ>ZM AgVo. VÏ`m§À`m {ZarjUmÀ`m AmYmao Ë`m§À`m JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§À`m AmYmao H$moUË`mhr

emñÌmV "g§H$ënZm' (Concepts) V`ma Ho$ë`m OmVmV. AmVm {Zar{jV VÏ`m§{df`rMo kmZ g§H$ënZm§À`m ê$nmZo

19

g§K{Q>V PmboboM kmZ AgVo. Ago AZoH$ emñÌr` {Z`_ EH$_oH$m§er {d{eîQ> nÕVrZo OmoSy>Z Ë`m§Mr EH$ aMZm

dm ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo hohr emñÌmMo H$m © Amho. emñÌmVrb {gÕm§V åhUOo H$_r-A{YH$ ì`mßVrÀ`m AZoH$

emñÌr` {Z`_m§Mr EH$ ì`dñWmM AgVo. Aem {d{dY {gÕm§Vm§Mr {_iyZ ~Zbobr kmZmMr ì`mnH$ ì`dñWm

{Z_m©U H$aUo ho emñÌmMo C{ÔîQ> AgVo. emñÌr` kmZmMr Aer ì`dñWm (order) XmoZ àH$mao H$aVm oVo. emñÌmVrb

g§H$ënZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m ì`dñWobm g_ñVa g§KQ>Z (horizontal organisation) åhUVmV, Va

{gÕm§Vm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m ì`dñWobm ñV§ r` g§KQ>Z (vertical organisation) Ago åhUVmV. gmam§e,

emñÌr` kmZ g§K{Q>V AgVo.

3) emñÌ : emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z {_i{dbobo kmZ (Science : Knowledge collected

by means of the scientific method):

emñÌ åhUOo {d{eîQ> ñdê$nmMo kmZ Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo emñÌ hr kmZ {_i{dÊ`mMr EH$ {d{eîQ> ñdê$nmMr

nÕVrhr Amho. emñÌr` kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Or nÕVr dmnabr OmVo VrM kmZ {_i{dÊ`mMr EH$_od nÕVr Amho

Ago _mÌ Zmhr. Amnë`mbm AÝ`hr {d{dY _mJm©Zr kmZ CnbãY hmoV AgVo. gd` (Habit), A§Vkm©Z (Intuition)

gm_mÝ`kmZ (Common Sense), Am{U A{YH$ma (Authority) hohr kmZmMo Mma à_wI CJ_òmoV AmhoV. nU

`m Mma _mJmªZm "kmZmMo AemñÌr` CJ_òmoV' (Non-scientific Sources of Knowledge) Ago åhQ>bo

OmVo. mMo H$maU Ago H$s, darb _mJmªZr {_iUmao kmZ H$mhr doim Cn wŠV R>aV Agbo Var nwîH$iXm Vo A{dídgZr`

(Unreliable) Am{U AgË` qH$dm g~i dñVw{ZîR> nwamì`mMm AmYma Zgbobo (Invalid) AgVo. `m _mJmªZr

{_iUmè`m kmZmbm AmìhmZ XoD$Z Ë`mMm IaoImoQ>onUm Šd{MVM VnmgyZ nm{hbm OmVmo.

{dídgZr` ñdê$nmMo kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r emñÌkm§Zr EH$ {d{eîQ> ñdê$nmMr nÕVr {dH${gV Ho$br

Amho. emñÌr` nÕVr (Scientific Method) `m ZmdmZo hr nÕVr AmoiIbr OmVo.

emñÌr` nÕVrMo _hÎd {deX H$aVmZm H$mb© nrAg©Z(Karl Pearson) "The Grammar of Science''

`m Amnë`m J«§WmV åhUVmV, ""gË`mMo AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r OdiMm añVm Zmhr... {dídm~m~VMo kmZ emñÌr`

nÕVrÀ`m JdmjmVyZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mIoarO Xwgam n`m© Zmhr... emñÌm§À`m gd© emIm§gmR>r emñÌr` nÕV EH$M

Amho... VÏ o åhUOo emñÌ Zìho Va VÏ`m§Zm hmVmiÊ`mMr nÕVM emñÌ Amho.'' mMm AW© Agm H$s H$moUË`mhr

Aä`mg{df`mMo dm kmZemIoMo (discipline) emñÌr`Ëd Ë`mV H$moUË`m {df`mMm Aä`mg hmoVmo mda Adb§~yZ

ZgVo Va H$moUË`m nÕVrZo Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. åhUyZM emñÌr` nÕVrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo

{_i{dbobo kmZ åhUOo emñÌ Aerhr emñÌmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo.

WmoS>Š`mV, emñÌ åhUOo H$m` `mg§~§YrÀ`m darb {ddoMZmdê$Z VrZ ~m~r R>iH$nUo bjmV oVmV :

1) emñÌ åhUOo VÏ`m§{df`rMo kmZ hmo , 2) VÏ`m§{df`rMo ho kmZ emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z {_i{dbobo

AgVo. Am{U 3) emñÌr` kmZ {dñH$irV ZgyZ gwg§K{Q>V AgVo.

20

ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1 (Check Your Progress - 1) :

1) "emñÌ' `m g§koMr ì`m»`m Úm.

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2) darb {ddoMZmVrb emñÌmÀ`m VrZ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr `mXr H$am.

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2.3.2 emñÌr` nÕVrVrb à_wI AdñWm qH$dm nm`è`m (Major stages or steps involved

in the scientific method) :

H$moUË`mhr kmZemIoMo emñÌr`Îd kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m nÕVrda Adb§~yZ AgVo;

Ë`m kmZemIoÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mda Zìho. g§emoYZ H$aVmZm emñÌk Á`m g§emoYZ-arVrMm Adb§~ H$aVmV {Vbm

emñÌr` nÕVr åhUVmV. {d{eîQ> g_ñ o{df`r g§emoYZ H$aVmZm Ooìhm emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo

Voìhm VrV H$mhr AdñWm AWdm nm`è`m (Stages or Steps) Agë`mMo {XgVo. emñÌr` nÕVrMo ñdê$n WmoS>o

A{YH$ ñnîQ> ìhmdo åhUyZ, \$maem Vn{ebmV Z OmVm, emñÌr` nÕVrVrb `m AdñWm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM`

Imbrbà_mUo H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b.

1) g_ñ oMo gwgyÌrH$aU (Formulation of the problem) hr g§emoYZmVrb n{hbr AdñWm hmo .

g§emoYH$mbm àW_ g_ñ`màYmZ n[apñWVrMr OmUrd hmoVo. Ë`mbm EImXr g§emoYZ`mo½` Aer g_ñ`m

gwMVo. Ë`mÀ`m {ZarjUmdê$Z, {ZarjUmYm[aV __©X¥{îQ>_ybH$ Aem Ë`mÀ`m {dMmaeŠVr_wio (Insightful

thinking) AWdm g§~§{YV joÌmVrb Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mgmdê$Z g§emoYH$-emñÌkmbm Aer g_ñ`m gwMy

eH$Vo. AmVm g§emoYZ H$aVm oD$ eHo$b Aem arVrZo Ë`m g_ñ oMr Ë`mbm _m§S>Ur H$amdr bmJVo qH$dm

{VMo gwgyÌrH$aU H$amdo bmJVo. Aer _m§S>Ur AWdm gwgyÌrH$aU H$aVmZm emñÌk gwg§~Õ Agm EImXm

{gÕm§V Am{U Ë`m {d{eîQ> g_ñ og§~§Yr AmYrM Pmboë`m g§emoYZm§À`m {ZîH$fmªMo gd}jU (Review of

previous research findings) Am{U narjUhr H$arV AgVmo. `m Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mgmdê$Z Ë`mbm

Ë`mZo {ZdS>boë`m g_ñ oÀ`m {d{dY n¡by§~m~VMo kmZ hmoVo. `mÀ`m AmYmao Ë`m g_ñ oMr g§ mì` CÎmao

H$moUVr Agy eH$Vrb? `m {XeoZo emñÌk {dMma H$ê$ bmJVmo. Aem {dMmamVyZ Ë`mbm H$mhr Aä wnJ_

(Hypotheses) AJa {gÕm§VH$ënZm gwMVmV.

2) Aä wnJ_m§Mr _m§S>Ur qH$dm gwgyÌrH$aU (Formulation of Hypotheses) hr g§emoYZmVrb Xwgar

nmàr Amho. g§emoYZ g_ñ oMo VmËnwaVo J¥hrV Yabobo g§ mì` CÎma qH$dm ñnîQ>rH$aU åhUyZ

_m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo {dYmZ åhUOo Aä wnJ_ hmo . KQ>Zm§_Yrb H$m ©H$maUmg§~§Ym{df`rMo Ago ho

21

{dYmZ AgVo. KQ>Zm§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU ìhmdo Agm hoVy Ë`m_mJo AgVmo. nU ho {dYmZ VmËnwaVo J¥hrV Yabobo

(Tentative) g§ mì` ñnîQ>rH$aU AgVo. Aä wnJ_ñdê$nr {dYmZmMm IaoImoQ>onUm nwT>rb g§emoYZà{H«$ oV

VnmgyZ nhmd`mMm AgVmo. Aä wnJ_ {Z{_©Vr hm g§emoYZmVrb _hÎdnyU© Q>ßnm AgVmo. H$maU Ë`m_wioM

nwT>rb g§emoYZmbm {ZpíMV Aer {Xem {_iV AgVo. nwT>rb g§emoYZmV g§~§{YV nwamì`mÀ`m AmYmao Ago

Aä wnJ_ Iao R>aÊ`mMr Oer eŠ`Vm AgVo Vgo Vo ImoQ>o R>aÊ`mMr XoIrb eŠ`Vm AgVo. Á`m§Mo àË`j

AZw^dmV àË`§VaU KoVm òD$ eHo$b Aem ñdê$nmVrb Aä`wnJ_m§Mr _m§S>Ur qH$dm gwgyÌrH$aU

(Formulation of Hypotheses) hr emñÌr` g§emoYZmVrb _hÎdmMr nmàr hmo . AWm©V àË oH$

g§emoYZmV Aä wnJ_m§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$br OmVoM Ago Zmhr. g§emoYZmÀ`m C{ÔîQ>mda ho Adb§~yZ AgVo.

CXm. - KQ>Zm, dñVy dm à{H«$`m§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUo hohr g§emoYZmMo C{ÔîQ> Agy eH$Vo. Aem g§emoYZmbm

AÝdofUmË_H$ dm n[aM`mË_H$ (Exploratory) g§emoYZ åhUVmV. Aem g§emoYZmV àma§ r Aä wnJ_

_m§S>bo OmVmVM Ago Zmhr. Aem g§emoYZm_wio _mÌ g§~§{YV g_ñ og§~§Yr {dî`H$mimVrb AÝ` g§emoYZmV

VnmgyZ nmhVm oÊ`mgmaIo H$mhr Aä wnJ_ gwMy eH$VmV. nU H$moUVohr emñÌr` g§emoYZ gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

g§emoYH$mbm g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>o (Objectives of Research) _mÌ {ZpíMV H$amdrM bmJVmV. g§emoYZ

à{H«$ oVrb nwT>rb AdñWm `m C{ÔîQ>m§À`m nyVugmR>r AgVmV.

3) g§emoYZmMm AmamIS>m {dH${gV H$aUo (Development of Research Design) : hr

g§emoYZà{H«$ oVrb {Vgar à_wI AdñWm hmo . Ka ~m§YÊ`mnydu dmñVwemñÌk Á`mà_mUo nwT>o ~m§YÊ`mV

`md`mÀ`m KamÀ`m aMZoMm ZH$mem V`ma H$aVmo Ë`mà_mUo g§emoYH$hr gd© g§~§{YV Vn{ebmgh g§emoYZ-

AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmo. _m§S>bobo Aä wnJ_ Am{U / qH$dm g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>o hm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm

H|$ÐñWmZr amhVmV. hmVr KoVboë`m g§emoYZmÀ`m C{ÔîQ>m§À`m nyVugmR>r, VÏ`g§H$bZmÀ`m (data

collection) H$m ©nÕVrg§~§Yr KoÊ`mV Amboë`m {ZU© m§Mm, Z_wZm-{ZdS>rÀ`m (sampling)

~m~VrV KoÊ`mV Amboë`m {ZU© m§Mm d VÏ`m§À`m {díbofUmgmR>r (analysis of data) moOÊ`mV

oUmè`m H$m ©nÕVr ~m~VÀ`m {ZU© m§Mm A§V^m©d H$ê$Z ~Z{dÊ`mV Ambobr `moOZm åhUOoM

g§emoYZ-AmamIS>m (research design) hmo . WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg g§emoYZ à{H«$ o{df`rMo

nÕVera {Z`moOZ g§emoYZ-AmamIS>çmÀ`m ê$nmZo Ho$bo OmVo.

4) _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ H$aUo (Data collection) : hr emñÌr` g§emoYZmVrb Mm¡Wr AdñWm hmo . g§emoYZ

AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm KoVboë`m {ZU© mà_mUo g§emoYZmÀ`m C{ÔîQ>m§À`m nyVugmR>r Amdí`H$ Aer _m{hVr

AË §V H$miOrnyd©H$ nÕVrZo emñÌk O_m H$aVmo. _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ H$aVmZm g§emoYH$ dñVw{ZîR> nÕVrZo

Aer _m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmo.

5) _m{hVrMo dJuH$aU Am{U {díbofU (Classification and Analysis of Data): hr nmMdr

AdñWm hmo . dJuH$aU hr {_i{dboë`m _m{hVrMr {d{eîQ> nÕVrZo Ho$bobr {d^mJUr AgVo. Ago dJuH$aU

{d{dY {ZH$fm§da AmYmabobo AgVo. dJuH$aUm_wio _m{hVrbm gwg§~Õ ñdê$n oVo d Jmoim Ho$boë`m

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_m{hVrbm AW© àmßV hmoVmo. {dícofUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _m{hVrV XS>bobm AW© g§emoYH$ CbJSy>Z gm§JVmo.

àË`j Jmoim Ho$bobr _m{hVr _m§S>boë`m Aä wnJ_m§Zm nmqR>~m XoUmar Amho H$s Vo MwH$sMo AmhoV ho {ZXe©Zmg

AmUyZ XoUmar Amho, `mg§~§YrMo {díbofU `m AdñWoV Ho$bo OmVo.

6) g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© _m§S>Uo Am{U Ahdmb boIZ (A Statement of conclusions and report

writing) : hr g§emoYZmVrb ghmdr AdñWm hmo . m AdñWoV, _m§S>bobo Aä wnJ_ pñdH$mabo dm ZmH$mabo

OmVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© g§~§{YV {gÕm§Vmer AWdm AmYrÀ`m g§emoYZm§À`m {ZîH$fmªer

AW©nyU©[aË`m OmoS>bo OmVmV. g§emoYZmÀ`m {ZîH$fmª_wio EH$Va AmYrÀ`m {gÕm§Vmbm ~iH$Q>r n«mßV hmoVo

AWdm Ë`mV ~Xb gwM{dbo OmD$ eH$VmV. EImXo g§emoYZ EImÚm Zì`m {gÕm§Vmbmhr OÝ_ XoD$ eH$Vo.

g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© Zo_Ho$ H$moUVo ho gm§JUo hr g§emoYZmVrb _hÎdnyU© AdñWm Amho. AWm©V g§nyU© g§emoYZ

à{H«$`m nyU© Pmë`mda emñÌ_ Amnë`m g§emoYZm{df`rMm Ahdmb gd© g§~§{YV Vnerbmgh V`ma H$aVmo.

Ahdmb-boIZ (Report-writing) hr g§emoYZ à{H«$ oVrb A§{V_ AdñWm AgVo.

da gm§{JVboë`m emñÌr` nÕVrVrb AdñWm `m g§emoYH$m§Zm {XemXe©H$ R>aVrb Aem AmXe© (Ideal)

AdñWm AmhoV. àË oH$ emñÌk àË oH$ g§emoYZmV darb gd©À`m gd© AdñWm§Mo AJXr H$mQ>oH$moa nmbZ H$arbM

Ago Zìho. nU Varhr, darb g§emoYZ-arV AZwgaÊ`mMm à`ËZ _mÌ àË oH$ g§emoYH$mMm AgVmo.

VÏ`{ZîR>m qH$dm AZw dn«m_mÊ` (Faithfulness to the facts), dñVw{ZîR>Vm (Objectivity) Am{U

àË §VaU j_Vm (Verifiability) hr emñÌr` nÕVrMr AË §V _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço hmoV. g§emoYZmda à{VHy$b

n[aUm_ hmoD$ eHo$b Aem gd© g§ mì` nyd©H$ënZm (pre-conceptions) Am{U nyd©J«hm§Zm OmUrdnyd©H$ ~mOybm

R>odyZ g§emoYH$ VÏ`m§{df`rMr IarIwar _m{hVr {_idrV AgVmo. KQ>Zm Oem AmhoV Ë`mM ñdê$nmVrb, nyd©J«h{da{hV

Aem Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m kmZmbm dñVw{ZîR> kmZ åhUVmV. {edm` emñÌmV Ago kmZ nwZ:nwÝhm VnmgyZ nm{hbo OmVo.

{d{eîQ> {ZîH$fm©n«V oÊ`mgmR>r Or {d{eîQ> g§emoYZmMr arV emñÌk dmnaVmo Ë`mMrhr nÕVera Zm|X emñÌk R>odrV

AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mM g§emoYZ{df`mg§~§Yr VrM g§emoYZ arV dmnê$Z BVa g§emoYH$ AmYrÀ`m {ZîH$fmªMm

IaoImoQ>onUm nwÝhm nwÝhm VnmgyZ nmhÿ eH$VmV. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s, emñÌr` kmZ àË §VaUj_ (Verifiable)

AgVo. emñÌr` nÕVrZo {_i{dbobo kmZ åhUyZM ^ŠH$_ nwamì`mMo nmR>~i Agbobo AgVo. `m_wioM Vo A{YH$

{dídgZr`hr R>aVo. nU Ago AgyZhr EH$Xm àñWm{nV Pmbobo emñÌr` {ZîH$f© åhUOo "H$mù`m XJS>mdaMr aoK'

AWdm "A§{V_ gË`' (Final truth) Ago _mÌ emñÌk H$Yrhr _mZrV ZmhrV. Oa Zì`m emñÌr` g§emoYZm_wio

COoS>mV Amboë`m nwamì`mZo OwZo emñÌr` {Z`_ MwH$sMo AmhoV AWdm Ë`mV H$mhr ÌwQ>r AmhoV Ago {XgyZ Ambo Va

OwZo {gÕm§V B{VhmgO_m hmoVmV dm Ë`m§V JaOoà_mUo Amdí`H$ Vo ~Xb Ho$bo OmVmV. Zdo {gÕm§VXoIrb OwÝ`m

{gÕmÝVmMr OmJm KoD$ eH$VmV. åhUOoM emñÌ àdmhr AgVo; Vr gVV MmbUmar EH$ à{H«$`m AgyZ emñÌmMo

ñdê$n ñd-gwYmaUmË_H$ (Self-corrective) AgVo.

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1) VÏ`m§{df`rÀ`m H$moUË`mhr kmZemIoMo emñÌr`Ëd H$moUË`m ~m~rZo {ZYm©[aV hmoVo?

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2) emñÌr` nÕVrVrb à_wI AdñWm qH$dm nm`è`m H$moUË`m?

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2.3.3 emñÌr` kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge):

emñÌr` nÕVrVrb à_wI AdñWm§Mo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mda AmVm AmnU emñÌr` kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço H$moUVr Vo

nmhÿ. emñÌr` kmZ ho emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z {_i{dbobo kmZ Agë`mZo Am{U emñÌr` nÕVrbmM

emñÌ g_Obo OmV Agë`mZo, emñÌr` kmZmMr Imbr Z_yX Ho$bobr d¡{eîQ>ço hr emñÌr` nÕVrMr VgoM emñÌmMrhr

d¡{eîQ>ço R>aVmV. emñÌr` kmZmMr/emñÌr` nÕVrMr/emñÌmMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço Imbrbà_mUo :

1) dñVw{ZîR>Vm (Objectivity) : emñÌr` kmZ dñVw{ZîR> AgVo. åhUOo KQ>Zm Oem AmhoV Ë`mM ñdê$nmV

Ë`mMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z Vo {_i{dbobo AgVo. dñVw{ZîR> kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r emñÌkmbm Ë`mÀ`m gd© nyd©H$ënZm

(pre-conceptions), nyd©J«h (prejudices), lÕm (beliefs), ì`pŠVJV _yë o (personal values),

ì`pŠV{ZîR> {hVg§~§Y Am{U n§gVr-Zmng§Vr qH$dm AmdS>r-{ZdS>r m ~m~rZm OmUrdnyd©H$ ~mOybm R>odyZ

KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU H$amdo bmJVo.

2) àË §VaUj_Vm (Verifiability) : emñÌr` kmZ àË §VaUj_ AgVo. åhUOo Ë`mM emñÌkmbm qH$dm

AÝ` H$moUË`mhr emñÌkmbm, AmYrMrM g§emoYZ arV dmnê$Z EImÚm g§emoYZmÀ`m {ZîH$fmªMo nwZ:nwÝhm

àË §Va qH$dm nS>VmiUr H$aVm oVo. {ZîH$fmªMm IaoImoQ>onUm (qH$dm AMyH$Vm) VnmgyZ nmhVm oVmo.

3) Z¡{VH$ VQ>ñWVm (Ethical Neutrality) : emñÌr` kmZ Z¡{VH$X¥îQ>çm VQ>ñW AgVo. åhUOo g§emoYZ

g_ñ oMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm, VÏ` g§H$bZ H$aVmZm AWdm g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© _m§S>VmZm ñdV:À`m qH$dm

g_mOmV àM{bV AgUmè`m Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q>nUm~ÔbÀ`m H$ënZm, `mo½`-A`mo½` `m~m~VÀ`m H$ënZm

~mOybm R>odVmo. CXm. - EImXm g_mOemñÌk Y_m©{df`r g§emoYZ H$arb, Va Xwgam EImXm "doí`mì`dgm`',

"ES>g²', "~mb JwÝhoJmar' Aem EImÚm {df`mMr {ZdS> H$arb d Ë`mg§~§Yr VQ>ñWnUo g§emoYZ H$ê$Z

dñVw{ZîR> {ZîH$fmªMr _m§S>Ur H$aob.

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4) {dídgZr`Vm (Reliability) : emñÌr` kmZ {dídgZr` AgVo. dma§dma Ho$boë`m {ZarjUm§da Vo

AmYmabobo AgVo.

5) V§VmoV§VnUm/{Z:g§{X½YVm Am{U AMwH$Vm (Precision and Accuracy) :

emñÌr` kmZ {Z:g§{X½YVm, V§VmoV§V Am{U AMyH$ AgVo. emñÌmV H$mQ>oH$moa _mnZmg _hÎd AgVo. emñÌr`

{ZîH$fmªÀ`m _m§S>UrVhr V§VmoV§VnUm, {Z:g§{X½YVm Am{U AMyH$nUm `m§Zm _hÎd AgVo.

6) A_yV©Vm (Abstractness) : emñÌr` kmZ A_yV© AgVo. emñÌr` kmZmMr _m§S>Ur g§H$ënZm§À`m,

{Z`_m§À`m, gm_mÝ`rH$aUm§À`m Am{U {gÕm§Vm§À`m ê$nmV hmoVo. Ooìhm {d{eîQ> KQ>Zm§À`m {ZarjUmÀ`m

AmYmao gm_mÝ` g§H$ënZm V`ma hmoVmV qH$dm gm_mÝ`rH$aUm§Mr àñWmnZm hmoVo VoìhmM A_yVuH$aUmÀ`m

à{H«$ obm n«ma§ hmoVmo.

7) ^{dî`H$WZj_Vm (Predictability) : emñÌr` kmZ ^{dî`H$WZj_ AgVo. ^yVH$mbrZ Am{U

dV©_mZH$mbrZ KQ>Zm§~m~VÀ`m {Zar{jV VÏ`m§À`m AmYmao emñÌk {dî`H$mbrZ pñWVr{df`rMo nyd©H$WZ

H$aVmV. CXm. IJmobemñÌk gy`©J«hU, M§ÐJ«hU H$Yr hmoB©b `m~m~V ^{dî`H$WZ H$aVmV.

bmoH$g§»`memñÌk ^{dî`mVrb bmoH$g§»`mdmT>rÀ`m àdmhm~m~V A§XmO ì`ŠV H$aVmV.

8) g§K{Q>V kmZ (Organized Knowledge) : emñÌr` kmZ ho g§K{Q>V kmZ AgVo. {d{dY KQ>Zm§~m~VMr

gwQ>r gwQ>r (isolated) {ZarjUo emñÌmV Ho$br OmV Agbr Var `m {ZarjUm§À`m AmYmamdaM g§H$ënZm

gm_mÝ`rH$aUo, {Z`_ Am{U {gÕm§V `m ê$nmV emñÌr` kmZmMo g§KQ>Z Pmbobo AgVo.


Imbrb àíZm§Mr àË oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) dñVw{ZîR> kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r emñÌkmbm H$m` H$amdo bmJVo?

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2) emñÌr` kmZmMo g§KQ>Z H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV Pmbobo AgVo?

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3) emñÌr` kmZmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am.

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2.3.4 g_mOemñÌmMo emñÌr` ñdén (Sociology as a Science) :

emñÌ, emñÌr` nÕVr, emñÌr` kmZ `m§Mo ñdê$n Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Va `m nmíd© y_rda

AmVm AmnU g_mOemñÌmMo emñÌr` ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

AmO g_mOemñÌmbm EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {_imbr Agbr Var g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U {dH$mgmÀ`m

àma§{^H$ H$mimV AZoH$ Q>rH$mH$ma g_mOemñÌmbm EH$ ñdV§Ì gm_m{OH$ emñÌ _mZmd`mg V`ma ZìhVo. Ë`m§À`m

_Vo, g_mOemñÌ emñÌmÀ`m H$gmoQ>rg nmÌ ZìhVo H$maU :

1) g_mOemñÌmV àm`mo{JH$ g§emoYZ nÕVrMm Adb§~ hmoV Zmhr Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§Vë`mà_mUo (CXm.

nXmW©{dkmZ, agm`ZemñÌ, OrdemñÌ B.) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m à`moJemim ZmhrV.

2) g_mOemñÌr` kmZmV dñVw{ZîR>Vm ZgVo.

3) g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZmV gm_m{OH$ n[adË`mªMo AMyH$, H$mQ>oH$moa _mnZ hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio g_mOemñÌr`

kmZ {Z:g§{X½Y Am{U AMyH$ ZgVo.

4) g_mOemñÌ ^{dî`H$WZj_ Zmhr.

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emñÌr` ñdê$nm~m~V Q>rH$mH$mamZr darb _wÔo CnpñWV H$ê$Z Amjon KoVbo Agbo Var

`m Amjonm§_Ü o \$mago VÏ` Zmhr. g_mOemñÌkmZr darb Amjonm§Mo I§S>Z Ho$bo Amho.

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emñÌr`Îdm~ÔbÀ`m darb Amjonm§Mo _yi H$maU åhUOo g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mMo

g§H$sU© ñdê$n ho Amho. ^m¡{VH$ Am{U O¡{dH$ (Z¡g{J©H$) emñÌm§_Ü o Á`m {df`m§Mm Aä`mg hmoVmo Vo {df`

gmnojV: H$_r Jw§VmJw§VrMo AmhoV. {d{dY YmVy, OS> {ZOr©d nXmW©, {d{dY dZñnVr, J«h, Vmao, yJ^m©Vrb I{ZOo

d _mZdoVa àmUr B. {df`m§Mm Aä`mg {d{dY Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§_Ü o hmoVmo. `m ~m~tda à`moJemioV à`moJ H$aUo,

{Z §{ÌV n[apñWVrV Ë`m§Mo {ZarjU H$aUo, Aä`mg{df`mVrb {d{dY ~m~tMo H$mQ>oH$moa _mnZ H$aUo ho eŠ` Amho.

Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§_Yrb Aä`mg-KQ>H$mZm "_Z', "àoaUm', "^mdZm', "A{^d¥Îmr', "C{ÔîQ>ço', "{dMmaàUmbr' B.

d¡{eîQ>çm§Zr wŠV "AmVrb ~mOy' (inner side) ZgVo. `m VwbZoV, g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` {H$VrVar

A{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMm Amho. g_yhmÀ`m g§X^m©V _mZdr dV©ZmMm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌmV hmoVmo. _mZdmbm "AmVrb

~mOy' AgVo. _mZdmOdi ~w{Õ_Îmm, àoaUm, ^mdZm, A{^d¥Îmr, _yë o, C{ÔîQ>ço, hoVy, OmUrd AgVo. `m gdmªMm

_mZdr dV©Zmda à^md nS>Vmo. _mZdr dV©Z à^m{dV H$aUmè`m àoaUm, ^mdZm, A{^d¥Îmr, _yë o `m§Mo `WmVÏ`,

H$mQ>oH$moa, V§VmoV§V _mnZ H$aUo hr JmoîQ> A{Ve` H$R>rU hmoVo. `m ~m~tMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`moJ nÕVrMm

Adb§~ H$aÊ`mghr _`m©Xm AmhoV. Ë`m_wio _mZdmMo gm_m{OH$ dV©Z à^m{dV H$aUmao KQ>H$M Jw§VmJw§VrMo Agë`mZo,

Ë`m§Mo _mnZ H$aUo H$R>rU Amho. g_mOemñÌmV à`moJnÕVrMm gam©g dmna H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr. åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmV

Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§gma»`m à`moJemim ZmhrV. {edm`, _mZdmÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ ñdê$nmVrb gm_y{hH$ OrdZmÀ`m A_yV©

d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r "à`moJemim' Cn wŠVhr ZmhrV. (CXm. O_md dV©ZmMo AÜ``Z à`moJemioV

26

H$aVm oUo eŠ` Zmhr.) g_mO hrM g_mOemñÌmgmR>r à`moJemim AgVo. Aä`mg{df`m§À`m Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m

Am{U gVV ~XbË`m ñdénm_wio g_mOemñÌr` kmZmV Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌmVë`mà_mUo H$mQ>oH$moanUm d AMyH$Vmhr

eŠ` ZgVo. hrM ~m~ dñVw{ZîR>VoÀ`m ~m~VrVhr Iar Amho. emñÌk hmhr g_mOmMmM KQ>H$ Agë`mZo,

g_mOmÀ`m _yë`m§Mm VgoM Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠVJV _Vo, _yë o, A{^d¥Îmr B. Mm H$iV Z H$iV Ë`m§À`m g§emoYZ-

{df`mÀ`m {ZdS>rda Am{U g§emoYZmÀ`m {ZîH$fm©da WmoS>m\$ma à^md nS>Uo eŠ` AgVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOemñÌr`

kmZ m¡{VH$emñÌmVë`m kmZmà_mUo e§ a Q>ŠHo$ dñVw{ZîR> AgV Zmhr. Aä`mg{df`mÀ`m Jw§VmJw§Vr_wio g_mOemñÌmMr

^{dî`H$WZj_Vmhr Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§À`m VwbZoV H$_r Amho. gmam§e, g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mÀ`m

Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m ñdê$nm_wio à`moJ, _mnZ, {ZîH$fmªMr AMyH$Vm d ^{dî`H$WZj_Vm `m~m~V g_mOemñÌmbm H$mhr

_`m©Xm AmhoV.

EH$ emñÌ `m X¥îQ>rZo Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§À`m VwbZoV g_mOemñÌmbm à`moJ nÕVrÀ`m dmnam~m~V H$mhr

_`m©Xm Agë`m Var Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m emñÌr`Îdmbm \$maer ~mYm oV Zmhr. H$maU "à`moJembr` à`moJ'

(Laboratory experiments) hr g§emoYZmMr EH$ H$mQ>oH$moa Am{U AMyH$ nÕVr Agbr Var VrM EH$_od

g§emoYZ nÕVr _mÌ Zmhr. g_mOemñÌk OoWo eŠ` Amho VoWo joÌr` à`moJ nÕVrMm (field experiments)

Adb§~ H$aVmV. {edm` {ZarjU (observation), ì`îQ>r AÜ``Z (case study), gm_m{OH$ gd}jU (social

surveys) `m gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb emñÌr` nÕVtMm Adb§~ g_mOemñÌk H$arV AgVmV. _wbmIV

(interview), _wbmIV AZwgyMr (interview schedule), àíZmdbr (questionnaire) mgma»`m _m{hVr

g§H$bZmÀ`m V§Ìm§Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z g_mOemñÌmV VÏ`g§H$bZ Ho$bo OmVo. gd© emñÌm§_Ü o dmnabr OmUmar

g§emoYZmMr arV (Scientific procedure) g_mOemñÌkhr Adb§{~VmV. g_mOemñÌmV emñÌr` g§emoYZ

nÕVtMm Adc§~ hmoV Agë`mZo g_mOemñÌ ho emñÌ Amho. {d{dY g_mOemñÌr` n[adË`mªMo OmñVrV OmñV

H$mQ>oH$moa Am{U AMyH$ _mnZ (measurement) H$aÊ`mMmhr g_mOemñÌk à`ËZ H$aVmV. {d{dY _mnZnQ²>Q>çm

(Scales) g_mOemñÌkmZr {dH${gV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. (CXm. A{^d¥Îmr _mnZ V§Ìo). {d{dY gm§p»`H$s` V§Ìm§Mm

(Statistical techniques) Cn`moJ H$ê$Z g_mOemñÌk Ë`m§À`m {ZîH$fm©V A{YH$m{YH$ AMwH$Vm Am{U

H$mQ>oH$moanUm AmUÊ`mMmhr à`ËZ H$aVmV. _mZdr ñd^mdmÀ`m Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m ñdê$nm_wio g_mOemñÌkmbm nyU©nUo

dñVw{ZîR> g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mg H$mhr _`m©Xm Agë`m Var Ë`mM {df`mda AZoH$ emñÌkm§Zr dma§dma g§emoYZ H$ê$Z

g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZmVhr dñVw{ZîR>Vm AmUVm oVo. g_mOemñÌk OmUrdnyd©H$ Amnbo g§emoYZ dñVw{ZîR>

amhrb `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVmV. Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§BVŠ`m à_mUmVrb H$mQ>oH$moa ^{dî`H$WZj_Vm g_mOemñÌr`

g§emoYZmV eŠ` Zgbr Var eŠ` Agob {VWo g_mOemñÌkhr g_mOmVrb ^{dî`H$mbrZ KS>m_moS>tMo H$b H$go

amhVrb `m~m~V nyd©H$WZhr H$aVmV. darb gd© {ddoMZmdê$Z g_mOemñÌ ho emñÌ Amho ho ñnîQ> hmoVo. EH$

gm_m{OH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmbm AmO OJâ _mÝ`Vm bm^br Amho. emñÌmMr H$moUVr bjUo g_mOemñÌmV

{XgyZ oVmV? `m~m~VÀ`m Imbr {Xboë`m _wÚm§dê$Z EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n Zo_Ho$nUo ñnîQ>

hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.

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1) {ZarjUj_ Agm Aä`mg{df` (Observable Subjectmatter) : Oo Oo {ZarjU H$aÊ`mOmoJo

Amho, Oo Oo AZw dmÀ`m H$joV oVo Ë`mMm Aä`mg emñÌ H$aVo. gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m dm dV©Z, gm_m{OH$

g§~§Y, {d{dY n«H$maÀ`m gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm hm g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` {ZarjUj_/AZw dH$joV

oUmam, AgmM Amho. _mZdm-_mZdmVrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mr H$ënZm Ë`m§À`m dV©Zmdê$Z oVo. åhUyZ àË`j

KS>Umè`m _mZdr dV©ZmMo, gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU H$ê$Z Ë`mda AmYm[aV Ago gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym{df`rMo

gm_mÝ` {Z`_ g_mOemñÌk à{VnmXZ H$aVmV. g_mOemñÌr` kmZ AZw d{gÕ nwamì`mda Adb§~yZ

AgVo. åhUyZM g_mOemñÌ ho AZw d{ZîR> (empirical) emñÌ Amho.

2) emñÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVrMm Adb§~ (Use of Scientific Method) : H$moUË`mhr Aä`mg{df`mMo

qH$dm kmZemIoMo (discipline) emñÌr`Ëd Ë`mV H$moUË`m {df`mMm Aä`mg hmoVmo mda Adb§~yZ ZgVo,

Va Aä`mgmgmR>r H$moUVr nÕV dmnabr OmVo `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. g_mOemñÌmZo Amnë`m

Aä`mg{df`mÀ`m AÜ``ZmgmR>r emñÌr` nÕVrMmM A§{JH$ma Ho$bobm Amho. åhUyZ g_mOemñÌk Amnë`m

AÜ``ZH$joVrb {d{dY {df`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm emñÌr` g§emoYZ arVrMm Adb§~ H$arV Agë`m_wioM

g_mOemñÌ ho emñÌ Amho.

3) g_mOm~ÔbMo gwì`dpñWV qH$dm g§K{Q>V kmZ (Organised Knowledge about Society):

emñÌ åhUOo KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§~ÔbÀ`m _m{hVrMo Ho$di g§H$bZ Zìho. emñÌ hr VÏ`m§Mr EH$ ì`dñWm

qH$dm aMZm AgVo. emñÌ åhUOo VÏ`m§~ÔbÀ`m kmZmMo gwg§~Õ g§KQ>Z hmo . `m X¥îQ>rZo g_mOemñÌmH$S>o

nm{hë`mg Ago {XgyZ oB©b H$s, gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym{df`rMo, g_J« g_mOm{df`rMo Oo kmZ g_mOemñÌk

{_i{dVmV Vo {dñH${iV ZgyZ gwg§K{Q>V ñdê$nmVM Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr AgVo.

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm, g_mOì`dñWm, gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU, gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z, g_mOrH$aU, gm_m{OH$

{Z §ÌU B. g_mOemñÌmVrb g§H$ënZm åhUOo kmZmMo EH$ àH$maMo g§KQ>ZM Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo g_mOemñÌmV

{d{dY {gÕm§V XoIrb _m§S>bobo AmhoV. {gÕm§V åhUOo g§K{Q>V ñdê$nmVrbM kmZ AgVo. gmam§e,

g_mOemñÌr` kmZ g§K{Q>V qH$dm gwì`dpñWV (organized or systematized) Agë`mZo g_mOemñÌ

ho emñÌ Amho.

4) g_mOemñÌr` kmZ àË §VaUj_ AgVo (Sociological Knowledge is Verifiable) : H$moUË`mhr

emñÌmV EH$Xm à{VnmXZ Ho$bobo {Z`_ AJa {gÕm§V A§{V_ gË` åhUyZ ñdrH$mabo OmV ZmhrV.

g_mOemñÌr` kmZ àË §VaUj_ Amho. dma§dma g§emoYZ H$ê$Z AmYrÀ`m {ZîH$fmªMm IaoImoQ>onUm VnmgyZ

nmhVm oVmo. Zì`m nwamì`mÀ`m COoS>mV AmYr _m§S>bobo {gÕm§V nwÝhm nwÝhm VnmgyZ nhmÊ`mMr à{H«$`m

gmVË`mZo gwê$M AgVo. g§emoYZmVyZ gmVË`mZo COoS>mV oUmè`m Zì`m _m{hVrÀ`m COoS>mV OwZo {Z`_

qH$dm {gÕm§V dma§dma VnmgyZ nm{hë`m_wio emñÌmV à_m{UV kmZmMm A{daV g§M` hmoV AgVmo.

g_mOemñÌmV XoIrb àñWm{nV {gÕm§VmMo dm gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§~m~VÀ`m {Z`_m§Mo Ago dma§dma narjU

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Ho$bo OmÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Agë`mZo Ë`mV à_m{UV ñdê$nmÀ`m g§{MV (Cumulative) kmZmMm

A{daV AmoK gwê$ AgVmo. EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemómMo ho AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç hmo .

5) Z¡{VH$ VQ>ñWVm (Ethical Neutrality) : AÜ``Z-{df`m~m~VMr Z¡{VH$ VQ>ñWVm hm gd©M emñÌm§Mm

g_mZ Agm JwUY_© Amho. g_mOemñÌhr Z¡{VH$ àíZm§da H$moUVmM nj KoV Zmhr. EImXr JmoîQ> Z¡{VH$X¥îQ>çm

`mo½` dm A`mo½` Amho `m{df`rMm A{^àm` XoUo g_mOemñÌk dÁ © _mZVmV. «îQ>mMma, doí`md¥Îmr,

JwÝhoJmar `mgma»`m {df`m§Mm VQ>ñW Am{U dñVw{ZîR> X¥{îQ>H$moUmVyZ Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU

H$aÊ`mda g_mOemñÌk â XoVmV.

6) g_mOemñÌ H$mhr à_mUmV ^{dî`H$WZj_ Amho (Sociology can make predictions to

some extent) : yVH$mbrZ KQ>Zm§Mo nwZ{d©bmoH$Z Am{U g_H$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mr {ZarjUo m§À`m

AmYmamda gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo ^{dî`H$mbrZ H$b (trends) H$go AgVrb `m{df`rMo ^m{H$V

g_mOemñÌmV Ho$bo OmVo. CXm. gm_m{OH$ bmoH$g§»`memñÌk bmoH$g§» oVrb dmT> Am{U g§aMZm `m~m~V

^{dî`H$WZ H$aVmV.

7) g_mOemñÌ ho gmnojV: A_yV© emñÌ Amho (Sociology is relatively abstract science):

EImÚm {d{eîQ> _yV© gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZoÀ`m Aä`mgmV g_mOemñÌmbm ag Zmhr. CXm. Hw$Qy>§~, {ddmh, gm_m{OH$

g_yh ho g_mOemñÌmÀ`m AÜ``Z joÌmVrb H$mhr KQ>H$ AmhoV. `mMm AW© EImÚm {d{eîQ> Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m,

{ddmhmÀ`m AWdm g_yhmÀ`m Aä`mgmV g_mOemñÌkmZm ag ZgVmo Va Hw$Qy>§~, {ddmh, g_yh AmXtÀ`m

A_yV© bjUm§À`m Aä`mgmV g_mOemñÌkmZm ag AgVmo.

8) g_mOemñÌ _ybV: "ewÕ' emñÌ Amho (Sociology is basically a pure science) : "ewÕ'

Am{U "ì`mdhm[aH$' emñÌ Aer emñÌm§Mr {d^mJUr Ho$br OmVo. kmZ g§nmXZ H$aUo ho ewÕ emñÌmMo _w»`

C{ÔîQ> AgVo. CnbãY kmZmMm ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mOmÀ`m \$m`ÚmgmR>r Cn`moJ H$aUo ho ì`mdhm[aH$ emñÌmMo

_w»` C{ÔîQ> AgVo. `m X¥îQ>rZo {dMma Ho$ë`mg, g_mOemñÌ ho _ybV: "ewÕ' emñÌ Amho. _mZdr

g_mOm§~ÔbMo kmZ g§nmXZ H$aUo ho g_mOemñÌmMo _w»` C{ÔîQ> Amho. nU g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm Cn`moJ

hmoV Zmhr Agm _mÌ mMm AW© Zmhr. gm_m{OH$ OrdZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r, gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r,

gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r B. {d{dY àH$mao g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`moJ

Ho$bm OmVmo. `m àH$aUmVrb eodQ>À`m KQ>H$mV AmnU g_mOemñÌmMo Cn`moJ Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. Voìhm

g_mOemór` kmZ H$go Cn wŠV Amho ho AmUIr ñnîQ> hmoB©b.

9) g_mOemñÌ ho {Z`_ZmË_H$ dm AmXe©dmXr (Normative) {dkmZ Zmhr : "H$m` Amho' (what is)

ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mda g_mOemñÌmMm a AgVmo, "H$m` Agmdo' (what ought to be) m {df`r g_mOemñÌ

_VàXe©Z H$arV Zmhr. g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr AJa g_yh nañnam§er H$go dmJVmV? gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mo dm

KQ>Zm§Mo ñdê$n H$m` Amho mMm dñVw{ZîR> (objective) X¥{îQ>H$moUmVyZ D$hmnmoh g_mOemñÌmV Ho$bm OmV

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Agë`mZo Vo EH$ dmñV{dH$ {dkmZ (positive science) Amho. _mUgm§Zr dm _mZdr g_yhm§Zr

nañnam§er H$go dmJmdo `m{df`rMo AmXoe g_mOemñÌmV {Xbo OmV ZmhrV. åhUyZM Zr{VemñÌ,

gm¢X ©emñÌ `mgmaIo {Z`_ZmË_H$ qH$dm AmXe©dmXr (Normative) Ago g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n Zmhr

hr XoIrb Ü`mZmV R>odÊ`mgmaIr ~m~ Amho. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV g_mOmVrb Xw~©b, emo{fVm§Mr ~mOy

KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm Ý`m` {_imdm Aer ^y{_H$m KoD$Z g_mOemñÌr` {bImU H$aUmao g_mOemñÌkhr

nhmd`mg {_iVmV.

10) g_mOemñÌ ho EH$ gm_m{OH$ emñÌ Amho (Sociology is a Social Science) : AZw d{ZîR>

emñÌm§Mo "Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌo' (Natural Sciences) Am{U "gm_m{OH$ emñÌo' (Social Sciences) Ago

ñWyb dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. ho dJuH$aU `m emñÌm§À`m Aä`mg{df`mda AmYmabobo Amho. ^m¡{VH$ VgoM

O¡{dH$ ñdénmÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§_Ü o hmoVmo. nXmW©{dkmZ (qH$dm m¡{VH$emñÌ),

agm`ZemñÌ, OrdemñÌ, yJ ©emñÌ, IJmobemñÌ BË`mXr hr Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌo AmhoV. g_mOemñÌ,

AW©emñÌ, amÁèmñÌ, B{Vhmg, _mZdemñÌ, _mZgemñÌ B. hr gm_m{OH$ emñÌo AmhoV.

ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo "g_mOmVrb _mUyg' hm gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§À`m AÜ``ZmMm H|$ÐdVu {df` Amho. "_mUgmMo

g_mOmVrb dV©Z' Aä`mgUo ho gd©M gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§Mo C{ÔîQ> Amho. {d{dY gm_m{OH$ emñÌo _mZdr dV©ZmÀ`m

{d{dY n¡by§Mm Ë`m§À`m {d{eîQ> n[aàoú`mVyZ Am{U {d{eîQ> Aä`mgV§Ìo dmnê$Z Aä`mg H$aVmV. CXm. AW©emñÌmV

(Economics) {d{dY dñVy, godm, g§nÎmr `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$er hmoVo, Ë`m§Mo {dVaU Am{U Cn^moJ BË`mXtMm

Aä`mg hmoVmo. amÁèmñÌmV (Political Science) gÎmm, emgZ, amOH$s` nj, amOH$maU Am{U {d{dY amOH$s`

à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. _mZdemñÌmV (Authropology) _mZdmMr gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, O¡{dH$,

emar[aH$ d¡{eîQ>ço, _mZdr àJVr Am{U {dH$mg `m§Mm Vm¡b{ZH$ ñdénmV Aä`mg hmoVmo. B{Vhmg (History)

_mZdr g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U gä`Vm§Mm, Ë`mVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg hmoVmo. _mZgemñÌmV

(Psychology) _mZdr dV©ZmMm Am{U _mUgmÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îd d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Aä`mg hmoVmo. g_mO H$m © (Social

work) ho _ybV: ì`mdhm[aH$ emñÌ (Applied Science) AgyZ Ë`mV gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§Vrb kmZmMm ì`pŠVJV

Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r dmna H$aÊ`mda â AgVmo.

àË oH$ gm_m{OH$ emñÌmMm {d{eîQ> Agm Aä`mg{df` Agbm Var {d{dY gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§À`m gr_maofm

H$mQ>oH$moanUo doJù`m H$aVm oV ZmhrV. AZoH$ {df` Ago AmhoV H$s Á`m§Mm Aä`mg gd©M gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§_Ü o

Ho$bm OmVmo (CXm. g§ñH¥$Vr). åhUOo, gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§À`m gr_maofm nwgQ> AmhoV Ë`m_wio {d{dY gm_m{OH$

emñÌm§V AmXmZ-àXmZ qH$dm XodmU-KodmU MmbVo. {edm`, gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm gdmªJrU Aä`mg H$moUË`mhr

EH$m gm_m{OH$ emñÌmbm H$aVm oUo eŠ` Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV H$mhr {df`m§darb g§emoYZm~m~V

{d{dY gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§_Ü o Am§Va{dÚmemIr` X¥{îQ>H$moZ (Interdisciplinary Approach) Adb§{~Ê`mV

òVmo.

30

EH$ gm_m{OH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMm {dMma H$aVmZm EH$ _hÎdmMr ~m~ bjmV KoUo Oê$arMo

Amho. Vr åhUOo {d{dY gm_m{OH$ emñÌo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m {dd{jV qH$dm {d{eîQ> n¡by§da bj H|${ÐV

H$aVmV. nU g_mOemñÌmMo _mÌ Vgo Zmhr. g_mOemñÌmV _mZdr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m gm_y{hH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm,

g_J« gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm g_mO hmM EH$H$ _mZyZ Aä`mg hmoVmo. Ë`mV g_mO OrdZmÀ`m H$moUË`mVar EH$mM

n¡byMm Aä`mg hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM g_mOemñÌ ho gm_mÝ` (general), gmaê$n (synoptic) gm_m{OH$ emñÌ

Amho.


Imbrb àíZm§Mr àË oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emñÌr` ñdê$nm~m~VÀ`m Q>rHo$Vrb _w»` _wÔo H$moUVo hmoVo?

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2) EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMr H$moUVrhr Mma à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

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2.4 gmam§e (Let Us Sum Up) :

`m KQ>H$mV AmnU EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n Aä`mgbo Amho. g_mOemñÌmMo emñÌr`

ñdê$n g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àma§ r AmnU "emñÌ' `m g§koMm AW©, emór` nÕVrVrb {d{dY AdñWm, emñÌr`

kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ KoVbr. `m nmíd© y_rda g_mOemñÌmMo emñÌr` ñdê$n g_OyZ KoVmZm àW_ AmnU

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emñÌr` ñdê$nm~m~V Q>rH$mH$mamZr CnpñWV Ho$bobo _wÔo {dMmamV KoVbo. m _wÚm§Mo g_mOemñÌkmZr

Ho$bobo I§S>Zhr AmnU {dMmamV KoVbo. Ë`mZ§Va EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aUmao {d{dY _wÔo

AmnU Aä`mgbo. `m KQ>H$mV Á`m _wÚm§Mo AmnU AÜ``Z Ho$bo Vo Imbrbà_mUo -

1) H$moUË`mhr AZw d{ZîR> emñÌmV VÏ`m§Mm Aä`mg hmoVmo. VÏ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r emñÌr` nÕVrMm

Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYZ nÕVrbmM {dkmZ _mZbo OmVo. emñÌmV kmZmMo g§KQ>Z Ho$bo OmVo.

2) gd© emñÌm§_Ü o g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo {Vbm emñÌr` nÕVr Ago åhUVmV.

emñÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVrV H$mhr AdñWm qH$dm nm`è`m AgVmV Ë`m Aem : (1) g_ñ`m-gyÌU (2)

{gÕm§VH$ënZm qH$dm C{ÔîQ>o {ZpíMV H$aUo (3) g§emoYZmMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aUo (4) VÏ`-g§H$bZ

H$aUo (5) VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU Am{U {díbofU H$aUo (6) {ZîH$fmªMr _m§S>Ur Am{U Ahdmb boIZ H$aUo.

3) (1) dñVw{ZîR>Vm (2) àË §VaUj_Vm (3) Z¡{VH$ VQ>ñWVm (4) {Z:g§{X½YVm Am{U H$mQ>oH$moanUm /

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AMyH$Vm (5) A_yV©Vm (6) ^{dî`H$WZj_Vm Am{U (7) ì`dñWrH$aU Am{U g§KQ>Z hr emñÌr`

kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. hrM emñÌr` nÕVrMr qH$dm emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço _mZbr OmVmV.

4) AmOH$mb g_mOemñÌmbm EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm bm^br Agbr Var n«ma§ rÀ`m H$mimV H$mhr

{dÛmZm§Zr g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emñÌr` ñdê$nm~m~V Q>rH$m Ho$br hmoVr. `m Q>rHo$Vrb à_wI _wÔo nwT>rbà_mUo

- (1) AÜ``ZmV à`moJ nÕVrÀ`m Adb§~mMm Am{U à`moJemim§Mm A^md (2) dñVw{ZîR>VoMm A^md

(3) H$mQ>oH$moanUm Am{U AMyH$VoMm A^md (4) ^{dî` H$WZj_VoMm A^md. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m

Aä`mg{df`mMo Jw§VmJw§VrMo ñdê$n ho `m Q>rHo$Mo _yi H$maU Amho.

5) nwT>rb d¡{eîQ>çm§dê$Z g_mOemñÌmMo EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ Agbobo ñdê$n A{YH$ ñnîQ> hmoVo. - (1)

{ZarjUj_ Aä`mg{df` (2) g§emoYZmgmR>r emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ (3) g_mOemñÌr` kmZ ho

g§K{Q>V AgVo (4) g_mOemñÌr` kmZ àË §VaUj_ AgVo (5) Z¡{VH$ VQ>ñWVm (6) g_mOemñÌ H$mhr

à_mUmV ^{dî`H$WZhr H$ê$ eH$Vo (7) g_mOemñÌ ho A_yV© ñdê$nmMo emñÌ Amho (8) g_mOemñÌ

_ybV: "ewÕ' emñÌ Amho. (9) g_mOemñÌ ho AmXe©dmXr {dkmZ Zmhr (10) g_mOemñÌ ho gm_mÝ`,

gmaê$n {dkmZ Amho Am{U (11) g_mOemñÌ EH$ gm_m{OH$ emñÌ Amho.

2.5 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress):

ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1

1) ""emñÌr` nÕVrZo {_i{dboë`m KQ>Zm§À`m qH$dm VÏ`m§À`m kmZmMo gwì`dpñWV g§KQ>Z åhUOo emñÌ

hmo '' Aer Ho$.Q>r. ~g§VmZr `m§Zr emñÌ `m g§koMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho.

2) emñÌmMr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo - 1) emñÌ åhUOo VÏ`m§{df`rMo kmZ hmo . 2) VÏ`m§{df`rMo kmZ

emñÌr` nÕVrZo {_i{dbobo AgVo. 3) emñÌr` kmZ {dñH${iV ZgyZ Vo gwg§K{Q>V AgVo.


1) VÏ`m§{df`rÀ`m H$moUË`mhr kmZemIoMo emñÌr`Ëd kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnaboë`m Aä`mgnÕVrda

Adb§~yZ AgVo; Ë`m kmZemIoÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mda Vo Adb§~yZ ZgVo.

2) (1) g_ñ`mgyÌU (2) {gÕm§VH$ënZm§Mr {ZpíMVr (3) g§emoYZmMm AmamIS>m {dH${gV H$aUo (4) VÏ`

g§H$bZ H$aUo (5) VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU Am{U {dícofU H$aUo (6) {ZîH$fmªMr _m§S>Ur Am{U Ahdmb boIZ

`m emñÌr` nÕVrVrb à_wI nm`è`m qH$dm AdñWm AmhoV.


1) dñVw{ZîR> kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r emñÌkmbm Ë`mÀ`m gd© nyd©-H$ënZm, nyd©J«h, lÕm, ì`pŠVJV _yë o,

{hVg§~§Y Am{U AmdS>r-{ZdS>r `m ~m~tZm OmUrdnyd©H$ ~mOybm R>odyZ KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU H$amdo bmJVo.

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2) emñÌr` g§H$ënZm, gm_mÝ`rH$aUo, emñÌr` {Z`_ Am{U {gÕm§V `m ñdê$nmV emñÌr` kmZmMo g§KQ>Z

Pmbobo AgVo.

3) emñÌr` kmZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo : (1) dñVw{ZîR>Vm (2) àË §VaUj_Vm (3) {Z:g§{X½YVm Am{U

AMyH$Vm (4) Z¡{VH$ VQ>ñWVm (5) A_yV©Vm (6) ^{dî`H$WZj_Vm (7) ì`dñWrH$aU Am{U g§KQ>Z.


1) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emñÌr` ñdénm~m~VÀ`m Q>rHo$Vrb à_wI _wÔo nwT>rbà_mUo : (1) AÜ``ZmV à`moJ

nÕVrÀ`m Adb§~mMm Am{U à`moJemim§Mm A^md (2) dñVw{ZîR>VoMm A^md (3) H$mQ>oH$moanUm Am{U

AMyH$VoMm A^md Am{U (4) ^{dî`H$WZj_VoMm A^md.

2) EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMr Mma à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo : (1) {ZarjUj_ Aä`mg{df` (2)

emñÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVrMm dmna (3) àË §VaUj_ kmZ Am{U (4) Z¡{VH$ VQ>ñWVm

2.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR> (Exercise/Home Assignment):

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao V`ma H$am :

1) "emñÌ' `m g§koMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z emñÌmÀ`m VrZ à_wI d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

2) emñÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVrVrb à_wI AdñWm§Mo dU©Z H$am.

3) emñÌr` kmZmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

4) EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

2.7 qMVZ Am{U H$m © (Reflection and Action) :

g_mOemñÌ {df`mVrb EImXm nrEM.S>r. à~§Y {_idm. à~§YmVrb g§emoYZ nÕVrg§~§YrMo àH$aU dmMm.

g§emoYH$mZo H$moUË`m arVrZo g§emoYZ Ho$bo Amho `mMo ~maH$mB©Zo {ZarjU H$am Am{U AmnU g§emoYZmVrb Á`m

AdñWm§Mo AÜ``Z Ho$bo Amho Ë`m§À`mer VwbZm H$am.

2.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :

1) Rawat, H. K. : Sociology, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, 2007.

2) Inkeles Alex : What is Sociology?, Inglewood Cliffs, Inc., Prentice Hall, New Delhi 1964.

3) C.N. Shankar Rao : Sociology (5th Edition), S Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.

4) Horton and Hunt : Sociology, Mac Graw Hill, Tokyo, 1976.

5) Abraham M. Francis : Centemparary Sociology, Oxford University, Press, 2006.

6) gmiw§Io gO}amd : g_mOemñÌmVrb _yb yV g§H$ënZm, Za|Ð àH$meZ, nwUo, 2006.

ooo

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KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

3.1 àñVmdZm

3.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

3.3 {df` {ddoMZ

3.3.1 gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§Mm WmoS>Š`mV B{Vhmg Am{U g_mOemñÌmMm CX`

3.3.2 g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb gm_m{OH$ - Am{W©H$, amOH$s` Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$-VmpËdH$ eŠVr

3.3.3 g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb àma§{^H$ {dMmad§Vm§Mo `moJXmZ

3.3.4 EH$moUrgmì`m Am{U {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb H$mhr à_wI g_mOemñÌk

3.4 gmam§e


3.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR>




àË oH$ kmZemIobm ñdV:Mm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© B{Vhmg AgVmo. EImÚm {df`mMo ì`dpñWV AmH$bZ H$ê$Z

KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMm B{Vhmg Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. g_mOemñÌmbmhr ñdV:Mm Agm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© B{Vhmg

Amho. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX` Am{U {dH$mgmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mda Amnë`mbm g_mOemñÌmMm CX`

H$moR>o Pmbm? H$Yr Pmbm? H$moUË`m n[apñWVrV Pmbm? àma§{^H$ A{ÔmV g_mOemñÌk H$moU hmoVo? Ë`m§Mo

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb Zo_Ho$ `moJXmZ H$moUVo? AmXr àíZm§Mr CÎmao {_iVrb. `m àíZm§À`m CÎmam§Mm doY

KoÊ`mgmR>r `m KQ>H$mV AmnU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX` Am{U àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmMm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUma

AmhmoV.

KQ>H$ - 3

g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U {dH$mg : WmoS>Š`mV ê$naofm(Origins and Development of Sociology : An Outline)


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u g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX`mnyduÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§À`m B{VhmgmMm WmoS>Š`mV gmam§e {b{hVm oB©b;

u g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX`mg O~m~Xma AgUmè`m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$, amOH$s` Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$-VmpËdH$

KQ>H$m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVm oB©b; Am{U

u àma§{^H$ A{ÔmV g_mOemñÌk H$moU hmoVo Am{U g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb Ë`m§Mo `moJXmZ H$moUVo

hmoVo ho gm§JVm oB©b.

3.3 {df`-{ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter) :

`m KQ>H$mMr {d^mJUr VrZ mJmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. n{hë`m {d^mJmV g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX`mn ªVÀ`m

H$mimVrb gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§À`m B{VhmgmMo WmoS>Š`mV nwZ{d©bmoH$Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Xwgè`m {d^mJmV,

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX`mg O~m~Xma AgUmè`m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$, amOH$s` Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$-VmpËdH$ KQ>H$m§Mo

{ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. {Vgè`m KQ>H$mV àma§ rÀ`m H$mimVrb Am°JñV H$m°åV, h~©Q>© ñnoÝga, E{_b XwaIr_,

H$mb© _mŠg© Am{U _°Šg do~a `m A{ÔmV g_mOemñÌkm§Mo g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb `moJXmZ ñnîQ> Ho$bo

Amho. VgoM 19 ì`m Am{U 20 ì`m eVH$mVrb à_wI {ZdS>H$ g_mOemñÌkm§Mm Zm_moëboI Ho$bm Amho.

3.3.1 gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§Mm WmoS>Š`mV B{Vhmg Am{U g_mOemñÌmMm àma§ :

g_mOemñÌmbm \$ma _moR>m yVH$mi Amho nU Aëngm B{Vhmg bm^bm Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Ë`mMo

H$maU Ago H$s, g_mOmg§~§YrMo _mZdmMo {dMma g_mOmBVHo$M OwZo AmhoV, nU g_mOmg§~§YrMo emñÌr` {dMma

_mÌ AbrH$S>À`m H$mimVrbM AmhoV.

gd© àmMrZ gä`Vm§_Ü o (civilizations) gm_m{OH$ {dMma {XgyZ oVmV. AZoH$ Zm_d§V {dMmad§Vm§Zr

Ë`m§À`m J«§WmVyZ AmXe© g_mOm~ÔbMo Amnbo {dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV. g_mOm{df`rÀ`m qH$dm gm_m{OH$

OrdZm~ÔbÀ`m Aem {dMmam§Mm Am{U Ë`m§À`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm AmVm AmnU KoD$.

n«mMrZ H$mimVrb ßboQ>mo, A°[añQ>m°Q>b, _Zy, H$m¡{Q>ë`, H$m°Ýâ w{e`g, {gaoamo m Am{U Aem Zm_d§V VÎdkm§À`m

{bImUmVyZ gm_m{OH$ {dMma _m§S>bobo {XgyZ oVmV. Ë`m§Zr g_mOmMo ñdê$n Am{U g§KQ>Z, AW©ì`dñWm, H$m`Xo,

{Z`_, Y_©, ZrVremñÌ, VÎdkmZ Aem {df`m§da Amnmnbr _Vo _m§S>br AmhoV. g_mOm~Ôb Am{U g_mOmVrb

{d{dY g§ñWm§~ÔbMo ho {dMma Agë`mZo Vo gm_m{OH$ {dMma R>aVmV. ßboQ>moMm "[anpãcH$', A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo "E{WŠg'

Am{U "nm°{b{Q>Šg', H$m¡{Q>ë`mMm "AW©emñÌ', "_Zwñ_¥Vr', H$m°Ýâ w{e`gMm "A°ZmoboŠQ>g²', {ggoamoMm "Am°Z

OpñQ>g' B. `m J«§Wm§Mm gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§Mo àmMrZ CJ_ñÌmoV åhUyZ CëboI H$aVm oB©b. `m J«§Wm§_Yrb {dMma

g_mO, H$m`Xm, AW©ì`dñWm, ZrVremñÌ, amÁ`g§ñWm, Ý`m`ì`dñWm AmXr {df`m§darb Agbo Var Ë`m§Mo _hÎdmMo

d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Ë`mVyZ AmXe© g_mOì`dñWo~ÔbMo (ideal social order) {MÌU AmT>iyZ oVo. Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n

gm_m{OH$ Agbo Var Ë`m {dMmamZm AmOÀ`m AWm©Zo "emñÌr`' ~¡R>H$ _mÌ ZìhVr.

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_Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mVrb gm_m{OH$ {dMma àm_w»`mZo Ym{_©H$ ñdê$nmMo {dMma hmoVo. MM© qH$dm Ym{_©H$

VÎdkmZmMm àM§S> à^md _Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mVrb {dMmam§da nS>bm hmoVm. `m {dMmam§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Vo

AmÜ`mpË_H$ ñdê$nmMo ñd¡a qMVZ qH$dm VÎdkmZ hmoVo.

gmoimì`m eVH$mZ§VaÀ`m H$mbI§S>mVrb {dMmad§Vm§Mo gm_m{OH$ {dMma A{YH$ àJë^ Am{U gwì`dpñWV

arVrZo _m§S>bobo {XgyZ oVmV. Machiavelli m§Mm "The Prince", Thomas Hobbs m§Mm "Leviathan",

Rousseau `m§Mm "Social Contract", Adam Smith `m§Mm "Wealth of Nations", Condorcet

`m§Mm "Historical Sketch of the Progress of Human Mind" B. hr {dMmad§Vm§Mr Am{U Ë`m§À`m

J«§Wm§Mr Aer H$mhr CXmhaUo AmhoV H$s Á`m§_YyZ g_mO, AW©ì`dñWm, amOì`dñWm Am{U EH§$Xa g_mOOrdZ

`m{df`rMo gyÌ~Õ Am{U AË §V gwì`dpñWV {dMma _m§S>bobo {XgyZ oVmV. `m{edm`, Sir Thomas More

`m§Mm "Utopia", Thomas Campanella m§Mm "City of the Sun", Sir Francis Bacon m§Mm "New

Atlantis", H. G. Wells m§Mm "A Modern Utopia" B. m J«§Wm§_YyZ Ë`m Ë`m {dMmad§VmZr gd© d¡JwÊ`m§nmgyZ

_wŠV Aem AmXe© g_mOm~ÔbMo {dMma ì`ŠV Ho$bobo AmT>iVmV. da CëboI Ho$boë`m `m {dMmam§Mr XmoZ à_wI

d¡{eîQ>ço åhUOo ho {dMma àm_w»`mZo VmpËdH$ (Philosophical) Am{U AmXe©dmXr (Idealistic) ñdénmMo hmoVo.

Ago AgyZXoIrb nwT>rb H$mimV g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX` Am{U {dH$mgmda Aem {dMmam§Mm à^md nS>ë`mMo {dÛmZm§Zr

{ZXe©Zmg AmUbo Amho.

Á`m§Mo {bImU g_mOm{df`rMo gwì`dpñWV AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ g_n©H$ hmoVo Aem XmoZ

{dÛmZm§Mm CëboI H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. n{hbm {dMmad§V åhUOo BQ>br_Yrb {dH$mo (Vico). \«$m{Ýgg ~oH$ZÀ`m

{dMmam§Mm {dH$moda à^md hmoVm. {dH$moÀ`m _Vo, Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r ~oH$ZZo Á`m emñÌr` Aä`mg

nÕVrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm VrM nÕVr dmnê$Z _mZdr g_mOmMm Am{U B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` Amho.

{dH$moZo Ë`mÀ`m "The New Science" `m J«§WmV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, g_mOmbm {ZpíMV Ago {Z`_ bmJy

AmhoV, VgoM dñVw{ZîR> {ZarjU Am{U nÕVera Aä`mgmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oUo eŠ` Amho.

Ë`mZo Agohr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, Á`mà_mUo Z¡g{J©H$ OJmV ì`dñWm, {Z`{_VVm Am{U H$m ©H$maU g§~§Y `m ~m~r

{XgyZ oVmV, Ë`mà_mUoM gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVhr `m ~m~tMo ApñVËd Amho. Ago n«JV {dMma {dH$moZo ì`ŠV Ho$bo

Agbo Varhr _ZmZo _mÌ Vmo _Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mVrb Ym{_©H$ X¥{îQ>H$moZmMm nwañH$ma H$aUmamM {dMmad§V hmoVm.

àJVr Am{U _wŠVr m ~m~r na_oœar H¥$nodaM Adb§~yZ AmhoV Aer Ë`mMr lÕm hmoVr. BQ>br Xoem~mhoa {dH$mobm

Ë`m H$mimV \$mago H$moUr AmoiIV ZìhVo.

Xwgam _hÎdmMm {dMmad§V _m±Q>oñŠ y (Montesquieu) hm hmo . AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV g_mO Am{U B{Vhmg m~m~VMo

EH$ VÎdkmZ _m§S>Umam Vmo {dMmad§V hmoVm. Ë`mZo "The Spirit of Laws" hm gwà{gÕ J§«W {b{hbm. `m J«§WmV

Ë`mZo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb {Z`{_VVm Am{U gm_m{OH$ Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m {Z`_m§Mm emoY KoÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mMo nÕVremñÌr` {dMmahr _mobmMo hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo KQ>Zm qH$dm VÏ`m§Mo {ZarjU Ho$di Ë`m

KQ>Zm g_OyZ KoÊ`mnwaVoM H$aVm H$m_m Z o Va Ë`m KQ>Zm Á`m {Z`_mZr ~Õ AmhoV Ë`m§Mm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r KQ>Zm§Mo

36

{ZarjU Ho$bo nm{hOo. `m nÕVremñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z Ë`mZo emgZì`dñWoMr ê$no (forms of

government) emoYyZ H$mT>br. àOmgÎmmH$ ì`dñWm (Republic), ~S>çm bmoH$m§Mo amÁ` (Aristocracy),

Owby_emhr (Despotism) Am{U amOgÎmmH$ nÕVr (Monarchy) hr Ë`mZo à{VnmXZ Ho$bobr emgZì`dñWoMr

ê$no hmoV. ho g_mOì`dñWoVrb g§aMZmË_H$ KQ>H$ AgyZ Ë`mZo `m emgZì`dñWm§À`m VËdm§Mmhr emoY KoVbm.

_m±Q>oñŠ yMo g_mOg§aMZo~m~VMo {dMmahr àJV hmoVo. Á`m g§ñWmZr g_mO ~ZVmo Ë`m gd© g§ñWm nañnag§~§{YV

AgVmV, Ë`m§À`mV nañnanyaH$ g§~§Y AgyZ Ë`m g_J« g_mOmÀ`m ê$nmda Adb§~yZ AgVmV, Agm _m±Q>oñŠ yMm

X¥{îQ>H$moZ hmoVm. Am`.E_. P¡Q>{bZ `m g_mOemñÌkmZo Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, g_mOemñÌr` {gÕm§V Am{U

nÕVrMm {dH$mg hmoV Agë`mMr àW_ dXu XoUmam {dMmad§V (Forerunner) åhUyZ _m±Q>oñŠ ybm _mZbo nm{hOo.

{dH$mo Am{U _m±Q>oñŠ y m§À`m ì`{V[aŠV, égmo, hoJob, ~moZmëS>, _¡ñÌo, g¢-gr_mo øm {dMmad§Vm§À`m H$ënZm§Mm

Am{U VÎdkmZm§Mm g_mOm{df`rMo AmH$bZ g_¥Õ hmoÊ`mda Am{U g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmda

IynM _moR>m à^md nS>bm hmoVm.

Am¡nMm[aH$ AWm©Zo EH$ ñdV§Ì emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMm CX` 19 ì`m eVH$mV Pmbm. gwà{gÕ \«|$M

VÎdk Am°JñV H$m°åV (1798-1857) `mZr Ë`m§À`m "Positive Philosophy" `m J«§WmV "Sociology" hr

g§km 1839 gmbr gd©àW_ dmnabr. Am°JñV H$m°åVbm ""g_mOemñÌmMm OZH$'' (Father of Sociology)

g_Obo OmVo. emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$ZM g_mOmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago H$m°åVMo

AmJ«hr à{VnmXZ hmoVo. Ë`mZo Agohr ñnîQ> Ho$bo H$s Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§_Ü o Á`m

emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ hmoVmo Ë`mM emñÌr` qH$dm àË`jdmXr Aä`mg nÕVrMm (Positivistic Method)

dmna g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>rhr hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. m¡{VH$ emñÌmÀ`m YVuda g_mOemñÌmMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U

{dH$mg Am°JñV H$m°åVbm A{^àoV hmoVm. Iao åhUOo g_mOm{df`rÀ`m `m Zì`m AÜ``ZjoÌmbm àma§ r Ë`mZo

"Social Physics" (gm_m{OH$ m¡{VH$emñÌ) hrM g§km dmnabr hmoVr. nU {ŠdQ>boQ> ZmdmÀ`m EH$m ~opëO`_

{dÛmZmZo Ë`mÀ`m EH$m emoY{Z~§YmÀ`m erf©H$mV "An Essay on Social Physics" Agm eãXà`moJ dmnaë`mZo

H$m°åVbm Zdr g§km dmnaUo ^mJ nS>bo. _moR>çm ZmB©bmOmZo Am{U ZmIwfrZoM H$m°åVZo "Social Physics" EodOr

"Sociology" Aer Zdr g§km dmnabr. H$m°åVn«_mUoM h~©Q>© ñnoÝga m§À`m {bImUmMmhr g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$

{dH$mgmda à^md nS>bm hmoVm. 1750 Vo 1850 hm gw_mao e§ a dfmªMm H$mbI§S> (qH$dm _m±Q>oñŠ yÀ`m {bImUmnmgyZ

Vo H$m°åV Am{U ñnoÝgaÀ`m {bImUmn ªVMm H$mbI§S>) hm g_mOemñÌmÀ`m nydo©{VhmgmMm H$mbI§S> (Pre-history

of Sociology) _mZVm oB©b.

g_mOemñÌmMr CJ_ñWmZo (origins) Zo_H$s H$moUË`m ~m~rV gmnS>VmV? ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo AR>amì`m

eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Am{U EH$moUrgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m Ama§ rÀ`m H$mimVrb amOH$s` VÎdkmZ, B{VhmgmMo VÎdkmZ,

CËH«$m§Vr{df`H$ {gÕm§V Am{U wamonr` g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` OrdZmVrb Á`m KS>m_moS>rZt

g_mOì`dñWoV àM§S> CbWmnmbW KS>dyZ AmUbr Ë`m KQ>Zm `m ~m~tV g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX`mMr CJ_ñWmZo

emoYVm oVmV.

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`mnwT>rb {d^mJmV, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$ joÌmVrb Á`m eŠVr g_mOemñÌmMm

CX` Am{U {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r O~m~Xma R>aë`m Ë`m§Mo WmoS>Š`mV {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.


Imbrb àíZm§Mr àË oH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) gm_m{OH$ {dMmamMo H$moUVohr VrZ àmMrZ CJ_ñÌmoV gm§Jm.

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2) _Ü` wJrZ H$mimVrb gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§Mr XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

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3) Am°JñV H$m°åV nyduÀ`m Á`m {dMmad§Vm§À`m {bImUmV emñÌr` H$ënZm Am{U g_mO Am{U B{Vhmg

`m{df`rMm gwì`dpñWV X¥{îQ>H$moZ {XgyZ oVmo Aem XmoZ {dMmad§Vm§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

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4) H$moUË`m J«§WmV Am°JñV H$m°åVZo 'Sociology' hr g§km gd©àW_ dmnabr?

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3.3.2 g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX` Am{U àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmVrb gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ Am{U

~m¡{ÕH$-VmpÎdH$ KQ>H$ :

kmZmÀ`m gd©M joÌm§da Ë`m Ë`m H$mimVrb gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$ joÌmVrb KQ>Zm§Mm

à^md nS>Vmo. g_mOemñÌhr `mbm AndmX Zmhr, 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©Vrb Am{U 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m

àma§{^H$ H$mbI§S>mVrb gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$-VmpÎdH$ joÌmVrb AZoH$ KS>m_moS>r

g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U àma§{^H$ {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r O~m~Xma R>aë`m. Aem H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mr MMm© m {d^mJmV

H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

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A) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb gm_m{OH$-amOH$s` Am{U Am{W©H$ eŠVr (Socio-Political

and Economic forces in the Development of Sociology) :

\«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Am{U m§S>dbemhrMm CX`, ZmJarH$aU, g_mOdmX, Ym{_©H$ joÌmVrb

~Xb Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§Mr dmT> ho g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmda à^md Q>mH$Umao _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ hmoV.

`m KQ>H$m§Mo WmoS>Š`mV {ddoMZ Imbr {Xbo Amho.

1) \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr (French Revolution) :

1879 À`m \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§VrZo àma§ Pmboë`m 19 ì`m eVH$mVrb AZoH$ amOH$s` H«$m§Ë`m§Mr _m{bH$m hm

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX`mVrb _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$ hmoVm, Ago Om°O© [aQ>Pa `mZr åhQ>bo Amho. `m amOH$s` H«$m§Ë`m§Mm

g_mOOrdZmda IynM _moR>m à^md nS>bm Am{U g_mO-OrdZmV gH$mamË_H$ Am{U ZH$mamË_H$ Aem XmoÝhr

ñdê$nmMo ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo. {deofV: amOH$s` H«$m§Ë`m§À`m ZH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_mZr AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Mo bj doYyZ

KoVbo. \«$mÝg_Yrb g_mOOrdZ amOH$s` H«$m§Ë`m§Zr T>diyZ {ZKmbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV Jm|Yi Am{U Aì`dñWoMr

pñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`m_wio {dMmad§V AñdñW Pmbo. amOH$s` H«$m§Ë`m§Zr CÜdñV Pmbobr g_mOmMr ì`dñWm

nwÝhm nyd©nXmda AmUUo {dMmad§VmZm Amdí`H$ dmQ>V hmoVo. _Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV Oer ñW¡ ©àYmZ ì`dñWm

g_mOmV hmoVr Ë`mà_mUoM nwÝhm g_mOmV ì`dñWm ìhmdr Ago H$mhtZm dmQ>V hmoVo. Va H$mhr {dMmad§VmZm nwÝhm

_Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mà_mUo g_mOì`dñWm ~Z{dUo AeŠ` dmQ>V hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo Pmbobo ~Xb BVHo$ àM§S> _moR>o

hmoVo H$s nwÝhm "_mJo OmUo' AeŠ`àm` hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV "g_mOì`dñWm' hm H$m°åVgma»`m AZoH$m§À`m qMVZmMm

_w»` {df` ~Zbm. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV ì`dñWm H$er {Z_m©U hmoVo, g_mOì`dñWoMo AmYmañV§ H$moUVo m{df`rMo

{dMma _m§S>Ê`mV oD$ bmJbo.

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Am{U ^m§S>dbemhrMm CX` (The Industrial Revolution and the Rise

of Capitalism) :

19 ì`m Am{U 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§{^H$ H$mimV AZoH$ nmíMmË` XoemV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMr bmQ>

Ambr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr hm EH$M gwQ>m àg§J ZìhVm. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr hr AZoH$ nXar Am{U Jw§VmJw§VrMr KQ>Zm

hmoVr H$s Á`m_wio nmíMmË` eoVràYmZ Xoem§Mo Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmV ê$nm§Va KSy>Z Ambo. AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zr eoVrì`dgm`

gmoSy>Z {Xbm Am{U CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`mVrb, H$maImÝ`mVrb Zdr H$m_o ñdrH$mabr. V§Ì{dkmZmVrb àJVr_wio H$maImZm

CËnmXZ nÕVrVhr AZoH$ gwYmaUm KSy>Z Amë`m. H$maImZm CËnmXZ nÕVrbm gwg§JV Am{U nmofH$ R>aUmè`m

AZoH$ ZmoH$aemhr g§KQ>Zm, Am{W©H$ Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm VgoM Zì`m ~mOmanoR>m ApñVËdmV Amë`m. Ë`mVyZM nwT>o

^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoMm CX` Pmbm. Z\$m H$_{dUmam m§S>dbXmam§Mm dJ© Ogm CX`mg Ambm VgmM H$maImÝ`mVrb

l_mda CnOr{dH$m H$aUmam l_Ordr qH$dm H$m_Jma dJ©hr CX`mg Ambm. H$m_Jmam§Mo OrdZ Ogo A{YH$m{YH$

H$îQ>àX ~Zbo Ver H$m_Jma Midi OÝ_mbm Ambr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr, ^m§S>dbemhrMm CX` Am{U `m XmohmoZm

Pmbobr l{_H$m§Mr à{V{H«$`m m_wio nmíMmË` g_mOmV àM§S> CbWm-nmbW Pmbr. m ~m~rZr AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Mo

39

bj doYyZ KoVbo. H$mb© _mŠg©, E{_b XwaIr_, _°Šg do~a Am{U Om°O© {gå_ob `mgma»`m {dMmad§Vm§À`m

boIZmVyZ Ë`mMo à{Vq~~ {XgyZ oVo.

3) ZmJarH$aU (Urbanization) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm~amo~aM ZmJarH$aU à{H«$ obm MmbZm {_imbr. CÚmoJY§Úm§Mr H|$Ðo Oer {Z_m©U hmoV

Jobr Am{U {dH${gV Pmbr Ë`m~amo~aM J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmda Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ðm§À`m /

eham§À`m {XeoZo ñWbm§Va KSy>Z Ambo. H$maImÝ`mVrb Zì`m ZmoH$è`m§À`m emoYmV bmoH$ J«m_rU mJmVyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$

eham§H$S>o ñWbm§Va H$ê$ bmJbo. mMm ZmJar VgoM J«m_rU g_mOm§dahr AZoH$-nXar n[aUm_ Pmbm. ñWbm§V[aVm§À`m

OrdZmdahr `mMm n[aUm_ Pmbm. Ë`m§Zm ehamVrb n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoVmZm AZoH$ AS>MUrZm Vm|S> Úmdo

bmJbo. eham§À`m g_ñ`m Vrd« ~Zë`m. àM§S> bmoH$g§» oMo H|$ÐrH$aU, ZmJar gw{dYm§Mm A^md, _moR>r dmhVyH$

ì`dñWm, {d{dY àH$maMo àXyfU, JwÝhoJmarVrb dmT> B. g_ñ`mZr ZJam§Zm J«mgbo. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ {dMmad§V ZmJar

OrdZmÀ`m Am{U ZmJar g_ñ`m§À`m Aä`mgmH$S>o dibo.

4) g_mOdmX (Socialism) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ ì`dñWoMo Am{U ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoMo AZoH$ ZH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ g_mOmda hmoD$

bmJë`mMo {dMmad§Vm§À`m àH$fm©Zo Ü`mZmV oD$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wio ^m§S>dbemhrbm n`m© åhUyZ "g_mOdmX'

(Socialism) hr {dMmagaUr AZoH$m§Zm AmH${f©V H$ê$ bmJbr. H$mb© _mŠg© hm à{V^membr {dMmad§V "g_mOdmXr'

{dMmagaUrMm à_wI n«UoVm hmoVm. m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWm CbWyZ Q>mHy$Z g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoUo Amdí`H$

Amho Ago _mŠg©Mo AmJ«hr à{VnmXZ hmoVo. `mgmR>r H«$m§VrÀ`m _mJm©Zo n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUbo Omdo Aer Ë`mMr

y{_H$m hmoVr. nU H$mhr BVa {dMmad§Vm§Zr, g_mOmV H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mEodOr m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoA§VJ©VM

H$mhr gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m Omì`mV Aer y{_H$m _m§S>br. m§S>dbemhrMm nwañH$ma H$aUmao Am{U g_mOdmXmMm

nwañH$ma H$aUmao Agm {dMmaàUmbrV oX AgUmè`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr Oo boIZ Ho$bo Ë`m_wio g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm

hmV^ma bm^bm.

5) Ym{_©H$VoVrb ~Xb (Religious Change):

Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZmVrb {dH$mg `m_wio bmoH$m§À`m Y_m©{df`rÀ`m Am{U

na_oídam{df`rÀ`m X¥{îQ>H$moZmV ~Xb KSy>Z Ambm. bmoH$m§Mm X¥{îQ>H$moZ A{YH$ {M{H$ËgH$ Am{U emñÌr` ~Zy

bmJbm. n[aUm_r, A{VZ¡g{J©H$ eŠVt, na_oída mdarb bmoH$m§Mr lÕm T>iy bmJbr. bmoH$m§Mr Ym{_©H$ _Zmod¥Îmr

hiyhiy ~Xby bmJbr. bmoH$m§À`m _Zmdarb Am{U EH§$Xa g_mOmdarb Y_m©Mo dM©ñd hiy hiy H$_r hmoD$ bmJbo.

àma§{^H$ H$mimVrb AZoH$ g_mOemñÌk Ym{_©H$ nmíd© y_r bm^bobo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio "Y_©' hm Ë`m§À`m g_mOemñÌr`

qMVZmMm EH$ _w»` {df` ~Zbm. Am°JñV H$m°åV, E{_b XwaIr_, _°Šg do~a `m§Zr Y_m©Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mMo

{XgyZ oVo.

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6) Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§Mm {dH$mg (The Growth of Natural Sciences) :

Á`m H$mimV g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U àma§{^H$ {dH$mg hmoV hmoVm Ë`m H$mimV m¡{VH$emñÌ, OrdemñÌ,

agm`ZemñÌ B. Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§Mm {dH$mg PnmQ>çmZo hmoV hmoVm. hr emñÌo Am{U Ë`mVrb emñÌk `m§Zm g_mOmV

_mZmMo ñWmZ {_iV hmoVo, à{gÕr {_iV hmoVr. Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r hr emñÌo emñÌr` nÕVrMm

Adb§~ H$arV hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m à^mdm_wio H$m°åV, XwaIr_gmaIo {dMmad§V emñÌr`/àË`jdmXr g§emoYZ nÕVrMm

Adb§~ g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r XoIrb Ho$bm Omdm Ago AmJ«hr à{VnmXZ H$arV hmoVo. nU, Z¡g{J©H$ OJ d

gm_m{OH$ OrdZ `mV oX AmhoV; Ë`m_wio Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m Aä`mgnÕVrMm gagH$Q> dmna

g_mOOrdZmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r H$aÊ`mV AS>MUr AmhoV Am{U ho {ddoH$snUmMo R>aUma Zmhr, Aer _Vo _°Šg

do~agma»`m {dMmad§VmZr ì`ŠV Ho$br. Ë`m_wio nÕVremñÌr` dmX-{ddmX KSy>Z Ambm. AemàH$mao Z¡g{J©H$

emñÌm§Mm {dH$mg, `m emñÌmVrb emñÌkm§Mr bmoH${à`Vm VgoM `m emñÌmVrb Aä`mgnÕVr gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§Zm

{H$VnV Cn wŠV AmhoV `m{df`r Pmbobm dmX-{ddmX `m ~m~tMm g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmda à^md nS>bm.

~) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb ~m¡{ÕH$ Am{U VmpËdH$ KQ>H$ (Intellectnal and Philosophical

forces in the Development of Sociology) :

à~moYZ`wJmVrb H$ënZm, àË`jdmX, CËH«$m§VrdmX Am{U _mZdVmdmXr {dMmaàUmbr `m§Mmhr

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmda à^md nS>bm hmoVm. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmda `m KQ>H$m§Mm H$gm à^md nS>bm

`m{df`rMo WmoS>Š`mV {ddoMZ Imbr {Xbo Amho.

1) ""à~moYZ wJ'' (The "Enlightenment") :

P¡Q>{bZ `m§À`m _Vo g_mOemñÌr` g¡Õm§{VH$ {dH$mgmMr CJ_ñWmZo à~moYZ wJmV gmnS>VmV. do~ñQ>a

eãXH$mofmZwgma, à~moYZ wJ hm 17 ì`m Am{U 18 ì`m eVH$mVrb VÎdkmZ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmVrb MidirMm

H$mbI§S> hmo . àñWm{nV na§namJV lÕm§{df`r {M{H$ËgH$ d¥ÎmrZo àíZ CnpñWV H$aUo, {ddoH$~wÕrMm _wŠV dmna,

AZw d{ZîR> emñÌr` nÕVrMm/X¥{îQ>H$moZmMm {dH$mg Am{U _mZdr H$ë`mUm~ÔbMr AmñWm hr à~moYZ wJmMr

R>iH$ bjUo AmhoV. à~moYZ wJmV AZoH$ _moR>o {dMmad§V hmoD$Z Jobo. Ë`m H$mimVrb {dMmad§Vm§Zr Á`m Zì`m

H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m Ë`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX` Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV nmofH$ R>aë`m. à~moYZ wJmVrb

Aem à_wI H$ënZm qH$dm Zdo {dMma nwT>rbà_mUo : (1) _mZdr _Z (~wÕr) OJmMo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r

gj_ Amho. (2) Z¡g{J©H$ AJa gm_m{OH$ dmñV{dH$VoMo kmZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r {ddoH$~wÕr (reason) Am{U

{ZarjU (observation) m Xmohm|Mm g_Ýd` Á`m emñÌr` nÕVrV Pmbm Amho. {VMm Adb§~ H$aUo Amdí`H$

Amho. (3) _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m gd© n¡by§Mo Am{U _mZdr H¥$VtMo {M{H$ËgH$ narjU Ho$bo nm{hOo. (4) {ddoH$ Am{U

{dkmZ `m Xmohm|À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mUgmbm A{YH$m{YH$ ñdmV§Í` {_iy eH$Vo Am{U n[aUm_r Ë`mbm A{YH$m{YH$

àJVr gmYVm oB©b. P¡Q>{bZ `m§À`m _Vo à~moYZ wJrZ {dMmamZm {M{H$ËgH$ Am{U ZH$mamË_H$ VgoM gH$mamË_H$

Aem XmoÝhr ~mOy hmoË`m. à~moYZ wJmV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m {dMmam§_wio g_mO Am{U B{Vhmg m§Mo AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r

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emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmUo Amdí`H$ Amho `m {dMmambm ~iH$Q>r Ambr Am{U Ë`m_wioM

g_mOm{df`rMo Zdo emñÌ (g_mOemñÌ) {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$bo. nmpíM_mË` XoemVrb g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U

{dH$mg hr à~moYZ wJmbm Pmbobr à{V{H«$`m hmoVr, Agohr P¡Q>{bZ `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

2) àË`jdmX (Positivism) :

àË`jdmX hm nÕVremñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZ AgyZ Ë`mV Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌmV Or emñÌr` nÕVr dmnabr OmVo VrM

gm_m{OH$ emñÌmV dmnabr Omdr `mda _w»` â Amho. H$m°åV hm àË`jdmXr {dMmad§V hmoVm. Ë`mZo Z¡g{J©H$

emñÌmVrb g§emoYZ nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm nm{hOo Ago AmJ«hr à{VnmXZ

Ho$bo. H$m°åVà_mUoM BVahr H$mhr g_mOemñÌk àË`jdmXmMm nwañH$ma H$aUmao hmoVo. m nÕVremñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moZmMm

g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U {dH$mgmda à^md nS>bm.

3) CËH«$m§VrdmX (Evolutionism) :

OrdemñÌmV CËH«$m§VrdmXr X¥{îQ>H$moZ àW_ {dH${gV Pmbm. gOrdm§Mm {dH$mg CËH«$m§Vr à{H«$ oV Pmbm

Agm S>m{d©ZMm gwà{gÕ {gÕm§V Amho. CËH«$m§VrdmXr X¥{îQ>H$moZmMr N>mn AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ emñÌkm§À`m {dMmam§dahr

nS>br. Á`m g_mOemñÌkm§Zm g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmMm Am{U àJVrMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm hmoVm Ë`mZrhr "CËH«$m§Vr'

`m g§H$ënZoMm dmna Ho$bm. CËH«$m§VrdmXr X¥{îQ>H$moZmZwgma H$moUË`mhr JmoîQ>rV Q>ßß`m-Q>ßß`mZo qH$dm {d{dY AdñWm§VyZ

~Xb hmoV OmVmo, `m à{H«$ oV gmÜ`m JmoîQ>r A{YH$m{YH$ g§H$sU© ~ZV OmVmV Am{U hm ~Xb Zoh_r àJVrÀ`m

{XeoZo hmoVmo. Am°JñV H$m°åV, h~©Q>© ñnoÝga Am{U E{_b XwaIr_ m§À`m {bImUmV CËH«$m§VrdmXr {dMmam§Mo à{Vq~~

nS>bobo {XgVo.

4) _mZdVmdmX (Humanitarianism) :

_mZdr àJVr Am{U H$ë`mU `mda â XoUmar {dMmaàUmbr åhUOo _mZdVmdmXr {dMmaàUmbr hmo .

àma§ rÀ`m H$mimV gd© gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§Mm A§{V_ hoVy _mZdr OrdZmV àJVr KS>dyZ AmUUo Am{U _mZdH$ë`mU

gmYUo hmM _mZbm OmV hmoVm. à~moYZ wJmVrb {dMmam§_Ü o _mZdVmdmXr {dMma à~i hmoVm. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m

n«ma§{^H$ {dH$mgmda _mZdVmdmXr {dMmam§Mmhr à^md hmoVm.



1) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb H$moUVohr Mma gm_m{OH$,amOH$s` Am{U Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ gm§Jm?

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2) "à~moYZ wJmV' H$moUË`m à_wI H$ënZm (qH$dm {dMma) _m§S>Ê`mV Amë`m?

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3) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmVrb H$moUVohr VrZ ~m¡{ÕH$-VmpÎdH$ KQ>H$ gm§Jm?

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3.3.3 A{ÔmV g_mOemñÌkm§Mo g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmVrb moJXmZ (Contributions

of Classical Sociologists to the Development of Early Sociology) :

Am°JñV H$m°åV, h~©Q>© ñnoÝga, E{_b XwaIr_, H$mb© _mŠg© Am{U _°Šg do~a ho AJ«Ur g_mOemñÌk hmoVo.

EH$ emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMm nm`m KmbÊ`mMo Am{U àma§{^H$ {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo lo m AJo«ga (Pioneers)

A{ÔmV (Classical) g_mOemñÌkm§H$S>o OmVo. Ë`m§Mo g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb moJXmZ g_OyZ KoUo åhUyZM

_hÎdmMo Amho.

1) Am°JñV H$m°åV (Auguste Comte, 1798-1857) :

g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m Zì`m emñÌmbm 'Sociology' ho Zmd XoUo, gm_m{OH$

KQ>Zm§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌmVrb emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm nm{hOo

Ago AmJ«hr à{VnmXZ H$aUo, m{edm`hr Am°JñV H$m°åVZo g_mOemñÌmcm {d{dY àH$mao

`moJXmZ Ho$bo Amho. H$m°åVZo "gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ' (Social Statics) Am{U

"gm_m{OH$ J{VemñÌ' (Social Dynamics) Aem XmoZ ^mJmV g_mOemñÌmÀ`m

Aä`mg{df`mMr {d^mJUr Ho$br. H$m°åVbm àË`jdmXmMm OZH$ åhUyZhr AmoiIbo

OmVo. Ë`mMm VrZ AdñWm§Mm {Z`_hr g_mOm{df`rMm CËH«$m§{VdmXr {gÕm§V åhUyZ

à{gÕ Amho. _mZdr ~w{Õ_ÎmoMm {dH$mg Y_©emñÌr`, AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ Am{U àË`j AdñWm

(Theological, Metaphysical and Postivistic) m VrZ AdñWmVyZ hmoVmo Am{U

_mZdr g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m XoIrb AemM AdñWm AmhoV ho gm§JyZ àW_ AdñWoV g_mO-g§KQ>Z g¡{ZH$s

(Military) Xwgè`m AdñWoV Ý`mèmñÌr` (Juristic), Va {Vgè`m AdñWoV Am¡Úmo{JH$ (industrial) ñdê$nmMo

AgVo ho ñnîQ> Ho$bo. g_mO {ZpíMV AdñWm§_YyZ àJVrÀ`m {XeoZo CËH«$m§V hmoV OmVmV, hm {dMma Ë`mZo _m§S>bm.

~m¡{ÕH$ joÌmVrb àJVr Am{U gm_m{OH$ àJVr `m XmohmoVrb g§~§Y VrZ AdñWm§À`m {gÕm§VmÛmao ñnîQ> Pmbm.

H$m°åVZo emñÌm§Mr dM©ñdloUr (hierarchy) V`ma Ho$br. H$m°åVÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo g_mOemñÌ ho Ho$di "ewÕ' emñÌ

Zmhr Va Vo "Cn`mo{OV' emñÌhr Amho. g_mOemñÌmMm gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ Pmbm nm{hOo

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Ago Ë`mMo à{VnmXZ hmoVo. H$m°åVZo g_mOmVrb Z¡{VH$ ì`dñWoda (Moral order) â {Xbm. 'Positive

Philosophy' Am{U 'Positve Polity' ho Ë`mMo _hÎdnyU© J«§W _mZbo OmVmV.

2) h~©Q>© ñnoÝga (Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903) :

h~©Q>© ñnoÝga hm {~«{Q>e g_mOemñÌk hmo . Ë`mMohr g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb

`moJXmZ _hÎdnyU© Amho. g_mOm{df`rMo ñdV§Ì emñÌ {Z_m©U H$aUo JaOoMo Amho, Ago

Ë`mZo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. Hw$Qy>§~, amÁ`g§ñWm, Y_©, gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌU, CÚmoJ, _§S>io, g_wXm`,

l_{d^mOZ, gm_m{OH$ {d oXZ, gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU, H$bm, emñÌ, gm¢X ©emñÌ B.

{df`m§Mm Ë`mZo g_mOemñÌmÀ`m AÜ``ZH$joV g_mdoe Ho$bm. g_mOmMo {d{dY ^mJ

nañnag§~§{YV Am{U nañnamdb§~r AgVmV Am{U g_J« g_mO hmM g_mOemñÌr`

Aä`mgmMm EH$H$ _mZmdm Ago H$m°åVà_mUo Ë`mMohr _V hmoVo. CËH«$m§{VdmXr {gÕm§VmgmR>r

Am{U g_mOm{df`rÀ`m g|Ðr` {gÕm§VmgmR>r g_mOemñÌmV Vmo {deof à{gÕ Amho.

{dídmVrb g|Ðr`, A-g|Ðr`, A{V-g|Ðr` Aem gd©M KQ>H$m§Zm CËH«$m§VrMm {Z`_

bmJy hmoVmo, Agm ì`mnH$ CËH«$m§Vr{df`H$ {gÕm§V Ë`mZo _m§S>bm. _mZdr g_mO XoIrb CËH«$m§V hmoV OmVmV Am{U

hr CËH«$m§Vr gmYonUmH$Sy>Z g§H$sU©VoH$S>o hmoVo, Ago Ë`mMo à{VnmXZ hmoVo. g_mO hm gOrd earamgmaIm AgyZ

g_mOì`dñWm hr Ordg|Ðr` ì`dñWogmaIrM AgVo hr H$ënZm Ë`mZo _m§S>br. gOrdmer Ë`mZo _mZdr g_mOmMr

VwbZm Ho$br. gOrd (organism) Am{U g_mO (society) `m XmohmoVrb gmå` oX Ë`mZo ñnîQ> Ho$bo. hm Ë`mMm

g_mOm{df`rMm g|Ðr` {gÕm§V hmo . "g¡{ZH$s g_mO' Am{U "Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO' Ago gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zmda

AmYmabobo g_mOmMo XmoZ àH$mahr ñnoÝgaZo gm§{JVbo. ñnoÝga hm "ì`ŠVrdmXmda' (individualism) â XoUmam

{dMmad§V hmoVm. 'First Principle', 'The study of sociology', 'Principles of Ethics', 'Principles

of sociology' Am{U "The man versus the state" ho Ë`mMo à_wI J«§W AmhoV.

3) H$mb© _mŠg© (Karl Marx; 1818-1883):

H$mb© _mŠg© `m O_©Z {dÛmZmZo g_mOemñÌmgh gd©M gm_m{OH$ emñÌmVrb

{dícofUmbm Amnë`m _ybJm_r {dMmam§_wio EH$ Zdr {Xem {Xbr. EH$ H«$m§{VH$maH$

{dMmad§V åhUyZ Vmo OJà{gÕ Amho. Vmo ñdV:bm g_mOemñÌk åhUdyZ KoV Zgbm Var

g_mOemñÌr` {díbofUmV Ë`mMo {dMma AË §V _hÎdmMo AgoM AmhoV. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m

X¥îQ>rZo AË §V _hÎdmÀ`m _mZë`m OmUmè`m moJXmZmMmM AmnU BWo WmoS>Š`mV CëboI

H$aUma AmhmoV. g_mOemñÌmVrb g§Kf©dmXr X¥{îQ>H$moZmMm AmÚ àdV©H$ åhUyZ H$mb©

_mŠg© à{gÕ Amho. Ë`mZo dJ© g§Kf©{df`H$ {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. OJmMo dU©Z H$aUo

EdT>çmnwaVoM gm_m{OH$ emñÌkmMo H$m`© _`m©{XV ZgyZ Ë`mV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ

AmUÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo hohr _hÎdmMo Amho Ago Ë`mMo R>m_ à{VnmXZ hmoVo. Eo{Vhm{gH$

^m¡{VH$dmXr {gÕm§V, Û§ÛmË_H$ {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm, CËnmXZ-àUmbrMr g§H$ënZm (Concept of mode of

44

production), dJm©Mr g§H$ënZm, namË_VoMm {gÕm§V (Theory of Alienation), ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoMo

Q>rH$mË_H$ {dícofU, H«$m§{VH$maH$ n[adV©ZmMr g§H$ënZm B. _ybJm_r {dMmam§gmR>r g_mOemñÌmVrb H$mb© _mŠg©Mo

`moJXmZ _hÎdnyU© _mZbo OmVo. Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm hm g_J« g_mOì`dñWoMm nm`m (base) AgyZ Am{W©H$ ì`dñWmM

Ë`mda AmYmaboë`m Cd©[aV CÜd©g§aMZobm (superstructure), åhUOo g_mOmVrb Y_©, amÁ`, VÎdkmZ, {dkmZ,

H$m`Xm AmXr gd© ~m~rZm {ZYm©[aV H$aVo Agm {dMma H$mb© _mŠg© `mZr _m§S>bm. _mZdr g_mOm§Mm B{Vhmg hm

dJ©-g§Kfm©MmM B{Vhmg Agë`mMo Ë`mMo à{VnmXZ hmoVo. H$m_Jma dJm©H$Sy>Z ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWm CbWyZ

Q>mH$br OmB©b Ago Ë`mMo ^m{H$V hmoVo. _mŠg©À`m {dMmamZr BVa AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZm à^m{dV Ho$bo. AmOÀ`m

g_mOemñÌmVhr _mŠg© à{UV {dMmamZm _hÎd Amho. _mŠg© Am{U E§Jëg m XmoKmZr AZoH$ J«§W {b{hbo. 'Capital',

'A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy', 'Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of

Right', 'The Economic and Philosophic Mannscripts of 1844' Am{U 'Poverty of Philosophy'

B. ho _mŠg©Mo H$mhr _hÎdnyU© J«§W AmhoV.

4) E{_b XwaIr_ (Emile Durkheim; 1858-1917) :

E{_b XwaIr_ hm A{ÔmV g_mOemñÌk Iè`m AWm©Zo e¡j{UH$ {dídmVrb

g_mOemñÌk hmoVm. XwaIr_Mo g_mOemñÌmVrb `moJXmZ AZoH$ nXar, _ybJm_r Am{U

AË §V _hÎdnyU© Ago hmoVo. EH$ ñdV§Ì emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMm nm`m KmbÊ`mMo

H$m_ XwaIr_Zo Ho$bo. Ë`mZo g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br, g_mOemñÌmMm Zo_H$m

Aä`mg{df` H$moUVm ømMo gwñnîQ> {ddoMZ Ho$bo, g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZmgmR>rMo {Z`_

à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Am{U g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZ H$ê$Z g_mOemñÌmV {d{dY {gÕm§V _m§S>bo.

"gm_m{OH$ VÏ o' (Social facts) hmM g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` Amho Ago Ë`mMo

à{VnmXZ Amho. gd© gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm hr gm_m{OH$ VÏ o AmhoV Agm Ë`mMm X¥{îQ>H$moZ

hmoVm. gm_m{OH$ VÏ`m§Mo {ZarjU, dJuH$aU, AÝd`mW© qH$dm ñnîQ>rH$aU H$go H$amdo

`m{df`rMo åhUOoM g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZm{df`rMo {Z`_ Ë`mZo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo.

Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mgnÕVrMo g_mOemñÌmVrb _hÎd XwaIr_Zo ñnîQ> Ho$bo. "L Annee Sociologique" (1897-

98) `m g_mOemñÌmVrb n{hë`m g§emoYZ {Z`VH$m{bH$mMm Vmo g§ñWmnH$ g§nmXH$ hmoVm. g_mOmVrb

l_{d^mOZm{df`rMm {gÕm§V, AmË_hË o{df`rMm gm_m{OH$ {gÕm§V, Y_m©Mm {gÕm§V B. ho Ë`mMo g_mOemñÌmVrb

_hÎdnyU© g¡Õm§{VH$ moJXmZ Amho. 'The Division of Labour in Society', 'The Rules of Sociological

Method', 'Suicide' Am{U 'The Elementary Forms of Religious Life' B. ho Ë`mMo à_wI g_mOemñÌr`

J«§W AmhoV.

5) _°Šg do~a (Max Weber 1864-1920) :

_°Šg do~a hm O_©Z {dMmad§V EH$ gwà{gÕ gm_m{OH$ emñÌk Amho. do~aZo Ho$di g_mOemñÌmbmM Zìho

Va amÁèmñÌmgma»`m BVahr gm_m{OH$ emñÌmZm _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {Xbo Amho. g_mOemñÌmdarb Ë`mÀ`m

45

{bImUmMm à^md ì`mnH$ à_mUmdarb AgyZ Vmo AmOhr {Q>Hy$Z Amho. do~aZo

g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br, Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ emñÌmVrb oX ñnîQ> Ho$bo

Am{U `m XmoZ àH$maÀ`m emñÌmVrb nÕVremñÌ{df`H$ dmX-{ddmXmV _mobmMo `moJXmZ

{Xbo. 'Verstehen' Am{U 'Ideal types' m nÕVremñÌr` g§H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m Am{U

H$mhr _hÎdnyU© {gÕm§V _m§S>bo. do~aÀ`m _Vo g_mOemñÌ ho gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mo (Social

Actions) AÝd`mWm©Ë_H$ AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoUmao emñÌ Amho. gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m åhUOo

H$m` ho ñnîQ> H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mo àH$ma Ë`mZo ñnîQ> Ho$bo. {deofV: H$Ë`m©Zo Amnë`m

{H«$ obm {Xboë`m AWm©bm do~aZo gm_m{OH$ {H«$ oÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aUmV _hÎd {Xbo. do~aÀ`m

gm_m{OH$ {H«$òÀ`m {gÕm§Vm~amo~aM (Theory of Social Action) Ë`mMm

ZmoH$aemhr{df`H$ {gÕm§V (Theory of Bureaucracy), A{YH$mam~m~VMm {gÕm§Vhr (Theory of

Authority) g_mOemñÌmV à{gÕ Amho. Ym{_©H$ _yë`ì`dñWoMm m§S>dbemhrÀ`m {dH$mgmda H$gm à^md nS>Vmo

ho ñnîQ> H$aUmam Ë`mMm {gÕm§Vhr {deof _hÎdnyU© Amho. gm_m{OH$ emñÌmVrb g§emoYZ dñVw{ZîR> Am{U _yë`_wŠV

Agmdo Agm Ë`mZo AmJ«h Yabm. Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao g_mOmV ñVa nS>VmV ho _mÝ` H$aVmZmM à{VîR>m

(prestige) Am{U gÎmm (power) hohr ñVarH$aUmMo _hÎdnyU© AmYma Agë`mMo do~aZo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. do~aZo

{ddoH$sH$aU (Rationalization), Y_© (Religion) Am{U ^m§S>dbemhrMm {dH$mg (development of

capitalism) `m {df`m§dahr boIZ Ho$bo. 'The Methodology of the social sciences', 'Essays in

Sociology', 'Economy and Society', 'The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,

'The City', 'Sociology of Religion', 'The Religion of India' Am{U 'Theory of Social and

Economic Organization' B. ho Ë`mMo _hÎdnyU© J«§W AmhoV.

{ZdS>H$ A{ÔmV g_mOemñÌkm§À`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmVrb `moJXmZmMm AmnU AJXr

WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z KoVbm Amho. Ë`m§À`m {dMmamV {XgyZ oUmao H$mhr gmå`mMo _wÔo AmhoV. EH$Va g_mOemñÌ

`m g_mOm{df`rMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m Zì`m ñdV§Ì kmZemIoMr JaO Amho ho gd© àma§{^H$ g_mOemñÌkmZr

AmJ«hnyd©H$ à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm VgoM g_mOemñÌmMr

Aä`mgnÕVr H$er Agmdr m~Ôbhr Ë`m§Zr Amnbr y{_H$m _m§S>br. g_mOemñÌmV gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm, gm_m{OH$

g§~§Ym§Mm, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mm Am{U g_J« g_mOmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm

Omdm, `m~m~V ~hþVoH$ àma§{^H$ g_mOemñÌkm§_Ü o EH$_V hmoVo. emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$ZM g_mOmMm

Aä`mg Ho$bm Omdm Agohr gdm©Zr AmJ«hnyd©H$ à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. gwà{gÕ g_mOemñÌk Bottomore T. B. m§Zr

àma§{^H$ g_mOemñÌmMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§{JVbr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo àma§{^H$ g_mOemñÌ AË §V ì`mnH$

(encyclopedic) hmoVo. (H$maU Ë`mV g_J« _mZdr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMmM Aä`mg A{^àoV hmoVm.) àma§{^H$

g_mOemñÌ CËH«$m§{VdmXr (evolutionary) hmoVo (H$maU n«ma§{^H$ g_mOemñÌkm§Zr g_mOmMr CËH«$m§Vr H$er hmoV

Jobr `mMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mda bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo). g_mOemñÌ àË`jdmXr {dkmZ (Positive) Amho Aer

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g_mOemñÌkm§Mr g§H$ënZm hmoVr. (H$maU Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§à_mUoM g_mOemñÌmVhr Ë`m§Zm {dH${gV H$amd`mMo

hmoVo).

g_mOemñÌmMm CX` \«$mÝg_Ü o Pmbm. Ë`mMm {dH$mg O_©Zr, B§½b§S>, BQ>br, A_o[aH$m Am{U OJmVrb

AÝ` Xoem§_YyZhr `WmdH$me Pmbm. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmV Á`m§Mo _mobmMo `moJXmZ bm^bo Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr

{ZdS>H$ g_mOemñÌkm§Mr Zmdo (Ë`m§À`m OrdZH$mimghrV) Imbr {Xbr AmhoV.

Taylor E.B. (1832-1917), Lester F. Ward (1841-1913), Vilfredo Pareto (1848-

1923), J. G. Frazer (1854-1941), Georg Simmel (1868-1918), Gabrial Tarde (1843-

1904), Small (1854-1926), Giddings (1855-1931), Thorstein B. Veblen (1857-1929),

C.H. Cooley (1864-1929), James Ward (1843-1925), Lloyd Morgan (1852-1932),

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Hobbhouse (1864-1929) and E.A. Westermark (1862-

1939).

Á`m {dÛmZm§À`m boIZmMm g_mOemñÌmVrb à^md 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V {deof Zm|X KoÊ`mgmaIm

hmoVm Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr à_wI {dÛmZ nwT>rbà_mUo G.H. Mead (1863-1931), A. R. Radcliffe-Brown

(1881-1955), Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) , Alfred Schutz (1899-1959), Talcott

Parsons (1902-1979), Robert K. Merton (1910), Homans George C. (1910-1989), C.

Wright Mills (1916-1962), Nikalas Luhmann (1927-1998), Peter Blau (1918), Anthony

Giddens (1938), Jurgen Habermas (1929), Herbert Blumer (1900-1987), Ervin Goffman

(1922-1982), James S. Coleman (1926-1995), Dorothy E. Smith (1926), P.H. Collins

(1948), Michel Foucault (1926-1984) and Immanuel Wallerstein.

^maVmV Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV g_mOemñÌ hm {df` _mZdemñÌ `m {df`mÀ`m OmoS>rZo

{eH${dÊ`mg àma§ Pmbm. àma§ r _w§~B©, H$bH$Îmm, bIZm¡ Am{U AmJ«m hr MmaM g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dÚmnrR>r`

nmVirdarb AÜ`mnZ-AÜ``ZmMr H|$Ðo hmoVr. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _mÌ g_mOemñÌ hm {df` AZoH$ ^maVr`

{dÚmnrR>mV {eH${dÊ`mg àma§ Pmbm. Or. Eg. Kw }, Ama. Ho$. _wIOu, S>r. nr. _wIOu, Ho$. E_². H$nm{S>`m,

Ama. EZ. gŠgoZm, E. Ama. XogmB©, BamdVr H$d}, ~r. Ho$. gaH$ma, Ao. Am`ßnZ, S>r. EZ. _Ow_Xma, E_². EZ.

lr{Zdmg, E_.Eg. Jmoao, Eg. gr. Xw~o, nr.EZ. à y B. ho àma§{^H$ H$mimVrc H$mhr à_wI maVr` g_mOemñÌk

AmhoV.


Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm :

1) Am°JñV H$m°åVZo g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` H$moUË`m XmoZ ^mJV {d^mJbm?

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47

2) CËH«$m§VrMo {Z`_ Am{U g_mOm{df`rÀ`m g|Ðr` {gÕm§VmgmR>r H$moU à{gÕ Amho?

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3) dJ©-g§Kf© {df`H$ {gÕm§VmgmR>r H$moU à{gÕ Amhoo?

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4) E{_b XwaIr_ Am{U _°Šg do~a `mZr gm§{JVbobo g_mOemñÌmMo Aä`mg{df` H$moUVo?

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5) Á`m§À`m {bImUmMm à^md 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m Xwgè`m mJmV àH$fm©Zo OmUdbm Aem VrZ g_mOemñÌkm§Mr

Zmdo {bhm?

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6) H$moUË`mhr VrZ ^maVr` g_mOemñÌkm§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

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`m KQ>H$mV AmnU g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U àma§{^H$ H$mimVrb {dH$mg `m{df`r WmoS>Š`mV n[aM`

H$ê$Z KoVbm Amho. AmnU Aä`mgbobo R>iH$ _wÔo Imbrbà_mUo :

g_mOmg§~§YrMo _mZdmMo {dMma \$ma OwZo AmhoV. nU g_mOm{df`rMo emñÌr` {dMma _mÌ AbrH$S>À`m

H$mimVrbM AmhoV. àmMrZ H$mimVrb ßboQ>mo, A°[añQ>m°Q>b, H$m¡{Q>ë`, H$m°Ýâ w{e`g Aem {dMmad§Vm§Zr {b{hboë`m

J«§WmVyZ gm_m{OH$ {dMma _m§S>ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. ho {dMma g_mO, AW©ì`dñWm, amÁ`g§ñWm, H$m`Xm, Ý`m` Am{X

gm_m{OH$ {df`m§~m~VMo hmoVo. `m àmMrZ {dMmam§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Ë`mVyZ AmXe© g_mOì`dñWo~ÔbMo {MÌU

AmT>iyZ oVo Am{U Ë`mZm emñÌr` ~¡R>H$ _mÌ ZìhVr. _Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mVrb gm_m{OH$ {dMma EH$Va Ym{_©H$

ñdê$nmMo hmoVo Am{U Vo AmÜ`mpË_H$ ñdê$nmMo Am{U ñd¡a {M§VZmda AmYmabobo hmoVo. gmoimì`m eVH$mZ§VaÀ`m

H$mbI§S>mVrb {dMmad§Vm§Mo {dMma A{YH$ àJë^ Am{U gwì`dpñWV[aË`m _m§S>bobo {XgyZ oVmV. ho {dMma

48

XoIrb àm_w»`mZo VÎdkmZmË_H$ (Philosophical) Am{U AmXe©dmXr (Idealistic) ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m

CX`mnyduMo XmoZ à_wI {dMmad§V åhUOo {dH$mo Am{U _m±Q>oñŠ y. `m XmoZ {dMmad§Vm{edm` égmo, hoJob, ~moZmëS>,

_¡ñÌo, g¢ gr_mo `m {dMmad§Vm§À`m H$ënZm§Mm Am{U VÎdkmZmMm g_mOm{df`rMo AmH$bZ A{YH$ g_¥Õ

hmoÊ`mgmR>r VgoM g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U àma§{^H$ {dH$mg `mda IynM _moR>m à^md nS>bm hmoVm.

Am¡nMm[aH$ AWm©Zo EH$ ñdV§Ì emñÌ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMm CX` 19 ì`m eVH$mV Pmbm. Am°JñV H$m°åVZo

Ë`mÀ`m 'Positive Philosophy' m J«§WmV 'Sociology' hr g§km gd©àW_ dmnabr. Vmo g_mOemñÌmMm OZH$

_mZbm OmVmo. T>mo~i _mZmZo 1750 Vo 1850 hr e§ a df} (_m±Q>oñŠ yÀ`m {bImUmnmgyZ Vo H$m°åV Am{U ñnoÝgaÀ`m

{bImUmn ªVMm H$mbI§S>) hm g_mOemñÌmÀ`m nyd}{VhmgmMm H$mbI§S> _mZbm OmVmo. `m H$mimVrb amOH$s`

VÎdkmZ, B{VhmgmMo VÎdkmZ, CËH«$m§{V{df`H$ {gÕm§V Am{U wamonr` g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U

amOH$s` KS>m_moS>r `m ~m~rV g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX`mMr CJ_ñWmZo emoYVm oVmV.

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r O~m~Xma AgUmè`m gm_m{OH$-amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$-VmpËdH$

KQ>H$m§Mmhr Aä`mg AmnU `m KQ>H$mÀ`m Xwgè`m {d^mJmV Ho$bm. \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Am{U

^m§S>dbemhrMm CX`, ZmJarH$aU, g_mOdmX, Ym{_©H$ àd¥ÎmrVrb ~Xb Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm§Mm {dH$mg ho

g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb à_wI gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Am{U Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ hmoVo. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$

{dH$mgmda ~m¡{ÕH$ Am{U VÎdkmZmÀ`m joÌmVrb Á`m {dMmaàdmhm§Mm n« md nS>bm Ë`mV à~moYZ wJrZ {dMma,

àË`jdmX, CËH«$m§VrdmX Am{U _mZdVmdmX `m§Mm A§V^m©d hmoVm.

Am°JñV H$m°åV, h~©Q>© ñnoÝga, E{_b XwaIr_, H$mb© _mŠg© Am{U _°Šg do~a m à_wI A{ÔmV H$mbI§S>mVrb

g_mOemñÌkm§Mo g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Am{U àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmV _mobmMo `moJXmZ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m `moJXmZmMm

Aënn[aM` AmnU m KQ>H$mVrb {Vgè`m {d^mJmV H$ê$Z KoVbm. g_mOemñÌmMm CX` \«$mÝg_Ü o Pmbm Am{U

O_©Zr, BQ>br, B§½b§S>, A_o[aH$m Am{U OJmVrb BVa XoemVhr g_mOemñÌmMm `WmdH$me {dH$mg Pmbm. Á`m

g_mOemñÌkmZr 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Am{U 20 ì`m eVH$mV g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmV _mobmMo

`moJXmZ {Xbo Ë`mn¡H$s {ZdS>H$ {dMmad§Vm§À`m Zmdm§Mr AmnU Zm|X KoVbr. à_wI ^maVr` g_mOemñÌkm§À`m

Zmdm§Mrhr AmnU Zm|X KoVbr Amho.



1) ßboQ>moMm 'Republic' A°[añQ>m°Q>bMm 'Ethics' Am{U 'Politics' Am{U H$m¡{Q>ë`mMm 'Arthashastra'

ho gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§Mo VrZ àmMrZ CJ_ñÌmoV AmhoV.

2) _Ü` wJrZ H$mimVrb {dMmam§Mr XmoZ à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço åhUOo (1) ho {dMma Ym{_©H$ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo Am{U

(2) Vo àm_w»`mZo AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am{U ñd¡a qMVZmda AmYmabobo hmoVo.

49

3) {dH$mo Am{U _m±Q>oñŠ y ho H$m°åVnyduMo Ago {dMmad§V hmoVo H$s Á`m§À`m {bImUmV emñÌr` g§H$ënZm

Am{U g_mOm{df`rMm gwì`dpñWV X¥{îQ>H$moZ {XgyZ oVmo.

4) 'Positive Philosophy' (1839) `m J«§WmV H$m°åVZo 'Sociology' hr g§km gd©àW_ dmnabr.


1) \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Am{U m§S>dbemhrMm CX`, ZmJarH$aU Am{U g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUr

ho g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmVrb Mma KQ>H$ hmoVo.

2) _mZdr _Z (~wÕr) OJmMo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg gj_ Amho, Z¡g{J©H$ VgoM gm_m{OH$ dmñV{dH$VoMo

kmZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r {ddoH$ Am{U {ZarjU `m§À`m g_Ýd`mMm (emñÌr` nÕVrMm) Adb§~ H$aUo

Amdí`H$ Amho, _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m gd© n¡by§Mo Am{U H¥$VtMo {M{H$ËgH$ narjU Ho$bo nm{hOo, Am{U

{ddoH$ Am{U {dkmZ m Xmohm|À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mZdr n«JVr Am{U _mZd H$ë`mU gmYVm oB©b m à~moYZ

wJmVrb Mma à_wI H$ënZm AmhoV.

3) à~moYZ wJ, àË`jdmX Am{U CËH«$m§VrdmX ho g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmVrb VrZ à_wI ~m¡{ÕH$-

VmpËdH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV.


1) gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ Am{U gm_m{OH$ J{VemñÌ (Social Statics and Social Dynamics) Aem

XmoZ ^mJmV H$m°åVZo g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg{df`mMr {d^mJUr Ho$br.

2) h~©Q>© ñnoÝga hm g_mOemñÌk CËH«$m§VrMo {Z`_ Am{U g_mOm~ÔbÀ`m g|Ðr` {gÕm§VmgmR>r gwà{gÕ Amho.

3) H$mb© _mŠg© hm Ë`mÀ`m dJ©-g§Kf© {df`H$ {gÕm§VmgmR>r gwà{gÕ Amho.

4) XwaIr_Zo "gm_m{OH$ VÏ o' (Social Facts) Va _°Šg do~aZo "gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m' (Social Action) hm

g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` Agë`mMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho.

5) Om°O© hmo_mÝg (1910-1989), gr. amB©Q> {_ëg (1916-1962) Am{U Q>mbH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg (1902-

1979) m {dMmad§Vm§À`m {dMmam§Mm g_mOemñÌmdarb à^md 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m Xwgè`m mJmV àH$fm©Zo

OmUdbm.

6) Or. Eg. Kw }, Ama. Ho$. _wIOu Am{U E_. EZ. lr{Zdmg ho VrZ ^maVr` g_mOemñÌk AmhoV.


50

3.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR> (Exercise/Home Assignment) :


1) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m CX`mnyduÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§À`m B{VhmgmMm gmam§e WmoS>Š`mV {bhm.

2) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmVrb gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Am{U Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

3) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmVrb ~m¡{ÕH$-VmpËdH$ KQ>H$m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.

4) H$moUË`mhr VrZ A{ÔmV g_mOemñÌkm§À`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmVrb moJXmZmMr WmoS>Š`mV

ê$naofm Úm.


Amnë`mbm n[a{MV Agboë`m g_mOemñÌ {df`mÀ`m {ejH$m§er MMm© H$am Am{U ^maVmVrb Am{U

_hmamîQ´>mVrb à{gÕ g_mOemñÌkm§À`m Zmdm§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am.

3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings):

1. Rawat, H. K. : Sociology, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, 2007.

2. C. N. Shankar Rao : Sociology (5th Edition), S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi,

2006.

3. Geoge Ritzer : Sociological Theory, (5th Edition) International Edition, 2000

4. Tischler, H. L., Whitten, Phillip & Hunter, David E.K. : Introduction to Sociology,

Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.

5. Salunkhe, Sarjerao : Samajshastrateel Moolbhoot Sankalpana, (in Marathi),

Narendra Publication, Appa Balawant Chowk, Pune, 2006.

ooo

51

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

4.1 àñVmdZm

4.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

4.3 {df`-{ddoMZ : g_mOemñÌmMo Cn`moJ

4.4 gmam§e




4.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction):

`m àH$aUmÀ`m n{hë`m KQ>H$mV AmnU g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m Am{U Aä`mg{df`mMo, Am{U Xwgè`m

KQ>H$mV, g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emñÌr` ñdê$nmMo AÜ``Z Ho$bo Amho. emñÌr` g§emoYZmÀ`m AmYmao gm_m{OH$

OrdZ Am{U g_yhmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmMo {Z §ÌU H$aUmar VËdo Am{U {Z`_m§Mr _m§S>Ur g_mOemñÌmV

Ho$br OmVo, ho AmnU n{hbo Amho. g_mOemñÌ ho _ybV: "ewÕ' (pure) emñÌ Agbo Var Ë`mMo H$mhr

ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`moJ AmhoV, `mMmhr CëboI `mnyduM AmnU Ho$bm Amho. kmZ ho eŠVrembr gmYZ Amho.

kmZmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z _mZdr OrdZmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUVm oVmV. g_mOemñÌr` kmZm~m~Vhr ho Iao Amho.

g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm {d{dY àH$mao Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVm oVmo. g_mOemñÌmMo {dÚmWu, g_mOemñÌmMo

ì`mdgm{`H$, emgZmMo {d{dY {d^mJ, YmoaUm§Mr AmIUr H$aUmao Vk, gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZH$ma, Am¡Úmo{JH$

g§KQ>Zm, gm_m{OH$ Midir, amOH$s` ZoVo, àgma_mÜ`_mVrb ì`mdgm{`H$, gm_m{OH$ H$m ©H$V} Am{U gd©gm_mÝ`

ZmJarH$ `m gdmªZm g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m àH$mao Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVm oUo eŠ` Amho. `m

KQ>H$mV AmnU g_mOemñÌmMo H$moUH$moUVo Cn`moJ AmhoV `mMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

KQ>H$ - 4

g_mOemñÌmMo Cn`moJ(The Uses of Sociology)

52



1) _mZdr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo emñÌr` AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo g_mOemñÌmMm Cn`moJ H$gm hmoVmo

ho gm§JVm oB©b;

2) gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm§Mr {ZpíMVr Am{U gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZ `m ~m~VrV g_mOemñÌmMm Cn`moJ H$gm hmoVmo

ho gm§JVm oB©b;

3) Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmMr joÌo gm§JVm oVrb; Am{U

4) {d{dY ì`dgm`m§_Ü o àdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_mOemñÌmMm H$gm Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo ho gm§JVm

òB©b.

4.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter) :

emñÌm§Mr XmoZ à_wI C{ÔîQ>ço AgVmV. n{hbo C{ÔîQ> åhUOo Amnë`m g^modVmbr KS>Umè`m Am{U

Amnë`m OrdZmda à^md Q>mH$Umè`m KQ>Zm§Mo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r kmZ {_i{dUo. Xwgao C{ÔîQ> åhUOo,

_mZdr OrdZmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo kmZmMo Cn`moOZ H$aUo qH$dm Cn`mo{OV kmZ {_i{dUo.

emñÌmMo Xwgao C{ÔîQ> g_mOmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo AË §V _hÎdmMo Amho. g_mOemñÌr` kmZmÀ`m ~m~VrVhr ho Iao Amho.

{ddoH$ Am{U {dkmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mUyg A{YH$m{YH$ ñdmV§Í` g§nmXZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo Am{U _mZdr

OrdZmV gwYmaUm Am{U àJVr KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vmo hr à~moYZ wJmVrb EH$ _hÎdnyU© H$ënZm hmoVr. _mZdr

H$ë`mU gmYUo hmM gd© gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§Mm A§{V_ hoVy Amho Ago à~moYZ wJmVrb {dMmad§V _mZrV hmoVo.

_mZdVmdmXr VËdkmZmMm g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àma§{^H$ {dH$mgmda à^md hmoVm hohr AmnU nm{hbo Amho. g_mOmMo

A{YH$ Mm§Jbo nwZa²g§KQ>Z KS>dyZ AmUUo, g_mOmVrb Jm|YimMr pñWVr ZîQ> H$aUo, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr

gmoS>dUyH$ H$aUo Am{U _mZd H$ë`mU gmYUo `mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm emñÌr` Aä`mg H$aUo H$m°åV Am{U

XwaIr_gma»`m àma§{^H$ g_mOemñÌkm§Zm Amdí`H$ dmQ>V hmoVo. nU Z§VaÀ`m H$mhr g_mOemñÌkmZr Ho$di

kmZmgmR>r kmZ {_i{dUo hoM g_mOemñÌmMo _w»` C{ÔîQ> _mZbo Am{U Ë`mbm _ybV: "ewÕ' {dkmZ _mZbo.

VWm{n, AmOhr AZoH$ g_mOemñÌk g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm ì`mdhm[aH$ OrdZmV Cn`moJ Pmbm nm{hOo,

g_mOemñÌkmZr gm_m{OH$ A{^ §Ë`m§Mr (Social Engineers) y{_H$m nma nmS>br nm{hOo Am{U gm_m{OH$

n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r gmYZ yV ì`ŠVr (Change agents) åhUyZ Ë`mZr H$m_ Ho$bo nm{hOo `m

_VmMm nwañH$ma H$aVmV. g_mOemñÌr` kmZ gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌmV H$go Cn wŠV R>ê$ eH$Vo

`mMohr {ddoMZ H$mhr g_mOemñÌkmZr Ho$bo Amho.

53

g_mOemñÌmMo Cn`moJ (Uses of Sociology):

g_mOemñÌmMo {d{dY Cn`moJ H$moUVo `mMo {ddoMZ `m KQ>H$mV Mma _wÚm§À`m AmYmao Ho$bo Amho.

(1) gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo emñÌr` AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm Cn`moJ (2) gm_m{OH$

YmoaUm§Mr AmIUr Am{U gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZmgmR>r g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm Cn`moJ (3) Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmMr

joÌo (4) {d{dY ì`dgm`mV àdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm Cn`moJ.

1) gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌmMm Cn`moJ :

H$moUË`mhr ~m~VrVbo AkmZ hr ì`ŠVrMr H$_VaVm AgVo Va kmZ hr {VMr eŠVr AgVo. kmZ hr eŠVr

AgVo H$maU kmZmÀ`m AmYmao AmnU Amnbo OrdZ A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo g_OyZ KoD$ eH$Vmo Am{U Ë`mda

{Z §ÌU R>odVm oUo eŠ` hmoVo. g_mOemñÌr` kmZ gm_m{OH$ dV©Z Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZm~ÔbMr Amnbr

g_O g_¥Õ ~Z{dVo. _mZdr nañnag§~§Y, {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, Ë`m§Mr H$m }, g_mOmMr H$m ©nÕVr,

AW©g§ñWm, amOH$maU, ZmoH$aemhr, g§ñH¥$Vr, gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, gm_m{OH$ Midir,

gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z B. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY n¡by§{df`rMo emñÌr` kmZ g_mOemñÌ CnbãY H$aVo. `m

kmZm_wio Amnë`m g_mOm{df`rMr Amnbr g_O A{YH$ g_¥Õ hmoVo Am{U `mMm ì`ŠVr Am{U EH§$Xa g_mO

`mZm {d{dY àH$mao Cn`moJ hmoVmo. hm Cn`moJ nwT>rbàH$mao hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

(1) g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio g^modVmbr KS>Umè`m gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr __©X¥îQ>r àmßV hmoVo.

Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrMm X¥îQ>rH$moZ A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Am{U {ddoH$s hmoVmo.

(2) g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio {d{dY gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§H$S>o ì`ŠVrbm dñVw{ZîR> X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ nmhVm oVo,

ñdV:Mo g_mOmVrb ñWmZ, y{_H$m `mMo dmñVd ^mZ oVo. Ë`m_wio AmË_-à~moYZ hmoVo Am{U ñd-

AmH$bZ dmT>Vo.

(3) g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio ì`ŠVrbm ñdV:Mm g_mO Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZ `m§Mo `WmW© AmH$bZ hmoVo.

_°Šg do~aZo Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ì`ŠVrZr H$moUVr _yë o ñdrH$mamdrV ho H$Xm{MV g_mOemñÌ gm§Jy

eH$Uma Zmhr nU ñdV:À`m g_mOmVrb Á`m ~m~r ì`ŠVtda {Z §ÌU AmUVmV Am{U ì`ŠVrcm

g_mOmV Á`m Á`m JmoîQ>r H$aUo eŠ` Amho, Ë`m§Mr OmUrd _mÌ g_mOemñÌm_wio {ZpíMV hmoVo.

(4) Amnë`mM g_mOmVrb BVa g_yh Am{U g_wXm`m§À`m gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMr Mm§Jbr OmU

g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m_wio BVam§À`m X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ dñVwpñWVrH$S>o AmnU nmhÿ eH$Vmo.

n[aUm_r BVam§À`m g_ñ`m H$moUË`m AmhoV, AmnU BVam§er H$go ì`dhma Ho$bo nm{hOoV ho Amnë`mbm

C_JVo.

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(5) g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio BVa g_mOm§À`m Am{U g_wXm`m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrMr Amnë`mbm _m{hVr hmoVo.

g_mOm-g_mOmVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ gmå`- oXm§Mr _m{hVr hmoVo. OrdZ OJÊ`mMo doJdoJio _mJ© Agy

eH$VmV `mMr H$ënZm oVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m kmZm_wio BVa g_mO Am{U g_wXm`m§{df`rMo Amnbo nyd©J«h

ZîQ> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo Am{U ñdg_yhloîR>VmdmXr X¥{îQ>H$moZmbm bJm_ ~gVmo.

(6) g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n, Ë`m§Mr H$maUo, Ë`m§Mo n[aUm_ B. {df`rMr

OmUrd dmT>Vo Am{U Ë`mdarb Cnm``moOZm A§_bmV AmUUo gwH$a hmoVo.

(7) g_mOemñÌr` kmZmbm e¡j{UH$ _yë` Amho. BVa g_mOm§À`m AZw dm§{df`rMo g_mOemñÌr` kmZ

Amnë`m g_mOmV BpÀN>V ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg Cn wŠV R>ê$ eH$Vo. Vm¡b{ZH$ g_mOemñÌr`

Aä`mgm§Ûmao Ago kmZ CnbãY hmoVo.

(8) gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌmV g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`moJ eŠ` Amho. emgZ,

gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ, àgma _mÜ`_o, Am{W©H$ joÌo, gm_m{OH$ Midir, {d{dY ^m{fH$ Am{U dm§{eH$

g_yhm§À`m g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU AmXr ~m~VrV g_mOemñÌr` kmZ Cn wŠV R>ê$ eH$Vo Ago nrQ>a h°{_ëQ>Z

Am{U Ho$ZoW Wm°_gZ `m§Zr Amnë`m J«§WmV XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho.

2) gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo Am{U gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZ `mgmR>r g_mOemñÌmMm Cn`moJ (Use of

Sociology for Formulation of Social Policies and Social Planning) :

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb gd© XoemVrb gaH$mao gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zmbm `mo½` Vr {Xem XoÊ`mgmR>r, g_mOmV

Ano{jV ~Xb Am{U àJVr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r, gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo AmIVmV Am{U gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZmMm

Adb§~ H$aVmV. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m EImÚm {d{eîQ> joÌmV Ano{jV {XeoZo ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r

Zo_Ho$ H$m` Ho$bo nm{hOo `m{df`rÀ`m {dMmanyd©H$ {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m H$ënZm§Mm g§M åhUOo gm_m{OH$ YmoaU Ago

åhUVm oB©b. "gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZ' `m g§koMm AW© "gm_m{OH$ YmoaU' `m g§H$ënZohÿZ doJim Amho. YmoaUmË_H$

{ZU© m§Mr {dYmZo gd©gm_mÝ` ñdê$nmMr AgVmV. nU gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZmV _mÌ H$moUVr _yV© C{ÔîQ>ço àmßV

H$amd`mMr AmhoV, Ë`mgmR>r H$moUVo H$m ©H«$_ am~dmdo bmJVrb, Vo H$m ©H«$_ H$moUË`m nÕVrZo am~dmd`mMo

AmhoV `m{df`rMr Vnerbdma _m{hVr V`ma H$amdr bmJVo. gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZmV C{ÔîQ>ço R>a{dUo, H$m ©H«$_

R>a{dUo, Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m gmYZgm_J«rMm A§XmO ~m§YUo, `mo½` VodT>r Am{W©H$ VaVyX H$aUo, {Z`moOZmà_mUo

H$m ©H«$_m§Mr àË`jmV A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMr arV R>a{dUo AmXr ~m~tMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm§Mr

{ZpíMVr H$aVmZm, gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV, VgoM gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm§Mo, gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZmMo Am{U

{d{dY emgH$s` H$m ©H«$_m§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

bmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ YmoaU, Amamo½`{df`H$ YmoaU, {ejU{df`H$ YmoaU, amoOJma{df`H$ YmoaU, Ka~m§YUr

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{df`H$ YmoaU, J«m_rU, ZmJar Am{U Am{XdmgtÀ`m {dH$mgm{df`rMr YmoaUo, g_mOmVrb H$_Hw$dV JQ>m§À`m

(SCs, STs, Women and the Aged) {dH$mgmgmR>rMr YmoaUo Am{U XwîQ> gm_m{OH$ àWm§À`m (Ogo hþ§S>m

àWm, ~mb{ddmh àWm, A§YlÕm) {Z_y©bZm{df`rMr YmoaUo AmXr gm_m{OH$ joÌmV _moS>Umè`m {d{dY YmoaUm§Mr

AmIUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm {d{dY àH$mao Cn`moJ hmoVmo. CXm. - YmoaUm§À`m {ZpíMVrgmR>r

gÚpñWVr Zo_H$s H$m` Amho, g_ñ`m§Mo Zo_Ho$ ñdê$n H$m` Amho `mg§~§YrMr {dídgZr` _m{hVr gm_m{OH$

gd}jUmÛmao g_mOemñÌk CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. gd}jUmÛmao gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobr

_m{hVrhr g_mOemñÌk CnbãY H$ê$Z XoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`mMà_mUo gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm§Mo, gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZmMo

Am{U emgZmÀ`m H$ë`mU qH$dm {dH$mg H$m ©H«$_m§Mo Zo_Ho$ H$moUVo n[aUm_ Pmbo? YmoaUm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr,

{Z`moOZ Ho$ë`mn«_mUo {dH$mg H$m ©H«$_m§Mr àË`jmV A§_b~OmdUr hmoV Amho qH$dm Zmhr? `moOZm§Mm bm^ Á`m

g_yhmZm hmoUo Ano{jV hmoVo Ë`mZm Ë`m§Mm {H$VnV àË`jmV bm^ hmoVmo? `m{df`rhr g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZo

Ho$br OmVmV. Aem Aä`mgmZm _yë`_mnZmË_H$ Aä`mg (Evaluative studies) Ago åhUVmV. _yë`_mnZmË_H$

Aä`mgmÛmao Or _m{hVr CnbãY hmoVo {VÀ`m AmYmao YmoaUm§_Ü o, {Z`moOZ à{H«$ o_Ü o, A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m

emgH$s` §ÌUo_Ü o, VgoM {dH$mg H$m ©H«$_m§_Ü o `mo½` Vo ~Xb Ho$bo OmD$ eH$VmV. åhUOo gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo

AmIÊ`mgmR>r, {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r, VgoM Ë`m§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$ê$Z Ë`mV ~Xb gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r XoIrb

g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maV gaH$maZo am~{dboë`m g_wXm` {dH$mg `moOZm,

EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr `moOZm, Am{Xdmgr {dH$mg H$m ©H«$_ Aem AZoH$ ~m~tMo _yë`_mnZmË_H$ Aä`mg

g_mOemñÌkmZr Ho$bo AmhoV.

3) Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmMr {d{dY joÌo (Fields of Applied Sociology) :

`m AmYrM ñnîQ> Ho$ë`mà_mUo, Cn`mo{OV emñÌmV g§H${bV Ho$coë`m kmZmMm Cn`moJ g_mOmÀ`m

\$m`ÚmgmR>r H$ê$Z KoVbm OmVmo. Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMmhr Cn`moJ gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV Ano{jV ~Xb

KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. "ewÕ' g_mOemñÌmV

gm_m{OH$ dñVwpñWVr{df`rMo kmZ {_i{dbo OmVo. CXm. g_mOemñÌk ehamVrb PmonS>nÅ>rMm Aä`mg H$aVmV.

PmonS>nÅ>rV Zo_H$s H$m` dñVwpñWVr Amho? `m{df`rMo Vo {ZîH$f© H$mT>VmV. EImXm g_mOemñÌk Ago {ZîH$f©

H$mT>Vmo H$s, ~hþg§»` PmonS>nÅ>rdmgr` J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ñWbm§Va H$ê$Z Ambo AmhoV, ~hþVm§er PmonS>nÅ>rdmgr`

AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr, y_rhrZ Am{U Jar~ AmhoV, PmonS>nÅ>rVrb Amamo½`{df`H$ pñWVr AË §V Imbmdbobr

Amho, Ë`m_wio PmonS>nÅ>rdmgr`m§Zm {d{dY AmOmamZm dma§dma Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. AZoH$ PmonS>nÅ>rdmgr` ì`gZm§Zr

J«ñV AmhoV, JwÝhoJmarMo à_mU A{YH$ Amho B. ho g§emoYZ "ewÕ' g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZ Amho. H$maU

PmonS>nÅ>rVrb dñVwpñWVr Zo_H$s H$m` Amho ho OmUyZ KoUo, EdT>mM g§emoYZmMm hoVy hmoVm. nU EImÚm

g_mOemñÌkmZo Oa PmonS>nÅ>rÀ`m {dH$mgmMm H$m ©H«$_ H$gm AmIVm oB©b, VoWrb Xm[aÐç H$go ZîQ> H$aVm

oB©b, VoWrb bmoH$m§Zm H$moUË`m ì`dgm`m§Mo à{ejU XoVm oB©b, JwÝhoJmar dV©Zmda H$go {Z §ÌU amIVm oB©b

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`m C{ÔîQ>m§À`m nyVugmR>r g§emoYZ H$amd`mMo R>a{dbo Va _mÌ Vo Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZ hmoB©b.

g_mOemñÌk AZoH$ joÌmV Cn`mo{OV g§emoYZ H$aVmV. Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmMr Aer joÌo nwT>rbà_mUo :

1) gm_m{OH$ A{^`m§{ÌH$s (Social Engineering) :

gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm AmamIS>m Zì`mZo V`ma H$aVm oB©b, {~KS>bobr gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr nyd©nXmda

AmUVm oB©b, qH$dm Amnë`m {Z`moOZmà_mUo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmbmhr emñÌr` kmZmÀ`m AmYmamda Ano{jV

diU bmdVm oUo eŠ` Amho, ho gm_m{OH$ A{^`m§{ÌH$sMo _w»` J¥hrVH$ Amho. Á`mà_mUo EImXm {gpìhb

B§{OZrà KamÀ`m Xwê$ñVrMm, nwbmÀ`m Xwê$ñVrMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmo Ë`mà_mUoM g_mOemñÌk XoIrb

g_mOmÀ`m {~KS>boë`m pñWVrV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>rMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$ê$ eH$VmV. Oo g_mOemñÌk

gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo AmIÊ`mgmR>r, gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U g_mO{dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY H$m ©H«$_m§Mr

AmIUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYZ H$arV AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm EH$m AWm©Zo "gmoeb B§{OZrAg©' Ago åhUVm oB©b.

2) g_mO H$m © (Social Work) :

g_mOemñÌ Am{U g_mO H$m © `m Xmohm|V oX AmhoV. `m XmoZ ñdV§Ì kmZemIm AmhoV. g_mOH$m © hr

g_mOemñÌmMr Cn`mo{OV emImM Amho, Ago H$mhr g_mOemñÌk _mZVmV. `mMo H$maU Ago H$s _yb yV

g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZmVyZ Oo kmZ àmßV hmoVo Ë`mMm ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`moJ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r

g_mOH$m`m©V hmoVmo. g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVrZm {d{dY g_ñ`mZr J«mgbobo AgVo. (CXm. _mXH$ Ðì`mYrZVm,

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$bh, {df_m`moOZmÀ`m g_ñ`m) Ë`mMn«_mUo H$mhr J§ ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mZr g_J« g_mOmg_moaM

H$mhr AmìhmZo V`ma Ho$bobr AgVmV. (CXm. JwÝhoJmar, hþ§S>m~ir, «îQ>mMma, ES>g² B.) à{e{jV gm_m{OH$

H$m ©H$V} Aem g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm Cn`moJ H$aVmV.

3) ì`mdhm[aH$ gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ (Applied Social Research) :

Oo g§emoYZ ì`mdhm[aH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo C{ÔîQ> S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ Ho$bo OmVo Vo ì`mdhm[aH$

gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hmo . Aem àH$maMo g§emoYZ gm_m{OH$ YmoaU {ZpíMVr, gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZ, {dH$mg

H$m ©H«$_m§Mr AmIUr, g_mOH$m ©, Om{hamV g§emoYZ, ~mOmanoR>oMo g§emoYZ, _mÜ`_ g§emoYZ Aem {d{dY

joÌmV Ho$bo OmVo.

4) H¥$Vrerb g_mOemñÌ (Action Sociology) :

ho Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmMo AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo joÌ Amho. H¥$Vrerb g_mOemñÌmV, g§emoYH$

g_mOemñÌk ñdV:M {dH$mg H$m ©H«$_mV gh^mJr hmoVmo Am{U g§emoYZhr H$arV AgVmo. EImÚm g_yhmÀ`m

àJVrgmR>r EImXm H$m ©H«$_ am~{dbm OmV AgVmZm g_mOemñÌk Ë`m à{H«$ oV gh^mJ KoVmo, H$m ©H«$_mÀ`m

A§_b~OmdUrV H$moUË`m AS>MUr qH$dm g_ñ`m oVmV `mMo g§emoYZ H$aVmo, Ë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r

57

Cnm``moOZm gwM{dVmo, Ë`m§Mr nwÝhm A§_b~OmdUr H$arV AgVmZm Ë`mVhr Vmo gh^mJr hmoV AgVmo. AemàH$mao

H¥$Vrerb g_mOemñÌmV àma§ r g_ñ`m§Mo {ZXmZ H$aUo, g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r {Z`moOZ H$aUo, Ë`mgmR>r

H$m ©H«$_mMr AmIUr H$aUo, Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo, A§_b~OmdUrVrb g_ñ`m emoYUo, Ë`mda nwÝhm

Cnm` gwM{dUo Am{U nwÝhm Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo, H$m ©H«$_ nyU© Pmë`mda Ë`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo Aem

gd© Q>ßß`m§_Ü o g_mOemñÌkmMm gh^mJ AgVmo. H¥$Vrerb g_mOemñÌk Ho$di g_mOemñÌkM AgV Zmhr

Va Vmo n[adV©ZmMm KQ>H$ (change agent) XoIrb AgVmo. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV H¥$Vrerb g_mOemñÌmbm

IynM _hÎd Ambo Amho.

5) amoJ{M{H$Ëgmb`rZ g_mOemñÌ (Clinical Sociology) :

1931 _Ü o bwB© dW© (Louis Wirth) `m§Zr 'Clinical Sociology' hr g§km gd©àW_ dmnabr. g_mO

H$m ©H$V}, _mZgemñÌk Am{U _Zmo{M{H$Ëgm Vk (Psychiatrists) `m§À`m g_doV {M{H$Ëgmb`mV H$m_

H$aUmè`m g_mOemñÌkm§À`m H$m`m©À`m g§X^m©V `m g§koMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm. amoJm§Mo {ZXmZ, CnMma, Amamo½`

{ejU Am{U g§emoYZ `m {M{H$Ëgmb`rZ H$m_m§_Ü o g_mOemñÌkm§Mm gh^mJ AgVmo. {deofH$ê$Z naXoemVrb

{M{H$Ëgmb`m§_Ü o ho {XgyZ oVo. H$m_Jmam§À`m _ZmoY¡ m©Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mV gwYmaUm gwM{dÊ`mMo H$m_hr

{M{H$Ëgmb`rZ g_mOemñÌk H$aVmV.

AemàH$mao gm_m{OH$ A{^`m§{ÌH$s, g_mOH$m ©, Cn`mo{OV gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ, H¥$Vrerb g_mOemñÌ

Am{U amoJ{M{H$Ëgmb`rZ g_mOemñÌ hr Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmMr H$mhr _hÎdnyU© joÌo AmhoV.

4) ì`mdgm{`H$ joÌmVrb {d{dY g§Yr àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌmMm {dÚmÏ`mªZm

hmoUmam Cn`moJ (Use of Sociology for Students to Prepare for Variety of

Careers):

g_mOemñÌr` kmZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm {d{dY joÌmVrb ì`dgm`mV nXmn©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVo. g_mOemñÌ

hm EH$ ì`dgm` (Profession) Amho. H$moUË`mhr ì`dgm`mV Amnë`mOdirb kmZ Am{U H$m¡eë`mMm

Amnë`m CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ åhUyZ dmna H$ê$Z g_mOmVrb {d{eîQ> y{_H$m ì`ŠVrZm dR>dmì`m bmJVmV.

g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm {d{dY ì`dgm`mV nXmn©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. AmOH$mb EImÚm

{dÚmÏ`m©Zo g_mOemñÌ {df`mV ~r. E. AWdm E_. E. hr nXdr {_i{dbr åhUOo VodT>çmM e¡j{UH$ nmÌVoda

Ë`mbm Mm§Jbr ZmoH$ar {_iob Aer eŠ`Vm Zmhr. nU g_mOemñÌmVrb nXdr (B.A.) qH$dm nXì wÎma nXdr

(M.A.) {_idyZ, Z§Va {d{dY joÌmVrb ì`dgm`mV nXmn©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m ñnYm© narjm§V

è {_i{dbo, qH$dm {d{eîQ> ì`dgm`mer {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m AÝ` nXì`m g§nmXZ Ho$ë`m, Va _mÌ {dÚmÏ`mªZm

AZoH$ joÌmV amoOJmamÀ`m / ì`dgm`m§À`m g§Yr CnbãY hmoD$ eH$VmV. AmOMo wJ ho ñnY}Mo Am{U EImÚm

joÌmVrb {deof kmZmbm _hÎd AgUmao wJ Amho. AmOÀ`m wJmV g_mOemñÌmMo {dÚmWu Á`m Á`m joÌmV

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ì`dgm`mÀ`m g§Yr emoYy eH$VmV Aer ì`dgm`mMr H$mhr _hÎdmMr joÌo Imbr {Xbobr AmhoV.

1) AÜ`mnZmMo joÌ (The Field of Teaching) :

H${ZîR> _hm{dÚmb o, d[aîR> qH$dm Á oîR> _hm{dÚmb o Am{U {dÚmnrR>o `m e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§_YyZ

g_mOemñÌ {df`mMo {ejH$ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm ì`dgm`mMr g§Yr CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vo.

Ë`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ Ah©VoÀ`m {d{hV AQ>r nyU© H$amì`m bmJVmV. g_mOemñÌ {df`mVrb E_. E. VgoM

~r.ES²>./E_.ES²>. nXdr (H${ZîR> _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejH$ nXmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho.) E_. E. Z§Va w.Or.gr.

Ûmam KoVbr OmUmar NET/SET> narjm CÎmrU© hmoUo, M.Phil. {H$§dm Ph.D. nXdr àmßV Ho$bobr AgUo, `m

AQ>r nyU© H$aUmè`m C_oXdmamg d[aîR> _hm{dÚmb`mV AWdm {dÚmnrR>mV g_mOemñÌmMm A{Yì`m»`mVm

åhUyZ ZmoH$ar {_iy eH$Vo.

2) gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ joÌ (The Field of Social Research) :

gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV Jw§Vboë`m H$mhr g§emoYZ g§ñWm AmhoV. E_.E. g_mOemñÌ VgoM nrEM.S>r.

nXdr g§nmXZ H$ê$Z XO}Xma g_mOemñÌr` {Z`VH$m{bH$mV H$mhr g§emoYZ boIm§Mo àH$meZ H$aUmè`m C_oXdmamg

gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV Jw§Vboë`m g§ñWm§_Ü o g§emoYH$ åhUyZ ì`dgm`mMr g§Yr CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vo.

3) g_mOH$m © (Social Work) :

g_mOemñÌ {df`mV nXdr narjm CÎmrU© hmoD$Z Ë`mZ§Va g_mO H$m © {df`mVrb nXì wÎma nXdr

(MSW) àmßV Ho$ë`mZ§Va gm_m{OH$ H$m ©H$Vm© åhUyZ emgZmÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJm§_Ü o VgoM {~Ja emgH$s`

g§ñWm§_Ü o ì`dgm`mMr g§Yr {_iy eH$Vo.

4) CÚmoJ Am{U ì`mnma joÌ (Jobs in Industries and Business Organizations):

g_mOemñÌ {df`mVrb nXdr qH$dm nXì wÎma nXdr VgoM {d{eîQ> ì`dgm`mer g§~§{YV AgUmar

AmUIr EImXr nXdr Agob Va {d{dY ImOJr, gaH$mar CÚmoJ VgoM ì`mnmar g§KQ>Zm§_Ü o H$m_Jma H$ë`mU

A{YH$mar, ì`dñWmnH$, g§emoYZ A{YH$mar Aem ì`dgm`mÀ`m g§Yr àmßV hmoD$ eH$VmV.

5) gmd©O{ZH$ àemgH$s` godm joÌ (Public Administration) :

M.P.S.C. Am{U U.P.S.C. `m ñnYm© narjm§gmR>r g_mOemñÌ hm EopÀN>H$ {df` {ZdS>Vm oVmo. àW_

g_mOemñÌ {df`mVrb nXdr narjm nmg hmoD$Z `m ñnYm© narjm§gmR>r g_mOemñÌ hm EH$ d¡H$pënH$ {df`

KoD$Z `m narjoV è g§nmXZ Ho$ë`mg, amÁ` Am{U H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m {d{dY àemgH$s` {d^mJmV godoMr g§Yr

CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vo.

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6) gëbmJma (Job as Consultant) :

g_mOemñÌk åhUyZ »`mVr {_i{dboë`m Vk g_mOemñÌkmZm {d{dY emgH$s` àH$ënm§gmR>r,

Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§ñWm§_Ü o gëbmJma åhUyZ H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_§{ÌV Ho$bo OmVo.

7) _mÜ`_mVrb ì`mdgm{`H$ g§Yr (Jobs in Media) :

g_mOemñÌ {df`mVrb nXdr AJa nXì wÎma nXdr g§nmXZ H$ê$Z _mÜ`_{dÚoVrb ì`mdgm{`H$ nXdr

(CXm. ~r.Oo.gr., E_.Oo.gr., E_. E. BZ. _mg H$å w{ZHo$eZ) àmßV Ho$ë`mda dV©_mZnÌo, Xya{MÌdm{hÝ`m `m

joÌmV nÌH$ma, dmVm©ha, g§nmXH$ qH$dm _mÜ`_ g§emoYH$ åhUyZ ì`dgm`mMr g§Yr {_iy eH$Vo.

8) {~Ja-emgH$s` g§ñWm§_Yrb ì`mdgm{`H$ g§Yr (Jobs in NGOs) :

AmOH$mb AZoH$ joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m {~Ja emgH$s` godm^mdr g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. `m

g§ñWm {ejU$, g_mOH$ë`mU, g_mOmVrb H$_Hw$dV JQ>, Am{Xdmgr {dH$mg, J«m_rU {dH$mg, Amamo½` AmXr

joÌmV H$m_ H$aVmV. `m g§ñWm {d{dY {dH$mgàH$ën hmVr KoVmV. EImXm àH$ën hmVr KoÊ`mgmaIm Amho qH$dm

Zmhr, àË`jmV àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo, àH$ënmMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm _Zwî`~imMr JaO

AgVo. g_mOemñÌ {df`mV nXdr/nXì wÎma {ejU nyU© Ho$boë`m C_oXdmam§Zm Aem {~Ja-emgH$s` godm^mdr

g§ñWm§_Ü o H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iy eH$Vo.

ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check Your Progress) :


1) emñÌmMr à_wI XmoZ C{ÔîQ>ço H$moUVr?

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2) g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMo ì`ŠVrbm hmoUmao H$moUVohr XmoZ Cn`moJ gm§Jm.

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3) gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo R>a{dVmZm g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo?

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4) Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmMr H$moUVrhr VrZ joÌo gm§Jm.

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5) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Umar ì`dgm`mMr H$moUVrhr VrZ joÌo gm§Jm.

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`m KQ>H$mV AmnU g_mOemñÌmMo {d{dY Cn`moJ H$moUVo `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. AmnU Aä`mgbobo

à_wI _wÔo Imbrbà_mUo -

gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo emñÌr` AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio ì`ŠVrMm X¥{îQ>H$moZ A{YH$ ì`mnH$, {ddoH$s Am{U dñVw{ZîR> hmoVmo. g_mO Am{U

gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo `WmW© AmH$bZ hmoVo. Amnë`m g_mOmVrb BVa g_yh Am{U g_wXm`m§À`m gm_m{OH$-

gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMr Mm§Jbr OmU {Z_m©U hmoVo. BVam§À`m X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ AmnU dñVwpñWVrH$S>o nmhÿ eH$Vmo.

BVam§er H$go ì`dhma Ho$bo nm{hOoV ho Amnë`mbm C_JVo. g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio BVa g_mOm§À`m Am{U

g_wXm`m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrMr Amnë`mbm _m{hVr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio BVa g_mOm§~ÔbMo/g_wXm`m§~ÔbMo Amnbo nyd©J«h

Zmhrgo hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§{df`rMr Mm§Jbr OmUrd g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio hmoVo Am{U

Ë`mdarb Cnm``moOZm A§_bmV AmUUo gwb^ hmoVo. g_mOemñÌr` kmZmbm e¡j{UH$ _yë`hr Amho. gmd©O{ZH$

OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌmV g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo R>a{dUo, gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZ H$aUo `mgmR>rXoIrb g_mOemñÌmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmVyZ CnbãY hmoUmar _m{hVr {d{dY gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm§À`m {ZpíMVrgmR>r Am{U gm_m{OH$

{Z`moOZmgmR>r VgoM g_mO {dH$mgmMo {d{dY H$m ©H«$_ R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVo. gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm§Mo,

gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZmMo Am{U {dH$mg H$m ©H«$_m§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U g§~§{YV ~m~t_Ü o gwYmaUm

H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZo Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

gm_m{OH$ A{^`m§{ÌH$s, g_mO-H$m ©, Cn`mo{OV gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ, H¥$Vrerb g_mOemñÌ Am{U

amoJ{M{H$Ëgmc`rZ g_mOemñÌ hr Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmMr {d{dY joÌo AmhoV.

g_mOemñÌmMo AÜ``Z H$ê$Z nXdr Am{U nXì wÎma nXdr {_i{dUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm ì`dgm`mMr

{Za{Zamir joÌo CnbãY AmhoV. _mÌ Ë`mgmR>r AmOH$mb g_mOemñÌ {df`mVrb nXdr ì`{V[aŠV g§~§{YV

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ì`dgm`joÌmVrb à{ejUmMrhr nXdr AgUo Amdí`H$ R>aV Amho. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Á`m joÌmV

ì`dgm`mÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY hmoD$ eH$VmV Aer H$mhr joÌo nwT>rbà_mUo : AÜ`mnZmMo joÌ, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYmMo

joÌ, g_mOH$m`m©Mo joÌ, CÚmoJ Am{U ì`mnmar g§ñWm, amÁ` Am{U H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ àemgH$s` godm,

gëbmJma åhUyZ {d{dY g§ñWmVrb H$m_o, àgma _mÜ`_mVrb ì`dgm` Am{U {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§_Yrb

amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr.

4.5 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to Check your progress) :

1) KQ>Zm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r kmZ g§nmXZ H$aUo Am{U g_mOmV gwYmaUm qH$dm àJVr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r

kmZ {_i{dUo qH$dm kmZmMm Cn`moJ H$aUo hr emñÌmMr XmoZ C{ÔîQ>ço AmhoV.

2) g_mOemñÌr` kmZm_wio ì`ŠVrMm X¥{îQ>H$moZ ì`mnH$ Am{U {ddoH$s ~ZVmo Am{U ì`ŠVr dñVw{ZîR>

X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ gm_m{OH$ dmñVdmMo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoD$ eH$Vo, ho g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMo ì`ŠVrbm

hmoUmao XmoZ Cn`moJ AmhoV.

3) gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo AmIÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobr _yb yV _m{hVr gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmVyZ CnbãY

hmoVo Am{U gm_m{OH$ YmoaUm§Mm à^md Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌr`

g§emoYZo Cn wŠV R>aVmV. `mn«H$mao gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo R>a{dVmZm g_mOemñÌmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

4) gm_m{OH$ A{^`m§{ÌH$s, g_mOH$m © Am{U Cn`mo{OV gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hr Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmMr

VrZ joÌo AmhoV.

5) AÜ`mnZ joÌ, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMo joÌ Am{U amÁ` Am{U H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m {d{dY àemgH$s` godm

hr g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm CnbãY AgUmar VrZ ì`dgm`joÌo AmhoV.

4.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR> (Exercise/Home Assignment) :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao V`ma H$am :

1) g_mOemñÌr` kmZmMm gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo ho ñnîQ> H$am?

2) gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo Am{U gm_m{OH$ {Z`moOZ `m g§X^m©V g_mOemñÌmMr Cn wŠVVm H$er Amho ho gm§Jm?

3) Cn`mo{OV g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {d{dY joÌm§Mo WmoS>Š`mV {ddoMZ H$am?

4) g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm CnbãY Agbobr ì`dgm`mMr {d{dY joÌo {deX H$am.

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4.7 {M§VZ Am{U H$m © (Reflection and Action) :

EImÚm à{e{jV gm_m{OH$ H$m ©H$Ë`m©Mr oQ> ¿`m. g_mOemñÌmMm gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r

H$gm Cn`moJ hmoVmo `m~Ôb Ë`m§À`mer MMm© H$am. Amnë`m MM}À`m AmYmao EH$ {Q>nU V`ma H$am.



2) Bottomore T. B. : Sociology - A guide to problems and Literature, Unwin University

Books, London, 1962.

3) Shankar Rao, C. N. : Sociology (5th Edition), S. Chand and Company, New Delhi, 2006.

4) Peter Hamilton and Keneth Thompson : The Uses of Sociology, Blackwell Publishing,

UK, 2002.

ooo

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àH$aU Xwgao :

_yb^yV g§H$ënZm(BASIC CONCEPTS)

àH$aUmMr àñVmdZm (Block Introduction)

`mnyduÀ`m àH$aUm_Ü o AmnU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`m, Aä`mg{df`,

g_mOemñÌmMo d¡km{ZH$ ñdén Am{U g_mOemñÌmMo Cn`moJ `m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg

Ho$bm Amho. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`m Am{U Aä`mg{df`mMo AÜ``Z H$arV AgVmZm

AmnU ho bjmV KoVbo Amho H$s, g_mOemñÌ ho "gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m', "g_mO'

Am{U "gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm' `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ Amho. "gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m',

"g_mO' Am{U "gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm' `m g_mOemñÌmVrb _yb yV g§H$ënZm AmhoV.

åhUyZM g_mOemñÌ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r darb _yb yV g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© g_OyZ KoUo

_hÎdmMo Amho.

ho àH$aU VrZ KQ>H$mV {d^mJbobo Amho. "gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m' g_mOmMm

nm`m Amho. H$maU, gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtZrM g_mO ~ZVmo. åhUyZ

n{hë`m KQ>H$mV AmnU "gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m' `m g§H$ënZoMm VgoM gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mm qH$dm énm§Mm (ghH$m ©, ñnYm©, g§Kf©, g_m`moOZ,

g_mdoeZ Am{U {d{Z_`) Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. Xwgè`m KQ>H$mV AmnU "g_mO'

hr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. Amnë`m amoOÀ`m g§ mfUmV AmnU "g_mO' hm

eãX Zoh_rM dmnaVmo na§Vw "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZobm g_mOemñÌmV {ZpíMV Agm AW©

Amho. Vmo AW© AmnU g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. "gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm' hr EH$

g_mOemñÌmVrb _hÎdmMr Aer _yb yV Am{U gdm©{YH$ A_yV© g§H$ënZm Amho.

{Vgè`m KQ>H$mV AmnU "gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm' `m g§H$ënZoMm Am{U gm_m{OH$

g§aMZoÀ`m _ybKQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

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KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

1.3 {df` - {ddoMZ

1.3.1 gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMr ì`m»`m Am{U ñdê$n-bjUo

1.3.2 gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo àH$ma qH$dm ê$no

1.4 gmam§e

1.5 ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao





g_mOemñÌm_Ü o "gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m' (Social Interaction) hr EH$ _hÎdmMr g§H$ënZm Amho.

g_mO åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo Omio hmo . ho Omio Am§Va{H«$`m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr_Yrb g§~§Ym§Zr ~Zbobo

AgVo. åhUyZM Am§Va{H«$`m hm _mZdr g_mOmMm _hÎdmMm n¡by Amho. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hmM _mZdr

gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm _hÎdmMm AmYma Amho. ì`ŠVr hr EH$Q>r ñdV§ÌnUo amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. ì`ŠVrbm H$moUË`m

Var gm_m{OH$ g_yhmMm g^mgX AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. {Vbm g_yhmVrb gXñ`m§~amo~a Am§Va{H«$`m H$amì`m

bmJVmV. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§{edm` gm_m{OH$ OrdZ AeŠ`M Amho. Oa Am§Va{H«$`m hmoV ZgVrb Va

g_mOhr A{ñVËdmV amhÿ eH$Uma Zmhr. VmËn © gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr

~m~ Amho. `m nmíd© y_rda AmnU "gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m' hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. `m KQ>H$mV

AmnU "gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMm AW©, ì`m»`m d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U àH$ma `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

KQ>H$ - 1

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m (Social Interaction)

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`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm :

u gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMr ì`m»`m gm§JVm oB©b;

u gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm oVrb;

u gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo doJdoJio àH$ma ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb; Am{U

u ghH$m ©, ñnYm©, g§Kf©, g_m`moOZ, g_mdoeZ Am{U {d{Z_` `m gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m {d{dY

àH$mam§Mm AW© ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b.

1.3 {df` - {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter) :

`m KQ>H$mMr {d^mJUr XmoZ ^mJmV Ho$br Amho. n{hë`m {d^mJmV g_mOemñÌkm§Zr "gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m'

`m g§koÀ`m Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao Ë`m g§koMm AW© ñnîQ> H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oÀ`m nyd©AQ>r Am{U

ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Xwgè`m ^mJmV, ghH$m ©, ñnYm©, g§Kf©, g_m`moOZ, g_mdoeZ Am{U {d{Z_`

`m gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m àH$mam§Mr / énm§Mr qH$dm gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mr MMm© Ho$br Amho. gwédmVrbm

AmnU gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMm AW© Am{U ñdén g_OyZ KoD$`m.

1.3.1 gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m : ì`m»`m Am{U ñdê$n - bjUo (Social Interaction : Definitions

and characteristic features) :

"gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m H$mhr gwà{gÕ g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m Imbr

{Xboë`m AmhoV. `m ì`m»`m§Mm AW© ñnîQ> H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mo ñdê$n AmnU g_OyZ KoD$.

A) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m : ì`m»`m (Social Interaction : Definitions) :

1) eonS>©, AmoS>mo_ Am{U ~«wQ>Z :- ""Ooìhm XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ ì`ŠVr nañnam§Mo dV©Z à^m{dV

H$aVmV Voìhm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m ApñVËdmV oVo.'' ("Social interaction exists when

two or more persons mutually influence each other's behaviour" - Shepard,

Odom and Bruton)

2) {Q>eboa, ìhm`Q>Z Am{U h§Q>a :- ""Ooìhm EH$m ì`ŠVrÀ`m {H«$ oMm (dV©ZmMm) {H$_mZ Xwgè`m

EImÚm ì`ŠVrÀ`m {H«$ oda (dV©Zmda) à^md nS>Vmo Voìhm Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oVo.'' ("When

the actions of one individual affect the actions of at least one other individual,

interaction... is taking place" - Tischler, Whitten and Hunter)

3) S´>ogba Am{U {d{bg :- ""Ooìhm Ooìhm _mZdr ì`ŠVr BVa ì`ŠVrÀ`m {H«$`m§Zm à{V{H«$`m

H$aVmV Voìhm KSy>Z oUmè`m à{H«$ obm _mZdr Am§Va{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV.'' ("Human

interaction is the process that occurs whenever human beings respond to the

actions of other human beings" - David Dressler and William M. Willis - Jr.)


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4) _o[ab Am{U EëS>aoO :- ""Á`m XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ ì`ŠVrV AW©nyU© gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$

àñWm{nV hmoVmo d Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr dV©Zo WmoS>çm\$ma à_mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm

~XbVmV. Aem gm_mÝ` à{H«$ obm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m åhUVmV.'' ("Social interaction

is the general process whereby two or more persons are in meaningful contact,

as a result of which their behaviours are modified however slightly" - Merill and

Eldridge)

5) ~«y_ Am{U goëP{ZH$ :- ""BVam§Mr OmUrd R>oD$Z Am{U BVam§À`m à{V{H«$`m§er Amnë`m

à{V{H«$`m OwidyZ KoD$Z dV©Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ obm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV.''("The process of acting in awareness of others and adjusting responses to the

way other respond is called social interaction" - Broom and Selznick)

6) S>m°gZ Am{U JoÅ>rO :- ""gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o

ì`ŠVr EH$_oH$m§À`m _ZmV {eaH$md H$aVmV.'' ("Social interaction is a process whereby

men interpenetrate the minds of each other" - Dawson and Gettys)

7) {JñQ> :- ""Am§Va-CÔrnZ Am{U à{V{H«$`m§Ûmao Á`mV ì`ŠVr nañnam§da à^md nmS>VmV Ë`m

{H«$ ocm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV.'' ("Social interaction is a reciprocal

influnce human beings exert on each other through inter-stimulation and response"

- Gist)

darb ì`m»`m§Mo XmoZ Vo VrZ doim H$miOrnyd©H$ AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mda Ago bjmV oB©b H$s `m ì`m»`m

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m nydm©dí`H$Vm (Pre-requisites), AW© Am{U ñdén `m g§~§YrÀ`m H$mhr R>iH$

~m~tda {deof â XoVmV. AmVm AmnU gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oÀ`m darb ì`m»`m_Yrb à_wI _wÔo {dMmamV KoD$Z

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoD$.

~) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mr ñdê$n - bjUo (Characteristic features of social interacation):

1) H$_rV H$_r XmoZ ì`ŠVtMr Amdí`H$Vm (Minimum requirment of two persons):-

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m ApñVËdmV oÊ`mgmR>r H$_rV H$_r XmoZ ì`ŠVtMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. XmoZnojm

{H$Vrhr A{YH$ ì`ŠVr Am§Va{H«$ o_Ü o gh^mJr Agy eH$VmV.

2) nañnam§Mr OmUrd (Mutual Awareness) :- ì`ŠVt_Ü o AÝ`moÝ` qH$dm nañnam§{df`rMr OmUrd

AgbrM nm{hOo. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oÊ`mgmR>rMr hr Xwgar _hÎdmMr Amdí`H$Vm qH$dm JaO

Amho. g_Om EImÚm ~gñWmZH$mdaVr XmoZ AZmoiIr ì`ŠVr Cä`m AmhoV Ë`m§Zm nañnam§Mr OmUrd Zgob

Va Ë`m§À`m_Ü o Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oUma Zmhr.

3) nañnam§Zm CÔoeyZ dV©Z H$aUo (Mutually Directed Behaviour) :- gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z

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oÊ`mgmR>r EH$m ì`ŠVrZo EImÚm àH$maMo dV©Z ho Xwgè`mbm CÔoeyZ Ho$boM nm{hOo d Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrZo

Ë`mbm à{VgmX {XbmM nm{hOo. hr Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oÊ`mgmR>rMr {Vgar _hÎdmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

g_Om ~gñWmZH$mdarb EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrbm "~g Ho$ìhm oUma Amho?' Ago {dMmabo

Am{U Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo n{hë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m àíZmbm H$moUVohr CÎma (CXm. "~gMr doi gm§JUo', "_m{hV Zmhr'

Ago gm§JUo qH$dm ZH$mamWu _mZ S>mobmdUo) {Xbo Va Ë`m§À`mV Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z Ambr Ago åhUVm

oB©b. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oÊ`mgmR>r nañna gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$ Am{U g§kmnZ `m XmoZ _hÎdmÀ`m

nydm©dí`H$Vm AmhoV.

AemàH$mao gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ ì`ŠVr, Ë`m§À`m_Ü o nañnam§{df`r OmUrd

AgUo Am{U Ë`m ì`ŠVt_Ü o H$moUË`mVar àH$maMm {d{Z_` KSy>Z oUo (^mfoÛmao, hmd^mdmÛmao, IwUoÛmao) `m

à_wI nydm©dí`H$Vm AmhoV. AmVm AmnU gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm AW© Am{U ñdén `mda àH$me Q>mH$Umao

AmUIr H$mhr _wÔo nmhÿ.

4) AW©nyU© gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$ (Meaningful Social Contact) :- H$moUË`mhr Am§Va{H«$ oV ì`ŠVr

Ooìhm H$moUVmhr eãX dmnaVo, hmd^md H$aVo qH$dm EImXr dñVy Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrbm XoVo Ë`mbm {ZpíMVM

H$mhr AW© AgVmo. Vmo AW© Xwgar ì`ŠVr g_OyZ KoVo. Aem àH$mao eãX, hmd^md d dñVy XoÊ`mÀ`m

{H«$ oMm AW© g_OyZM ì`ŠVr BVam§Zm à{V{H«$`m H$aVo. EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo nwañH$ma {_imë`m~Ôb Oa

Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrbm nwînJwÀN> {Xbm Va Vr Ë`mMm AW© bJoM g_OyZ KoVo Am{U "Am^mar Amho' Aer

à{V{H«$`m XoVo. AemàH$mao gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV AW©nyU© gm_m{OH$ g§nH©$ àñWm{nV hmoVmo. Oa ì`ŠVr

BVam§À`m dV©ZmMm AW© g_OyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrV Zgob Va Vr à{V{H«$`m XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. n[aUm_r

Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oD$ eH$V Zmhr. CXm. EImXr ì`ŠVrMr ^mfm AmnUmg g_OV Zgob Va {Vbm AmnU

à{V{H«$`m XoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

5) Am§Va{H«$`m§_Ü o CÔrnH$ Am{U à{V{H«$`m `m§Mr gmIir AgVo (Chain of Stimulus and

Response) :- gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ o_Ü o EH$m ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z ho Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrgmR>r CÔrnH$ R>aV

AgVo. Va n{hë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmbm Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrMr Or à{V{H«$`m hmoVo Vr n{hë`m ì`ŠVrgmR>r

CÔrnH$ R>aV AgVo. AemàH$mao gmVË`nyU© gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV CÔrnZ Am{U à{V{H«$`m `m§Mr

gmIir {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo. Ogo {ejH$m§Zr {dÚmÏ`mªZm n«íZ {dMmabm Va Vo {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r CÔrnH$

ñdénr AgVo. Oa {dÚmÏ`mªZr Ë`m àíZmMo CÎma {Xbo Va Vo CÎma åhUOo {ejH$mgmR>r CÔrnH$ R>aV AgVo.

`m CÎmamZ§Va nwÝhm {ejH$ Xwgam àíZ {dMmaVmo.

6) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§_Ü o BVam§À`m à^mdm_wio dV©Zm_Ü o ~Xb hmoVmo (Behaviour Changes

due to other's Influence) : gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§_Ü o ì`ŠVr EH$_oH$m§À`m dV©Zmda à^md

nmS>VmV. n[aUm_r ì`ŠVtÀ`m dV©ZmV ~Xb KSy>Z oVmo. CXm. EImÚm {df`mda XmoZ ì`ŠVr MMm© H$aVmV

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AmYr Vo nañnam§Mo {_Ì AgVmV nU Ë`m§Mr _Vo nañnam§hÿZ {^ÝZ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ooìhm EH$ ì`ŠVr

Xwgè`mMm An_mZ hmoB©b Ago eãX dmnaVo Voìhm Xwgar ì`ŠVrhr n{hë`m ì`ŠVrbm An_m{ZV H$aVo.

A§{V_V: MMm© Wm§~{dÊ`mMm Am{U nañnam§er Z ~mobÊ`mMm {ZU© KoD$Z Ë`m XmoZ ì`ŠVr _¡Ìr g§nwîQ>mV

AmUÊ`mMm {ZU© KoVmV. _¡Ìr g§nwîQ>mV AmUUo `mMm AW© nyduÀ`m dV©ZmV ~Xb KSy>Z oUo. ho

Am§Va{H«$ oV KSy>Z oVo. AemM àH$mao AmYr eÌwËd AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr Am§Va{H«$ oV gh^mJr Pmë`mda

{_Ìhr ~Zy eH$VmV. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m ì`ŠVr nañnam§da à^md nmS>VmV. Ë`m_wio

Ë`m§Mr dV©Zo ~XbVmV. darb CXmhaUm§dê$Z Agohr {XgyZ oVo H$s, Am§Va{H«$ oV ì`ŠVr nañnam§er OwidyZ

KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm qH$dm Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m à{V{H«$`m H$m` AmhoV Ë`mZwgma ì`ŠVr nañnam§Zm

à{V{H«$`m H$aVmV. CXm. Amnë`mH$S>o nmhÿZ BVa H$moUr pñ_Vhmñ` Ho$bo Va AmnUhr hgyZ Ë`mbm

à{VgmX XoVmo. `mCbQ> AmnUmbm CÔoeyZ Oa H$moUr An_mZmñnX eãX dmnaV Agob Va AmnUhr VgmM

à{VgmX Ë`mg XoVmo.

7) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo ñdén àVrH$mË_H$ (Symbolic) AgVo : gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ o_Ü o

{d{dY àVrH$m§Mm dmna hmoVmo. àVrH$ åhUOo Ago H$mhrVar H$s Oo Xwgè`m H$emMo Var à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo.

^mfoVrb {d{dY eãX. hmd^md hr gd© àVrHo$M AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm g§ñH¥$Vrgmnoj {d{eîQ>> Agm AW©

AgVmo. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV BVam§À`m dV©Zmbm Ho$di `m§{ÌH$nUo à{V{H«$`m {_iV ZmhrV. gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$`m {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrV KSy>Z oVmV. {d{eîQ> Am§Va{H«$ oÀ`mnydu yVH$mimV H$mhr

KQ>Zm KS>boë`m AgVmV. ^{dî`H$mimVhr H$mhr KQ>Zm KS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. `m gdm©Mm gmH$ë`mZo

{dMma H$ê$Z BVam§Zr dV©Z Ho$ë`mda `mo½` Ë`m g§X^m©V Ë`m dV©ZmMm AW© ì`ŠVr bmdVo. àg§Jr H$mën{ZH$

nmVirda BVa ì`ŠVrÀ`m {R>H$mUr AmnUM AmhmoV Ago g_OyZ qH$dm g_moaÀ`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m y{_Ho$V

{eê$Z (role taking) {VÀ`m dV©ZmMm AW© bmdbm OmVmo. g_moaÀ`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmMm AemàH$mao

AW© g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Va _J g_moaÀ`m ì`ŠVrer Zo_Ho$ H$go dmJmdo ho R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY n`m© r dV©Z

àH$mam§Mr H$ënZmË_H$ nmVirda COiUr (Imaginative rehearsal) ì`ŠVr H$aVo. ñdV:Mo _yë`_mnZ

Vr ì`ŠVr H$aVo. Ë`mZ§Va _JM Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrer `mo½`[aË`m OwidyZ KoVm oB©b Ago àVrH$mË_H$ dV©Z

ì`ŠVr H$aV AgVo. àVrH$m§Mm dmna Am{U Ë`m§Mm AÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Am§Va{H«$ oV AgVo.

Am§Va{H«$ oV Aer à{VH$mË_H$ _Ü`ñWr AgVo. åhUyZ Am§Va{H«$ oMo ñdén àVrH$mË_H$ (Symbolic)

AgVo.

S>mdgZ Am{U JoÅ>og `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m ì`m» oV åhQ>ë`mà_mUo gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV ì`ŠVr EH$_oH$m§À`m

_ZmV àdoe H$aVmV. `mMm AW© Agm H$s, ì`ŠVr H$mën{ZH$ nmVirda BVam§À`m y{_Ho$V {eê$Z Ë`m§À`m

X¥{îQ>H$moUmVyZ {dMma H$aVmV Am{U Ë`m eãXm§Mm Am{U hmd^mdm§Mm AÝd`mW© bmdVmV. _JM ì`ŠVr BVam§Zm

à{V{H«$`m H$aVmV.

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8) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m VrZ nmVirda KSy>Z oVmV (Social interactions occur at three

levels) : Am§Va{H«$ oÀ`m VrZ nmVù`m Imcrcà_mUo :

A) ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVrVrb Am§Va{H«$`m (Interaction between individuals) CXm. XmoZ {_ÌmVrb

MMm©, nVr-nËZrVrb g§dmX B.

~) ì`ŠVr d g_yh `m§À`mVrb Am§Va{H«$`m (Interaction between an individual and group):

Ooìhm EH$ ì`ŠVr Am{U EH$ g_yh ho Am§Va{H«$ oMo EH$H$ AgVmV Voìhm hr Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oVo. `m_Ü o

EH$ ì`ŠVr hr g_yhm~amo~a Am§Va{H«$`m H$aV AgVo. CXm. ZoË`mMr g^m, {ejH$mMo ì`m»`mZ B.

H$) g_yhm-g_yhmVrb Am§Va{H«$`m (Interaction between groups) : : : : : Ooìhm Am§Va{H«$ oMo EH$H$

XmoZ g_yh AgVmV Voìhm Aer Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oVo. `m_Ü o Am§Va{H«$`m hr XmoZ JQ>m_Ü o KSy>Z oVo.

CXm. {H«$Ho$Q> IoiUmao g§K, XmoZ XoemVrb g§~§Y B.

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo _hÎd bjmV KoD$Z AmnU `m ^mJmMm eodQ> H$ê$ `m. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m

hr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb gdm©V _yb yV gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm Amho. gm_m{OH$ OrdZ ApñVËdmV oÊ`mgmR>r

Amdí`H$ Aer hr EH$ nyd©AQ> Amho. AmnU gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ o{edm` "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoMm {dMmaM H$ê$

eH$V Zmhr. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oÛmaoM gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y {dH${gV hmoVmV, Vo pñWa hmoVmV. gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$`mË_H$ à{H«$`m§_wioM gm_m{OH$ g_yh V`ma hmoVmV, ZîQ>hr hmoVmV. Ooìhm g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr nmañnm[aH$

Am§Va{H«$`m Mmby R>odVmV Ë`mdoir g_mO ApñVËdmV oVmo. åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hmM g_mOmMm _yb yV

nm`m Amho. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oÛmaoM ì`ŠVrbm {VMo gm_m{OH$ ñdê$n (_mZdr ñd^md) àmßV hmoVo. gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$ oÛmamM ì`ŠVrMr "ñd' g§H$ënZm (Self Concept) Am{U {VMo ì`ŠVr_Îd {dH${gV hmoVo. gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$`m øm Ë`m {d{eîQ> g_mOmVrb _yë o, à_mUHo$ d g§ñH¥$Vr `m§À`m g§X^m©VM KS>V AgVmV. gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$`m øm g_mOOrdZmbm JVrerb ~Z{dVmV. gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMm {dH$mg Am{U Ë`mV ~Xb KSy>Z

oÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo ñW¡ © Am{U ~Xb `m

_hÎdmÀ`m ~mO§yMo (aspects) {ZYm©aU H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m © gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oÀ`m ñdénmÛmao R>aVo.

1.5 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1 (Check Your Progress - 1) :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMr H$moUVrhr EH$ ì`m»`m Úm.

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2) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oÊ`mgmR>rMr _hÎdmMr nyd©AQ> gm§Jm.

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3) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo ñdê$n àVrH$mË_H$ Amho Ago H$m åhQ>bo OmVo?

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4) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo {d{dY ñVa gm§Jm.

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5) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMr H$moUVrhr VrZ CXmhaUo Úm.

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1.3.2 gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mo àH$ma qH$dm ê$no (Types or Forms of Social Interactions) :

`mnydu AmnU nm{hë`mà_mUo gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hm g_mO ì`dñWoMm nm`m Amho. gm_y{hH$ OrdZ

ho gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ o{edm` ApñVËdmV odyM eH$V Zmhr. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§_wioM g_mOmMo ñdê$n

J{Verb ~ZVo. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m øm doJdoJù`m arVrZo / àH$mamV g_mOmV KSy>Z oV AgVmV. Ago

Agbo Var, Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m `m gd©M arVtMm qH$dm àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo AeŠ` AgVo. åhUyZM

g_mOemñÌkm§Zr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm H$mhr àH$mam§Mm qH$dm ê$nm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m doJdoJù`m àH$mamZm {H$§dm ê$nm§ZmM "gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m' Ago åhUVmV. `m Cn{d^mJmV AmnU

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mm qH$dm ê$nm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV. àW_ AmnU

"gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m' `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© g_OyZ KoD$.

1) _°H$m`ìha - ""EH$Xm EH${ÌV Amë`mda, g_yhmÀ`m gXñ`m_§Yrb g§~§YmZm Á`m à{H«$ oV

{ZpíMV Ago {d oXH$ ñdê$n àmßV hmoVo Ë`m à{H«$ obm gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV.''("Social process is the manner in which the relations of the members of a group,

once brought together acquire a certain distinctive character" - MacIver)

2) _m°[ag {Jg~J© - ""ì`ŠVr dm g_yhm_Ü o KSy>Z oUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§Mo {d{dY àH$ma åhUOo

gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m hmo .'' ("Social processes means the various modes of Interaction

between Individuals or groups" - Morris Ginsberg)

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3) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> - ""gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV dma§dma KSy>Z oUmè`m dV©ZmÀ`m ê$nmZm gm_m{OH$

à{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV.'' ("Repetitive forms of behaviour which are commonly found

in social life" - Horton and Hunt)

Á`m {d{dY Z_wÝ`mV gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oVmV Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVm oVo. Á`mdoir

Am§Va{H«$`m nwÝhm nwÝhm EH$m {d{eîQ> nÕVrZo KS>VmV Voìhm Ë`m§Zm {d{eîQ> ê$n àmßV hmoVo. Am§Va{H«$`m§Zm Aer

{d{dY ê$no àmßV hmoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ obm gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m {d{dY ê$nmZm

qH$dm àH$mamZmM gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m åhUVmV. "à{H«$`m' hm eãX gwÕm gmVË` Xe©{dVmo. åhUOoM {d{eîQ>

àH$maMr Am§Va{H«$`m nwÝhm nwÝhm Ë`mMàH$mao KSy>Z oVo.

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo àH$ma qH$dm gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m (Types of Social Interaction or Social

Processes)

ghH$m ©, ñnYm©, g§Kf©, g_m`moOZ, gÝ_rbZ, {d{Z_` B. ho gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mo {d{dY àH$ma qH$dm

ê$no AmhoV. Ë`m§ZmM gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m åhUVmV. AmVm AmnU gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m {d{dY ê$nm§Mm qH$dm

gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z KoD$.

1. ghH$m © (Co-operation) :

ghH$m © hm gm_m{OH$ à{H«$ oMm _hÎdmMm d¡pídH$ (Universal) Am{U gVV Continuous AmT>iyZ

oUmam àH$ma Amho. g_mOOrdZmÀ`m àË oH$ H¥$Vr_Ü o ghH$m © {XgyZ oVo. ghH$m © hm àË oH$ g§KQ>ZoMm AmYma

Amho. Amnbm g_mO ghH$m`m©À`m VËdmdaM H$m ©aV AgVmo. JQ>m_Ü o EH$Ì amhÊ`mgmR>r ghH$m © Amdí`H$

Amho.

A) ghH$m`m©Mm AW© (Meaning of Co-operation) :

ghH$m © hm eãX b°{Q>Z_Yrb "H$mo' (Co) åhUOo "EH$Ì' Am{U "Am°noamar' (operari) åhUOo "H$m ©'

`m XmoZ eãXm§nmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho. AemàH$mao ghH$m © åhUOo EH$Ì H$m_ H$aUo. "ghH$m ©' `m g§koMm

g_mOemñÌr` AW© g_OÊ`mgmR>r AmnU ghH$m`m©À`m XmoZ ì`m»`m Aä`mgy.

1) _o[ab Am{U EëS>oO - ""ghH$m © ho gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo Ago ê$n Amho H$s Á`mV XmoZ qH$dm

Ë`mnojm OmñV ì`ŠVr g_mZ Ü o o {_idÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì H$m_ H$aVmV.'' ("Co-operation

is a form of social interaction where in two or more persons work together to gain

a common end"- Merril and Endridge)

2) MmB©ëS> \o$Aa - ""ghH$m © hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`m `moJo ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yh H$_r

A{YH$ g§K{Q>V _mJm©Zo g_mZ C{ÔîQ> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì à`ËZ H$aVmV.'' ("Co-

operation is the process by which individuals or groups combine their efforts in

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more or less organised way for the attainment of common objective" - Fairchild)

3) am°~Q>© {Zg~oQ> - ""gdmªMm {hVg§~§Y Jw§Vboë`m g_mZ C{ÔîQ>m§À`m àmßVrgmR>r Ho$bobm gm_y{hH$

qH$dm EH${ÌV à`ËZ åhUOo ghH$m © hmo .'' ("It is joint or collaborative behaviour

toward some goal in which there is common interest"-Robert Nisbet)

darb gd© ì`m»`m ghH$m © `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© ñnîQ> H$aVmV. EH$m Ü o mgmR>r EH$Ì H$m_ H$aUo åhUOo

ghH$m © hmo . ghH$m`m©À`m g§H$ënZoV VrZ KQ>H$ Jw§Vbobo AmhoV.

1) XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ ì`ŠVr.

2) g_mZ Ü o qH$dm gmÜ`, Am{U

3) g_mZ Ü o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bo OmUmao g§K{Q>V à`ËZ.

~) ghH$m`m©Mo àH$ma (Types of Co-operation) :

doJdoJù`m g_mOemñÌkm§Zr ghH$m`m©Mo doJdoJio àH$ma gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. Ago Agbo Var ghH$m`m©Mo

H$mhr àH$ma gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©Ì AmT>iUmao AmhoV. am°~Q>© {Zg~oQ> Am{U am~Q>© no[aV `m§Zr gm§{JVbobo

ghH$m`m©Mo àH$ma nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) Cñ\y$V© ghH$m © (Spontaneous Co-operation) :

øm àH$maMo ghH$m © ho AmnmoAmn CX`mg oVo H$maU {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrM Aem ghH$m`m©Mr _mJUr

H$aVo. CXm. AnKmV Pmë`mZ§Va {VWo hOa AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr AnKmVJ«ñV ì`ŠVtZm doJdoJù`m àH$mao _XV

H$aVmV. H$moUr Ë`m§Zm VoWyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Vmo, Va H$moUr nmobrgm§Zm `mMr H$ënZm XoVmo, Va H$moUr Ë`m§Zm XdmImÝ`m_Ü o

CnMmamgmR>r ZoÊ`mg ghH$m © H$aVmo.

2) nma§n[aH$ ghH$m © (Traditional Co-operation) :

ghH$m`m©Mo Oo dV©Z à~§Y na§naoZo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«${_V hmoVmV Ë`m§Zm nman[aH$ ghH$m ©

åhUVmV. CXm. H$moëhmnya {OëømVrb "{êr'Mr nÕV qH$dm D$g bmJdS>rMm "\$S>' nÕV.

3) _mJ©X{e©V ghH$m © (Directed Co-operation) :

A{YH$ma AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr Am{U {Z §ÌUmImbr Á`mdoir g_mZ Ü o mgmR>r {d{dY

ì`ŠVr EH$Ì H$m_ H$aVmV Voìhm Ë`mg _mJ©X{e©V ghH$m © åhUVmV. `m àH$maMo ghH$m © Zoh_rM {Z`mo{OV AgVo

Am{U `mgmR>r ZoV¥ËdmMr JaO AgVo. CXm. aoëdo àH$ën nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{^ §Ë`mMm JQ> EImÚm A{YH$mè`mÀ`m

{Z §ÌUmImbr H$m_ H$aVmo.

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4) H$amamË_H$ ghH$m © (Contractual Co-operation) :

`m àH$maÀ`m ghH$m`m©_Ü o gwÕm {Z`moOZ Am{U g_mZ Ü o nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ama AgVmo. `m_Ü o

ì`ŠVr H$amamVrb AQ>rZwgma H$m_nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì H$m_ H$aVmV. CXm. àH$meH$ Am{U doJdoJio boIH$

`m§À`mVrb nwñVH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm H$ama.

`m ì`{V[aŠV, gd©ÌnUo AmT>iUmao ghH$m`m©Mo AmUIr XmoZ àH$ma nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) àË`j ghH$m © (Direct Co-operation) :

bmoH$ Á`mdoir EImÚm {R>H$mUr nañnam§À`m àË`j g§nH$m©V amhÿZ H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`mbm àË`j ghH$m ©

åhUVmV. àmW{_H$ JQ>m_Ü o àË`j ñdê$nmMo ghH$m © {XgyZ oVo. CXm. Hw$Qy>§~, H$m_Jmam§Mm H$maImÝ`mVrb g_yh,

OoWo bmoH$ EH$Ì H$m_ H$aVmV d EH$_oH$mg _XV H$aVmV. CXm. eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o eoVr_Ü o doJdoJir H$m_o

EH${ÌV nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`mVyZ ì`ŠVtZm gm_m{OH$ g_mYmZ (Social Satisfaction) bm^V AgVo.

2) AàË`j ghH$m © (Indirect Co-operation) :

`m àH$maÀ`m ghH$m`m©_Ü o ì`ŠVr øm ñdV§Ì[aË`m Amnmnbr H$m_o nma nmS>rV AgVmV. Ago Agbo Var

Ë`m§Zm AmnU g_mOmÀ`m EH$m g_mZ Ü o mgmR>r H$m © nma nmS>V AmhmoV `mMr OmUrd ZgVo. `m_Ü o gd© H$m_m§Mo

{d^mOZ doJdoJù`m ì`ŠVt_Ü o Ho$bobo AgVo. g_mOmVrb doJdoJio bmoH$ {ejH$, S>m°ŠQ>a, A{^ §Vm, eoVH$ar,

H$m_Jma, ì`dñWmnH$, d{H$b, g\$mB© H$m_Jma B. H$m_o H$aV AgVmV. `mn¡H$s àË oH$mbm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s AmnU

Amnë`m ñd{hVmgmR>r H$m_ H$aV AmhmoV. na§Vw Ë`m§Zm `mMr OmUrd ZgVo H$s, Vo AàË`jnUo l_{d^mOZmÛmao

g_mOmMo gmd©{ÌH$ Ü o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. g_mOmVrb Aem àH$maÀ`m l_{d^mOZm_wio

nañnamdb§~Z dmT>Vo d Ë`m_wio g_mOmV O¡{dH$ gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo d {Q>Hy$Z ahmVo.

2) ñnYm© (Competition) :

ghH$m`m©gmaIrM ñnYm© hr XoIrb EH$ _yb yV gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho. ñnY}_Ü o XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$

ì`ŠVr g_mZ Ü o mgmR>r g§Kf© H$aVmV. Ooìhm _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy Xw{_©i AgVmV qH$dm Ë`m H$_r à_mUmV CnbãY

AgVmV Am{U Ë`m {_idÊ`mgmR>r BÀNy>H$ ì`ŠVtMr g§»`m _mÌ A{YH$ AgVo. Aemdoir ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoVo.

åhUyZ ñnYm© Am{U _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy§Mm VwQ>dS>m (Scarcity) `m§Mm OdiMm g§~§Y Amho.

A) ñnY}Mm AW© (Meaning of Competition) :

ñnYm© `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU H$mhr ì`m»`m nmhÿ `m.

1) ~rgmÝP - ""Á`m JmoîQ>r _`m©{XV à_mUmV CnbãY AgVmV Am{U Á`m dmQy>Z KoVm oV ZmhrV

Aem JmoîQ>r àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ooìhm ì`ŠVr PJS>VmV Voìhm Ë`mbm ñnYm© åhUVmV.''("Competition is the striving of two or more persons for the same goal which is

limited so that all cannot share it" - Biesanz)

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2) A±S>agZ Am{U nmH©$a - ""ñnYm© ho gm_m{OH$ d¥ÎmrMo Ago ê$n Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o _`m©{XV

AgUmè`m ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ JmoîQ>r {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm Ë`m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r

AmnU EH$_oH$m§{déÕ PJS>Vmo.'' (Competition is that form of social action in which

we strive against each other for the possession of or use of so limited material

or non-material goods" - Anderson and Parker)

3) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> - ""ñnYm© åhUOo nm[aVmo{fHo$ ({deofV: Á`m JmoîQ>r Xw{_©i AgVmV Ë`m)

{_idÊ`mgmR>rMm g§Kf© hmo .'' ("Competition is the struggle for possion of rewards

which are limited in supply, goods, status, powar, love, anything"- Horton and

Hunt)

darb ì`m»`m§dê$Z AmnUmg ñnYm© `m g§koMm AW© ñnîQ>nUo g_OVmo. Á`mdoir bmoH$ _`m©{XV AgUmè`m

dñVy qH$dm JmoîQ>r {_idÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf© H$aVmV Ë`mbmM ñnYm© Ago åhUVmV. CXm. Á`mdoir XmoZ nmÌ ì`ŠVr

EH$mM OmJogmR>r _wbmIV XoVmV Ë`mbm ñnYm© Ago åhUVm oB©b. Á`mdoir H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m _`m©{XV ^m¡{VH$

qH$dm A^m¡{VH$ JmoîQ>tMo (^m¡{VH$ dñVy CXm. O{_Z, g§nÎmr BVa V§ÌkmZ, A^m¡{VH$ ~m~r, CXm. gÎmm, gm_m{OH$

XOm©, ào_, à{VîR>m B.) Xw{ ©ú` AgVo Am{U Ë`m§Mr _mJUr OmñV AgVo Ë`mdoir ñnYm© KSy>Z oVo.

~) ñnY}Mr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Competition) :

AmVm AmnU ñnY}Mr H$mhr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço bjmV KoD$. Vr WmoS>Š`mV Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) ñnYm© hr Xw{ ©ú`m_wio CX`mg oVo (Competition arises due to scarcity) : åhUOoM Omon ªV

AgUmè`m dñVy dm JmoîQ>r `m§Mm nwadR>m _`m©{XV AgVmo Vmon ªV ñnYm© hr KSy>Z oV AgVo. _mZdr JaOm

`m A_`m©{XV AmhoV Va g§gmYZo hr _`m©{XV AmhoV åhUyZ Xw{_©i Aer g§gmYZo ñdV:bmM {_imdrV

`mgmR>r ñnYm© KSy>Z oVo.

2) ñnYm© hr d¡{ídH$ à{H«$`m Amho (Competition is a Universal Process) : ñnYm© hr

g_mOOrdZmÀ`m àË oH$ joÌm_Ü o AgVo. Ë`mà_mUo ñnYm© hr gd© àH$maÀ`m (CXm. Am{X_, J«m_rU,

qH$dm ZmJar; àJV qH$dm AàJV) _mZdr g_mOm§_Ü o ApñVËdmV AgVo. åhUyZ ñnYm© hr d¡pídH$

(Universal) ~m~ Amho.

3) ñnYm© gVV Mmby AgVo (Competition is Continuous) : ñnYm© hr H$Yrhr Z g§nUmar gm_m{OH$

à{H«$`m Amho. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌmV Vr gmVË`mZo gwê$ AgVo.

4) ñnY}_wio g_mOmV J{VerbVm {Z_m©U hmoVo (Competition Creates Dynamism in Society)

: ñnYm© hr g_mOmMr àJVr Am{U n[adV©ZmgmR>r _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ XoVo. ñnY}_wio g_mO J{Verb ~ZVmo.

H$mhr doim ñnYm© hr Ad¡ pŠVH$ ñdénmMr AgVo. ñnYm© hr ì`ŠVrbm H$mhr {_idÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`mVrb

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JwUm§Zm {gÕ H$aÊ`mg mJ nmS>Vo. CXm. ñnY}_wio {dÚmÏ`m©bm narjoV OmñV JwU d CÀMloUr {_idÊ`mgmR>r

BVam§nojm OmñV _ohZV ¿`mdr bmJVo.

5) ñnYm© hr Ad¡ pŠVH$ Agy eH$Vo (Competition may be impersonal) : H$mhr doim ñnY}Mo

ñdê$n ho Ad ¡pŠVH$ ñdê$nmMo AgVo. O|ìhm AmnUmg Amnbm ñnY©H$ _m{hV ZgVmo Voìhm Ë`mbm

Ad ¡{ŠVH$ ñdê$nmMr ñnYm© Ago åhUVmV. CXm. H|${Ð` bmoH$godm Am`moJm_m\©$V KoÊ`mV oUmè`m

Am ².E.Eg²., Am ².nr.Eg²., Am ².E\²$.Eg². `mgma»`m nXm§gmR>r KoÊ`mV oUmè`m ñnYm© narjogmR>r

XoeâmVyZ AZoH$ {dÚmWu `m n[ajobm ~gVmV. ho gd© ñnY©H$ EH$_oH$m§À`m AmoiIrMo ZgVmV. nU

BVam§nojm A{YH$ JwU {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Vo ñnYm© H$arV AgVmV.

6) ñnYm© hr à_mUH$mÛmao {Z §{ÌV Ho$br OmVo (Competition is governed by norms) : ñnYm©

hr {Z`_, à_mUHo$ {eñV~ÕVm `mÛmao {Z §{ÌV Ho$br OmVo. àË oH$OU ñnY}À`m {Z`_m§H$S>o ì`dpñWV

bj XoVmo. BVa ñnY©H$ gwÕm ho {Z`_ nmiV AmhoV H$m? ho nm{hbo OmVo. BVamZrhr ñnY}Mo {Z`_

nmiÊ`mMr Anojm R>odbr OmVo.

AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ OrdZmÀ`m àË oH$ joÌm_Ü o AmnUmg ñnYm© {XgyZ oVo. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$,

amOH$s` Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZm_Ü o gwÕm ñnYm© ApñVËdmV AgVo. ñnYm© hr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo _hÎdmMo

H$maU Amho. ñnYm© hr g_mOm_Ü o _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo. {ZH$mon ñnY}{edm` g_mOmMr àJVr d {dH$mg

`mo½` nÕVrZo hmody eH$V Zmhr. CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVm (Upward Social Mobility) hm ñnY}MmM

n[aUm_ Amho. ñnY}_wio `mo½` Am{U bm`H$ ì`ŠVr Ë`m nXm§da oVmV. ñnYm© hr ì`ŠVtZm Ë`m§À`mVrb JwUm§Zm

dmd d àoaUm XoVo. eodQ>r `m gdmªMm \$m`Xm g_mOmbm hmoVmo.

3. g§Kf© (Conflict) :

AmVmn ªV AmnU ghH$m ©, Am{U ñnYm© `m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mm qH$dm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oÀ`m XmoZ

àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. AmVm AmnU g§Kf© `m g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. g§Kf©gwÕm d¡pídH$

à{H«$`m (Universal Process) Amho. g§Kf© gd© g_mOm_Ü o ApñVËdmV AgVmo. ~è`mMdoim g§Kf© hm ñnY}er

g§§~§{YV AgVmo. H$maU Á`mdoir ì`ŠVr gnY}À`m {Z`_m§Mo Cëb§KZ H$ê$Z H$mhr {_idÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV

Ë`mdoir g§Kf© KSy>Z oVmo.

A) "g§Kf©' `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© (Meaning of Conflict) :

g§Kf© åhUOo AgwX¥T> ñnY}Mm n[aUm_ hmo . AmVm AmnU g§Kf© `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m ì`m»`m

nmhÿ.

1) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> - ""BVa ñnY©H$m§Zm ñnY}VyZ ~mX H$ê$Z qH$dm Ë`m§Zm H$_Hw$dV H$ê$Z

nm[aVmo{fH$m§da Ho$di AmnbrM EH$m{YH$maemhr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ åhUOo g§Kf©

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hmo .'' ("Conflict is a process of seeking to monoplize rewards by eliminating or

weakening the competitiors" - Horton and Hunt)

2) {J{bZ Am{U {J{bZ - ""g§Kf© hr EH$ Aer gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o ì`ŠVr

qH$dm g_yh ho Amnbo Ü o àË`j AmìhmZmZo, {h§goZo qH$dm qhgoÀ`m Y_H$sZo {_idÊ`mMm

à`ËZ H$aVmV.'' ("Conflict is the social process in which individuals or groups

seek their ends by directly challenging the antagonist by violence or threat of

violence" - Gillin and Gillin)

3) J«rZ E. S>ãbw. - ""g§Kf© åhUOo EImÚm ñnY©H$mbm qH$dm BVam§Zm Om{Udnyd©H$ {damoY

H$aÊ`mMm, à{VH$ma H$aÊ`mMm qH$dm BVam§da ~iO~ar H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmo .'' ("Conflict

is the deliberate attempt to oppose, resist or coerce the will of another or others"

- Green A. W.)

darb ì`m»`m§Mo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`m ho bjmV oB©b H$s, g§Kf© hm Zoh_rM ghH$m`m©À`m {damoYr

AgVmo. g§Kfm©_Ü o gVV ~{jgo, Xwb© AgUmè`m BVa dñVy B. da EH$m{YH$maemhr àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_Ü o ñnY©H$mbm H$_Hw$dV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. g§Kfm©V {damoY, qhgm VgoM Y_H$sMm

dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

~) g§Kfm©Mr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of conflict) :

g§Kfm©Mr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Imbrbà_mUo :

1) g§Kf© hm d¡pídH$ AgVmo (Conflict is Universal) :

g§Kfm©nmgyZ _wŠV Aem _mZdr g_mOmMr AmnU Ho$di H$ënZmM H$ê$ eH$Vmo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Á`mV

ñnYm© Zmhr Agm g_mO n¥ÏdrVbmdaVr H$moR>ohr gmnS>Uma Zmhr. `mMm AW© Agm H$s g§Kf© hm gd©M g_mOm_Ü o

ApñVËdm_Ü o AgVmo. åhUyZM O_©Z g_mOemñÌk {gå_ob `m g§X^m©V Ago åhUVmo H$s ""_V oXm {edm` {díd

ho H$mën{ZH$ ~m~ Amho. (A frictionless universe is a myth.) `m g§X^m©V H$mb© _mŠg©Zo Ago åhQ>bo Amho

H$s, _mZd g_mOmMm B{Vhmg hm dJ© g§Kfm©MmM B{Vhmg Amho. VmËn ©, g§Kf© hr d¡{ídH$ ~m~ Amho.

2) g§Kf© hm àH$Q> qH$dm AàH$Q> ñdê$nmMm AgVmo (Conflict may be 'Overt' or 'Latent'):

AmnUmg g§Kfm©{edm` g_mO H$moR>ohr AmT>iUma Zmhr. AemàH$mao g§Kf© hm gd©M g_mOm_Ü o AmT>iyZ

oV Agbm Var àË oH$doir Vmo CKS>nUo {XgyZ oVmoM Ago Zmhr. H$mhrdoim Vmo ñnîQ>nUo {XgVmo Va H$mhr doim

Vmo gyßV (Latent) AgVmo. gyßV Agbobm qH$dm AàH$Q> g§Kf© àË`jmV ~mhoa {XgyZ oV Zmhr.

3) àH$Q> g§Kf© hm gVV ApñVËdmV ZgVmo (Overt Conflict is not Continuous) :

XmoZ JQ>mVrb g§Kf© qhgoÛmao àH$Q> hmoVmo. nU Aer qhgm gVV {Q>Hy$Z ahmV Zmhr. EH$Xm Vr n[apñWVr

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g§nbr H$s g§Kf© g§nVmo. CXm. XmoZ amÁ`mVrb nmÊ`mÀ`m dmXmdê$Z V`ma Pmbobm g§Kf© H|$Ð gaH$ma qH$dm

Ý`m`mb`mZo `mo½` _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo KmbyZ {Xë`mg Agm g§Kf© g§nwîQ>mV ody eH$Vmo.

4) g§Kf© hr EH$ OmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$br OmUmar H¥$Vr Amho (Conflict is Conscious action) :

nmH©$ Am{U ~J}g `m§À`m _VmZwgma g§Kfm©_Ü o gh^mJr AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yh `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m

H¥$VrMr OmUrd AgVo.

5) Agwa{jVVm, {Zamem `m ~m~r g§Kfm©bm MmbZm XoVmV (Insecurity disappointment promote

conflict) :

Á`mdoir H$mhr ì`ŠVr Amnë`m JaOm nyU© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV na§Vy BVa ì`ŠVr {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ Z H$aVm

Amnë`m JaOm nyU© H$aVmV ho {XgyZ oVo. Aemdoir g§Kf© KSy>Z oVmo. Á`mdoir g_mOmV CÀM gm_m{OH$ XOm©

{_idÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY ZgVmV Ë`mdoir g§Kf© KSy>Z oVmo. Á`mdoir g_mO hm {Z`_ZhrZ hmoVmo qH$dm

g_ñ`mJ«ñV hmoVmo Ë`mdoir g§Kf© KSy>Z oVmo. {deofV: Ooìhm ì`ŠVrZm Agwa{jVVoMm qH$dm Z¡amí`mMm AZw d

oVmo V|ìhm g§Kf©OÝ` n[apñWVr CX² dÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dmT>Vo.

6) g§Kf© hm gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVrZo A{^g§{hV Pmbobm AgVmo (Conflict is Conditioned by

Culture) :

g§Kf© hm gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVrH$Sy>Z A{^g§{hV Pmbobm AgVmo. åhUOoM g§Kf© hm {d{eîQ> g_mOmÀ`m

qH$dm Ë`mVrb g_yhmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrZo à^m{dV Pmbobm AgVmo.

7) g§Kfm©bm AZoH$ H$maUo O~m~Xma AgVmV (Conflict is multi-causal phenomena) :

H$moUVmhr g§Kf© hm H$Yrhr EH$mM H$maUm_wio KSy>Z oV Zmhr, Va Ë`mgmR>r {d{dY H$maUo O~m~Xma

AgVmV. H$mhr doim ì`ŠVtMr g§nÎmr, gÎmm, à{VîR>m, ñWmZ {_idÊ`mgmR>rMr AH$m ©j_Vm gwÕm g§Kfm©g

H$maUr yV R>aVo.

H$) g§Kfm©Mo àH$ma (Types of Conflict) :

AZoH$ g_mOemñÌkm§Zr g§Kfm©Mo AZoH$ àH$ma gm§{JVbobo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s Om°O© {gå_ob `m g_mOemñÌkmZo

gm§{JVbobo g§Kfm©Mo àH$ma AmnU nmhUma AmhmoV.

O_©Z g_mOemñÌk Om°O© {g_ob `m§Zr g§Kfm©Mo Mma à_wI àH$ma gm§{JVbo AmhoV. Vo WmoS>Š`mV

nwT>rbà_mUo.

1) wÕ (War) :

wÕ åhUOo XmoZ _moR>çm JQ>mVrb (CXm. XmoZ amîQ´>o) g§Kf© hmo . {deofV: XmoZ XoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV

Imobda éOboë`m eÌwÎdd¥ÎmrMm n[anmH$ wÕmV {XgyZ oVmo.

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2) JQ>m§VJ©V Xw\$ir (Factional Strife) :

hm EH$ JQ>m§VJ©V g§Kf© hmo . _moR>çm g_yhmVrb H$mhr bmoH$m§À`m EImÚm JQ>mbm Á`mdoir Amnë`mda

AÝ`m` Pmbm Ago dmQ>Vo Voìhm Agm g§Kf© KSy>Z oVmo.

3) Xmdm qH$dm IQ>bm (Litigation) :

øm àH$maMm g§Kf© ì`ŠVr ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yhm g_yhm_Ü o KSy>Z oVmo Am{U Vmo Ý`m`mb`mV bT>bm OmVmo.

4) Ad¡ pŠVH$ AmXemªgmR>rMm g§Kf© (Conflict of Impersonal Ideas) :

`m àH$maÀ`m g§Kfm©V ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yh ñdV:gmR>r bT>V ZmhrV Va H$mhr Ü o mgmR>r qH$dm AmXemªgmR>r

bT>VmV. hr Ü o o Am{U AmXe© g_yhmÀ`m \$m`ÚmMo AmhoV Aer Ë`m§Mr YmaUm AgVo.

S>) g§Kfm©Mo g_mOmdarb n[aUm_ (Impact of Conflict on Society) :

g§Kf© hm g_mOmV Zoh_rM _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>Vmo. g§Kf© hm gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMm _hÎdmMm

CJ_ñÌmoV (Source) Amho. g§Kfm©Mo g§nyU© g_mOmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo gH$mamË_H$ Am{U ZH$mamË_H$ (Positive &

Negative) Aem XmoÝhr ñdénmMo n[aUm_ KSy>Z oD$ eH$VmV. g_yhmA§VJ©V g§Kf© H$mhr _`m©Xon ªV Agob Va

Ë`m_wio Ë`m g_yhmV EH$Vm, EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U g_yhmMo ñW¡ © {Q>H$dyZ R>odbo OmVo. EImÚm g_yhmMm

Xwgè`m EImÚm g_yhmer g§Kf© gwê$ Agob Va g_yhmV Ë`m_wio EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. ì`ŠVrJV g§Kf© {H$Ë oH$Xm

gm_m{OH$ dM©ñdloUrVrb d[aîR> nmVirdarb ñWmZ g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrbm ào[aV H$aVmo. g§Kf© Vrd«

Agob Va Am{U XrK©H$mi {Q>Hy$Z ahmUmam Agob Va g_mOmdma Ë`mMo ZH$mamË_H$ (Negative) n[aUm_ hmoVmV.

_moR>m g§Kf© g_mOmVrb EH$Vm ZîQ> H$aVmo. H$mhr doim g§Kf© g_mOmV Jm|YimMr pñWVr {Z_m©U H$aVmo. H$mhr

doim Va g§Kf© hm g_wXm`, g_yh, Am{U ì`ŠVr `m§À`mVrb gm¡hmX©nyU© g§~§Y {~KS>dVmo. g_mOm§VJ©V bhmZ bhmZ

JQ>mVrb g§Kf© Vrd« Agob Va gm_m{OH$ EH$Vm {Ii{Iir hmoVo. JQ>m§VJ©V g§Kfm©_wio JQ>mMo ZrVrY¡ © IMVo.

4) g_m`moOZ (Accommodation) :

g_m`moOZ hr AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMr gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m qH$dm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMm àH$ma Amho.

ghH$m © gmaIrM g_m`moOZ gwÕm EH$ d¡pídH$ à{H«$`m Amho. g_m`moOZm_wio g§Kf© H$mhr à_mUmV H$_r H$aVm

oVmo. g_m`moOZ hm VS>OmoS>rMm EH$ _hÎdmMm _mJ© Amho. BVa ì`ŠVt~amo~a g§Kf© gwê$ AgyZ gwÕm Ë`m§Mo~amo~a

g§~§Y R>odÊ`mMm g_m`moOZ hm EH$ _mJ© Amho. g_m`moOZ hm g§Kf© {_Q>dÊ`mMm EH$ _mJ© Amho. g_m`moOZ

à{H«$ o_wio g_mOmV H$mhr EH$ ì`dñWm {Q>H$dyZ R>odVm oVo. g_yh {Q>Hy$Z ahmÊ`mgmR>r g_m`moOZ à{H«$`m _hÎdmMr

Amho. g_m`moOZ hr EH$ g_yhm§Zm EH${ÌV amhÊ`mgmR>rMr _hÎdmMr gm_m{OH$ §ÌUm AgVo. g_m`moOZ

à{H«$ o_wio g§Kfm©Z§Va em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aVm oVo. CXm. H$maImÝ`mVrb H$m_Jma d ì`dñWmnZ `m§À`mVrb g§Kf©

VS>OmoS>rZo {_Q>dUo hm g_m`moOZmMmM EH$ àH$ma Amho, Ago åhUVm oB©b. g_mOmV gVV g§Kf© KS>Vmo, na§Vw

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Vmo OmñV H$mi ApñVËdmV AgUo H$moUmÀ`mhr \$m`ÚmMo ZgVo. åhUyZ VS>OmoS>rZo g§Kf© {_Q>dUoM A§{V_V:

_hÎdmMo AgVo. AmVm AmnU g_m`moOZ `m g§koÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m nmhÿ. Ë`m_wio AmnUmg `m g§H$ënZoMm AW©

g_OyZ oB©b.

A) "g_m`moOZ' `m g§koÀ`m ì`m»`m (Definitions of Accommodation) :

g_m`moOZ `m g§koÀ`m ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo

1) Am°J~Z© Am{U {Z_H$m°\$ - ""g_m`moOZ hr g§km g_mOemñÌkm§Zr nañnam§{df`r eÌwËdd¥Îmr

YmaU H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yhmVrb bmoH$mZr nañnam§er OwidyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ oMo

dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr Amho.'' ("Accommodation is a term used by the sociologists

to describe the adjustment of hostile individuals or groups" - Ogburn and Nimkoff)

2) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> - ""nañnam§er g§Kf© H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr d g_yh `m§À`m_Ü o VmËnwaVr H$m_Mbmdy

gh_Vr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo g_m`moOZ hmo .'' ("Accommodation is the

process of developing temporary working agreements between conflicting

individuals or groups" - Horton and Hunt)

3) gwXab±S> - ""g_m`moOZ hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`m_wio EHo$H$mir g§Kf© H$aUmao bmoH$

g_mZ C{ÔîQ>m§gmR>r EH$Ì H$m_ H$ê$ eH$VmV.'' ("Accommodation is the process by

which those once in conflict can work together in common enterprises" -

Sutherland)

darb ì`m»`m§Ûmao AmnUmg g_m`moOZ `m g§H$ënZoMm ñnîQ> AW© g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. g_m`moOZ hr

EH$ à{H«$`m Amho. `m à{H«$ oÛmao g§Kf© H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr d g_yh `m§À`m_Ü o VmËnwaVo H$m_Mbmdy _V¡Š` {dH${gV

Ho$bo Omdy eH$Vo. Ë`mM~amo~a g_m`moOZm_wio g§Kf© H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yh g_mZ Ü o mgmR>r EH$Ì oD$Z

H$m_ H$ê$ eH$VmV. g_m`moOZ hr à{H«$`m A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU `m à{H«$ oÀ`m H$mhr

_hÎdmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo AÜ``Z H$ê$.

~) g_m`moOZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Accommodation) :

g_m`moOZ à{H«$ oMr RiH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Imbrbà_mUo :

1) g_m`moOZ hr d¡pídH$ à{H«$`m Amho (Accommodation is a universal process) :

g_m`moOZ hr à{H«$`m OJmVrb àËòH$ g_mOm_Üò gmVË`mZo ApñVËdmV Agë`mMo {XgVo.

g_m`moOZm{edm` g_mOmVrb {d{^ÝZ g_yhmZm EH${ÌVnUo OrdZ OJUo AeŠ` ~m~ Amho. g§Kf© hm gwÕm

d¡pídH$ Agë`mZo Vmo H$mhr à_mUmV {Z §{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_m`moOZ hr à{H«$`m _hÎdmMr Amho.

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2) g_m`moOZ gmVË`nyU© Amho (Accommodation is continuous) :

g_m`moOZ hr EH$ gmVË` AgUmar à{H«$`m Amho. ì`ŠVr g_yhmVrb BVa gXñ`m§er, EH$mM g_mOmVrb

{d{^ÝZ g_yh nañnam§er, VgoM {d{dY g_mO nañnam§er OwidyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m OrdZH$mimVrb {d{dY

àg§JmV g_m`moOZmMm dma§dma Adb§~ H$aVmV.

3) g_m`moOZ g§Kfm©Mm n[aUm_ Agy eH$Vmo (Accommodation may be the outcome of

conflict) :

Ooìhm Ho$ìhm ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVrV Am{U g_yhm-g_yhmV g§Kf© AgVmo Ë`mdoir Ë`m§À`mV H$mhr à_mUmV

VS>OmoS> AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. AÝ`Wm g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n XmoÝhr njm§gmR>r {dZmeH$mar Agy eH$Vo. A§{V_V: g§Kf©

{_Q>dUo ho ì`ŠVr d g_mOmÀ`m {hVmMo AgVo. åhUyZ ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yh gVVMm g§Kf© {_Q>dÊ`mgmR>r

VS>OmoS>rÛmao g_m`moOZ KS>dyZ AmUVmV.

4) g_m`moOZ OmUrdnyd©H$ qH$dm AOmUVonUr KSy>Z òUmar à{H«$`m Agy eH$Vo

(Accommodation may be conscious or unconscious) :

g§Kf©_mZ ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yh O|ìhm hoVynyd©H$ g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mMm, Amnbo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV

qH$dm wÕ gwê$ AgUmè`m amîQ>m§Mo à_wI O|ìhm nañna dmQ>mKmQ>r H$ê$Z wÕ Wm§~{dVmV V|ìhm KSy>Z oUmar VS>OmoS>

ho OmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$boë`m g_m`moOZmMo CXmhaU R>aVo. nU nañna g§Kf© AgyZhr O|ìhm XmoZ g_yh {H$Ë oH$ df} EH$Ì

amhVmV V|ìhm Ë`m§À`m ZH$iV AOmUVonUrM Ë`m XmoZ g_yhmV g_m`moOZ à{H«$`m KSy>Z oVo.

H$) g_m`moOZmMr ê$no qH$dm àH$ma (Forms or Types of Accommodation) :

g_m`moOZmMr à{H«$`m hr doJdoJù`m ê$nmV qH$dm àH$mamV KS>V AgVo. {J{bZ Am{U {J{bZ `m§Zr

g_m`moOZmMo gmV àH$ma gm§{JVbo AmhoV, Vo WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rbà_mUo.

1) VS>OmoS> (Compromise) :

Á`mdoir XmoZ Vwë`~i g_yhm§_Ü o g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmo Ë`mdoir Vmo g§Kf© VS>OmoS>rZo {_Q>dVm oVmo. g§Kf©

XrK©H$mi Mmby am{hbm Va Ë`mMm \$m`Xm H$moUmbmhr hmoUma Zmhr, `mMr OmUrd O|ìhm XmoÝhr g_yhm§Zm hmoVo

Ë`mdoir Vo g_m`moOZmMm _mJ© ñdrH$maVmV. `m_Ü o XmoÝhr JQ> H$mhrVar {_idÊ`mgmR>r H$mhrVar J_{dÊ`mMr

V`mar R>odVmV. CXm. ^maVmVrb XmoZ amÁ`mVrb nmUr dmQ>nmMm àíZ hm `màH$maÀ`m g_m`moOZmÛmao gmoS>dVm oD$

eH$Vmo.

2) X~mdmbm eaU OmUo (Yielding to coercion) :

X~md åhUOo ~imMm dmna. Á`mdoir g§Kfm©V XmoZ Ag_mZ JQ> AgVmV åhUOo Á`mdoir EH$ JQ>

eŠVrembr Va Xwgam gmnojV: Xw~im AgVmo. Ë`mdoir bhmZ H$_Hw$dV JQ> hm _moR>çm JQ>mbm ñdV:À`m

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ApñVËdmgmR>r eaU OmVmo Am{U ~bdmZ JQ>mÀ`m AQ>r _mÝ` H$aVmo. `m{R>H$mUr g_m`moOZ EH$m JQ>mZo Xwgè`m

JQ>mbm eaU OmÊ`m_wio KS>Vo.

3) g{hîUwVm (Toleration) :

`m àH$maÀ`m g_m`moOZm_Ü o, ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yh H$moUË`mhr Am¡nMm[aH$ H$amam{edm` g§Kf© Q>miÊ`mgmR>r

à`ËZ H$aVmV. WmoS>Š`mV "OJm Am{U OJy Úm' `m VÎdmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo.

4) _Vm§Va (Conversion) :

`m àH$maÀ`m g_m`moOZmÀ`m _Ü o ì`ŠVr ñdV:À`m g_yhmÀ`m àWm, na§nam, Y_©, {ZVr, [aVr[admO B.

Mm Ë`mJ H$aVmV Am{U Xwgè`m g_yhmÀ`m lÕm, na§nam, {ZVr, [aVr[admO B. ~m~tMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV. Aemdoir

`mbm _Vm§Va H$ê$Z Pmbobo g_m`moOZ Ago åhUVmV oB©b.

5) CXmÎmrH$aU (Sublimation) :

`m àH$maÀ`m g_m`moOZm_Ü o ì`ŠVr AmH«$_H$ dV©Z ~XbyZ g_mOmbm _mÝ` Aem em§VVmnyU© dV©Z

àH$mam§Mm pñdH$ma H$aVo. Aem àH$maMo g_m`moOZ ì`pŠVJV VgoM gm_y{hH$ nmVirda KSy>Z oD$ eH$Vo.

6) Vm{H©$H$sH$aU (Rationalization) :

`m àH$maÀ`m g_m`moOZm_Ü o ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yh Amnë`m MwH$sÀ`m dV©ZmMo BVam§Zm nQ>ob Ago g_W©Z

H$aVmV. CXm. bîH$arX¥îQ>çm gm_Ï ©dmZ Xoe BVa Xoem§da AmH«$_U H$aVmV V|ìhm Ë`m XoemVrb AmpÊdH$ eñÌo

Zmhrer H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm VoWrb XheVdmX g§n{dÊ`mgmR>r Agm hëbm Amdí`H$ Agë`mMo g_W©Z H$aVmV.

7) {Vgè`m njmÀ`m _Ü`ñVr_wio hmoUmao g_m`moOZ (Accommodation through the third

party intervention) :

`m àH$maÀ`m g_m`moOZmV VrZ CnàH$ma AmhoV Vo WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rbà_mUo -

A) bdmX (Arbitration) :

bdmX hr g§Kf©_mZ Aem XmoZ g_yhmV C^`VmZm _mÝ` Aem {Vgè`m njm_m\©$V VS>OmoS> KS>dyZ

AmUÊ`mMr _hÎdmMr §ÌUm Amho. `m_Ü o XmoZ g_yhmVrb qH$dm JQ>mVrb g§Kf© bdmXm_m\©$V gmoS>dbm Omdy

eH$Vmo. na§Vw `m_Ü o g§Kf© H$arV Agboë`m XmoÝhr njmZm bdmXmZo {Xbobm {ZU© _mÝ` H$amdm bmJVmo. `m_Ü o

VS>OmoS>rÛmao {ZU© {Xbm OmVmo.

~) _Ü`ñWr (Mediation) :

bdmXmà_mUoM _Ü`ñWmMr y{_H$m _hÎdmMr AgVo. _Ü`ñW hm g§Kf© H$arV Agboë`m XmoÝhr ì`ŠVtZm

qH$dm g_yhm§Zm gëbm XoVmo. nU _Ü`ñWmZo {Xbobm gëbm _mZUo ho XmoÝhr njmZm ~§YZH$maH$ _mÌ ZgVo.


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H$) _Z didUo (Conciliation) :

_Z didUo hm g_m`moOZmMm àH$ma VS>OmoS> `m àH$mamer A{Ve` OdiMm Amho. `m àH$mamV {Vgar

ì`ŠVr g§Kf© H$arV Agboë`m XmoZ njmZm EH$Ì AmUyZ Ë`m§Mo _Z didyZ Ë`m XmohmoV {_ÌËdmMo g§~§Y àñWm{nV

H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$aVo.

darb {ddoMZmdê$Z g_m`moOZ `m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$ oMo g_mOmVrb _hÎd g_OyZ oVo. g§Kf© H$arV

Agboë`m njmV g_m`moOZ KSy>Z oUo ho em§VVm_` g_mO OrdZmgmR>r AË §V _hÎdmMo Amho. g_m`moOZm_wio

g§Kf© {Z §ÌUmV AmUVm oVmo Am{U g§Kfm©Mo ZH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ Q>miVm oVmV. g_m`moOZm_wio EHo$H$mir

Q>moH$mMm g§Kf© H$aUmao g_yh ghH$m © wŠV ghOrdZ OJy eH$VmV. g§Kfm©_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmar qhgm, Zme, H$Qw>Vm

B. Q>miyZ g_mOmV ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m © g_m`moOZ à{H«$ o_wio hmoD$ eH$Vo.

5) g_mdoeZ (Assimilation) :

g_mdoeZ hr EH$ _hÎdmMr gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m qH$dm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMm àH$ma Amho. XmoZ g_yhmZm

nañnam§er OwidyZ KoÊ`mMr hr AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMr §ÌUm Amho. g_mdoeZ hm g_m`moOZmMm EH$ àH$ma Agbm

Var Ë`m_wio hmoUmar XmoZ g_yhmVrb VS>OmoS> hr XrK©H$mi {Q>H$Umar AgVo. g_mdoeZ hr Aer gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m

Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o EImXm g_yh Xwgè`m g_yhmMr g§ñH¥$Vr, _yë o, OrdZ nÕVr OdiOdi nyU©nUo pñdH$maVo.

EH$àH$mao g_mdoeZ à{H«$`m åhUOo EH$m g_yhmZo Xwgè`m g_yhmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMo AZwH$aU H$ê$Z {VMo AmË_gmVrH$aU

H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m AgVo. CXm. wamo{n`Z XoemVrb ^maVr`m§Mr _wbo hr VoWrb bmoH$m§Mo dmJUo, ~mobUo, H$nS>o,

OrdZe¡br pñdH$maVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`mgmaIo ~ZVmV. `m àH$maMr g_mdoeZmMr à{H«$`m g_yh OrdZmV _yb yV

àH$maMo ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVo. `m à{H«$ oV g_yhmH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m g§ñH¥$VrMm nyU© pñdH$ma hmoVmo. XwYmV nmUr {_gibo

Va nmUr Ogo doJio {XgV Zmhr Ë`mà_mUo EH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Xwgè`m g§ñH¥$VrV {dbrZ hmoVo.

A) "g_mdoeZ' `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© (Meaning of Assimilation) :

g_mdoeZ `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© ñnîQ>nUo g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m nmhÿ.

Ë`m Imbrbà_mUo -

1) g°å wAb H$moB©{ZJ - ""g_mdoeZ hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yh

ho Xwgè`m g_yhmMr g§ñH¥$Vr nyU©nUo pñdH$maVmV.'' ("Assimilation is the process whereby

persons and groups acquire the culture of another group" - Samuel Koenig)

2) ~rgmÝP - ""g_mdoeZ hr EH$ Aer gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`mÛmao ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yh

`m§À`mV ^md{ZH$ gmaIonUm oVmo.'' ("Assimilation is the social process whereby

individuals and groups come to share the same sentiments" - Biesanz)

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3) _mH©$ Am{U §J - ""g_mdoeZ åhUOo nydu doJdoJù`m AgUmè`m g_yhm§Mo EH$OrdrH$aU

qH$dm EH$ÌrH$aU hmo .'' ("Assimilation is the fusion or blending of two previously

distinct groups into one" - Mark and Young)

4) Am°J~Z© Am{U {Z_H$m°\$ - ""g_mdoeZ hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`m`moJo EHo$H$mir

doJdoJio AgUmao ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yh ho EH$ gmaIoM hmoVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mo {hVg§~§Y Am{U

X¥{îQ>H$moZ g_mZ ~ZVmV.'' ("Assimilation is the process whereby individuals and

groups once dissimilar become similar and identified in their interest and outlook"

- Ogburn and Nimkoff)

darb ì`m»`m§Mo H$miOrnyd©H$ AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`m ho bjmV oVo H$s "g_mdoeZ' åhUOo EH$m

JQ>mZo Xwgè`m JQ>mÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMm pñdH$ma H$aUo hmo . Ë`m_wio Vo XmoÝhr JQ> EH$ hmoVmV, Ë`m§Mo {hVg§~§Y d

X¥{îQ>H$moZ gmaIo ~ZVmV. g_mdoeZMm AW© g_OyZ KoVë`mda AmVm AmnU `m à{H«$ oMr d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgy.

~) "g_mdoeZ' à{H$ oMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Assimilation) :

1) g_mdoeZ hr g§W JVrZo KSy>Z oUmar à{H«$`m Amho. (Assimilation is a slow and gradual

process)

g_mdoeZ ho AMmZH$ KSy>Z oV Zmhr. `m à{H«$ obm àXrK© H$mbmdYr bmJVmo. g_mdoeZ {H$Vr ObX

AWdm g§W JVrZo KSy>Z oB©b ho Ë`m XmoZ g_yhm§À`m g§ñH¥$VrV {H$Vr oX AmhoV Am{U Ë`m XmoZ g_yhmVrb g§nH$m©Mo

ñdê$n Am{U dma§dm[aVoda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Oa XmoZ g_yhmV dma§dma Am{U K{ZîR> g§~§Y oV AgVrb Va

g_mdoeZ ObX JVrZo KSy>Z oB©b. nU Xmohm|_Yrb g§~§Y Oa H$_r à_mUmV AgVrb Am{U g§~§YmV AmnbonUm

Zgob Va g_mdoeZmbm XrK© H$mbmdYr bmJob.

2) ~hþYm g_mdoeZ ho AOmUVonUo KSy>Z oVo (Assimilation, in most cases, is unconscious):

~hþYm g_mdoeZ à{H«$`m hr AOmUVonUo KSy>Z oVo. hr à{H«$`m OmUrdnyd©H$ qH$dm {Z`moOZmZo KS>V Zmhr.

EH$ g_yh Amnbr g§nyU© g§ñH¥$Vr {dgaVmo Am{U Xwgè`m JQ>mMr g§ñH¥$Vr pñdH$maVmo Ë`mbm ~amM H$mi bmJVmo.

ho AZoH$ g_yhm§À`m ~m~V AOmUVonUr (unconsciously) KSy>Z òVo.

3) g_mdoeZ hr {Û_mJu à{H«$`m Amho (Assimilation is a two way process) :

g_mdoeZ `m à{H«$ o_Ü o H$mhr à_mUmV ""Xod-Kod'' KSy>Z oVo. åhUOoM hr à{H«$`m EH$_mJu Zmhr.

`m_Ü o XmoÝhr g_yh EH$_oH$m§H$Sy>Z H$mhrVar KoVmV. Á`mdoir EH$ g_yh Xwgè`m g_yhmMr g§ñH¥$Vr, _yë o,

OrdZnÕVr, ñdrH$maVmo Ë`mdoir Xwgam g_yhgwÕm n{hë`m g_yhmÀ`m H$mhr JmoîQ>r pñdH$maVmo.

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4) g_mdoeZ hr à{H«$`m EImÚm {d{eîQ> joÌmer _`m©{XV AgV Zmhr (Assimilation is not

confined to any specific field) :

g_mdoeZ hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Or {d{dY joÌm_Ü o KSy>Z oVo. Ogo ^mfoMo AZwH$aU, Ym{_©H$

JmoîQ>rMo AZwH$aU, gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§Mo AZwH$aU åhUyZ hr à{H«$`m H$moUË`mhr EH$m joÌmer _`m©{XV Zmhr.

g_mdoeZ à{H«$ obm MmbZm XoUmao AZoH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo g{hîUwVm, g§~§YmVtb

K{ZîR>Vm, XmoÝhr g_yhm§À`m_Yrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ gmaIonUm, {ejU, g§YrMr g_mZVm B. KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

`mCbQ> H$mhr KQ>H$ Ago AgVmV H$s Oo g_mdoeZ à{H«$ oV AS>Wim AmUy eH$VmV. XmoÝhr g_yhmVrb g§nH©$

H$_r AgUo, XmoÝhr g§ñH¥$VrV oX A{YH$ AgUo, nañna nyd©J«h AgUo, XmoÝhr g_yhmV g§Kf© AgUo B. ho KQ>H$

g_mdoeZ à{H«$ obm AS>Wim AmUUmao KQ>H$ AmhoV.

g_mdoeZ hr EH$ _hÎdmMr gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho. EImÚm _moR>çm g_mOmVrb {d{^ÝZ g_yhm§_Yrb

gm§ñH¥${VH$ oX H$_r H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mV gmaIonUm dmT>rg bmdUmar hr à{H«$`m Amho. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV EH$mË_Vm

Am{U EoŠ`^md dmT>rg bmJVmo. g§Kfm©Mr eŠ`Vm H$_r hmoVo. AemàH$mao, g_mdoeZ à{H«$ o_wio em§VVm_`

gm_m{OH$ OrdZ eŠ` hmoVo.

6) {d{Z_` (Exchange) :

{d{Z_` hm gwÕm EH$ _hÎdmMm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMm àH$ma Amho. nrQ>a ãbmD$ `m g_mOemñÌkmÀ`m

_Vo - {d{Z_`mË_H$ ñdê$nmMr Am§Va{H«$`m hr EH$ _yb yV gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m AgyZ Vr g_mOrdZmÀ`m gd©

joÌmV AmT>iVo.

A) "{d{Z_`' `m g§koMm AW© (Meaning of Exchange) :

doJdoJù`m g_mOemñÌkmZr {d{Z_` `m g§koÀ`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m {Xboë`m AmhoV. AmnU oWo gwà{gÕ

g_mOemñÌk nrQ>a ãbmD$ `m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m» odê$Z {d{Z_` hr g§km g_OyZ KoD$.

nrQ>a ãbmD$ - ""H$mhrVar naV {_imdo `m AnojoZo qH$dm àoaUoZo ì`ŠVrZr BVam§er Ho$boë`m

EopÀN>H$ {H«$`m åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {d{Z_` hmo . Am{U `m à{H«$ oV ì`ŠVrZm BVam§H$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m

Anojoà_mUo H$mhr bm^ {_iVmVhr.'' ("Social exchange refers to voluntary actions of

individuals that are motivated by the returns they are expected to bring and typically do

in fact bring from others" - Peter Blau)

AemàH$mao ì`ŠVr Ooìhm H$mhrVar naV {_idÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo H¥$Vr H$aVmV Ë`mbmM {d{Z_` Ago

åhUVm oB©b. CXm. ^maVmVrb ~bwVoXmar nÕV hr EH$ {d{Z_` nÕV hmoVr. {d{Z_` hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho

H$s, Á`mÛmao XmoZ ì`ŠVr qH$dm XmoZ g_yh ho BVam§gmR>r H$mhrVar H$m © H$aVmV d BVam§À`mH$Sy>Z Ë`mM _yë`mMo

(equal value) H$mhrVar {_idÊ`mMr Anojm H$aVmV. Oa {d{Z_`mMoM ñdê$n ì`dpñWV Agob Va `m

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Am§Va{H«$`m g_mOmÀ`m g§KQ>ZogmR>r `mo½` `moJXmZ XoD$ eH$VmV. AÝ`Wm `m_wio g§Kf© d {dKQ>ZH$mar JmoîQ>r

XoIrb KSy>Z oD$ eH$VmV.

Am{W©H$ OrdZm_Ü o {d{Z_`mMo ñdê$n ñnîQ>nUo {XgyZ oVo. na§Vw gm_m{OH$ OrdZm_Ü o gwÕm {d{Z_`

KSy>Z oVmo. `m XmoÝhr {d{Z_`m_Ü o \$aH$ Amho. Am{W©H$ OrdZmV {d{Z_`mMo ñdê$n {ZpíMV AgVo. Ogo n¡gm

d Ë`m qH$_VrÀ`m dñVy. na§Vw gm_m{OH$ {d{Z_`mMo ñdê$n Ago ñnîQ>nUo {XgyZ oV Zmhr. gm_m{OH$ {d{Z_`mV

Or XodmU KodmU hmoVo Ë`mMo n¡emà_mUo _moO_mn H$aVm oV Zmhr. gm_m{OH$ {d{Z_` H$mhr doim gm_m{OH$

_mÝ`VogmR>r AgVmo. ^md{ZH$ gwa{jVVm {_imdr, à{VîR>m {_imdr `mgmR>r XoIrb gm_m{OH$ {d{Z_` KSy>Z

oVmo. Am{W©H$ {d{Z_` ì`pŠV{Zanoj AgVmo. nU gm_m{OH$ {d{Z_` A{YH$ ì`pŠV{ZîR> AgVmo. gm_m{OH$

{d{Z_`mV _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m Jw§Vboë`m AgVmV. `m à{H«$ oV nañnamV O|ìhm XodmU-KodmU hmoVo V|ìhm nañnam§er

AmH$f©U {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U nañnam§H$Sy>Z H$mhr n«mßV ìhmdo Aer Anojm ì`ŠVr R>odVmV.

~) {d{Z_`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characterisitcs of Exchange) :

{d{Z_`mMr Imbrb d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm oVrb.

1) ~{jgmMr Anojm (Expectation of Reward) :

{d{Z_` à{H«$ oV Am§Va{H«$`m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtMm _w»` CÔoe hm Zoh_rM BVamH$Sy>Z H$mhr ~{jg qH$dm

nm[aVmo{fH$ {_idÊ`mMmM AgVmo.

2) {d{Z_` hm nañnamVrb XodmU-KodmUrda AmYm[aV AgVmo (Exchange is based on

reciprocity) :

{d{Z_` hr à{H«$`m gmYmaUV: XodmU-KodmU `m VÎdmda MmbV AgVo. `m_Ü o ì`ŠVrbm Xwgè`m

ì`ŠVrZo Ho$boë`m H¥$Vrbm à{VgmX XoUo Ano{jVM AgVo. CXm. EImÚmbm nwînJwÀN> {Xë`mda Ë`m~Ôb Ë`mZo

Am^ma _mZUo Ano{jVM AgVo.

3) {d{Z_`m_Ü o "qH$_V' Am{U "\$m`Xm' `m JmoîQ>tMm {hemo~ Ano{jV AgVmo (Exchange

may involve calculation of 'cost' and 'benefits') :

{d{Z_` g§~§Ym§_Ü o gh^mJr hmoÊ`mnydu ì`ŠVr "qH$_V' Am{U "\$m`Xm' `m JmoîQ>rMm Zoh_rM Vm¡b{ZH$

{dMma H$aVo. {d{Z_` g§~§YmV ì`ŠVr VH©$g§JV {dMmamZo dmJVo.

4) ~{jgm_wio {d{Z_` g§~§Y X¥T> hmoVmV (Reward strengthens exchange behaviour):

Oa EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm {VÀ`m dV©Zm~Ôb H$mhr Zm H$mhr ñdê$nmV ~{jg (Reward) {_imbo Va Vr

ì`ŠVr Vo {d{Z_` g§~§Y {Q>H$dyZ R>odVo.

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5) gm_m{OH$ {d{Z_` hr àË`j naVmì`mgmR>r OmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$bobr H¥$Vr Zgy eH$Vo (Social

exchange may not be a conscious activity for direct return) :

gm_m{OH$ {d{Z_`m_Ü o EImXr ì`ŠVr hr H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m àË`j bm^mMr OmUrdnyd©H$ Anojm Z

H$aVmhr Amnbo H$m © H$aVo. CXm. - EImXm {Zd¥Îm {ejH$ H$moUVrhr \$s Z KoVm AZmWml_mVrb _wbm§Zm

{eH$drV Agob Va Ë`m {ejH$mbm H$moUVmM àË`j Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm {_iV Zmhr ho CKS> Amho. nU Ë`m

{ejH$mMr g_mOmVrb à{V_m C§MmdUo, à{VîR>m dmT>Uo hm \$m`Xm {_iVmoM. AemàH$mao gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m

ghm _w»` àH$mam§Mm qH$dm ghm à_wI gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` AmnU H$ê$Z KoVbm Amho.

g_mOemñÌkmZr gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mo XmoZ ñWyb JQ>mV dJuH$aUhr Ho$bo Amho. ho dJuH$aU H$go Amho,

ho AmVm AmnU WmoS>Š`mV nmhÿ.

gmhM`m©Ë_H$ Am{U {dKQ>ZmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m (Associative and Disassociative

Processes) :

g_mOemñÌkm§Zr gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mo Imbrb XmoZ àH$mamV {d^mOZ Ho$bo Amho.

1) gmhM`m©Ë_H$ / EH$mË_rH$aUmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m (Associative or integrative social

processes) :

Á`m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yhm§Zm EH$Ì AmUVmV Ë`m§Zm gmhM`m©Ë_H$ qH$dm EH$mË_rH$aUmË_H$

gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. CXm. ghH$m ©, g_m`moOZ, g_mdoeZ Am{U {d{Z_` `m à{H«$`m.

2) AgmhM`m©Ë_H$ qH$dm {dKQ>ZmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m (Disassociative or disintegrative

social processes) :

`m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m gmhM`m©Ë_H$ qH$dm EH$mË_rH$H$aUmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§À`m {damoYr à{H«$`m

AmhoV. Á`m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yhm-g_yhmV Xwamdm {Z_m©U H$aVmV, g_mOmV {dKQ>Z

KS>dyZ AmUVmV Ë`m§Zm A-gmhMm`m©Ë_H$ qH$dm {dKQ>ZmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. CXm. ñnYm©

Am{U g§Kf©

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2 (Check Your Progress - 2) :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

1) ghH$m`m©Mr H$moUVrhr EH$ ì`m»`m Úm.

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2) ñnY}Mr H$moUVrhr XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

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3) g_m`moOZmMr H$moUVrhr EH$ ì`m»`m Úm.

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4) "g_mdoeZ' `m g§koMm AW© gm§Jm.

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5) {d{Z_` åhUOo H$m`?

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6) g§Kf© åhUOo H$m`?

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gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hr g_mOemñÌmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr _yb yV g§H$ënZm Amho. g_mO hm {d{dY

Am§Va{H«$`m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtMm ~Zbobm AgVmo. åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hmM g_mOmÀ`m A{ñVËdmMm

_w»` AmYma Amho. `m EH$H$m_Ü o AmnU gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo

àH$ma qH$dm ê$no Ë`m§Mm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço B. ~m~tMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ ì`ŠVr, Ë`m§À`mV

AgUmar nañnam§{df`rMr OmUrd Am{U Ë`m§À`mV hmoUmam H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m ñdénmMm {d{Z_` `m ~m~r

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m nyd© AQ>r AmhoV. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV EH$ ì`ŠVr BVam§À`m

dV©Zmbm à{VgmX XoVo. H$maU Vr Ë`mÀ`m dV©ZmMm AW© g_OyZ KoVo. AemàH$mao gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV AW©nyU©

gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zm_Ü o BVam§À`m à^mdm_wio ~Xb

KSy>Z oVmo. `m à{H«$ oV ì`ŠVr BVam§À`m dV©Zmer OwidyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. Am§Va{H«$ oV ì`ŠVr BVam§À`m

à{VgmXmZwgma dV©Z H$aVmV. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV nañna CÔrnZ Am{U nañna à{V{H«$`m `m§Mr gmIir

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ApñVËdmV oVo. à{VH$m§Mm dmna Am{U AÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mMr à{H«$`m hm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oVrb _w»` Ame`

AgVmo. Ë`m_wioM gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo ñdê$n àVrH$mË_H$ AgVo.

gm_m{OH$ OrdZm_Ü o gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo VrZ ñVa {XgyZ oVmV. ì`ŠVr ì`ŠVrVrb Am§Va{H«$`m,

ì`ŠVr d g_yh `m§À`mVrb Am§Va{H«$`m Am{U g_yhm g_yhmVrb Am§Va{H«$`m ho gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo VrZ ñVa

hmoV.

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m Á`m doJdoJù`m _mJm©Zr KSy>Z oVmV Ë`m§ZmM "gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m' (Social

Processes) qH$dm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo àH$ma (Types of social interaction) åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

øm KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mm XoIrb Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. `m gd© gm_m{OH$

{H«$`m ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yhm§_Ü o nañna g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo _yb yV _mJ© AmhoV. `m àH$aUmV AmnU

ghH$m ©, ñnYm©, g§Kf©, g_m`moOZ, g_mdoeZ Am{U {d{Z_`mMm à_wI gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m àH$mam§Mm

qH$dm gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. gmhM`m©Ë_H$ qH$dm EH$mË_rH$aUmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m

Am{U A-gmhM`m©Ë_H$ qH$dm {dKQ>ZmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m ho gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mo ñWyb dJuH$aUhr AmnU

WmoS>Š`mV g_OyZ KoVbo Amho.

1.5 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress) :

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1

1) ~y_ Am{U goëP{ZH$, ""BVam§Mr OmUrd R>oD$Z Am{U BVam§À`m à{V{H«$`m§er Amnë`m à{V{H«$`m OwidyZ

KoD$Z dV©Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ obm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m åhUVmV.''

2) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z oÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ XmoZ ì`ŠVr H$s Á`m§À`m_Ü o EH$_oH$m§{df`rMr OmUrd

Am{U H$mhr à_mUmV ^mfm, {MÝh qH$dm ñd^mdmMm {d{Z_` hmoUo `mhr nyd© AQ>r AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

3) H$maU gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oV {d{dY à{VH$m§Mm d àVrH$mË_H$ à{H«$`m§Mm dmna hmoVmo. åhUyZ gm_m{OH$

Am§Va{H«$ oMo ñdê$n à{VH$mË_H$ Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

4) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMo ñVa 1) ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVrVrb Am§Va{H«$`m, 2) ì`ŠVr d g_yh `m§À`mVrb

Am§Va{H«$`m, 3) g_yhm-g_yhmVrb Am§Va{H«$`m B.

5) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMr VrZ CXmhaUo 1) AmB© Am{U _yb `m§À`mVrb g§ mfU, 2) XwH$mZXma Am{U

J«mhH$ `m§À`mVrb g§ mfU, 3) XmoZ XoemVrb à{V{ZYrÀ`m g oVrb MMm© B.


1) am°~Q>© {Zg~oQ>, ""gdmªMm {hVg§~§Y Jw§Vboë`m g_mZ C{ÔîQ>m§À`m àmßVrgmR>r Ho$bobm gm_y{hH$ qH$dm

EH${ÌV à`ËZ åhUOo ghH$m © hmo .''

2) 1) ñnYm© hr _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy§À`m H$_VaVo_wio qH$dm Xw{ ©ú`m_wio CX`mg oVo, 2) ñnYm© hr d¡pídH$ à{H«$`m

Amho.

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3) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q>, ""nañnam§er g§Kf© H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr d g_yhm§_Ü o VmËnwaVr H$m_MbmD$ gh_Vr {Z_m©U

hmoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo g_m`moOZ hmo .

4) g°å wAb H$moB©{ZJ, ""g_mdoeZ hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yh ho

Xwgè`m g_yhmMr g§ñH¥$Vr nyU©nUo pñdH$maVmV.''

5) Á`mdoir XmoZ ì`ŠVr H$mhrVar ~{jgmMr Anojm R>oD$Z EH$_oH$m§er Am§Va{H«$`m H$aVmV Ë`mdoir

{d{Z_` KSy>Z oVmo.

6) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q>, "BVa ñnY©H$mZm ñnYo©VyZ ~mX H$ê$Z qH$dm Ë`m§Zm H$_Hw$dV H$ê$Z nm[aVmo{fH$m§da

Ho$di AmnbrM EH$m{YH$maemhr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ åhUOo g§Kf© hmo .''

1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (Excercise / Home assignment) :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

1) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ oMm AW© Am{U ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

2) gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m åhUOo H$m` ho gm§JyZ EH$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m åhUyZ g§Kfm©Mo {ddoMZ H$am.

3) Imbrb {df`mda Q>rnm {bhm.

A) ghH$m © ~) ñnYm© H$) g§Kf© S>) g_m`moOZ B) g_mdoeZ B©) {d{Z_`

1.7 qMVZ Am{U H$m © (Reflection and action) :

1) AmO Vwåhr BVam§er Ho$boë`m Am§Va{H«$`m§Mr `mXr H$am. Amnë`mer Am§Va{H«$ oV H$moU-H$moU ì`ŠVr

gh^mJr Pmë`m hmoË`m? Ë`m Am§Va{H«$`m§_wio Vw_Mm H$moUVm \$m`Xm Pmbm? {Q>nU V`ma H$am.

2) B_maVrMo ~m§YH$m_ Mmby AgVmZm ì`dpñWV {ZarjU H$am. doJdoJù`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m H$m`mªMr `mXr V`ma

H$am. B_maV nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mVrb ghH$m © bjmV ¿`m.



2) Shankar Rao : Sociology, Primary Principles, S. Chand and Co. Ltd. New Delhi,

2004.

3) MacIver, R. M. and Page C. H. : Society : An introductiory Analysis, Mac Millan

India limited, Madras, 1986.

4) S>m°. gO}amd gmiw§Io : g_mOemñÌmVrb _yb yV g§H$ënZm, Za|Ð àH$meZ, nwUo 1996.

5) Harry Johnson M. : Sociology : A Systematic Introduction, Allied Publishers,

Bombay, 1970.

ooo

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KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

2.1 àñVmdZm

2.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

2.3 {df` - {ddoMZ

2.3.1 g_mO : ì`m»`m Am{U AW©

2.3.2 g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

2.4 gmam§e






H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr ñd §nyU© Zmhr. _mZd hm Amnë`m ApñVËdmgmR>r g_mOmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. AmnU

gd© nañnamdb§~r AmhmoV. Amnë`m AZoH$ JaOm AmhoV Am{U Ë`m ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r AmnU g_mOmVrb BVa

ì`ŠVtda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. g_mOm_Ü o Á`mn«_mUo AmnU bhmZnUmnmgyZ Vo d¥Õ hmoB©n ªV BVa ì`ŠVtda

Adb§~yZ AgVmo Ë`mMà_mUo BVa ì`ŠVr gwÕm Amnë`mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, OÝ_mnmgyZ Vo

_¥Ë yn ªV AmnU gd©OU g_mOmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

`m g§X^m©V _°H$m`ìha `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""g§ajU, gwIgmoB©, nmofU, {ejU, gmYZo, g§Yr Am{U

doJdoJù`m godm B. gmR>r g_mOmda _mZd Adb§~yZ AgVmo.'' _mZdmMo eara Am{U _Z `m Xmohm|Mo âU, nmofU

g_mO H$aVmo. _°H$m`ìha `m§Zr Agohr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""_mZd hm Ë`mÀ`m {dMmam§Mm Ame`, Ë`mMr ñdßZo,

Ë`mÀ`m AmH$m§jm, Am{U Ë`mÀ`m _ZmMo Am{U earamMo amoJ `m gdmªgmR>r g_mOmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

KQ>H$ - 2

g_mO (SOCIETY)

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OÝ_mnmgyZM _mUgmbm g_mOmMr JaO AgVo.'' Á`mbm g_mOmMr JaO Zmhr Agm EH$hr _mUyg gmnS>Uma

Zmhr. EImXm gmYy qH$dm g§Ý`mgr ^m¡{VH$ gwIm§Mm Ë`mJ H$aVmo. VarXoIrb "gmYy' qH$dm "g§Ý`mgr' ì`ŠVr hr

g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. gmYy qH$dm g§Ý`mgr hm g_mOmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo.

g_mOemñÌm_Ü o "g_mO' (society) hr EH$ A{Ve` _hÎdmMr g§H$ënZm Amho. (society) hr

g§H$ënZm b°{Q>Z eãX 'Socius' nmgyZ KoVbr Amho. 'Socius' `mMm AW© gmhM © hmo . _mZd BVam§À`m

ghdmgmV (gmhM ©) Amnbo OrdZ OJVmo Agm `mMm AW© Amho. åhUyZM g_mOemñÌmMm OZH$ Am°JñV H$m°åV

`mZo g_mOemñÌ ho g_mOm{df`rMo emñÌ ({dkmZ) Amho. Aer ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. AmnU XaamoOÀ`m

OrdZm_Ü o g_mO hr g§H$ënZm dmnaVmo åhUyZ Vr gdmªZm n[a{MV Amho. na§Vw "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoMm Omo AW©

gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm A{^àoV AgVmo Ë`mhÿZ doJim Am{U {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMm AW© g_mOemñÌkmZm A{^àoV

Amho. `m KQ>H$mV AmnUmbm "g_mO' `m g§koMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© g_OyZ ¿`md`mMm Amho. àW_ AmnU

gm_mÝ` _mUyg X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV "g_mO' hm eãX H$moUH$moUË`m AWm©Zo dmnaVmo ho nmhÿ. XaamoOÀ`m OrdZm_Ü o

g_mO hr g§km àmXo{eH$ g_yhmbm AZwbú yZ dmnabr OmVo. CXmhaUmW© "_hmamîQ´>r`Z g_mO', "JwOamVr g_mO',

"~§Jmbr g_mO' B. H$mhr doim {d{dY gm_m{OH$ àdJmªÀ`m (Social categaries) gX§ m©V hr g§km dmnabr

OmVo. CXm. "eoVH$ar g_mO', "_mgo_mar g_mO', "h[aOZ g_mO' Va BVa H$mhr doim _§S>im§À`m g§X^m©Vhr `m

g§H$ënZoMm dmna hmoVmo. CXm. "ghH$mar g_mO' (Co-operative society) qH$dm "^maVr` g_mOemñÌ

n[afX' (Indian Sociological society) ~è`mM doim "g_mO' hm eãX AmnU A{Ve` T>mo~i AWm©Zo

dmnaVmo. CXm. EImXr ì`ŠVr 'high society' _Ü o dmdaVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. AemàH$mao gm_mÝ` _mUyg X¡Z§{XZ

OrdZmV "g_mO' hm eãX T>mo~i AWm©Zo dmnaVmo Am{U hm AW© g§X^m©Zwgma ~XbVmo.

g_mOemñÌm_Ü o "g_mO' hr g§km {ZpíMV AWm©Zo dmnabr OmVo. Ago Agbo Var, g_mOemñÌmV

"g_mO' `m g§kobm {d{dY AW©N>Q>m AmhoV Am{U Ë`m g_OyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho. g_mOemñÌk "g_mO' `m

g§H$ënZoMr ì`m»`m H$er H$aVmV? g_mO `m g§H$ënZoMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© H$m`? g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço H$moUVr

AmhoV? `m VrZ àíZm§Mr CÎmao AmnUmbm `m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ {_idmd`mMr AmhoV.


`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm :

u "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoMr g_mOemñÌkm§Zr H$bobr ì`m»`m gm§JVm oB©b;

u "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b; Am{U

u g_mOmÀ`m R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo dU©Z H$aVm oB©b.

2.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject Matter) :

`m KQ>H$mMo XmoZ Cn-{d^mJm_Ü o {d^mOZ Ho$bo Amho. n{hë`m Cn{d^mJm_Ü o AmnU "g_mO' `m

92

g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z {VMm AW© g_OyZ KoD$. Xwgè`m Cn-{d^mJmV AmnU g_mOmÀ`m H$mhr

R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo AÜ``Z H$ê$.

2.3.1 g_mO : ì`m»`m Am{U AW© (Society : Definition and Meaning) :

"g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU H$mhr ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$.

A) "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»`m ('Society' : Definitions) :

1) _°H$m`ìha - ""g_mO åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo Omio hmo '' ("Society is a web of social

relationshisps." - MacIver)

2) _°H$m`ìha Am{U noO - ""A{YH$ma Am{U nmañnm[aH$ _XV, {d{dY JQ> Am{U {d^mOZ,

_mZdr dV©Zmdarb {Z §ÌU Am{U ñdmV§Í` `m~m~VÀ`m ê$T>r Am{U [aVr[admOm§Mr gmVË`mZo

~XbV amhUmar Jw§VmJw§VrMr ì`dñWm åhUOo g_mO hmo .'' ("Society is a system of

usages and procedures of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and

divisions, of control of human behaviour and of liberties. This ever changing,

complex system we call society." - MacIver and Page).

3) {Q>eba, ìhm`Q>Z, Am{U h§Q>a - ""g_mO åhUOo ì`mnH$ d gd©g_mdoeH$ Aer àË`jmV

ApñVËdmV AgUmar EH$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm hmo . g_mOmV ~hþVm§er gXñ`m§Mr âVr

H$aÊ`mMr A§VJ©V ì`dñWm AgVo, Vr {nT>çmZ² {nT>çm {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. g_mOmbm ñdV:Mr gd©

gXñ`m§gmR>r g_mZ Aer g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U {d{eîQ> yàXoe AgVmo.'' (Society is the largest

and most inclusive social system that exists. A society recruits most of its

members from within, sustains itself across generations, shares a culture and

occupies a territory." - Tischler, Whitten and Hunter)

4) S´>ogba Am{U {d{bg - ""g_mO åhUOo g_mZ g§ñH¥$Vr AgUmè`m Am{U AmnU gd©OU EH$

AmhmoV Ago _mZUmè`m ì`ŠVtMm g_yh hmo .'' ("A Society is a group of people who

share a culture and think of themeselves as united." - Dressler and Willis)

5) {WAmoS>moa H°$nbmo - ""g_mO åhUOo gd© d`moJQ>mVrb ñÌr-nwéfm§Mm g_mdoe AgUmar

ñd §nyU© Am{U ñd §gmVËèrb Aer gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm hmo .'' ("A Society is a self

safficient, self-perpetuating social system that includes persons of both sexes

and all ages." - Theodore Caplow)

6) _m°[ag {JÝg~J© - BVam§nojm doJù`m Agboë`m ""{ZpíMV ñdénmÀ`m g§~§YmZr qH$dm dV©Z

àH$mamZr EH$mË_ Pmbobm ì`ŠVtMm g_wÀM` åhUOo g_mO hmo .'' ("A Society is a

collection of individuals united by certain relations or mode of behaiour which

93

mark them off from others who do not enter those relations or who differ from

them in behaviour" - Morris Ginsborg)

7) S>ãë w. Or. gåZoa - ""g_mO åhUOo _mZdmMm Agm g_yh H$s Omo ghH$mar à`ËZm§Ûmao

CnOr{dHo$Mr gmYZo {_i{dVmo Am{U _mZd OmVrMo ApñVËd {Q>H${dVmo.'' ("Society is a

group of human beings living in co-operative efforts to win subsistence and

perpetuate the species" - W. G. Sumner)

g_mOemñÌm_Ü o "g_mO' g§H$ënZoÀ`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr ì`m»`m AmnU da

Aä`mgë`m AmhoV. `m ì`m»`m AmnU H$miOrnyd©H$ nwÝhm dmMm Am{U "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m doJdoJù`m

AW©N>Q>m emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am. AmnUmg Ago AmT>iyZ oB©b H$s, {d{dY g_mOemñÌkmZr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm

g_mOmÀ`m doJdoJù`m n¡by§da â XoD$Z g_mO hr g§H$ënZm eãX~Õ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. darb

ì`m»`m§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m {d{dY AW©N>Q>m H$moUË`m `mMo {ddoMZ Imbr {Xbo Amho.

~) g_mO `m g§koMm AW© (Meaning of the term 'Society') :

"g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m darb ì`m»`m§_Ü o "g_mO åhUOo H$m`' ho ñnîQ> H$aUmè`m Imbrb AW©N>Q>m

{XgyZ oVmV.

1) g_mOemñÌkm§Zr g_mOmMr ì`m»`m XmoZ X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Ho$bobr {XgyZ oVo. - (A) "EH$ A_yV© ~m~' (as

an abstract entity) `m X¥îQ>rZo H$mhr g_mOemñÌkm§Zr g_mOmH$S>o nm{hbo Amho. Va (~) EH$ _yV©

dmñV{dH$Vm (concrete reality) `mX¥îQ>rZohr g_mOemñÌk Ë`mH$S>o nmhVmV.

2) g_mO gm_m{OH$ g~§§YmMo Omio Amho. qH$dm gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMr Vr EH$ ì`dñWm Amho. `m X¥îQ>rZo

g_mOemñÌk g_mOmH$S>o nmhVmV. `m X¥îQ>rH$moUmVyZ g_mO hm "A_yV©' Amho. H$maU AmnU gm_m{OH$

g§~§Y qH$dm gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mr ì`dñWm àË`j {ZarjU H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. bmoH$m§À`m dV©ZmMo {ZarjU

H$ê$Z AmnUmbm gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmÀ`m ì`dñWo{df`rMr AZw_mZo (inferences) H$mT>mdr bmJVmV. EH$

_yV© dmñV{dH$Vm `mX¥îQ>rZo g_mOmH$S>o nhmVmZm, "{ZpíMV yàXoemda dmñVì` H$aUmam {demb _mZdr

g_yh qH$dm bmoH$m§Mo g§KQ>Z' åhUOo g_mO, Aer g_mOemñÌkm§Mr YmaUm Amho.

3) g_mO hr dV©Z{df`H$ {Z`_m§Mr Am{U arVr[admOm§Mr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr ì`dñWm AgyZ Ë`mV {d{dY

g_yh, Ë`m§Mo {d^mOZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmÀ`m §ÌUm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo.

4) g_mO hm EH$ {demb g_yh AgVmo Am{U Ë`mA§VJ©V gmnojV: bhmZ JQ>m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

5) g_mO {ZpíMV yàXoemda dgbobm AgVmo.

6) àË oH$ g_mOmbm Ë`mMr ñdV:Mr Aer g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo.

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7) AmnU gd© EH$ AmhmoV, BVa g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtnojm AmnU doJio AmhmoV, Am{U Amnë`m dV©ZnÕVr

BVam§hÿZ doJù`m AmhoV Aer g_mOgXñ`m§Mr YmaUm AgVo.

8) Zì`m gXñ`m§Mr âVr H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm g_mOmVM AgVo, g_mOmV gd© d`moJQ>mVrb ñÌr-nwê$f

gXñ`m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo Am{U {nT>çmZ {nT>çm {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mMr j_Vm g_mOmV AgVo.

9) g^mgXm§À`m CnOr{dHo$À`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mMr ñdV…Mr §ÌUm àË oH$ g_mOmV AgVo. g_mO hr EH$

ñd §nyU© Am{U ñd §-gmVËèrb ì`dñWm Amho.

10) g_mO H$Yrhr pñWVrerb (Static) ZgVmo, Ë`mV gmVË`mZo ~Xb hmoV AgVmV. g_mOemñÌk "g_mO'

hr g§H$ënZm darb AWm©Zo dmnaVmV.


1) "g_mO hm gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo Omio Amho' Ago H$moUr åhQ>bo?

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2) "g_mO' hr g§H$ënZm A_yV© H$m Amho?

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3) g_mO `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m» oVrb VrZ _hÎdmMo _wÔo {bhm?

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2.3.2 _mZdr g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Human Society) :

g_mO `m g§koMm AW© g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm AmnU _mZdr g_mOmMr H$mhr _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

bjmV KoD$.

_mZdr g_mOmMr _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço Imbrbà_mUo :

1) g_mO ho gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mo Omio Amho (Society is a web of social relationship):

g_mO hm Am§Va{H«$`m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtMm Am{U g_yhm§Mm ~Zbobm AgVmo. g_mO hm ì`ŠVtÀ`m

Am§Va{H«$`m§{edm` ApñVËdmV ody eH$V Zmhr. Aem àH$maÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m AmYrnmgyZM ApñVËdmV

AgUmè`m dV©Z{df`H$ {Z`_Zo (gm_m{OH$ à_mUHo$) Am{U H$mhr dV©Z{df`H$ gd©gm_mÝ` ñdê$nmMo AmXe©

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(_yë o) `mZwgma KS>VmV. Am§Va{H«$`m§_wioM ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yhmV gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmoVmV, {Q>Hy$Z

amhVmV qH$dm ~XbVmV. g_mO hm AemM gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmÀ`m Omù`mMm ~Zbobm AgVmo. åhUOoM ì`ŠVr

Am{U g_yhmVrb nañnag§~§Y gwQ>o-gwQ>o ZgVmV. Va Ë`m g§~§Ym§Mr EH$ ì`dñWm V`ma Pmbobr AgVo. Á`mà_mUo

EH$_oH$m§V Jw§\$U Pmboë`m Cä`m Am{U AmS>ì`m Ym½`m§_wio H$mnS> ~ZVo VgoM g_mO gwÕm EH$_oH$m§V Jw§Vboë`m

gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmVyZ V`ma Pmboë`m Omù`mà_mUoM AgVmo.

2) g_mO doJdoJir gm_m{OH$ ñWmZo AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtMm ~Zbobm AgVmo (Society consists

of individuals holding different positions) :

g_mO EH$ {demb gm_m{OH$ g_yh Amho. Vmo AZoH$ ì`ŠVtMm {_iyZ ~Zbobm AgVmo. Ago Agbo Var

`m gd© ì`ŠVr EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ {d^ŠV ZgVmV. g_mOmVrb {d{dY ì`ŠVr doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m gm_m{OH$

g§~§YmZr EH$Ì ~m§Yboë`m AgVmV. g_mOmVrb `m ì`ŠVr doJdoJù`m gm_m{OH$ ñWmZm§da AgVmV. CXm.

"AmB©', "dS>rb', "{ejH$', "H$m_Jma', "B§{O{Zà', "S>m°ŠQ>a' B. hr g_mOmVrb doJdoJir gm_m{OH$ ñWmZo

AmhoV. g_mOmVrb {d{dY ì`ŠVr Aer {d{dY ñWmZo yf{dV AgVmV.

3) g_mO hm gmnojV: _moR>m Am{U ñdV§Ì g_yh AgVmo (Society is a relatively large and

independent group) :

g_mO hm gd©g_mdoeH$ g_yh AgVmo Am{U Vmo gmnojV: {demb qH$dm _moR>m AgVmo. g_mO ñdV§Ì g_yh

AgVmo; åhUOoM {d{eîQ> g_mO hm Xwgè`m EImÚm g_yhmMm KQ>H$ ZgVmo, Va `mCbQ>, {demb Aem g_mOmV

Ë`mhÿZ bhmZ AmH$mamÀ`m AZoH$ g_yhm§Mm A§V^m©d AgVmo. CXmhaUmW© ^maVr` g_mO hm doJdoJù`m OmVr-

g_yhm§Mm, doJdoJù`m ^m{fH$ g_yhm§Mm, {d{dY Ym{_©H$ g_yhm§Mm ~Zbobm {demb g_mO Amho.

4) {ZpíMV yàXoe (Definite Territory) :

g_mO hm gmYmaUnUo yàXoer` g_yh AgVmo. àË oH$ g_mOmbm {ZpíMV yàXoe AgVmo. Ë`m g§X^m©Vrb

Odi Odi gd© bmoH$ Ë`m y-àXoemdaM Amnbo g§nyU© OrdZ OJVmV. g_mOmbm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ _`m©Xm AgVmV

Agm `mMm AW© Amho. àË oH$ g_mOmÀ`m y-àXoemÀ`m gr_maofm R>aboë`m AgVmV. {ZpíMV yàXoe Am{U

Ë`mÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrda à^md nS>bobm {XgyZ oVmo.

5) ì`mnH$ g§ñH¥$Vr (Comprehensive Culture) :

àË oH$ g_mOmMr ñdV:Mr Aer d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo g_J« g_mOmMr EH$

OrdZnÕVr qH$dm OrdZ_mJ© hmo . _mZd{Z{_©V Aem gd© ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o

hmoVmo. ga ES>dS>© ~r. Q>m`ba `m§À`m _Vo, ""g§ñH¥$Vr hr Aer g§H$sU© g_J«Vm AgVo H$s Á`mV kmZ, H$bm, lÕm,

ZrVr, H$m`Xm, ê$T>r `m d Aem BVa nmÌVm§Mm d gd`tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U `m JmoîQ>r ì`ŠVrZo g_mOmMm

g^mgX `m ZmË`mZo g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m AgVmV.'' g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM g_mOmMo gmVË` {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.

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6) g_mOmÀ`m gXñ`m§_Ü o gmaIonUm, {^ÝZVm Am{U nañnamdb§~Z AgVo (Likeness and

difference and Interdependence among members) :

g_mO hm doJdoJù`m ñd^mdmÀ`m, JwUmÀ`m ì`ŠVtMm ~Zbobm AgVmo. g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§_Ü o H$mhr

~m~VrV gmaIonUm Va H$mhr ~m~VrV doJionUm {XgyZ oVmo. CXm. gd©M g^mgX ho g§ñH¥$VrÛmao KS>dbo OmVmV

qH$dm Ë`m§Mo gmYmaUnUo EH$mM nÕVrZo g_mOrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. g_mOrH$aU ho H$_r OmñV à_mUmV gmaIonUmZoM

Ho$bo OmVo Ë`m_wio g_mOmÀ`m gXñ`mV gmaIonUm qH$dm g_mZVm {XgyZ oVo. Á`mdoir gd©M g^mgX gmaIrM

à_mUHo$, _yë o, àWm, na§nam `m§Mo nmbZ H$aVmV, Voìhm Ë`m§À`mV H$mhr {H$_mZ gmaIonUm oVmo. g_mO -

gXñ`m§_Yrb Aem gmaIonUm_wioM gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z qH$dm g_mO ì`dñWoMo _O~yVrH$aU KSy>Z oVo. pñWaVm

Am{U gmVË` ho g^mgXm§_Yrb Aem gmaIonUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. g_mOmVrb g^mgXm§V {^ÝZVm XoIrb

AgVo. g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§V H$mhr {H$_mZ gmaIonUm Agbm Var Vo §Ìmà_mUo EH$gmaIoM dmJVmV Ago Zmhr.

g_OmMr Jw§VmJw§V hr g_mOmVrb g^mgXm§_Ü o AgUmè`m {d{dYVoda Adb§~yZ AgVo. g_mOmÀ`m gXñ`m§_Yrb

hr {d{dYVm qH$dm ho doJionU qbJ, d`, O¡{dH$ JwU (CXm. ~wÕr_Îmm), H$m ©j_Vm, H¥$Vr Am{U g§JmonZmVrb

doJionU B. KQ>H$m§_wio {Z_m©U hmoVo. g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§_Yrb `m doJionUmMr A§{V_ n[aUVr nañnanyaH$

Am{U nañnamdb§~r gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmV hmoVo. {^ÝZ {^ÝZ JwUd¡{eîQ>ço Am{U nmÌVm bm^boë`m ì`ŠVr {^ÝZ

{^ÝZ H$m_o nma nmS>VmV. EH$_oH$m§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$ nañnam§da Adb§~yZ amhVmV. åhUOoM

bmoH$m§_Ü o nañnamdb§~Z dmT>Vo. nañnamdb§~Zm_wio bmoH$ nañnamZm ghH$m © H$aVmV. Ë`m_wioM gm_m{OH$

OrdZ eŠ` hmoVo.

7) l_{d^mOZmMr ì`dñWm (System of Division of Labour) :

l_{d^mOZmMr ì`dñWm ho gd©M g_mOm§Mo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. EH$ _mUyg gd© H$m_o H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr

Am{U gd© _mUgmZm EH$gmaIoM H$m_ H$ê$Z MmbV Zmhr. åhUyZ g_mO {d{dY H$m_o {d{dY ì`ŠVrZm dmQy>Z

XoVmo. hoM l_{d^mOZ hmo . CXm. eoVH$ar, S>m°ŠQ>g©, n[aMm[aH$m, A{^ §Vm, ì`mdgmB©H$, Ý`m`mYre, ZoVo,

{ejH$, g¡{ZH$, nmo{bg B. gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmdarb ì`ŠVr doJdoJir H$m_o nma nmS>rV Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

g_mOmVrb {d{dY ì`ŠVr darb {d{dY {d{eîQ> H$m_o H$arV AgVmZm ñdV:À`m, BVam§À`m VgoM g_J«

g_mOmÀ`m JaOm ^mJ{dV AgVmV. AemàH$mao g_mOm_Ü o {d{dY g^mgXm§V H$m`m©Mo {d^mOZ Pmbobo AgVo.

Amnë`m JaOm OgOem dmT>V OmVrb Vgo Vgo Amnbo BVam§darb Adb§{~Ëd dmT>V OmVo. gmÜ`m g_mOm§_Ü o

(Simple Societies) l_{d^mOZmMo ñdê$nhr gmYoM AgVo. nU _moR>çm g§H$sU© (Complex) g_mOmV

Jw§VmJw§VrMo l_{d^mOZ AgVo. l_{d^mOZm_wioM g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§_Ü o nañnamdb§~Z Am{U nañna ghH$m ©

{Z_m©U hmoVo.

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8) g_mOmV b¢{JH$ nwZéËnmXZmÛmao Zì`m g^mgXm§Mr âVr (Recruitment of new members

throught sexual reproduction) :

g_mOmMo ApñVËd Ë`mVrb {Od§V gXñ`m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. _mZdr ì`ŠVr OÝ_VmV, dmT>VmV, d¥Õ

hmoVmV Am{U _¥Ë y nmdVmV. H$moUË`mhr _mZdr ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmMm H$mbmdYr gmnojV: H$_r Amho. g_mOmÀ`m

gmVË`mgmR>r åhUyZM ZdrZ g^mgXmMr gmVË`mZo âVr hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. àË oH$ g_mOmVM Zì`m g^mgXm§Mr

âVr H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm AgVo. g_mOmVrb {ddmhg§ñWm hr b¢{JH$ nwZéËnmXZmbm gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`Vm XoVo. Aem

g_mO_mÝ` b¢{JH$ nwZéËnmXZmÛmao g_mOmV Zì`m g^mgXm§Mr âVr Ho$br OmVo. {ddmh Am{U Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm øm

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m~m~VMr H$miOr KoVmV. hmM àË oH$ g_mOmVrb g^mgX {_i{dÊ`mMm _yb yV _mJ© Amho.

9) g_mO hr gmnojV: ñd §nyU© ì`dñWm Amho (Society is relatively self sufficient system):

àË oH$ g_mO hr gmnojV: ñd §nyU© ì`dñWm AgVo. åhUOoM g^mgXm§À`m {d{dY JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr

ì`dñWm g_mOmZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr AgVo. CXm. g^mgXm§Zm Amdí`H$ Ago AÝZYmÝ`, H$nS>o, Kao Am{U BVa

Cn^moJmÀ`m dñVy Am{U {ejU, Amamo½`, g§ajU `mgma»`m godm `m§Mr nyVu H$aÊ`mMr n`m©ßV ì`dñWm àË oH$

g_mOmV ApñVËdmV AgVo. `m{edm`, H$mhr nydm©dí`H$Vm qH$dm JaOm ^mJ{dUo g_mOmÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>rM

Amdí`H$ AgVo. CXm. (1) `mo½` à_mUmV bmoH$g§»`m A~m{YV R>odUo, (2) g^mgXm§_Ü o H$m`mªÀ`m dmQ>nmMr

§ÌUm qH$dm "l_{d^mOZ' {Z_m©U H$aUo. (3) g_mOmMr EH$Vm A~m{YV R>odUo Am{U (4) g_mOmMo gmVË`

A~m{YV R>odUo àË oH$ g_mO øm JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m §ÌUm {dH${gV H$aVmo. AWm©VM g_mOmVrb

{d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, Hw$Qy>§~, {ddmh, {ejU, Y_©, AW©ì`dñWm, amOH$maU g_mOmÀ`m darb JaOm nyU©

H$aUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m §ÌUm AmhoV. AemàH$mao àË oH$ g_mO hm gmnojV: ñd §nyU© AgVmo Ago Agbo Var

g_mO ho gmnojV: ñd §nyU© AgVmV. H$maU H$mhr JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{eîQ> g_mOmbm BVa g_mOm§da

Adb§~yZ ahmdo bmJVo. CXm. AÝZ YmÝ`mMr H$_VaVm ^mgë`mg YmÝ` Am`mV H$amdo bmJVo.

10) g_mO hr ñd §-gmVËèrb ì`dñWm Amho (Society is a self perpetuating system):

àË oH$ g_mOmV ñdV:Mo gmVË` {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMr ì`dñWm AgVo. `m_wioM g_mO {nT>çmZ {nT>çm

ApñVËdmV amhVmo. bmoH$ OÝ_VmV Am{U _¥Ë y nmdVmV na§Vw g_mO _mÌ ApñVËdmV AgVmo. ho XmoZ JmoîQ>r_wio

KS>Vo. (1) ZdrZ g^mgX ho b¢{JH$ nwZê$ËnmXZmÛmao âVr Ho$bo OmVmV d bmoH$g§»`m A~m{YV R>odbr OmVo.

ho {ddmh Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mÛmao gmÜ` Ho$bo OmVo. (2) g_mOmV ñdV:Mr g§ñH¥$Vr qH$dm OrdZ OJÊ`mMm _mJ© {Q>H$dyZ

R>odÊ`mMr §ÌUmhr AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§H«$m_UmÀ`m H$mhr §ÌUm (CXm. g_mOrH$aU, {ejU) g_mOmV

H$m ©aV AgVmV. `m §ÌUm§Ûmao g_mOmÀ`m Zì`m g^mgXm§Zm g§ñH¥$Vr {eH${dbr OmVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmMr

OrdZarV {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.


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11) gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmÀ`m §ÌUm (Mechanisms of Social Control) :

gXñ`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mÀ`m §ÌUm àË oH$ g_mOmV AgVmV. g^mgXm§À`m AZoH$

BÀN>m, AmH$m§jm d JaOm AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mr nyVu H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z hmoVmo. `m à`ËZmV ì`ŠVr-

ì`ŠVrZo g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. g_mOmMr {Z`_Zo Am{U _yë o `m§À`m {damoYmV OmD$Z ì`ŠVr

Amnë`m JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo, Voìhm Vo dV©Z {dM{bV dV©Z (deviant behaviour) R>aVo. Aem

{dMbZmË_H$ dV©Zm_wio gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z YmoŠ`mV oVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mda {Z §ÌU R>odUo JaOoMo AgVo. g_mOmV

ì`dñWm Am{U ñW¡ © {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r {dMbZmË_H$ dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mVM g_mOmMo

{hV AgVo åhUyZM g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmÀ`m Am¡nMm[aH$ Am{U AZm¡nMm[aH$ §ÌUm (CXm. g_mOrH$aU,

H$m`Xm) ApñVËdmV AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUm§À`m Aem §ÌUm, g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§H«$m_UmÀ`m §ÌUm `mÛmaoM

gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm Am{U ñW¡ © {Q>H$dyZ R>odbo OmVo.

12) g_mO hr g§aMZmË_H$ ì`dñWm Amho (Society is a structured entity) :

àË oH$ g_mOmbm ñdV:Mr g§aMZm AgVo. g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mr aMZm hr gwì`dpñWV AgVo.

g_mO {d{dY KQ>H$mZr {_iyZ ~Zbobm AgVmo. g_mOmÀ`m KQ>H$m§_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mr gmnojV: {Q>H$mdy Aer

ì`dñWm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hmo . gm_m{OH$ XOm© d y{_H$m, g_yh Am{U Cng_yh, gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo

Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o ho gd© gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo KQ>H$ AmhoV Vo gmnojV: pñWa AgVmV.

13) g_mO J{Verb Amho, Vmo gVV ~XbV AgVmo (Society is dynamic it is ever changing):

gm_m{OH$ ñW¡ © Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z hr g_J« g_mOmMr nañna{damoYr dmQ>Umar XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço

AmhoV. g_mO gmnojV: pñWa AgVmo ho gË` Amho. na§Vw g_mO hm gVV ~XbV AgVmo. Vmo J{Verb AgVmo

hohr gË` Amho. g_mOm§VJ©V {d{dY KS>m_moS>r VgoM g_mO~mø n[apñWVrVrb H$maUm§_wio g_mOmV gmVË`mZo

n[adV©Z qH$dm ~Xb hmoV AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoÀ`m KQ>H$mV hmoUmè`m n[adV©Zm_wio g_mO ~XbV AgVmo.

CXm. {ejU ì`dñWm, V§ÌkmZ, {dkmZ, g_mOmMm BVa g_mOmer hmoUmam g§nH©$, bmoH$g§»`memñÌr` ~Xb,

gm_m{OH$ YmoaUo, H$m`Xo B. KQ>H$m§_wio g_mOmV gmVË`mZo n[adV©Z KSy>Z oVo.

ñd § - AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2 (Check Your Progress - 2) :

1) g_mOmMr _hÎdmMr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm?

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2) g§ñH¥$Vr ho _mZdr g_mOmMo {d oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ç H$m R>aVo?

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3) g_mOmVrb l_{d^mOZm_wio H$m` KS>Vo?

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4) g_mO hr ñd § gmVË`{eb ì`dñWm H$er Amho?

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5) g_J« g_mOmMr nañna {damoYr dmQ>Umar XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço H$moUVr?

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g_mO hr g_mOemñÌmVrb EH$ _yb yV g§H$ënZm Amho. Am°JñV H$m°åVZo g_mOemñÌ ho "g_mOmMm

Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ' (Science of Society) AerM ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. "g_mO' hm eãX Zoh_rM AmnU

X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV dmnaVmo. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV "g_mO' hm eãX H$moUH$moUË`m AWm©Zo dmnabm OmVmo ho AmnU `m

KQ>H$mV Aä`mgbo. g_mOemñÌmV "g_mO' `m eãXmbm doJim AW© Amho. `m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU "g_mO' `m

g§H$ënZoÀ`m {d{dY g_mOemñÌkm§Zr {Xboë`m ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. VgoM Ë`m ì`m»`m_YyZ Üd{ZV

hmoUmam "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© g_OyZ KoVbm Amho. g_mOemñÌkm§Zr EH$ A_yV© ~m~ `m X¥îQ>rZo g_mOmH$S>o

nm{hbo Amho. "g_mO' ho "gm_m{OH$ nañnag§~§YmMo Omio' Amho Ago g_mOemñÌkmZr åhQ>bo Amho. EH$ _yV©

dmñV{dH$Vm `m X¥îQ>rZohr g_mOemñÌkm§Zr g_mOmMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. "{ZpíMV yàXoemda dmñVì` H$aUmam

{demb _mZdr g_yh åhUOo g_mO' Aerhr g_mOmMr ì`m»`m g_mOemñÌk H$aVmV.

_mZdr g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Aä`mghr AmnU `m KQ>H$mV Ho$bm Amho. (1) g_mO ho

gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mo Omio Amho, (2) g_mO doJdoJir ñWmZo AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtMm ~Zbobm AgVmo, (3) g_mO

hm gmnojV: _moR>m Am{U ñdV§Ì g_yh AgVmo, (4) {ZpíMV yàXoe, (5) ì`mnH$ g§ñH¥$Vr, (6) g_mOmÀ`m

gXñ`m§_Ü o gmaIonUm, {^ÝZVm Am{U nañnamdb§~Z AgVo, (7) l_ {d^mOZmMr ì`dñWm, (8) g_mOmV

b¢{JH$ nwZê$ËnmXZmÛmao Zì`m g^mgXm§Mr âVr hmoVo, (9) g_mO hr gmnojV: ñd §nyU© ì`dñWm Amho, (10)

g_mO hr ñd §gmVËèrb ì`dñWm Amho, (11) g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmÀ`m §ÌUm AgVmV, (12)

g_mO hr g§aMZmË_H$ ì`dñWm Amho, (13) g_mO J{Verb Amho, Vmo gVV ~XbV AgVmo. B. g_mOmMr

d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.

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2.5 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress ):


1) "g_mO hm gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo Omio' Amho Ago _°H$m`ìha `m g_mOemñÌkmZo åhQ>bo Amho.

2) H$maU AmnU ì`ŠVr_Yrb g§~§YmMo Omio nmhÿ eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ g_mO hr A_yV© g§H$ënZm Amho.

3) g_mO `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»òVrb VrZ _wÔo (1) gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMr ì`dñWm, (2) ñd`§

gmVË`{eb ì`dñWm, (3) l_ {d^mOZmMr ì`dñWm

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZmMr CÎmao - 2

1) g_mO `m g§H$ënZoMr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço - (1) gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo Omio, (2) ì`mnH$ g§ñH¥$Vr, (3)

ñd § gmVËèrb ì`dñWm hr AmhoV.

2) g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZdr g_mOmMo {d oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Amho H$maU g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZdr g_mOmVM AgVo.

3) g_mOmVrb l_{d^mOZm_wio g_mOmVrb g^mgXm_Ü o nañnamdb§~Z Am{U ghH$m © dmT>Vo.

4) àËòH$ g_mOm_Üò ZdrZ g^mgX d gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌUmMr `§ÌUm Agë`m_wio g_mO hr

ñd §gmVËèrb ì`dñWm Amho.

5) g_J« g_mOmMr nañna {damoYr H$aUmar XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço (1) gm_m{OH$ ñW¡ © (2) gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z

hr AmhoV.

2.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (Exercise/Home Assignment) :


1) g_mO åhUOo H$m`? AW© ñnîQ> H$am.

2) "g_mO' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo dU©Z H$am.

2.7 {M§VZ Am{U H$m © (Reflection and Action) :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m AmYmamda Vw_À`m _Zm_Ü o oUmè`m H$ënZm§À`m AmYmao g_mO Am{U ì`ŠVr `m

Xmohm|_Yrb nañna g§~§Ym§{df`r EH$ Q>rn V`ma H$am.


1) Davis, Kingsles : Human Society, Mac Millan Company, New York, 1948.

2) Ginsberg, Morris : Sociology, Surjeet publication, New Delhi, 1986.

3) Gisbert Pascual : Fundmentals of Sociology, Orient Longmans, New Delhi,

1957.


ooo

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KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

3.1 àñVmdZm

3.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

3.3 {df` - {ddoMZ

3.3.1 gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm : ì`m»`m, AW© Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço

3.3.2 gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo KQ>H$

3.4 gmam§e






"gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm' hr g_mOemñÌmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr _yb yV g§H$ënZm Amho. g_mOemñÌr`

X¥îQ>rH$moZmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm AmnU g_OyZ KoVbo Amho H$s, gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm `m g§a{MV

KQ>Zm AgVmV. `m X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ g_mOemñÌk Ë`mH$S>o nmhVmV. g_mOemñÌkm§À`m _Vo, g_mO hm g§a{MV

(Structure) AgVmo. AmnU `mnyduM Aä`mgë`mà_mUo, g_mO hm {d{dY Am§Va{H«$`m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtMm

Am{U Ë`m§À`mVrb gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§À`m Omù`mMm ~Zbobm AgVmo. H$moUË`mhr doir bmImo ì`ŠVr EH$_oH$m~amo~a

Am§Va{H«$`m H$aV AgVmV. g_mO hr Jw§VmJw§VrMr g§aMZm Amho. g_mOemñÌkm§Zr "g_mO' hr Jw§VmJw§VrMr ~m~

g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr g§H$ënZm {dH${gV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. g_mOemñÌmV "g§aMZm-H$m ©dmX' (Structural-

functionalism) `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmUmam EH$ g¡Õm§{VH$ X¥{îQ>H$moZ Amho. `m X¥{îQ>H$moZmer g§~§{YV

AgUmè`m g_mOemñÌkm§Zr H$mhr g§H$ënZm {dH${gV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. "gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm' hr AerM EH$

g§H$ënZm Amho. "gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm' `m g§H$ënZoÛmao AmnUmg àË`jmV A{Ve` Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m Agboë`m

g_mOmMo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoVm oVo. gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g§H$ënZm AZoH$ _mZdemñÌkmZr VgoM g_mOemñÌkmZr

dmnabr Amho E.Ama. a°S>pŠb\$ ~«mD$Z, OmO© _aS>m°H$ Am{U boìhr ñQ´>m°g `mgma»`m _mZdemñÌkmZr VgoM h~©Q>©

KQ>H$ - 3

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm (Social Structure)

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ñnoÝga, E{_b XwaIr_, Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg, am°~Q>© _Q>©Z Am{U BVa AZoH$ g_mOemñÌkmZr hr g§H$ënZm dmnabr

Amho. `m gdm©Zr doJdoJù`m nÕVrZo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm `m g§H$ënZoMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. `m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.


`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm

u gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm `m g§H$ënZoMr ì`m»`m XoVm oB©b;

u gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b;

u gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm oVrb; Am{U

u gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoÀ`m _ybKQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU H$aVm oB©b.

3.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of subject matter) :

`m KQ>H$mMr {d^mJUr XmoZ ^mJmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. n{hë`m {d^mJmV "g§aMZm' `m g§koMm AW©,

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoÀ`m ì`m»`m, AW© Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho. Xwgè`m {d^mJm_Ü o gm_m{OH$

g§aMZoÀ`m _ybKQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo Amho.

3.3.1 gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm : ì`m»`m, AW©, Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço (Social structure : Definitions,

meaning and characteristics) :

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r gd©àW_ AmnU "ga§MZm' `m eãXmMm AW© g_OyZ

KoD$. H$maU g§aMZm `m g§H$ënZoMm dmna g_mO g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

A) "g§aMZm' `m g§koMm AW© (Meaning of the term 'Structure') :

g§aMZm qH$dm aMZm (Structure) hr g§H$ënZm g_OÊ`mg AË §V gmonr Amho. Amnë`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m

AZoH$ JmoîQ>rZm aMZm AgVo. CXm. Kambm {d{eîQ> aMZm AgVo. XJS>, {dQ>m, {g_|Q>, bmoI§S>r gù`m, Xmao,

{IS>Š`m, bmH$S>r Im§~ B. KQ>H$m§Zr {_iyZ Ka ~Zbobo AgVo. nU `m gd© dñVy§Mm EH$ T>rJ Ho$bm Va Ë`mbm

AmnU Ka åhUV Zmhr. H$maU `m gd© KQ>H$m§Zm EH$_oH$m§er nÕVeranUo OmoS>mdo bmJVo, {d{dY KQ>H$mV {ZpíMV

ñdê$nmMo g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$amdo bmJVmV. KamÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr {d{eîQ> arVrZo OmoS>Ur qH$dm _m§S>Ur Ho$br

Va Ë`mbm "aMZm' àmßV hmoVo. `mdê$Z EImÚm JmoîQ>rÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$-^mJm§Mr {Z_m©U Pmbobr ì`dñWm qH$dm

_m§S>Ur åhUOo g§aMZm Ago åhUVm oB©b. AmVm AmnU h°ar Om°ÝgZ `mZr Ho$bobr g§aMZm `m g§H$ënZoMr ì`m»`m

nmhÿ.

Om°ÝgZ h°ar - ""H$moUË`mhr dñVyMr aMZm åhUOo Ë`m dñVyVrb KQ>H$m§Mo EH$_oH$m§er Agbobo

gmnojV: pñWa ñdê$nmMo nañnag§~§Y hmoV.'' ("The structure of anything consists of the

relatively stable interrelationships among its parts." - Johnson Harry)

darb ì`m» oÀ`m g§X^m©V AmnU nwÝhm EH$Xm KamMr aMZm g_OyZ KoD$`m. KamMr g§aMZm åhUOoM

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KamÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Vrb (åhUOoM dmiy, {dQ>m, XJS>, bmHy$S>, bmoI§S>r gù`m B. `m§À`mVrb) {Z{íMV

ì`dñWm Am{U nañna g§~§Y hmoV. AemàH$mao H$moUË`mhr dñVyMr g§aMZm åhUOo Ë`mVrb "KQ>H$m§Mr gwì`dpñWV

OwiUr' qH$dm "KQ>H$m§Mo {d{eîQ> àH$maMo g§KQ>Z' Ago åhUVm oB©b.

g_mOemñÌmV "g§aMZm' `m g§H$ënZoMm dmna hmoÊ`mnydu hr g§H$ënZm ^m¡{VH$emñÌ (Physics),

agm`ZemñÌ (Chemistry) Am{U OrdemñÌ (Biology) `m emñÌm§V dmnabr hmoVr. ^m¡{VH$emñÌm_Ü o

AUyMr g§aMZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r, agm`ZemñÌm_Ü o nXmWm©À`m bhmZmV bhmZ KQ>H$mMr (molecule) g§aMZm

ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Va OrdemñÌm_Ü o Ord§V àmÊ`mÀ`m earamMr Jw§VmJw§VrMr ì`dñWm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r

"g§aMZm' hr g§H$ënZm dmnaÊ`mV Ambr Amho. OrdemñÌmV g§aMZm hr g§km _mZdmÀ`m qH$dm àmÊ`mÀ`m

earamVrb gd© ^mJm§Mm nañnag§~§Y Am{U g_J« earamMr aMZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr Amho. WmoS>Š`mV,

g§aMZm åhUOo ì`dñWoVrb doJdoJù`m ^mJm§Mr `mo½` OwiUr hmo . g§aMZoÀ`m g§H$ënZoV _ybKQ>H$ ^mJ Am{U

Cn-^mJ, _yb KQ>H$ Am{U Cn-^mJ `m§Mm {Q>H$mD$nUm, Ë`m§À`mVrb Am§Vag§~§Y, VgoM ^mJm§Mr gwì`dpñWV

_m§S>Ur Am{U ñW¡ © `m gd© ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

_mZdemñÌmV g§aMZm hr g§H$ënZm Am{Xdmgr g_mOm§Mr g§aMZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV Ambr

Amho. g_mOemñÌmV gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g§H$ënZm {~«{Q>e g_mOemñÌk h~©Q>© ñnoÝga `m§Zr dmnabr. ñnoÝgaZo

A_yV© g_mO g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r g_mOmMr VwbZm gOrdmer (organism) Ho$br. ñnoÝgaÀ`m _Vo àË oH$

gOrdmbm g§aMZm AgVo. g_mOhr EImÚm gOrdmà_mUoM AgVmo. gOrdmÀ`m earamà_mUoM g_mOmbm gwÕm

g§aMZm AgVo. AmVm AmnU "gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m Aä`mgyZ {VMm AW© Am{U

d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ KoD$.

~) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm : ì`m»`m (Social structure : definitions) :

"aMZm' hr g§km g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm AmnU gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m H$mhr Zm_d§V

g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m nmhÿ. Ë`m Imbrbà_mUo :

1) bo{dg H$moPa Am{U ~Zm©S>© amoPoZ~J© åhUVmV H$s, g§aMZm H$m ©dmXr X¥îQ>rH$moU ñdrH$maUmao

g_mOemñÌk gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g§H$ënZm ""gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m_Yrb gmnojV: pñWa Aem

nañnag§~YmMo à{V_mZ'' `m AWm©Zo dmnaVmV. ("Structure refers to a set of relatively

stable and patterned relationship of social units' - Lewis A. Coser and Bernard

Rosenberg)

2) E. Ama. a°S>pŠb\$ ~«mD$Z `m§À`m _Vo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm åhUOo, ""g§ñWmÛmao {Z §{ÌV qH$dm

{ZYm©[aV Ho$boë`m nañna g§~§YmZwgma g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtMr ì`dñWm hmo .'' ("The social

structure is "an arrangement of persons in institutionally controlled or defined

relationships" - A. R. Redcliff Brown)

3) _°[ag {JÝg~J© - ""Á`m KQ>H$mZr g_mO ~ZVmo Aem à_wI gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mr Am{U

104

g§ñWm§Mr g§H$sU© ì`dñWm'' åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hmo .'' ("The social structure is

"The complex of principal groups and institutions which constitute societies" -

Morris Ginsberg)

4) _°H$mìha Am{U noO - gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm åhUOo ""g_H$mbrZ g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVt_Yrb

nañna g§~§Ym§Mr ì`dñWm hmo`.'' ("A social structure is a nexus of present

relationships" - MacIver and Page)

5) {dë`_ nr. ñH$m°Q> - À`m _Vo ""EImÚm g_mOmV qH$dm Xwgè`m EImÚm g_yhmV {d{eîQ>

H$mir AmT>iyZ oUmao, gmnojV: pñWa Aem gm_m{OH$ g~§§Ym§À`m g§MmMm g_mdoe AgUmao,

nañna g§~§{YV XO} Am{U y{_H$m§Mo à{V_mZ åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hmo .'' (Social

structure is "the pattern of interrelated statuses and roles found in a society or

other group at a particular time and constituting a relatively stable set of social

relations" - William P. Scott, Dictionary of Sociology)

6) Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg À`m _Vo, nañna g§~§{YV g§ñWm, gmYZo (agencies) Am{U gm_m{OH$

à{V_mZo VgoM àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm g_yhmV Agbobm XOm© d y{_H$m Ë`m§À`m {d{eîQ> Aem

_m§S>Urbm qH$dm aMZobm gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g§km dmnabr OmVo.'' ("Social structure

is the term applied to the particular arrangement of the interrelated institutions,

agencies and social patterns as well as the statuses and roles which each

person assumes in the group - Talcott Parsons)

H$) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMm AW© (Meaning of social structure) :

darb ì`m»`m§Mo H$miOrnyd©H$ AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm `m g§H$ënZoMm AW©

Imbrb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b.

1) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr EH$ A_yV© g§H$ënZm Amho. g_mOmMo Jw§VmJw§VrMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r

g_mOemñÌkmZr hr g§H$ënZm dmnabr Amho.

2) g_mO H$mhr gmnojV: pñWa Aem KQ>H$m§Zr {_iyZ ~Zbobm Amho.

3) Á`m KQ>H$m§Zr g_mO ~Zbm Amho Ago {d{dY KQ>H$ g_mO emñÌkm§Zr gm§{JVbo AmhoV. CXm. -

"g§ñWm§Ûmao {Z §{ÌV nañnag§~§Y' hm g_mOmMo KQ>H$ Agë`mMo ~«mD$Z `m§Mo åhUUo Amho. "à_wI

gm_m{OH$ g_yh Am{U g§ñWm' ho g_mOmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV Ago {JÝg~J© `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. "gm_m{OH$

g§~§Y' ho g_mOmMo KQ>H$ Agë`mMo _°H$m`ìha Am{U noO VgoM {dë`_ ñH$m°Q> `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. "XO}

Am{U y{_H$m' hohr g_mOmMo KQ>H$ Agë`mMo ñH$m°Q> åhUVmV. Va nmg©Ýg `m§Zr "nañna g§~§{YV g§ñWm,

gmYZo, dV©Z n«~§Y Am{U "XO}- y{_H$m' ho g_mOmMo KQ>H$ Agë`mMo Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg `m§Zr åhQ>bo

Amho.

105

4) g_mO hr Ë`mVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr gmnojV: pñWa Aer EH$ ì`dñWm Amho, `m X¥îQ>rZo g§aMZmdmXr

g_mOemñÌk g_mOmH$S>o nmhVmV.

5) XO}, y{_H$m, {Z`_Zo, _yë o, g_yh, Cng_yh, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm ho KQ>H$ nañna g§~§{YV Ago AmhoV d

Ë`m§Mr {d{eîQ> ñdê$nmMr ì`dñWm H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV nmhmd`mg {_iVo.

6) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm åhUOo "{d{eîQ> H$mimV AmT>iyZ oUmar nañnag§~§YmMr ì`dñWm' Agm CëboI

ì`m»`mVyZ {XgyZ oVmo. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s, H$moUË`mhr g_mOmMr aMZm H$m`_ VerM {Q>H$Umar

AgV Zmhr. g_mO g§aMZm {d{dY H$maUm§_wio H$mbm¡KmV ~XbV AgVo. AWm©V gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoV

gm_mÝ`V: AMmZH$ ~Xb KSy>Z oV Zgë`m_wio Vr gmnojV: pñWa amhmVo.

S>) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristic of social structure) :

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZo{df`rÀ`m darb {ddoMZmdê$Z gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMr Imbrb d¡{eîQ>ço AmnUmbm

gm§JVm oVrb.

1) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g_mOmMo {d{dY _ybKQ>H$, ^mJ, Cn-^mJm§Mr {_iyZ ~Zbobr AgVo.

2) g_mOmMo KQ>H$, ^mJ Am{U Cn^mJ, ho gmnojV: pñWa AgVmV.

3) g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY "KQ>H$m§_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mr ì`dñWm' hm gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMm _w»` Jm^m Amho.

4) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo ñdê$n H$Yrhr H$m`_ñdê$nr (permanent) ZgVo. Vo gmnojV: pñWa (relatively

stable) AgVo, åhUOo Vo ~XbV ahmVo.


1) aMZm åhUOo H$m`?

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2) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMr H$moUVrhr EH$ ì`m»`m {bhm.

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3) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm X¥í` Amho H$m?

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4) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMm _w»` Jm^m H$moUVm?

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3.3.2 gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo _ybKQ>H$ (Elements of social structure) :

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMm AW©, ì`m»`m Am{U d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmVm AmnU gm_m{OH$

g§aMZoÀ`m _yb KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. `mnyduM nm{hë`mà_mUo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g_mOmVrb

106

{d{dY _ybKQ>H$m§_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mr ~Zbobr AgVo. g_mO-g§aMZoMo ho _ybKQ>H$ H$moUVo? h°ar Om°ÝgZ `m

g_mOemñÌkmZo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo Mma _ybKQ>H$ gm§{JVbo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo WmoS>Š`mV {díbofU Imbr {Xbo

Amho.

h°ar Om°ÝgZ `m§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo " y{_H$m' (Role), "Cng_yh' (sub-groups), "{Z`_Zo' qH$dm

"à_mUHo$' (Norms) Am{U "gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o' (Cultural Values) ho gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo KQ>H$ hmoV. g_J«

g_mOmMr EH$ ì`dñWm åhUyZ {dMma H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m g§aMZoMo Oo CnamoŠV KQ>H$ AmhoV Ë`m§Mm WmoS>çm A{YH$

Vn{ebmZo AmVm AmnU {dMma H$ê$.

1) XO} Am{U y{_H$m (Statuses and Roles) :

g_mO hr nañnag§~§Ym§Mr EH$ ì`dñWm Amho. g_mOmVrb ho nañnag§~§Y àË`jmV ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVt_Yrb

g§~§YM AgVmV. Ago Agbo Var g§aMZmË_H$ X¥{îQ>H$moUmVyZ {dMma H$aVm, ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVrVrb ho nañnag§~§Y

"ì`ŠVr' `m ZmË`mZo ZgVmV Va ì`ŠVr g_yhmV dm g_mOmV Á`m ñWmZm§da (positions ) AgVmV Ë`m

ñWmZm§_Yrb Vo nañnag§§~§Y AgVmV. ì`ŠVrMo {VÀ`m g_yhmVrb qH$dm g_mOmVrb Oo ñWmZ AgVo VoM

"gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ' (Social Position) hmo . àË oH$ gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmbm XmoZ n¡by AgVmV. EH$ hŠH$ Am{U

{deofm{YH$ma (Rights and Privileges) hm, Va Xwgam H$V©ì o Am{U O~m~Xmè`m (Duties and Obligations)

hm hmo . gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmMo ho XmoZ n¡by åhUOoM AZwH«$_o XOm© (Status) Am{U ^y{_H$m (Role) hmoV. XOm©

Am{U y{_H$m `mn¡H$s H$moUVmhr eãX dmnabm Var A§{V_V: gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmMmM {ZX}e hmoVmo. XOm© Am{U

y{_H$m `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy hmoV. XOm© åhUOo EImÚm {d{eîQ> g_mOì`dñWoV {d{eîQ> H$mir EImÚm

ì`ŠVrbm Agbobo ñWmZ hmo , Va y{_H$m åhUOo {d{eîQ> XOm© YmaU H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Ano{jV AgUmao

dV©Z qH$dm H$V©ì o Am{U O~m~Xmè`m hmoV. g_mOmV ì`ŠVrbm H$mhr XO} d Ë`mZwgma y{_H$m AgVmV Am{U

H$_r A{YH$ pñWa g§~§Y ho doJdoJù`m ì`ŠVtVrb g§~§Y ZgyZ Vo g_mOmVrb {d{dY XOm© y{_H$m§Vrb

nañnag§~§Y AgVmV. AmVm XOm© d y{_H$m `m JmoîQ>r ì`ŠVrnojm A{YH$ {Q>H$mD$ AgVmV. CXm. EImXm {ejH$

_¥Ë y nmdbm Var g_mOmVrb "{ejH$' ho ñWmZ ZîQ> hmoV Zmhr. hrM JmoîQ> g_mOmVrb BVa Ag§»` XOmª~m~Vhr

Iar Amho. åhUOoM y{_H$m dR>{dUmè`m ì`ŠVrnojm y{_H$m A{YH$ pñWa AgVo.

H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV AZoH$ g_yh AgVmV Am{U Ë`m {d{dY g_yhm§V ì`ŠVr {d{dY XO} YmaU H$aVmV

d Ë`mg AZwê$n Aem {d{dY y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV. åhUyZ g_mO-g§aMZoMo KQ>H$ ì`ŠVr ZgyZ {d{dY gm_m{OH$

XO} qH$dm y{_H$m hoM hmoV.

2) g_yh Am{U Cng_yh (Groups and Sub-groups) :

g_J« g_mOì`dñWm AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m Am{U {d{dY AmH$mam§À`m g_yh Am{U Cng_yhm§Zr {_iyZ ~Zbobr

AgVo. g_mO-g§aMZoMo KQ>H$ åhUyZ AmnU y{_H$m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. `m y{_H$m g_mOmV ñdV§Ì qH$dm

gwQ>çm (isolated) ZgVmV. g_mOmVrb AZoH${dY y{_H$m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr ì`mnH$ g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m A§VJ©V

AZoH$ g_yhm§V Am{U Cng_yhm§V g§K{Q>V Pmboë`m AgVmV. åhUOoM nañnag§~§{YV Aem XO}- y{_H$m§Mr

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g§K{Q>V ì`dñWm gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§À`m ê$nmZo ApñVËdmV Ambobr AgVo. åhUyZM ì`mnH$ g_mO-g§aMZo A§VJ©V

Oo g_yh Am{U Cng_yh AgVmV Vohr g_mO-g§aMZoMo KQ>H$ R>aVmV.

g_yh qH$dm JQ> (group) `m g§H$ënZobm {ZpíMV Agm g_mOemñÌr` AW© Amho. Ho$di AZoH$ ì`ŠVr

EH$m {R>H$mUr EH$Ì Amë`m Va g_yh ~ZV Zmhr. CXm. añË`mdarb AnKmV nmhÊ`mgmR>r Jmoim Pmbobo AZoH$

bmoH$, qH$dm ~g Wm§ã`mda ~g oÊ`mMr dmQ> nmhmV Wm§~bobo àdmgr, AJa _mH$S>dmë`mMm Ioi nmhÊ`mg

O_bobo bmoH$ hr gm_m{OH$ g_yhmMr CXmhaUo ZìhoV. gm_m{OH$ g_yh ApñVËdmV oÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVrV

Am§Va{H«$`m hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Aem Am§Va{H«$ oVyZ g_yhmÀ`m g^mgXmV pñWa ñdê$nmMo nañnag§~§Y {Z_m©U

hmoVmV. g_yh g^mgXmV AmnU EH$m g_yhmMo g^mgX AmhmoV Aer ^mdZm {Z_m©U Pmbobr AgVo. åhUOoM

nmañnm[aH$ Am§Va{H«$`m H$aUmè`m XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ ì`ŠVtV pñWa ñdê$nmMo gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV

Am{U Ë`m§À`mV Ooìhm g_yh^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo Voìhm gm_m{OH$ g_yh ApñVËdmV oVmo. Aem gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Zm

{ZpíMV Aer C{ÔîQ>ço AgVmV, g_yh-g^mgXmV EH$VoMr ^mdZm AgVo. AmVm g_yhmVrb g^mgXm§V Oo pñWa

ñdê$nmMo gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmoVmV Vo g_yhmVrb {d{dY XO}- y{_H$m§_Yrb nañnag§~§Y AgVmV.

àË oH$ g_yhmbm g§aMZm AgVo. EImÚm g_yhmVrb {d{dY XOm©Mr aMZm (status structure) hrM Ë`m

g_yhmVrb {d{dY y{_H$m§Mr g§aMZm (role structure) AgVo. g§aMZmË_H$ X¥îQ>çm {dMma H$aVm, gm_m{OH$

g_yh åhUOo nañnag§~§{YV Aem XO}- y{_H$m§Mr g§aMZm hmo .

g_mOmVrb {d{dY g_yh Am{U Cng_yh Ë`m§À`mVrb {d{eîQ> gXñ`m§nojm A{YH$ {Q>H$mD$ AgVmV.

g_yhmVrb gXñ` ~Xbbo Var g_yh H$m`_M amhVmV. CXm. emim `m g_yhmVrb {dÚmWu, {ejH$, _w»`mÜ`mnH$

`m y{_H$m nma nmS>Umè`m ì`ŠVr ~Xbë`m Var emim hm g_yh pñWa amhVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo EImXr emim ~§X nS>br

Va EH§$Xa g_mOmVrb emim hm g_yhmMm àH$ma H$m`_M amhVmo. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s y{_H$m§à_mUoM

g_mOmVrb AZoH$ g_yh Am{U Cng_yh A{YH$ pñWa ñdê$nmMo AgVmV Am{U åhUyZM Vo g_mO-g§aMZoMo

KQ>H$ R>aVmV. Hw$Qy>§~, emim, _hm{dÚmb o, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, amOH$s` nj B. ho Ago gm_m{OH$ g_yh hmoV.

g_yhm§À`m g§X^m©V AmUIr EH$ ~m~ åhUOo ho g_yh XoIrb nañna g§~§{YV AgVmV. åhUyZ g_mO-g§aMZm hr

nañnag§~§{YV Aem gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mr {_iyZ ~Zbobr AgVo Ago åhUVm oVo.

Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg `m§Zr g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m g§aMZmË_H$ n¡by§Mo {dícofU H$aVmZm "g_yh' hr g§H$ënZm Z

dmnaVm Collectivities Aer g§km dmnabr Amho. {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr g§K{Q>V ì`dñWm `m AWm©Zo

nmg©Ýg `m§Zr Collectivity hr g§km dmnabr Amho. g§ñWm hr Am§Va{H«$`m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtMr EH$ ì`dñWm AgVo.

Hw$Qy>§~, {ejU, Y_©, amÁ`, Am{U AW©g§ñWm øm n«_wI gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm g_mO-g§aMZoMo {d{dY KQ>H$M hmoV.

`m gd© g§ñWm nañnag§~§YrV Am{U nañnamdb§~r AgVmV Am{U g_mO-g§aMZm øm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Zr {_iyZ

~Zbobr AgVo. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm øm XoIrb gmnojV: pñWa AgVmV.

3) gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo (Social Norms) :

g_mOmVrb y{_H$m- y{_H$m§V, g_yhm-g_yhmV dm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§_Ü o gmnojV: pñWa ñdê$nmMo

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nañnag§~§Y AgVmV. `m pñWa ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>H$m§Vrb nañnag§~§Ym§Zr g§aMZm ~ZVo. AmVm, `m g§~§Ym§Zm pñWaËd

(stability) H$em_wio oVo? "gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§_wio' (social norms) AgoM `mMo CÎma Úmdo bmJob.

gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo hm g_mO-g§aMZoMm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ R>aVmo Vmo `mgmR>rM.

gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo åhUOo g_mOmVrb {d{dY y{_H$m dR>{dUmè`m ì`ŠVtZr nañnam§er H$go dmJmdo

`m{df`rMo {Z`_ hmoV. åhUOoM Vo dV©Z{df`H$ {Z`_ AgVmV. g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ ñWmZo ì`ŠVr yf{dVmV

d ñWmZmbm XOm© d y{_H$m ho XmoZ n¡by AgVmV. øm gm_m{OH$ ñWmZm§Mm Ame` (content) gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo

hmM AgVmo. CXm. {nË`mMr y{_H$m åhUOo {nË`mZo Amnë`m _wbmer H$go dmJmdo `m{df`rÀ`m Anojm hmoV.

H$moUË`mhr g_yhmVrb {d{dY y{_H$m nañnag§~§{YV AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo åhUOo `m nañnag§~§Ym§{df`rMo

{Z`_ AgVmV. n{V-nËZr, ~hrU-^mD$, dS>rb-_wbJm, `m§Zr nañnam§er H$go dmJmdo `m~Ôb gm_m{OH$

{Z`_Zo hr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo qH$dm dV©Z{df`H$ AmXe© AgVmV.

gd©M _mZdr g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm g§nyU© g_mOmMm nmqR>~m AgVmo. dV©Z

{XgVo Vgo ho dV©Z{df`H$ {Z`_ {XgV ZmhrV, åhUOoM {Z`_Zo A_yV© AgVmV. ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmda _`m©Xm

KmbUmam Am{U _ZmV ~miJbobm, A_yV© AmXe© åhUOo {Z`_Z hmo Aer {Z`_ZmMr ì`m»`m Om°ÝgZ `m§Zr

Ho$br Amho. {Z`_Zo dV©ZmMo {Z §ÌU H$aVmV. {Z`_Zo {ZíM`mË_H$ d {ZfoYmË_H$ Aem XmoÝhr ñdê$nmMr

AgVmV. ì`ŠVrZo H$go dmJmdo ho gm§JUmar {Z`_Zo åhUOo {ZíM`mË_H$ {Z`_Zo. CXm. {dÚmÏ`mªZr {ejH$m§À`m

Amkm nmimì`mV. Va {ZfoYmË_H$ {Z`_Zo ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z H$go Zgmdo, {VZo H$go dmJy Z o ho gm§JVmV. CXm. Mmoar

H$ê$ Z o, {ejH$m§er CÕQ>nUo dmJy Z o B. gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo ñWb, H$mb, n[apñWVr Am{U gm_m{OH$

ñWmZgmnoj AgVmV. n[apñWVrZwê$n, VgoM H$mbm¡KmV Vr ~XbVmV. nU {Z`_Zo AMmZH$nUo ~XbV ZmhrV.

Vr gmnojV: pñWa AgVmV. gd© g_mOmVrb {Z`_Zo EH$gmaIrM AgV ZmhrV. àË oH$ g_mOmVrb {Z`_Zm§Mo

ñdê$n {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AgVo. g_mOrH$aU à{H«$ oV ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z {Z`_Zm§Mo Am§VarH$aU hmoVo. {Z`_m§Mo {d{dY n«H$ma

AmhoV. bmoH$arVr (Folkways), bmoH$ZrVr (Mores) d H$m`Xo (Laws) `m ñWyb JQ>mV {Z`_Zm§Mo dJuH$aU

g_mOemñÌk H$aVmV. g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr d g_yhm§À`m dV©ZmMo {Z`_Z H$ê$Z g_mOmV ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo

d g_mOmbm ñW¡ © àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo hr _hÎdmMr y{_H$m gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo nma nmS>VmV.

g§~§YmË_H$ {Z`_Zo (Relational Norms) Am{U {Z §ÌH$ {Z`_Zo (Regulative Norms) Ago

{Z`_Zm§Mo XmoZ àH$ma gm§JVm oVrb. y{_H$m- y{_H$m§Vrb qH$dm gy_hm-g_yhmVrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mo {Z §ÌU

H$aUmè`m gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Zm g§~§YmË_H$ {Z`_Zo (Relational Norms) Ago åhUVmV. hr {Z`_Zo doJdoJù`m

y{_H$m§gmR>r d g_yhm§gmR>r doJdoJir AgVmV. CXm. gm§~§{YH$ qH$dm g§~§YmË_H$ {Z`_Zm§Zr {nË`mMr H$V©ì o d

nwÌmMr H$V©ì o `m§V oX Ho$bm Amho. g_mOmVrb doJdoJù`m y{_H$m§Mr H$V©ì o, Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMo {Z`_

doJdoJio AmhoV, hoM doJdoJù`m g_yhm§À`m ~m~VrVhr åhUVm oB©b. CXm. Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$V©ì o EImÚm CÚmoJg_yhmÀ`m

H$V©ì`m§hÿZ {^ÝZ AmhoV. gm§~§{YH$ {Z`_Zo EImÚm y{_Ho$Vrb ì`ŠVrZo qH$dm EImÚm g_yhmZo BVa ì`ŠVr dm

gy_hmer H$go dmJbo nm{hOo ho {ZpíMVnUo d Zo_Ho$nUo gm§JVmV. gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§À`m Xwgè`m àH$mambm

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{Z §ÌH$ {Z`_Zo (Regulative Norms) Ago åhUVmV. hr {Z`_Zo doJdoJù`m y{_H$m§V d g_yhm§V oX H$arV

ZmhrV. Vr gd© y{_H$m§Zm d g_yhm§Zm gmaIrM bmJy AgVmV. CXm. Amnbo H$m_ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r BVam§Zm Y_H$s

XoD$ Z o ho gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Z g_mOmVrb gdmªZm gmaIoM bmJy Amho.

g_mOmVrb y{_H$m{df`H$ dV©ZmMo, g_yh{df`H$ dV©ZmMo, y{_H$m- y{_H$m§Vrb VgoM g_yhm-g_yhmVrb

nañnag§~§Ym§Mo {Z`_Z H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm pñWaËd (stablity) àXmZ H$aUmar gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo hm g_mO g§aMZoMm EH$

_hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.

4) gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o (Cultural Values) :

g_mO-g§aMZoMm Mm¡Wm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o hm hmo . àË oH$ g_mOmbm ñdV:Mr Aer

g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmMm EH$ OrdZ-_mJ©M hmo . àË oH$ g§ñH¥$VrV ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmMr

`mo½`m`mo½`Vm R>a{dUmao H$mhr AmXe© (ideals) AgVmV. Ë`m§ZmM _yë o (values) Ago åhUVmV. Voìhm

gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë` åhUOo g§ñH¥$VrZo KmbyZ {Xbobm AmXe© (ideal) qH$dm X§S>H$ AJa _mZX§S> (standard) H$s

Á`mÀ`mer VwbZm H$ê$Z EImÚm JmoîQ>rbm qH$dm dV©Zmbm BîQ>-A{ZîQ>, Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q>, `mo½`-A`mo½` AJa

~amo~a qH$dm MyH$ R>a{dbo OmVo. ^mdZm, H$ënZm, dV©Zo, JwU, dñVy, ì`ŠVr, g_yh, gmÜ o, gmYZo B. AZoH$

JmoîQ>tMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§À`m AmYmao _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo OmVo. gË`, Aqhgm, g{hîUwVm, bmoH$emhr, g_Vm,

~§YwVm, Y_©{ZanojVm, B. hr ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrVrb H$mhr _yë o hmoV. àË oH$ g_mOmV Aer H$mhr _yë o AgVmV

d Vmo Vmo g_mO `m _yë`m§Zm H|$Ðr` _hÎd XoV AgVmo. _yë o AmXe© AgVmV d Vr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§à_mUo

g_mOmbm, Ë`mVrb ì`ŠVr d g_yhm§Zm {Xem XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. _yë o hr g§K{Q>V g§MmÀ`m ñdê$nmV g_mOmV

ApñVËdmV AgVmV. g_mOmVrb gdmªZm gmaIrM AgUmar Aer g_mZ _yë o {OVH$s à^mdr VodT>çm à_mUmV

Vmo g_mO g§K{Q>V amhVmo. gm_m{`H$ _yë o (common) hmM H$moUË`mhr g_mOmÀ`m g§aMZoMm, ì`dñWoMm Am{U

ñW¡ m©Mm EH$ _yb yV AmYma hmo .

gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o d gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo `m Xmohm|V AJXr K{ZîR> g§~§Y AgVmV. BVHo$ K{ZîR> H$s Ë`m§À`mV

\$aH$ H$aUo H$mhr doim H$R>rU AgVo. gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Mo AmYma _yë o hrM AgVmV. EImXr dV©Z-arV

({Z`_Z) "`mo½`' H$m _mZmd`mMr `mMo g_W©Z _yë` nwa{dVo (Values legitimate norms) gm_mÝ`nUo Ago

åhUVm oB©b H$s, gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Z {d{eîQ> Ano{jV dV©ZmMm {ZX}e H$aVo Va _yë o {d{dY dV©ZàH$mam§gmR>r

gd©gm_mÝ` _mZX§S> (general standards) AgVmV. {Z`_Zo _yë`m§nmgyZ {ZînÝZ hmoVmV. CXm. "g_Vm' ho _yë`

pñdH$maë`mda H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmVrb {df_Vm Ë`mÁ` R>aVo d Ver {Z`_Zo ApñVËdmV oVmV. CXm. Añn¥í`Vm

nmiy Z o `mgmR>rMm H$m`Xm. {Z`_Zo _yë`m§nmgyZ {ZînÝZ hmoV Agbr Var EH$m _yë`mg EH$ {Z`_Z Agm Ë`m

Xmohm|V g§~§Y ZgVmo. EH$ _yë` AZoH$ {Z`_m§Zm AmYma yV Agy eH$Vo Am{U EH$mM {Z`_Zmbm AZoH$ _yë`m§Mm

nmqR>~m qH$dm AmYma àmßV Pmbobm Agy eH$Vmo. Aer hr _yë o g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oV ì`ŠVr g§nmXZ

H$aVmV, Ë`m§Mo ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z Am§VarH$aU hmoVo d Vr ì`ŠVrÀ`m gXgX²{ddoH$~wÕrMm ^mJ ~Zë`mZo AmVyZM

y{_H$mYmaH$m§À`m dV©ZmMo {Z §ÌU H$aVmV. _yë`m§{df`r Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m d g_yhm§À`m ^mdZm d

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{ZîR>m Vrd« Agë`mZo _yë`m§Ûmam dV©Z-{Z §ÌUmMo H$m © à^mdrnUo nma nS>Vo. _yë`m§V H$mbm¡KmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z

oV Agbo Var gm_mÝ`V: _yë o gmnojV: pñWa qH$dm XrK©H$mi {Q>Hy$Z amhUmar AgVmV d g_mO-g§aMZoÀ`m

ñW¡ m©Mm hr gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë oM à_wI AmYma AgVmV.

XO}- y{_H$m, g_yh-Cng_yh, gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo d gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o ho g_mO-g§aMZoMo Mma _yb yV

KQ>H$ hmoV.


1) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMm KQ>H$ åhUyZ ì`ŠVrMm {dMma H$m Ho$bm OmV Zmhr?

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2) gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy H$moUË`m?

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3) g§aMZmË_H$ X¥îQ>rH$moZmVyZ gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mr ì`m»`m H$er H$aVm oB©b?

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4) gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Mo XmoZ àH$ma gm§Jm.

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5) gm§ñH¥$VrH$ _yë`m§Mr nmM CXmhaUo Úm.

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6) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo?

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`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU g_mOemñÌmVrb EH$ H|${Ð` g§H$ënZm åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm `m g§H$ënZoMm

Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. AmnU gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoÀ`m ì`m»`m, AW©, d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo _yi KQ>H$

`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mg§~§Yr H$mhr R>iH$ ~m~r nwT>rbà_mUo.

H$moUË`mhr dñVyMr aMZm åhUOo Ë`m dñVyVrb KQ>H$m§Mo EH$_oH$m§er Agbobo gmnojV: pñWa ñdê$nmMo

nañnag§~§Y hmoV.

111

"g§aMZm' `m g§koMm dmna g_mOemñÌmnydu ^m¡{VH$emñÌ, agm`ZemñÌ, Am{U OrdemñÌm_Ü o Ho$bm

hmoVm. gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g§km E.Ama. a°SpŠb\$ ~mD$Z, Om°O© _aS>m°H$, boìhr ñQ´>m°g `m _mZdemñÌkm§Zr

dmnabr Amho. gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g§km h~©Q>© ñnoÝga, E_rb XwaIr_, Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg, am°~Q>© _Q>©Z `m g_mO

emñÌkm§Zr dmnabr Amho.

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoÀ`m doJdoJù`m ì`m»`m AmhoV Ë`m§À`m Imbrb _wÚmda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho.

1) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr EH$ A_yV© g§H$ënZm AgyZ Vr g_mOemñÌkm§Zr g_mOmMo Jw§VmJw§VrMo ñdê$n g_OyZ

KoÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr Amho. 2) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZmhr gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mr ~ZVo d Ë`m_wio g_mO ~ZVmo. 3) g§ñWoZo

{Z §{ÌV Ho$boë`m g§§~§YmVrb ì`ŠVr, _hÎdmMo g_yh Am{U g§ñWm `m_Yrc nañnag§~§Y, XO}, y{_H$m, nañna

g§~§{YV g§ñWm `m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zr gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm ~ZVo. 4) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZmhr H$YrM H$m`_ñdê$nr ZgVo.

Vr gmnojV: pñWa AgVo, Ë`mV ~Xb hmoV OmVmV.

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMr _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmnU Aä`mgbr AmhoV, Vr nwT>rbà_mUo : 1) gm_m{OH$

g§aMZm hr g_mOmMo {d{dY _ybKQ>H$, ^mJ, Cn-^mJm§Mr {_iyZ ~Zbobr AgVo. 2) g_mOmMo KQ>H$, ^mJ

Am{U Cn^mJ, ho gmnojV: pñWa AgVmV. 3) g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY "KQ>H$m§_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mr ì`dñWm' hm

gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMm _w»` Jm^m Amho. 4) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo ñdê$n H$Yrhr H$m`_ñdê$nr (permanent)

ZgVo. Vo gmnojV: pñWa (relatively stable) AgVo, åhUOo Vo ~XbV ahmVo.

`m KQ>H$mV gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoÀ`m {d{dY _ybKQ>H$m§Mo {dícofUhr AmnU Aä`mgbo Amho. (1) XO}

Am{U y{_H$m (2) g_yh Am{U Cng_yh (3) gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo Am{U (4) gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o ho g_mO-g§aMZoMo

_yb KQ>H$ AmhoV.

3.5 ñd § - AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress) :

ñd § - AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1

1) H$moUË`mhr dñVyMr aMZm åhUOo Ë`m dñVyVrb KQ>H$m§Mo EH$_oH$m§er Agbobo gmnojV: pñWa ñdê$nmMo

nañnag§~§Y hmoV.

2) Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg - ""nañna g§~§{YV g§ñWm, gmYZo Am{U gm_m{OH$ à{V_mZo VgoM àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm

g_yhmV Agbobm XOm© d y{_H$m `m§À`m {d{eîQ> Aem _m§S>Urbm qH$dm aMZobm gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr

g§km dmnabr OmVo.''

3) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr A_yV© g§H$ënZm Amho. gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr àË`j {ZarjU H$aVm Z oUmar ~m~

Amho.

4) g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY "KQ>H$m§_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mr ì`dñWm' hm gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMm _w»` Jm^m Amho.

ñd § - AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 2

1) gm_m{OH$ nañnag§~§Y àË`jmV ì`ŠVtÀ`m gm_m{OH$ ñWmZm§_Yrb g§~§Y AgVmV; ì`ŠVrnojm gm_m{OH$

ñWmZo {Q>H$mD$ AgVmV, åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo KQ>H$ ì`ŠVr ZgyZ gm_m{OH$ ñWmZo ho hmoV.

112

2) gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy åhUOo (1) XO} Am{U (2) y{_H$m.

3) g§aMZmË_H$ X¥îQ>rH$moZmVyZ, gm_m{OH$ g_yh åhUOo nañnag§~§{YV Agboë`m XO} Am{U y{_H$m§Mr

g§aMZm hmo .

4) g§~§YmË_H$ {Z`_Zo Am{U {Z §ÌH$ {Z`_Zo ho gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Mo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.

5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§Mr nmM CXmhaUo nwT>rbà_mUo : Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`, ~§Yw md, g_mZVm Am{U Y_©{ZanojVm.

6) XO} Am{U y{_H$m, g_yh Am{U Cng_yh, gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o ho gm_m{OH$

g§aMZoMo KQ>H$ AmhoV.

3.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (Excercise / Home assignment) :


1) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm `m g§koÀ`m XmoZ ì`m»`m XoD$Z AW© ñnîQ> H$am.

2) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$ê$Z d¡{eîQ>ço {bhm.

3) gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mr MMm© H$am.


`m KQ>H$m_Ü o Vwåhr gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm øm g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm hr g§km

\$ŠV g_mO g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r ZgyZ Ë`mVrb Cng_yh g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r gwÕm _hÎdmMr Amho. gm_m{OH$

g§aMZm hr g§H$ënZm Hw$Qw>§~mbm bmJy H$ê$Z nmhm. Hw$Qy>§~ H$moU H$moUË`m g§aMZmË_H$ _ybKQ>H$mZr ~Zbo Amho Ë`mda

EH$ {Q>nU V`ma H$am.


1) Johnson, Harry M. : Sociology : A Systamatic Introduction, Allied pub. Pvt. Ltd.,

Bombay, 1970


3) Shankar Rao C. N. : Sociology, Primary Principles, S. Chand and Co. Ltd. New

Delhi, 2004.

4) Vidya Bhushan and Sacheleva : An introduction to Sociology, Kitab Mahal,

Allahabad, 1998.


ooo

113

àH$aU {Vgao :

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm

(Social Institutions)


nañnag§~§{YV Am{U nañnamdb§~r Aem AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm {_iyZ

g_mO ~Zbobm AgVmo. g_mOmgmR>r gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm AZoH$ _hÎdmMr H$m } nma

nmS>rV AgVmV. à»`mV \«|$M g_mOemñÌk E{_b XwaImB©_ `m§Zr g_mOemñÌmMr

ì`m»`m H$aV AgVmZm, g_mOemñÌ åhUOo "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo {dkmZ' Aer ì`m»`m

Ho$br Amho. åhUyZM gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg hm g_mOemñÌmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm

Aä`mg {df` g_Obm OmVmo. `m àH$aUm_Ü o AmnU gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg

H$aUma AmhmoV.

ho àH$aU EHy$U Mma KQ>H$m_§Ü o {d^mJbo Amho. n{hë`m KQ>H$m§_Ü o "gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm' `m g§H$ënZoMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. VgoM gm_m{OH$

g§ñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUma AmhmoV. Xwgè`m KQ>H$m_Ü o Hw$Qy>§~

g§ñWoÀ`m Aä`mgmda bj H|${ÐV H$aUma AmhmoV. `mV Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U

H$m } m g§~§YrMr MMm© Ho$br Amho. m àH$aUmÀ`m {Vgè`m KQ>H$m_Ü o "Y_©g§ñWoÀ`m'

Aä`mgmda {deof bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo Amho. `m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmbm

Y_©g§ñWoMm AW© Am{U Y_m©Mr H$m } OmUyZ KoÊ`mg _XV hmoUma Amho. m àH$aUmÀ`m

Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU {ejUmMm AW© Am{U àH$ma g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.


114

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

1.3 {df` - {ddoMZ

1.3.1 gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm : ì`m»`m Am{U AW©

1.3.2 gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm : à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço

1.4 gmam§e


1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR>




g_mOemñÌ `m {df`mVrb {deof _hÎdmÀ`m g§H$ënZmn¡H$s "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm' hr EH$ g§H$ënZm Amho.

hr g§H$ënZm BVH$s _hÎdmMr Amho H$s gwà{gÕ \«|$M g_mOemñÌk E{_b XwaIr_ `m§Zr g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m

H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "g_mOemñÌ ho gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§~m~VMo {dkmZ Amho'. Or. EM. {JS>t½O `m§À`m

_Vo, "_mZdr d§emÀ`m yVH$mimV Oo Oo CËH¥$îQ> hmoVo Vo OVZ H$ê$Z R>odUmao g_mOmMo Ad`d åhUOo g§ñWm

hmoV.' gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm VgoM {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg hm ^mJ g_mOemñÌmÀ`m

Aä`mg {df`mMm Jm^m _mZbm OmVmo. åhUyZM g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àË oH$ {dÚmÏ`m©Zo gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m g§koMm

AW© g_OyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

àW_Xe©Zr g§ñWm hm eãX Amnë`mbm AË §V n[a{MV Agm dmQ>Vmo. Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV hm eãX

AmnU dma§dma dmnaVmo. _mÌ X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV hm eãX doJdoJù`m g§X^m©V {Za{Zamù`m AWm©Zo dmnabm OmVmo.

KQ>H$ - 1gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm (Social Institutions)

115

"g§ñWm' hm eãX gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$ {d{eîQ> hoVy qH$dm CÔoe Agbobo g§KQ>Z, _§S>i qH$dm g_yhmÀ`m g§X^m©V

dmnaVmV. CXm. g§ñWm hm eãX _hm{dÚmb` qH$dm XdmImZm `mgma»`m g§KQ>Zm ~m~Vhr dmnabm OmVmo. nU

g§ñWm åhUOo EImXr g§KQ>Zm qH$dm g_yh Zìho. g_mOemñÌmV "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm' hr g§km A{YH$ H$mQ>oH$moa

Am{U {ZpíMV AWm©Zo dmnabr OmVo. `m KQ>H$m_Ü o "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm' `m g§H$ënZoMm g_mOemñÌr` AW©

VgoM gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço hr AmnU g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.



u gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m g§koMr ì`m»`m XoVm oB©b.

u gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm AW© ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b.

u gm_m{OH$ g§ñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb.

1.3 Aä`mg{df`mMr _m§S>Ur (Presentation of Subject-Matter) :

àñVwV KQ>H$mV AmnU gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. KQ>H$mMr

{d^mJUr XmoZ ^mJmV Ho$br Amho. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m ì`m»`m, Ë`m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU, à_wI gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm d

Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU `m{df`rMo {ddoMZ n{hë`m {d^mJmV Amho. Va Xwgè`m {d^mJmV, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m

d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.

1.3.1 gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm - ì`m»`m, AW© Am{U àH$ma (Social Institutions Definition, Meaning

and Typology) :

AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm' `m g§koÀ`m ì`m»`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. `m {R>H$mUr H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m

ì`m»`m {Xë`m AmhoV. `m ì`m»`m§Mm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm g_mOemñÌr`

AW© g_OyZ oB©b.

1) qH$½Obo S>opìhg - ""EH$m qH$dm AZoH$ H$m`mªÀ`m ^modVr nañnam§V Jmodë`m Joboë`m bmoH$ê$T>r,

bmoH$ZrVr Am{U H$m`Xo `m§Mm g§M åhUOo g§ñWm hmo .'' ("An institution may be defined

as a set of interwoven folkways, mores and laws built around one or more

functions." - Kingslay Davis)

2) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> - ""g§ñWm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mr g§K{Q>V Aer ì`dñWm H$s Á`m_Ü o

H$mhr g_mZ _yë o Am{U dV©ZarVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U Or g_mOmÀ`m H$mhr _yb yV JaOm

^mJ{dVo.'' ("An institution is an organised system of social relationships which

embodies certain common values and procedures and meets certain basic

needs of the society - Hurton and Hunt)

116

3) h°ar Om°ÝgZ - ""gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo gd©kmV Aer {Z`_ZmË_H$ ì`dñWm (à~§Y) hmo .

`m AWm©Zo, gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§À`m {d{eîQ> àdJm©À`m g§~§YmV hr g§H$ënZm dmnabr OmVo.''("Social Institution is a recognized normative pattern. As such, it applies to a

particular category of relationships."- Harry Johnson)

4) Am°½~Z© d {Z_H$m°\$ - ""H$mhr _yb yV _mZdr JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mMo g§K{Q>V Am{U àñWm{nV

Ago _mJ© åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm hmoV.'' ("Social institutions are organised and

established ways of satisfying certain basic human needs." - Ogburn and

Nimkoff)

5) {Q>eboa, ìhm`Q>Z Am{U h§Q>a - ""g_mOmÀ`m _yb yV gm_m{OH$ JaOm ^mJ{dUmè`m {H«$`m§Mo

g§KQ>Z H$aUmè`m _yë o, {Z`_Zo, XO} Am{U y{_H$m `mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m gwì`dpñWV

gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Zm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Ago åhUVmV.'' ("The ordered social relationships

that grow out of the values, norms, statuses and roles that organize those

activities that fulfill society's fundamental needs." - Tischler, Whitten and Hunter)

6) hQ>©Pba Om° g Amo - ""{d{dY ì`ŠVrZr ~Zboë`m bmoH$g_wXm`mMo H$m © gwairV Mmbmdo

åhUyZ ì`ŠVtÀ`m Am{U g_mOmÀ`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r AOmUVonUr {Z_m©U Pmboë`m

qH$dm hoVynd©H$ {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m {Z`_ZmË_H$ Am{U åhUyZM àmW{_H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ ì`dñWm

åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm hmo . gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {d{dY g§Ho$V, {Z`_, {dMmaàUmbr VgoM

àVrH$mË_H$, g§KQ>ZmË_H$ Am{U ^m¡{VH$ A§_b~OmdUr g§~§Yr KQ>H$mZr ~Zboë`m AgVmV.''("Social institutions are purposive, regulatory and consequently primary cultural

configurations, formed uncousciously and / or deliberately to satisfy individual

wants and social needs bound up with the efficient functioning of any plurality

of persons. They consist of codes rules and ideologies and essential symbolic

organizational and material implementations." - Joyce O. Hertzler)

darb ì`m»`m§dê$Z gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm AW© AmnUmg g_OyZ KoVm oB©b. darb ì`m»`m§Mo {dûcofU

H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb à_wI _wÔo Imbr {Xbo AmhoV. Ë`m _wÚmdê$Z "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm' `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© ñnîQ>nUo

g_OyZ oB©b.

1) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo bmoH$éT>r, bmoH$ZrVr, H$m`Xo, gd©gm_mÝ` _yë o, X§S>H$, {Z`_, H$ënZm,

{eH$dU Am{U H$m ©nÕVr `m gdmªMr EH$Ì Jw§\$U Agbobr ì`dñWm AgVo. CXm. nma§nm[aH$ qhXy

{ddmhg§ñWm AZoH$ bmoH$éT>r§Zr {Z`{_V Ho$bobr {XgyZ oB©b. CXm. gmIanwS>m, _§JbmjVm, H$Ý`mXmZ B.

VgoM d¡dm{hH$ g§~§YmVrb {ZîR>m d {dœgZr`Vm `m _yë`m§Zr {ddmhg§ñWm {Z §{ÌV Pmbr Amho.

{ddmhmMo d`, KQ>ñ\$moQ>, _mb_ÎmoMo hñVm§Va B. {df`H$ H$m`Úm§Zrhr {ddmhg§ñWm {Z §{ÌV Pmbr Amho.

117

2) darb ì`m»`m§_YyZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY eãXà`moJ dmnabo AmhoV. CXm.

"gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMr ì`dñWm' qH$dm "{Z`_ZmË_H$ ì`dñWm' qH$dm "gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mr g§K{Q>V

ì`dñWm' qH$dm "g§K{Q>V Am{U àñWm{nV _mJ©' Am{U "gm§ñH¥${VH$ aMZm'. darb eãXà`moJmVyZ,

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ nañnag§~§Ym§Mr g§K{Q>V ì`dñWm AgyZ ho g§~§Y {Z`_Zo Am{U

gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o `mZr {Z §{ÌV Pmbobo AgVmV hoM gy{MV hmoVo. `m X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ nmhVm EH$ gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm åhUyZ Hw$Qy>§~ g§ñWoMo CXmhaU XoVm oB©b. Hw$Qy>§~ hr {Z`{_V g§K{Q>V Aer Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§À`m

nañnag§~§Ym§Mr ì`dñWm AgVo Am{U Vr gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o Am{U {Z`_Zm§À`m g§MmZo {Z §{ÌV Ho$bobr

AgVo, Ago åhUVm oB©b.

3) g§ñWm AOmUVonUo {Z_m©U hmoVmV qH$dm Ë`m {d{eîQ> hoVyZo {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. ~hþg§»` gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm {Z`moOZnyd©H$ {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m ZgVmV. gm_m{OH$ CËH«$m§VrÀ`m à{H«$ oV Ë`m hiyhiy CX`mg

oVmV. g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§À`m _mZdr JaOm§Mo g_mYmZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m dfm©Zwdf} H$arV Amboë`m

AgVmV. `m à{H«$ oVyZ H$mhr dV©ZarVr {Z`_Zo _yë o `m ~m~r ê$T> hmoVmV, Ë`m pñWa hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo

g§ñWrH$aU hmoVo Am{U Ë`m EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Aem VèhoZo

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm AOmUVonUo d A{Z`moOZ~Õ nÕVrZo {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AgVmV. H$moUVrhr EImXr

{d{eîQ> ì`ŠVr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$arV Zmhr. Va gm_y{hH$ à`ËZmVyZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U

hmoVmV. H$mhr g§ñWm _mÌ OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. CXm. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb H$m`Xo. H$m`Xo

hoVynwañgaM {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVmV. ì`pŠVJV Am{U gm_y{hH$ dV©ZmMo à^mdr {Z §ÌU Am{U g_mOmV

em§VVm d gwì`dñWm amIUo hm Ë`m§À`m {Z{_©Vr_mJMm CÔoe AgVmo.

4) gd©M g§ñWmMo {ZpíMV Ago H$m © AgVo. ì`pŠVJV Am{U gm_m{OH$ JaOm§Mo g_mYmZ H$aUo, gXñ`m§À`m

dV©UwH$sMo {Z`_Z H$ê$Z g_mOmV gwì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aUo B. Aem gm_m{OH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm H$aVmV.

5) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo EH$àH$mao gm§ñH¥${VH$X¥îQ>çm _mÝ` Ho$bobo dV©ZàH$ma AgVmV. gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm§Ûmao {d{dY {H«$`m H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr {ZpíMV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ooìhm AZoH$ nañnag§~§YrV gm§ñH¥${VH

nw§O (Cultural complexes) EImÚm _mZdr H¥$VtÀ`m ^modVr EH${ÌV hmoVmV Voìhm g§ñWm AmpñVËdmV

oVmV. CXm. ^maVr` qhXy g_mOmVrb "Am`mo{OV {ddmh' (Arranged marriage in Hindu

Society) hm nañnag§~§{YV Aem AZoH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ nw§OmZr ~Zbobm Amho. CXm. _wbJm qH$dm _wbJr

`m§À`m Kar oQ> XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm nmhUo åhUOoM danarjm, dYynarjm g§Hw$b, gmIanwS>m g§Hw$b, {ddmh{dYr

g§Hw$b, _YwM§Ð g§Hw$b B.

6) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMm g_yh_mÝ` arVrM AgVmV. Ë`mV g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrZo

_mÝ` Ho$boë`m dV©Z àH$mam§Mo g§M AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm ì`ŠVr d g_yh `m§À`mVrb gm_m{OH$

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g§~§Ym§Mo {Z`_Z H$aVmV. CXm. AmB©dS>rb d Ë`m§Mr _wbo `m§À`m_Yrb nañna dV©Z H$go Agmdo ho

Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoZo {Z`{_V Ho$bobo AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo EImXm nwê$f Am{U Ë`mMr nËZr qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m AZoH$

nËZr `m§À`mVrb g§~§Ym§Mo {Z`_Z {ddmhg§ñWoZo Ho$bo Amho. {ddmh g§ñWm åhUOo {Z`_Zm§Mm g§M qH$dm

dV©UwH$sMo {Z`_ AgVmV Am{U Vo {d{eîQ> g_yhmVrb qH$dm Cng_yhmVrb gd©M {ddmhm§Zm bmJy

hmoVmV.

7) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amnë`m X¡Z§XrZ gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMo {Z`_Z qH$dm {Z §ÌU H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio g_mOmMo

gw mo½` g§KQ>Z V`ma hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo _mÝ`VmàmßV Am{U gwàñWm{nV {Z`_Zm§Mo g§M

AgVmV Am{U Vo àË oH$ g_yhmVrb {d{eîQ>> g§~§Ym§À`m àH$mam§Zm bmJy hmoVmV. Á`m Á`m doir AmnU

B{VhmgmMm AmT>mdm KoVmo, qH$dm g_H$mbrZ OJâmVrb n[apñWVr nhmVmo, Ë`mdoir Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s,

AË §V _mJmgboë`m Am{Xdmgtà_mUoM Iyn gwYmaboë`m AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$m§Mo gm_m{OH$ OrdZhr \$ma

_moR>çm à_mUmV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmZr {Z §{ÌV Ho$bo Amho. Oo H$moUr `m g§ñWm§Zr R>adyZ {Xboë`m {Z`_m§À`m

{damoYr dV©Z H$aVmV Ë`m§Zm g_mOmH$Sy>Z H$moUË`mVar àH$maMr {ejm {Xbr OmVo.

8) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo Mma _hÎdmMo n¡by nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV :

1) g§aMZm :- XO} Am{U y{_H$m, {Z`_Zo Am{U _yë o B. Zr {_iyZ g§ñWm§Mr g§aMZm ~ZVo.

2) hoVy :- H$mhr d¡ pŠVH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm qH$dm dV©UyH$sMo {Z`_Z H$aUo hm g§ñWm§Mm hoVy AgVmo.

3) §ÌUm :- {d{eîQ> ~m~tMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r à_m{UV Aer H$m ©nÕVr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Ûmao ApñVËdmV

Ambobr AgVo.

4) H$m © :- g§nyU© g_mOmMo ApñVËd Am{U gmVË` amIÊ`mgmR>r gH$mamË_H$ `moJXmZ XoUo ho gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm§Mo H$m © AgVo.

darb gd© _wÔçm§Mm gmH$ë`mZo/EH${ÌVnUo {dMma Ho$ë`mg "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m AWm©Mm

CbJS>m hmoB©b.

AmVm, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm hr g§H$ënZm AmUIr ñnîQ> ìhmdr åhUyZ, g_mOmVrb à_wI gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm

H$moUË`m, Ë`m§Mr H$m } H$moUVr VgoM gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo àH$ma H$moUVo `m{df`rMr AJXr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr

AmnU H$ê$Z KoD$.

à_wI gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Am{U g§ñWm§Mo àH$ma :

H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Am{U g_mOmÀ`m JaOm§Mo Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmUmao g_mYmZ

(åhUOoM Ë`m§Mr gm_m{OH$ H$m }) `m ~m~VMr _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo :

1) Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm :- g_mOmÀ`m ZdrZ gXñ`m§Mo g§JmonZ Ë`m§Mo nmbZnmofU H$aUo Am{U ^{dî`H$mimV Vo

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g_yhm§Mo H$m ©j_ gXñ` ìhmdoV `mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr nyd©V`mar H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo g_mOrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUUo.

2) {ddmhg§ñWm :- àOmoËnmXZ, b¢{JH$ dV©ZmMo {Z §ÌU Am{U nVr-nËZr_Ü o Z¡{VH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV

H$aUo.

3) AW©ì`dñWm :- g_mO gXñ`m§À`m AÝZ, dñÌ d {Zdmam `m JaOm§Mr gmo H$aUo VgoM {d{dY dñVy

d godm `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§_Ü o dmQ>n qH$dm {dVaU H$aUo.

4) amÁ`ì`dñWm :- g_mOmV em§VVm d gwì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aUo d Vr {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo.

5) {ejUì`dñWm :- g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMo g§H«$m_U H$aUo. g_mOmVrb ZdrZ {nT>rbm {d{dY H$m¡eë o

{d{dY ì`dgm` Am{U g_mOmVrb {d{dY y{_H$m§~ÔbMr _m{hVr XoUo.

6) Y_©g§ñWm :- gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_Vm d gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌU gmÜ` H$aUo.

7) _Zmoa§OZ :- H$a_UyH$ d _Zmoa§OZ `m ~m~VÀ`m _mZdr Anojm§Mo g_mYmZ H$aUo. _moH$ù`m doimV

g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Zm Jw§VdyZ R>odUo. Ë`mgmR>r Ioi, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç Am{U Aem AZoH$ ~m~r {Z_m©U

Pmboë`m AgVmV.

darb gd© gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gm_mÝ`V: gd© g_mOmV {XgyZ oVmV. VargwÕm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo àH$ma

Am{U Ë`m§Mo doJdoJio _mJ© g_mOm g_mOmZwgma {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AgVmV. AmVm AmnU g_mOemñÌkmZr gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm§Mo dJuH$aU H$go Ho$bo Amho, ho WmoS>Š`mV nmhÿ.

g_mOemñÌkmZr doJdoJù`m {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.

1) S>ãë y. Or. gåZa `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo XmoZ àH$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. g§ñWm H$em ApñVËdmV

oVmV `m {ZH$fmda Vo AmYmarV Amho. dY©_mZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Am{U {dYrg§å_V gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm ho

Vo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.

gåZa `m§À`m _Vo dY©_mZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo Aem gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm AgVmV H$s Á`m

CËñ\y$V©nUo d AOmUVonUo ApñVËdmV oVmV. _mZd g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~a Ë`m hiyhiy CX`mg oVmV.

Aem g§ñWm CËH«$m§V hmoVmV. Ë`m hoVynwañga {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m ZgVmV. {ddmhg§ñWm, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm Am{U Y_©g§ñWm

hr Aem g§ñWm§Mr CXmhaUo AmhoV. Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm {dYrñWm{nV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo Aem g§ñWm

H$s Á`m OmUrdnyd©H$ d VH©$ewÕ nÕVrZo {d{eîQ>> H$mimV {d{eîQ>> CÔoe g_moa R>odyZ {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. `m

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm OmUrdnyd©H$ ApñVËdmV AmUë`m OmVmV. gm_m{OH$ OrdZ {Z`{_V d {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Ë`m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m OmVmV. H$m`Xo d Ý`m`mb o hr Aem g§ñWm§Mr CXmhaUo AmhoV.

2) B. S>ãë y. ~J}g `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo Ë`m§À`m à_wI H$m`mªÀ`m àH$mamdê$Z dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. ho

Mma àH$ma åhUOo 1) gm§ñH¥$VrH$ g§ñWm, 2) Am{W©H$ g§ñWm, 3) _Zmoa§OZmË_H$ g§ñWm, 4) gm_m{OH$

{Z §ÌUmË_H$ g§ñWm Ago AmhoV.

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3) H$mhr g_mOemñÌk gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m H$m`mªMo g_mOmVrb _hÎd `m AmYmao gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo

dJuH$aU H$aVmV. `m AmYmamda Ho$bobo gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo XmoZ àH$ma åhUOo : (1) àmW{_H$ g§ñWm

d (2) Xwæ`_ g§ñWm.

àmW{_H$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo Aem g§ñWm H$s Á`m§À`mda _Zwî` Amnë`m _yb yV JaOm§À`m

g_mYmZmgmR>r Adb§~yZ AgVmo. Ë`m_wioM Va Ë`m àmW{_H$ _hÎdmÀ`m g§ñWm g_Oë`m OmVmV. gd©gmYmaUnUo

Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm, {ddmhg§ñWm Am{U AW©g§ñWm øm àmW{_H$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm g_Oë`m OmVmV. `m g§ñWm§{edm`

_Zwî` OJyM eH$V Zmhr. Xwæ`_ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m Xwæ`_ _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. _mZdmMo gm_m{OH$ OrdZ

g_¥Õ H$aÊ`m_Ü o Ë`m§Mm gh^mJ AgVmo. _mUgmMo OrdZ Ë`m A{YH$ àJVerb {dH$grV, àJë^ Am{U BVa

àmUr_mÌmnojm doJù`m ñdénmMo ~ZdVmV. `m JQ>mV Y_©g§ñWm, _Zmoa§OZmË_H$ g§ñWm d {ejUg§ñWm `m

g§ñWm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo.

1.5 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1 (Check Your Progress - 1) :


1) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWoMr H$moUVrhr EH$ ì`m»`m gm§Jm.

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2) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWoMo Mma n¡by H$moUVo Vo gm§Jm.

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3) gd© _mZdr g_mOmV AmT>iUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm H$moUË`m?

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4) dY©_mZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo H$m`?

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5) {dYrg§å_V gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo H$m`?

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6) àmW{_H$ d Xwæ`_ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr H$moUVrhr XmoZ CXmhaUo gm§Jm.

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1.3.2gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Social Institutions) :

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) gm_wXm{`H$ gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVyZ g§ñWm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo (Institutions are products of

collective social life) :

gd© gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m {Z{_©VrMo _yi g_mOmÀ`m gm_wXm{`H$ OrdZmV AgVo. H$moUVrhr EImXr

ì`ŠVr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$arV Zmhr. ì`pŠVJV Am{U gm_m{OH$ JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r gm_yXm{`H$

à`ËZmVyZ g§ñWm {Z_m©U hmoVmV. {Z`_ Am{U H$m ©nÕVrMo g§M, na§nam, Mmbr[aVr Am{U {Z`_Zo hr g_yhmVrb

gXñ`m§À`m gm_y{hH$ H¥$VrVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `m gd© ~m~r {XK© H$mimnmgyZ nwÝhm nwÝhm VnmgyZ nm{hë`m OmVmV.

gm_m{OH$ JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r {d{eîQ> _mJm©Zo {d{eîQ>> JmoîQ>r H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© EH$Xm _mÝ` hmoD$Z Vo àñWm{nV

Pmbo H$s Vo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«${_V hmoVmV. `m gdm©V g_mOmMm gh^mJ _hÎdmMm AgVmo.

Aem àH$mao gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo ñdê$nM àm_w»`mZo gm_m{OH$ AgVo.

2) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gmd©{ÌH$ AgVmV na§Vw g_mOmZwgma Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n {^ÝZ AgVo (Social

institutions are universal but their nature differs from society to society) :

gd©M g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {XgyZ oVmV. gd©M H$mbI§S>mV gd©M n«H$maÀ`m g_mOmV g§ñWm§Mo

ApñVËd AmT>ibo Amho. Ë`m_wioM Am{Xdmgr, eoVràYmZ J«m_rU qH$dm AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmV

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm ApñVËdmV AgVmV. åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gmd©{ÌH$ AgVmV. VargwÕm {Z`_Zm§À`m

g§MmMo ñdén Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço g_mOm-g_mOmZwgma {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AmT>iVmV. CXm. -

^maVr` g_mOmVrb {ddmhg§ñWm, AW©ì`dñWm, Hw$Qw>~§g§ñWm `m g§ñWm~m~VÀ`m {Z`_Zm§Mo g§M A_o[aH$Z

g_mOmV doJio AmhoV Am{U MrZ_Ü o {Zamio AmhoV. BVHo$M Zìho Va ^maVmVrb Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrb

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo ñdê$n BVa g_mOm§nojm (åhUOoM J«m_rU d ehar g_mOmVë`m nojm) doJio Amho.

AemàH$mao Oar gd© g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {XgyZ oV Agë`m Var Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n g_mOm g_mOmZwgma

doJdoJio AgVo.

3) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmV àñWm{nV {Z`_Zm§Mo g§M, _yë o d H$m ©nÕVr `m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo

(Institutions consist of established patterns of norms, values and procedures):

àm_w»`mZo gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo à_m{UV, _mÝ`VmàmßV {Z`_Zm§Mo g§M, _yë o d H$m ©nÕVr AgVmV.

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àË oH$ g§ñWo_Ü o bmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$ZrVr, H$m`Xo, VgoM _yë o, {Z`_, CnXoe, {eH$dU Am{U H$m ©nÕVr A§V y©V

AgVmV. {d{dY JmoîQ>r H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© qH$dm arVr g§ñWm R>adyZ XoVmV. VoM `mo½` d _mÝ`VmàmßV _mJ© _mZbo

Jobobo AgVmV. Ë`mV g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm {dMma A§V y©V AgVmo.

4) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm JaOnyVuMr gmYZo AgVmV (Social institutions are means of satisfying

needs) :

g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§À`m {d{dY JaOm§Mo g_mYmZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Amboë`m

AgVmV. gXñ`m§À`m b¢{JH$ g§~§Ym§Mo {Z`_Z d {Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM g_mOmV gmVË`mZo ZdrZ gXñ`m§Mr

â nS>mdr `m CÔoemZo {ddmhg§ñWm ApñVËdmV Ambr. Ë`mMà_mUo ~mbH$m§Mo nmbZnmofU d g§JmonZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmbr. WmoS>Š`mV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§À`m _yb yV d _hÎdmÀ`m JaOm§Mo

g_mYmZ H$aVmV.

5) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m `§ÌUm AgVmV (Social institutions are

mechanisms of social control) :

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§V {Z`_Zm§Mm g§M, _yë o, {Z`_ d H$m ©nÕVr `m§Mm A§V^m©d AgVmo. Ë`m§Zm g§nyU©

g_mOmMm nmqR>~m AgVmo. Ë`m_wioM `m g_mOmZo _mÝ` Ho$boë`m dV©ZàH$mam§{déÕ gXñ`m§Zr Ho$bobo dV©Z g_mO

ghZ H$arV Zmhr. g§ñWm§Mo {Z`_ gXñ`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio

gXñ`hr Aem {Z`_m{damoYr dV©Z H$aÊ`mMo YmS>g H$arV ZmhrV. ho {Z`_ Z¡{VH$X¥îQ>çm d¡Y Am{U gXñ`m§da

~§YZH$maH$ AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m {Z`_m§Mo Cëb§KZ H$aUmè`m gXñ`m§Zm H$moUË`m Var àH$maÀ`m

{ejobm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo `m nÕVrZo gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm g_mOmVrb {dMbZmË_H$ dV©ZmMo {Z §ÌU H$aVmV

Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z _O~yV H$aVmV. åhUyZM gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmÀ`m ì`dñWm

AgVmV.

6) gd© gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm nañna g§~§{YV AgVmV (All social institutions are interrelated):

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm g_mOmV gwQ>çm gwQ>çm qH$dm {d^ŠV ZgVmV. Ë`m nañnag§~§{YV AgyZ EH$_oH$m§da

à^md nmS>VmV. CXm. - Y_© g§ñWoMm {ddmhg§ñWoda à^md AgVmo. {ddmh{dYr nwamo{hVmH$Sy>ZM g§nÝZ Ho$bo

OmVmV. Vmo dYydam§Zm na_oídamMm Amerdm©X {_imdm `mgmR>r àmW©Zm H$aVmo. AemM nÕVrZo {ejUg§ñWm,

{ddmhg§ñWm d AW©ì`dñWm `m§Mm EH$_oH$m§da à^md {XgyZ oVmo.

7) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gmnojV: pñWa AgVmV; Ë`m§À`mV A§Ë`V _§X JVrZo ~Xb hmoVmV (Social

institutions are realtively stable; they change very slowly) :

gm_mÝ`V: gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gmnojV: pñWa AgVmV. Ë`m VmR>a (rigid) Am{U {Q>H$mD$ AgVmV.

g_mOmV `m g§ñWm§À`m gmVË`mMr §ÌUm AgVo. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm _m¡{IH$ d {b{IV na§naoÛmao AI§S>nUo {Q>Hy$Z

123

amhVmV. Am{Xdmgtgma»`m nma§nm[aH$ g_mOmV g§ñWm _m¡{IH$ ñdénmV nwT>o Mmby amhVmV Va AmYw{ZH$ g§H$sU©

g_mOmV Ë`m§Zm {b{IV na§naoMm \$m`Xm {_iVmo, qH$dm XmoÝhr ñdénmV Ë`m {Q>Hy$Z ahmVmV. Aem nÕVrZo

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm pñWa amhVmV. CXm. - hOmamo dfm©nydu {Z_m©U Pmboë`m {ddmhg§ñWm, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm d Y_©g§ñWm

B. g§ñWmV AmOn ªV \$ma _moR>o ~Xb Pmbobo ZmhrV. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmV ~Xb hmoUo An[ahm © Agbo Var ho

~Xb AJXr hiydmanUo hmoVmV. CXm. - AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m bmQ>oV Joë`m 50 dfm©V {ddmhg§ñWm Am{U

Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm `mV H$mhr ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV. VargwÕm EH§$XarV n[apñWVr nmhVm AmnU Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gmnojV: ñWm`r AgVmV Am{U Ë`m hiyhiy qH$dm _§XJVrZo ~XbUmè`m AgVmV.

8) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr H$mhr àVrHo$ AgVmV (Institutions may have symbols) :

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Zm ^m¡{VH$, A^m¡{VH$ ñdê$nmMr H$mhr à{VHo$ AgVmV. CXm. ^maVmMm {Va§Jr amîQ´>r`

ÜdO. A§JR>r Am{U _§JigyÌ hr {ddmhg§ñWoMr àVrHo$ AmhoV. Y_m©Mr gwÕm H$mhr {MÝho AgVmV. CXm.

ñdpñVH$, VgoM Am{W©H$ g§ñWm§Mr gwÕm {d{eîQ>> {MÝho d àVrHo$ AgVmV. Ë`mdê$Z g_mOmV Ë`m g§ñWm

AmoiIë`m OmVmV.

9) g§ñWm A_yV© ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV (Institutions are abstract in nature) :

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm _yV© ñdénmÀ`m ZgVmV. AmnU Ë`m§Mo ~mø d X¥í` ñdén S>moù`m§Zr nmhÿ eH$V Zmhr.

_mÌ Ë`m Á`m dV©ZàH$mam§Mo {Z §ÌU H$aVmV Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m AmoiIVm oVmV. CXm. Y_© AmnU àË`jmV nmhÿ

eH$V Zgbmo Var na_oœamMr ^ŠVr, nyOm `mÛmao Vmo àVrV hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m{df`r AmnUmbm AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm

òVo.

10) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm g_mOmgmR>r H$mhr àH$Q> Va H$mhr AàH$Q> H$m } nma nmS>VmV (Social

institutions perform both manifest and latent functions) :

g_J« g_mOmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm H$mhr H$m } nma nmS>rV AgVmV. gd© gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmÀ`m

AË §V _hÎdmÀ`m Aem H$m`mª_Ü o nwT>rb H$m`mªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo : (1) _mZdr dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odUo Am{U

g_yh Am{U ì`ŠVr `m§À`m_Yrb nañna g§~§YmMo {Z`_Z H$aUo. (2) g_mO-ì`dñWoMo gmVË` Am{U ñW¡ ©

{Q>H$dyZ R>odUo. (3) g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo, Am{U (4) g_mO OrdZmVrb EoŠ` Am{U

EH$g§KVm {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo B.

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo {ZarjU H$aVm òÊ`mgmaIo Oo dñVw{ZîR> n[aUm_ g_J« g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m

A{^`moOZmgmR>r gH$mamË_H$ `moJXmZ XoVmV Am{U Oo ì`dñWoV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m gXñ`m§Zr hoVynyd©H$ KS>dyZ

AmUbobo AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm A{^kmV AgVmV (both intended and recognised) Ë`m§Zm àH$Q> H$m }

(Manifest functions) Ago åhUVmV. AàH$Q> qH$dm gyßV H$m } (Latent functions) åhUOo g§ñWm§Mo Ago

n[aUm_ H$s Oo gXñ`m§Zr hoVynyd©H$ KS>dyZ AmUbobo ZgVmV Am{U Vo KSy>Z oVmV ho Ë`m§Zm _m{hVhr AgV Zmhr

(those consequences which are both unintended and unrecognised). CXm. g_mOgXñ`m§Zm

124

kmZ Am{U H$m¡eë o àmßV H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo ho {ejUmMo àH$Q> H$m © Amho. Va _wbm§darb

nmbH$m§Mo {Z §ÌU H$_r hmoUo Am{U g_mOmÀ`m dJu` ñVarH$aUmV ~Xb KSy>Z oUo ho "{ejU' `m gm_m{OH$

g§ñWoMo AàH$Q> n[aUm_ qH$dm H$m } Agy eH$VmV. AemàH$mao gd© gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr g_J« g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m

X¥îQ>rZo H$mhr àH$Q> Va H$mhr AàH$Q> H$m`} AgVmV.



1) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr H$moUVrhr VrZ _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

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2) H$moUË`mhr XmoZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aVmV Vo gm§Jm.

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3) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm {Z`_ZmË_H$ Jm^m H$moUVm?

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4) gm_y{hH$ gm_m{OH$ OrdZ ho gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m {Z{_©VrMo _yi Amho Ago H$m åhQ>bo OmVo?

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5) g_J« g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo _hÎdmMr AgUmar gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr H$moUVrhr XmoZ H$m } gm§Jm.

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`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU "gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»`m g_OyZ KoD$Z g_mOmVrb à_wI

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, Ë`m§Mo àH$ma d gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mo AÜ``Z Ho$bo Amho. n«ñVwV KQ>H$mVrb

à_wI _wÔo Imbrbà_mUo :

"gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm' hr g_mOemñÌmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr g§H$ënZm AgyZ {Vbm {d{eîQ>> Agm AW© Amho.

125

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mr Aer ì`dñWm H$s Á`m_Ü o H$mhr _yb yV g_mZ _yë o Am{U

dV©Z[aVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U Or g_mOmÀ`m _yb yV JaOm ^mJ{dVo. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m g§koMm g§~§Y

{Z`{_V gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y qH$dm gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mr g§K{Q>V nÕVr qH$dm g§K{Q>V d àñWm{nV _mJ© Am{U

g§ñH¥$VrMo àmW{_H$ ~mø ñdê$n `m§À`mer OmoS>bm OmVmo. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo, bmoH$éT>r,

bmoH$ZrVr, H$m`Xo, _yë o, {Z`_, H$ënZm, VÎdo, {eH$dU d nÕVr `m gdmªMr EH$Ì Jw§\$U hmoD$Z {Z_m©U

Pmboë`m _mZdmÀ`m Am{U _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mMo g§K{Q>V Am{U àñWm{nV _mJ© hmoV. gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm AOmUVonUo {Z_m©U hmoVmV VgoM Ë`m OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z_m©Uhr Ho$ë`m OmVmV. gd© gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr

{ZpíMV Aer C{ÔîQ>ço AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmÀ`m gm_y{hH$ nÕVr AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mV

gm§ñH¥${VH$X¥îQ>çm _mÝ` Ho$boë`m qH$dm _§Oya Ho$boë`m dV©ZmMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yh

`m§À`mVrb g§~§YmMo {Z §ÌU H$aVmV. g§aMZm, C{ÔîQ>ço, §ÌUm Am{U H$m } ho gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo Mma _hÎdnyU©

n¡by AmhoV. gd© g_mOmV {XgyZ oUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm, amÁ`g§ñWm,

AW©g§ñWm, {ejUg§ñWm, Y_©g§ñWm, _Zmoa§OZmË_H$ g§ñWm B. `m hmoV. S>ãë y Or. gåZa `m§Zr gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm§Mo XmoZ àH$ma gm§{JVbo AmhoV. Vo åhUOo dY©_mZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm d {dYrñWm{nV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm.

`mn¡H$s dY©_mZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, CËñ\y$V©nUo, AOmUVonUo ApñVËdmV oVmV. Am{U Ë`m _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m

{dH$mgm~amo~aM CËH«$m§V hmoV OmVmV. Ë`m hoVynwañga {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m ZgVmV. {dYrñWm{nV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm

{d{eîQ>> H$mimV {d{eîQ> hoVyZo OmUrdnyd©H$ gmamgma {ddoH$~wÕrZo {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z`moOZmVyZ

Ë`m ApñVËdmV oVmV Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZ {dH$grV d {Z §{ÌV ìhmdo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm {dñVma Ho$bm OmVmo.

B. S>ãë y. ~O}g `m§Zr H$m`mªÀ`m AmYmamda g§ñWm§Mo Mma àH$ma gm§{JVbo AmhoV Vo åhUOo (1) gm§ñH¥$VrH$

g§ñWm (2) Am{W©H$ g§ñWm (3) _Zmoa§OZmË_H$ g§ñWm (4) gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmË_H$ g§ñWm. H$mhr g_mOemñÌk

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m H$m`mªMo _hÎd `m AmYmamda (1) àmW{_H$ g§ñWm d (2) Xwæ`_ g§ñWm Agohr dJuH$aU

H$aVmV.

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr H$mhr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo - (1) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gm_yhrH$ gm_m{OH$

OrdZmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. (2) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV na§Vw Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n g_mOm

g_mOmZwgma ~XbVo. (3) àñWm{nV _yë o, {Z`_Zo d H$m ©nÕVr `m§Mm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWoV g_mdoe hmoVmo. (4)

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo JaOnyVuMr gmYZo AgVmV. (5) g§ñWm gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMr §ÌUm AgVmV. (6)

gd© gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm nañna g§~§YrV AgVmV. (7) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm gmnojV… pñWa ñdénmÀ`m AgVmV

Ë`m§À`mV _§X JVrZo ~Xb hmoVmo. (8) g§ñWm§Mr H$mhr àVrHo$ d {MÝho AgVmV. (9) g§ñWm A_yV© ñdénmÀ`m

AgVmV. (10) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {ZpíMV Aer H$m } H$aVmV.

1.5 ñd § - AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress) :

ñd § - AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1

1) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> - ""g§ñWm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mr g§K{Q>V Aer ì`dñWm H$s Á`m_Ü o H$mhr g_mZ

_yë o Am{U dV©Z[aVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U Or g_mOmÀ`m H$mhr _yb yV JaOm ^mJ{dVo.''

126

2) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo Mma _hÎdmMo n¡by åhUOo g§aMZm, hoVy, §ÌUm Am{U H$m }.

3) Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm, {ddmhg§ñWm, AW©ì`dñWm, amÁ`g§ñWm, {ejUg§ñWm, Y_©g§ñWm Am{U _Zmoa§OZmË_H$

g§ñWm `m gd© g_mOmV {XgyZ oUmè`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm AmhoV.

4) Á`m g§ñWm CËñ\y$V©nUo d AOmUVonUo ApñVËdmV oVmV Am{U _mZd g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~a hiyhiy

Ë`m§Mr dmT> hmoVo Ë`m§Zm dY©_mZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUVmV.

5) Á`m g§ñWm OmUyZ~wOyZ d gyknUmZo {d{eîQ>> H$mimV {d{eîQ>> hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m

AgVmV Ë`m§Zm {d{YñWm{nV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUVmV.

6) àmW{_H$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmV {ddmhg§ñWm, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm, AW©ì`dñWm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo, Va Y_©g§ñWm,

{ejUg§ñWm Am{U _Zmoa§OZmË_H$ g§ñWm§Mm Xwæ`_ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmV g_mdoe hmoVmo.


1) gmd©{ÌH$Vm, ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yhm§À`m dV©ZmMo {Z §ÌU Am{U _mZdr JaOm§Mo g_mYmZ H$aUo hr gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm§Mr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.

2) {ddmhg§ñWm b¢{JH$ g§~§Ym§Mo {Z`_Z d {Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo Va g_mOmV ZdrZ gXñ`m§Mr â

Q>mH$Uo Am{U ~mbH$m§Mo g§JmonZ d nmbZnmofU H$aUo hr Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMr H$m } AmhoV.

3) {Z`_Zo, _yë o, {Z`_ Am{U àñWm{nV H$m ©nÕVr hm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm {Z`_ZmË_H$ Jm^m Amho.

4) H$maU H$moUVrhr EImXr ì`ŠVr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$arV Zmhr Va ì`pŠVÀ`m Am{U g_mOmÀ`m

JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r Oo gm_wXm{`H$ à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV Ë`mVyZ g§ñWm hiyhiy {dH${gV hmoVmV.

5) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr XmoZ à_wI H$m } nwT>rbà_mUo : 1) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm _mZdr dV©ZmMo Am{U ì`ŠVr

d g_yhmVrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mo {Z`_Z H$aVmV. 2) g_mOì`dñWoMo gmVË` d ñW¡ © `mgmR>r gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm gH$mamË_H$ `moJXmZ XoVmV.

1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR> (Exercise / Home Assignment) :

1) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmMr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ Ë`m§Mm AW© ñnîQ> H$am.

2) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m _hÎdmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV MMm© H$am.

3) {Q>nUo V`ma H$am.

A) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo à_wI n¡by.

~) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Am{U g_J« g_mOì`dñWm.

H$) dY©_mZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Am{U {d{YñWm{nV g§ñWm.

S>) à_wI gmd©{ÌH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Am{U Ë`m§Mr H$m }.

127

1.7 qMVZ d H$m © (Reflections and Actions) :

1) EH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMo Vwåhr {ZarjU H$am Am{U H|$Ð Hw$Qw>§~mVrb n[apñWVr, AmB©

dS>rb d Ë`m§Mr _wbo `m§À`mVrb g§~§Ym§Mo {Z §ÌU H$aUmar {Z`_Zo Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmUmar H$m }

{deX H$am.

2) g_H$mbrZ ^maVr` g_mOmVrb {ddmhg§ñWo_Ü o H$g-H$gm ~Xb hmoV Amho `mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z

Ë`m~m~V EH$ {Q>nU V`ma H$am.


1) Maclver, R.M. and C.H. Page: Society: An Introductory Analysis, MacMillan

India Ltd., Madras, 1986.

2) Gisbert, P.: Fundamentals of Sociology, Orient Longmans, III Ed., Bombay

1973.

3) Johnson Harry M.: Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, Allied Publishers Ltd.,

New Delhi, 1960.

4) Vidaya Bhushan & Sachdeva: An Introduction to Sociology, Kitab Mahal,

Allahabad, 1993.

5) Shankar Rao, C.N.: Sociology: Primary Principles, S Chand & Co., New Delhi,

2004.

6) Perry John & Erna K. Perry: Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Social

Science, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 2000.

7) Barnes, Harry Elmer: Social Institutions, Prentice Hall, New York, 1984.

8) Sumner, W.G. and Keller: The Science of Society, Ginn and Co., New York,

1980.

9) Sharma, R.N.: Principles of Sociology, Asia Pub. House, Bombay, 1968.

10) Mitchell, Duncan G.: A New Dictionary of Sociology, Routledge, London, 1989.

ooo

128

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

2.1 àñVmdZm

2.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

2.3 {df` - {ddoMZ

2.3.1 Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m

2.3.2 Hw$Qw>§~mMr àôXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço

2.3.3 Hw$Qw>§~mMr ~XbVr d¡{eîQ>ço

2.4 gmam§e



2.7 {M§VZ Am{U H¥$Vr



`m AJmoXaÀ`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU gm_m{OH$ g§ñWoMr ì`m»`m, AW© Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ KoVbr

AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a àmW{_H$ Am{U Xwæ`_ g§ñWm§Mo ñdê$n XoIrb _m{hV H$ê$Z KoVbo Amho. AmVm AmnU

AË §V _hÎdmÀ`m Aem Hw$Qy>§~ `m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWoMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUma AmhmoV. Hw$Qy>§~ hm

eãX AmnU Zoh_rM Amnë`m ~mobÊ`m_Ü o dmnaV AgVmo na§Vy `m {R>H$mUr, g_mOemñÌr` X¥îQ>rH$moZmVyZ Hw$Qy>§~

g§ñWoMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

Hw$Qy>§~ hr _mZdr g_mOmVrb EH$ AË §V _hÎdmMr Am{U gmd©{ÌH$ ñdénmMr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amho.

"Hw$Qy>§~' hm EH$ AË §V _hÎdmMm "àmW{_H$ g_yh' Amho. _mZdr g_mOmVrb Vmo EH$ AË §V bhmZ g_yh åhUyZ

AmoiIbm OmVmo. Hw$Qy>§~ hm EH$ Agm n{hbm g_yh Amho H$s, Á`m_Ü o ì`ŠVrMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mVë`m

gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUm_Ü o ~mbH$m§Mo g§dY©Z Am{U {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m bhmZ AmH$ma_mZm_wio

Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§À`m_Ü o oUmè`m dma§dma g_moamg_moarb g§~§Ym_wio Am{U Ë`m§À`m_Yrb ghH$m`m©Mr

KQ>H$ - 2Hw$Qy>§~ (Family)

129

^mdZm d ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgm_Ü o AgUmao Hw$Qw>§~mMo _hÎd {dMmamV KodyZ gr. EM. Hy$bo `m§Zr

Hw$Qw>§~mbm "àmW{_H$ g_yh' (Primary Group) Ago g§~moYbo Amho. Hw$bo `m§Zr Hw$Qw>§~mMo 'Nursery of

human nature' Ago dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. _°H$Am`ìha Am{U noO `m§À`m _Vo, Hw$Qy>§~ ho X`m, ào_ Am{U

ghmZw yVr `m§Mo EH$ CXmÎm H|$Ð Amho. AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam `mgma»`m Amnë`m _yb yV JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm Hw$Qw>§~mÛmao

hmoV AgVo. `m H$maUm_wioM Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWobm àmW{_H$ AWdm _yb yV ñdénmMr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ AmoiIbo

OmVo.

Amnë`m OrdZmÀ`m àma§ mnmgyZ Vo _¥Ë yn ªV Hw$Qy>§~ g§ñWm _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~Om{dV AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mÛmao

Amnë`m _yb yV àd¥Îmr Am{U ì`pŠV_Îdmbm AmH$ma XoÊ`mg _XV hmoV AgVo. AmnU Á`m g_mOm_Ü o OÝ_mbm

oVmo Ë`m g_mOmMo `mo½` gXñ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m Z¡{VH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mr {eH$dU

XoÊ`mMo H$m © Hw$Qw>§~mVrb d¥Õ ì`ŠVtÀ`m_m\©$V hmoV AgVo. Am{U åhUyZ am°~Q>© ~ràñQ>oS> `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho

H$s, ""H$mën{ZH$ {dídm_Ü o AWdm ñdJm©gma»`m {R>H$mUr Oar Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm AñVrËdmV Zgbr Var, AmnU Á`m

J«hmda dmñVì` H$ê$Z AmhmoV, Ë`m {R>H$mUr _mÌ {VMo AñVrËd {XgyZ oVo.''

Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o ñÌr Am{U nwéf `m§À`mgmo~V EH$ AWdm Ë`mnojm A{YH$ _wbo g§ wŠVnUo ahmV AgVmV.

Ago Agbo Var, Á`mdoir nVrMo AWdm nËZrMo AmB©dS>rb Ë`m§À`m g_doV ahmV AgVrb Va Ë`mbmXoIrb

"Hw$Qy>§~' hr g§km dmnabr OmVo. àmMrZ amo_ gma»`m H$mhr g_mO ì`dñWm§À`m _Ü o, Hw$Qw>§~mV H$m_ H$aUmè`m

KaJS>çmbm XoIrb Hw$Qw>§~mMm gXñ` åhUyZ _mZbo OmVo. 'Family' hm eãX 'Famulus' `m b°{Q>Z eãXmnmgyZ

Ambm AgyZ Ë`mMm AW© "ZmoH$a' (Servant) Agm Amho. amo_Z H$m`Úm_Ü o 'Family' hm eãX CËnmXH$m§Mm

g_yh, Jwbm_ Am{U ZmoH$aMmH$a, {ddmhg§~§Ym_wio EH$Ì OmoS>ë`m Joboë`m g_mZ Hy$i AWdm d§emVrb gXñ`

Aem {d{dY AWm©Zo àM{bV Amho Am{U åhUyZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mimV _ybV: nVr-nËZr, Ë`m§Mr _wbo, ZmVodmB©H$

Am{U Amnë`m CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mV H$m_ H$aUmao ZmoH$a-MmH$a `m gdmªMm Hw$Qw>§~mV g_mdoe Ago.



u "Hw$Qy>§~' `m g§koMr ì`m»`m XoVm oB©b;

u Hw$Qw>§~mMr à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb;

u Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$m } ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb; Am{U

u Hw$Qw>§~mMo {d{dY àH$ma gm§JVm oVrb.

u Hw$Qw>§~mMo ñdê$n H$go ~XbV Amho `mMo {ddoMZ H$aVm oB©b.

2.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of subject-matter) :

`m KQ>H$m§_Ü o AmnU Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U Ë`m§À`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo ñdê$n


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g_OyZ KoD$Z AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWo_Ü o KSy>Z oUmè`m n[adV©Zmg§~§Yr XoIrb _m{hVr KoUma

AmhmoV. `m KQ>H$mMr {d^mJUr VrZ Cn{d^mJmV Ho$br Amho. n{hë`m {d^mJmV AmnU "Hw$Qy>§~' `m g§koÀ`m

g_mOemñÌr` ì`m»`m Aä`mgUma AmhmoV, Xwgè`m Cn{d^mJmV Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUma

AmhmoV. {Vgè`m Cn{d^mJmV Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMo ~XbVo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

2.3.1 Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m (Definition of Family) :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m àñVmdZo_Ü oM AmnU "Hw$Qy>§~' hm g_mOmVrb AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgUmam g_yh Amho ho

AmnU g_OyZ KoVbo Amho. Hw$Qy>§~ hr _yb yV Am{U àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMr g§ñWm AgyZ Vr ZdOmV ~mbH$mMo

nmbU-nmofU Am{U XoI^mb H$arV AgVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm_mOrH$aUmgmR>r XoIrb _XV H$arV AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~m_wio

_mZdr àd¥Îmr Am{U ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMr OS>U-KS>U hmoV AgVo. Amnë`m OÝ_mnmgyyZ Vo _¥Ë y n ªVÀ`m H$mimV

_mZdr ñd^mdmda Hw$Qw>§~mMr EH$ àH$maMr N>mn nS>bobr AgVo. AmnU H$mhr à»`mV, g_mOemñÌkm§Zr "Hw$Qy>§~'

`m g§koÀ`m Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV.

Imbr {Xboë`m ì`m»`m H$miOrnyd©H$ dmMm H$maU àË oH$ ì`m» o_YyZ Vwåhmbm Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWog§~§YrMr

doJdoJir d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ oVrb.

1) Šb°ao - ""Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo AmB©-dS>rb (nmbH$) Am{U Ë`m§Mr _wbo `m§À`m_Ü o ApñVËdmV

AgUmè`m nañna g§~§YmMr ì`dñWm Amho.'' (Family is "a system of relationships

existing between parents and children" - Clare)

2) E_. E\$. {Z_H$m°\$$ - ""AnË` AgUmè`m qH$dm ZgUmè`m, _wbm§g{hV qH$dm _wbm§{edm`,

H$_r A{YH$ H$mbmdYrn ªV {Q>Hy$Z amhUmam, nVr-nËZtMm qH$dm ñÌr d _wbo AWdm nwéf d

_wbo `m§Mm g_yh åhUOo Hw$Qy>§~ hmo .'' ("Family is more or less durable association of

husband and wife with or without children or of a man or woman alone with

children." - M. F. Nimkoff)

3) E{b`Q> Am{U _o[ab - ""Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo nVr-nËZr Am{U Ë`m§Mr _wbo `m gdmªMm {_iyZ

~Zbobm EH$ O¡{dH$ d gm_m{OH$ g_yh hmo .'' ("Family is the biological, social unit

composed of husband, wife and children." - Elliot and Merrill)

4) A±S>agZ Am{U nmaH$a :- ""Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo EH$ Agm g_mO_mÝ` KQ>H$ Amho H$s Á`m_Yrb

ì`ŠVr {ddmh, H$m`Xm Am{U ZmVog§~§Ym_wio nañnam§er ~m§Yë`m Joboë`m AgVmV.'' ("Family

is a socially recoqnized unit of people related to each other by kinship, marital

and legal ties." - Anderson and Parker)

5) _°H$m`ìha - ""àOmoËnmXZ Am{U OÝ_mbm oUmè`m _wbm§Mo g§JmonZ ìhmdo `mgmR>r Á`m g_yhmV

{Q>H$mD$ ñdénmÀ`m b¢{JH$ g§~§YmMo n`m©ßV H$mQ>oH$moanUo {ZpíMVrH$aU Pmbobo AgVo, Agm

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g_yh åhUOo Hw$Qy>§~ hmo .'' ("Family is a group defined by sex relationship sufficiently

precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and up brivging of children."

- MacIver)

6) qH$½Obo S>opìhg - ""Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo Agm g_yh H$s Á`m_Yrb ì`ŠVtMo AgUmao nañnag§~§Y ho

aŠVg§~§Ymda AmYm[aV Agë`mZo Vo nañnam§Mo ZmVbJ qH$dm AmßV AgVmV.'' ("Family is

a group of persons whose relations to one another are based upon consanguinity

and who are therefore kin to one another" - Kingsley Davis)

7) ~J}g Am{U bm°H$ - ""Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo {ddmh ~§YZ, aŠVg§~§Y qH$dm XÎmH$ åhUyZ EH${ÌV

Amboë`m ì`ŠVtMm Agm g_yh H$s, Á`m gy_hmVrb nVr Am{U nËZr, dS>rb Am{U _wbJm,

_wbJm Am{U _wbJr, ^mD$ Am{U ~{hU ho gd© Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ y{_Ho$À`m AZwf§JmZo

Am§Va{H«$`m Am{U nañnag§dmX gmYÊ`mgmR>r EH$mM {ZdmgñWmZmMr ñWmnZm H$aVmV.''("Family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage blood, or adoption

constituting a single household interacting and inter communicating with each

other in their respective social roles of husband and wife, father and mother,

son and doughter, brother and sister." - Burgess and Locke)

darb ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg Hw$Qw>§~mMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© g_OyZ oVmo. Šb°ao `m§À`m

n{hë`m ì`m» oV Ë`m§Zr Hw$Qy>§~ hr H$er gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amho `mda â XoV AgVmZm "AmB©-dS>rb Am{U _wbo

`m§À`m_Yrb Am§Va g§~§Ym§Mr ì`dñWm åhUOo Hw$Qy§>~ hmo ' `mMm Ë`m§Zr {deof CëboI Ho$bm Amho. BVa gd©

ì`m»`m§À`m_Ü o "Hw$Qy>§~ hm O¡{dH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ H$gm Amho' `mda A{YH$ â {Xbm Amho. O¡{dH$

KQ>H$ åhUyZ Oa Hw$Qw>§~mMm AW© OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Va Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ñÌr Am{U

nwéfmbm g_mO_mÝ` b¢{JH$ g§~§YmÀ`m AmYmao g§VVr qH$dm AnË` {_idVm oVo. gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ Oa

Hw$Qw>§~mMm AW© {dMmamV KoVbm Va, Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo Agm g_yh H$s Á`m_Yrb ñÌr Am{U nwê$f {ddmh, aŠVg§~§Y

AWdm XÎmH$ åhUyZ nañnam§Zr OmoS>bo Jobobo AgVmV. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ` d`, qbJ `mZwgma Ë`m§À`m y{_H$m nma

nmS>rV AgVmV d Ë`m§Mo {ZdmgñWmZ EH$M AgVo. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ AWdm g_yh åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~mMr

AgUmar H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço darb ì`m»`m§À`m _Ü o AmT>iyZ oVmV. {ddmh g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Á`mdoir ñÌr

Am{U nwéf `m§À`m_Ü o b¢{JH$ g§~§Y ApñVËdmV oVmV Ë`mdoir Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm CX`mg oV AgVo. àË oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mMo

ñdV:Mo Ago EH$ ñdV§Ì Zmd AgVo H$s Á`m_wio BVam§Zm Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm n[aM` hmoV AgVmo. VgoM àË oH$

Hw$Qw>§~mMo ñdV§Ì Hy$i Am{U d§e AgVmo d Ago Hy$i AWdm d§ena§nam nwê$f AWdm ñÌr `m XmoÝhrn¡H$s

H$moUË`mVar EH$m ~mOyZo MmbV Ambobr AgVo. àË oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r EH${ÌV Ago {ZdmgñWmZ AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~m_m\©$V

gXñ`m§À`m em[aarH$, Am{W©H$, _mZ{gH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm hmoV AgVo. Ë`mM~amo~a Hw$Qw>§~mÛmao

g_J« g_mOmÀ`m X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZXoIrb H$mhr H$m } nma nmS>br OmVmV.

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1) 'Family' hm eãX H$moUË`m b°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho?

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2) "Hw$Qy>§~' hm n«mW{_H$ g_yh åhUyZ H$m g_Obm OmVmo?

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3) "Šb°ao' `m§Mr Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m Úm.

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4) E{bEQ> Am{U _oaub `m§Mr Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m Úm.

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5) _°H$m`ìha `m§Mr Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m Úm.

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"Hw$Qy>§~' `m g§koÀ`m ì`m»`m Am{U AW© g_OyZ KoVë`mda AmVm AmnU Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§À`m

AÜ``ZmH$S>o diy `m. Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$mhr _hÎdmMr à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1) gmd©{ÌH$Vm (Universality) :

_aS>m°H$ `m§Zr {d{dY g_mOmVrc AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~m§Mo gd}jU H$ê$Z Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm Amho H$s, Hw$Qy>§~

hr EH$ gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMr g§ñWm Amho. AJXr Am{X_ H$mbI§S>mnmgyZ Vo AmOÀ`m dV©_mZ, g_H$mbrZ g_mO

ì`dñWon ªV H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m ñdénmÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m{edm` AgUmam g_mO gmnS>V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Hw$Qw>§~mMo

A{ñVËd gd© g_mOmV gd© H$mbI§S>m_Ü o {XgyZ oVo. à»`mV {dMmad§V _°brZmoñH$s `m§Zr Ago Z_yX Ho$bo Amho

H$s, _mZdr {dH$mgmÀ`m AJXr amZQ>r AàJV Aem AdñWonmgyZ Vo àJV gwg§ñH¥$V g_mOmn ªVÀ`m gd©

AdñWm§_Ü o Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. _wbm§Mo g§JmonZ Am{U {ZJm KoÊ`mMr JaO hr _yb yV

_mZdr JaO Agë`m_wio Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm hr gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMr g§ñWm ~ZV Jobr. àmUr OJVmer _mZdmMr Oa

VwbZm Ho$br Va àmÊ`mnojm _mZdm_Ü o Vrd« b¢{JH$ àoaUm {XgVo. VgoM àmÊ`m§À`m_Yrb b¢{JH$ dmgZm {d{eîQ>

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F$Vy_Ü oM {H«$`merb hmoVo, `mCbQ> _mZdm_Yrb b¢{JH$ BÀN>meŠVr gmVË`nyU© AgVo. {edm` àmÊ`m§À`m

~m~VrV EH$ JmoîQ> àH$fm©Zo AmT>iyZ oVo Vr åhUOo ZdOmV qH$dm ZwH$VoM OÝ_mbm Ambobo bhmZ àmUr

AënmdYr_Ü oM ñdV§ÌnUo amhÿ eH$VmV qH$dm Vo ñdV:Mr H$miOr ñdV: Kody eH$VmV. _mZdr ZdOmV

~mbH$m~m~V _mÌ Ago KSy>Z oV Zmhr. _mZdr OJVm_Ü o ZdOmV ~mbH$mda VméÊ`mn ªV Am{U Ë`mZ§Vahr

gVV bj R>odyZ Ë`mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJVo. VéU AdñWoV AgVmZm _wbm§Mo AmB©dS>rb Ë`mbm amoOJma H$gm

{_iob BWn ªV H$miOr KoVmV. åhUyZ OdiÀ`m ZmVo g§~§Ym_Yrb b¢{JH$ g§~§YmMo {Z`_Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo

Am{U _wbm-_wbtMo n[anŠd hmoB©n ªV g§JmonZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m JaOoVyZ Hw$Qy>§~ hr _yb yV Am{U gmd©{ÌH$ g§ñWm

CX`mg Ambobr Amho.

2) _`m©{XV AmH$ma (Limited Size) :

Hw$Qy>§~ hm AË §V bhmZ AmH$mamMm gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ Amho. VargwÕm {dñV¥V Am{U ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m

g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço Hw$Qw>§~mgma»`m bhmZ KQ>H$m_Ü o {XgyZ oV Agë`mZo Hw$Qw>§~mbm Zoh_rM ì`mnH$ g_mOmMr

à{VH¥$Vr åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo. H$moUË`mhr Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ~hþVoH$ gXñ`m§Mo nañnam§er AgUmao g§~§Y aŠVg§~§Yr`

ñdê$nmMo AmT>iyZ oVmV. Ago Agbo Var g_mOmVrb BVa gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§er VwbZm H$aVm Hw$Qy>§~ hm bhmZ

AmH$mamMm gm_m{OH$ g_yh Agbobm {XgVmo. {ddmh H$ê$Z H$moUrhr ì`ŠVr Hw$Qw>§~mMr gXñ` hmoD$ eH$Vo. Am{U

åhUyZ Hw$Qy>§~ Am{U {ddmh `m§Mm nañna g§~§Y AgVmo. àm_w»`mZo eoVrda AmYm[aV J«m_rU g_mOm_Ü o

AZmXrH$mbmnmgyZ eoVr _emJVrgmR>r Am{U eoVO{_Zrda AgUmè`m _mbH$sMo {d^mOZ hmoD$ Z o `mgmR>r

åhUyZ AmH$mamZo _moR>r AgUmar g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr ApñVËdmV Ambr. ^maVm_Ü o eoVr ì`dgm`mda AmYm[aV

AgUmè`m Aem d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr AmT>iyZ oVmV VargwÕm BVa g_yhmer VwbZm H$aVm Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMm

AmH$ma bhmZ {XgyZ oVmo. AmYw{ZH$ g_mO ì`dñWo_Ü o Va Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMm AmH$ma A{YH$M H$_r H$_r hmoV

Mmbbm Amho.

3) Hw$Qy>§~ hm _ybV: aŠVg§~§{Y`m§Mm g_yh Amho (Family is basically a group of blood-

relatives):

Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gd© gXñ` nañnam§er {ddmh AWdm aŠVg§~§YmZo OmoS>bo Jobobo AgVmV. ho Hw$Qw>§~mMo EH$

_hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. {nV¥gÎmmH$ g_mOì`dñWo_Ü o {ddmh H$ê$Z ñÌr Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o àdoe H$arV Agbr Var

Hw$Qw>§~mVrb BVa gXñ`m§Mm OÝ_ _mÌ Ë`mM Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmbobm AgVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ~hþVm§e gXñ` ho EH$mM

nyd©OmnmgyZMo AgVmV. ^maVm_Ü o Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ` nañnam§er H$emàH$mao g§~§{YV AmhoV `mMr H$ënZm JmoÌm

(Gotra) dê$Z òVo.

4) gXñ`m§_Yrb H$m`_ñdê$nr g§~§Y (Permanent relationship among the members) :

Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§_Ü o àñWm{nV Pmbobo AWdm {dH${gV hmoUmao nañna g§~§Y ho AmOÝ_ qH$dm

H$m`_ñdê$nr AgVmV. Aem ñdê$nmMo g§~§Y ho Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m _¥Ë yn ªV {Q>Hy$Z AgVmV. Am{U åhUyZ

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ì`ŠVrÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ Vo {VÀ`m _¥Ë yn ªV Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMr {Vbm gmo~V AgVo. EImÚm ñÌrÀ`m {ddmhmZ§Va XoIrb

{VMo _mhoaÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mer AgUmao g§~§Y {Q>Hy$Z AgVmV. {ejU qH$dm ZmoH$ar-ì`dgm`mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo naJmdr

Jococr Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbo {d{dY gU, CËgd Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_ma§ mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo nañnam§Zm oQ>V AgVmV.

EH§$XarV Hw$Qw>§~mÛmao Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§_Ü o H$m`_ñdê$nr g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo H$m © hmoV AgVo.

5) Hw$Qy>§~ gXñ`m§gmR>r {Zdmè`mMr-ì`dñWm (Provision of shelter for members) :

AmnU Amnë`m "Kam'er Zoh_r OmoS>bo Jobobmo AgVmo. {Xdgâm_Ü o H$m`m©b`rZ H$m_mgmR>r åhUyZ

AWdm emioV Joë`mZ§Va AmnU H$Yr EH$Xm Kar Hw$Qw>§~mH$S>o _mJo naV OmVmo `mMr Amnë`mbm AmoT> bmJbobr

AgVo. Hw$Qy>§~ ho gd© gXñ`m§Zm {Zdmè`mMr gmo CncãY H$ê$Z XoV AgVo. àË oH$ ñÌr-nwê$f Am{U _wbm§À`m_Ü o

Amnbo ñdV:Mo {ZdmgñWmZ AWdm Ka Agmdo Aer gyßV BÀN>m AgVo. Aem {Zdmgm_Ü o AWdm Kam_Ü o

Amnë`mbm Ho$di Aml`M {_iVmo Ago Zmhr Va Ë`m {R>H$mUr ì`ŠVrbm g§ajU, ào_, em§Vr Am{U OdirH$Vm

XoIrb bm^V AgVo.

6) àOmoËnmXZ (Reproduction) :

àOmoËnmXZ qH$dm g§VVr-{Z{_©Vr ho Hw$Qw>§~mMo _yb yV H$m © Amho. b¢{JH$ g_mYmZ hm Hw$Qw>§~mMm à_wI hoVy

AgVmo. qH$~hþZm Hw$Qw>§~mMo Vo àW_ C{ÔîQ> AgVo. {ddmh Am{U Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWo{edm` g_mOm_Ü o Oar AnË o

OÝ_mbm KmbVm oD$ eH$V Agbr Var, gä` AWdm gwg§ñH¥$V g_mOmV Aem H¥$Ë`mbm _mÝ`Vm ZgVo.

àOmoËnmXZ à{H«$ oMo Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWo_wio g§ñWrH$aU Pmbobo AgVo. Hw$Qy>§~ Am{U {ddmhg§ñWoIoarO b¢{JH$ g§~§Ym§Mo

{Z §ÌU hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr Am{U Ë`m_wio `m XmoZ g§ñWm Oa g_mOmV ZgVrb Va ñd¡a b¢{JH$ g§~§YmMm EHy$U

g_mOaMZoda dmB©Q> n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o _wbm§À`m _Yrb b¢{JH$ ghOàd¥ÎmrMr H$miOr nmbH$mH$Sy>Z

KoD$Z Vr g_mO_mÝ` _mJm©Zo nyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. `m g§X^m©V J«rH$ VÎddoÎmm A°[añQ>m°Q>b Ago

åhUVmo H$s, ""_ybmÀ`m énmV Amnbr à{V_m amIyZ R>odUo hr _mZdmMr Z¡g{J©H$ àd¥Îmr Amho.'' AemàH$mao

Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm hr Zoh_rM àOmoËnmXZ AWdm g§VVr H$m`m©er {ZJS>rV AgVo Am{U åhUyZ Hw$Q>y>§~ g§ñWobm àOmoËnmXZmÀ`m

X¥îQ>rZo AgUmao _hÎd ho AZÝ` gmYmaU Amho.

7) _wbm§Mo nmbU-nmofU (Rearing of Children) :

Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bhmZ _wbm§Mr H$miOr KoUo ho Hw$Qw>§~mMo EH$ à_wI H$m © Amho. àmUrOJVm_Yrb bhmZ

àmÊ`m§À`m VwbZoV _mZdr OJVm_Yrb bhmZ _wbm§À`m nmbU-nmofUmMm H$mbmdYr A{YH$ OmñV AgVmo ho

AmnU `m nyduÀ`m Aä`mgm_Ü o Z_yX Ho$bo AmhoM. ZdOmV ~mbH$mÀ`m dmT>rgmR>rMm H$mbmdYr XrK© ñdénmMm

AgVmo. `m H$mbmdYr_Ü o ~mbH$ Aghmæ` AgVo Am{U Ë`mbm {H$_mZ XmoZ dfm©n ªV Ë`mÀ`m _mVoMr _XV

Amdí`H$ AgVo. nú`mMo bhmZ {nëby KaQ>çmVyZ AënmdYrVM âmar KoV AgVo. Am{U Oa H$m Vo âmar KoV

Zgob Va Ë`m nú`mMr AmB© {nbmbm âmar KoÊ`mMm gamd ìhmdm `mgmR>r Ë`mbm KaQ>çmVyZ T>H$byZ XoV AgVo.

ho gd© _mZdr OJVm_Yrb ZdOmV ~mbH$m~m~V eŠ` ZgVo. ZdOmV ~mbH$mMr gVV H$miOr KodyZ

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Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o bj Úmdo bmJVo. _mZdr ~mbH$ AmOmar nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. åhUyZ ~mbH$ Mm§Jbo VéU

hmoB©Vmon ªV Ë`mbm nwaogm Amhma XoD$Z, Ë`mMr dma§dma XoIaoI H$amdr bmJVo. ho gd© Pmë`mZ§Vahr nmbH$m§Mr

O~m~Xmar nyU© hmoV ZgVo. H$maU, Ë`mZ§Va _wbm§Zm ñdV§ÌnUo dmdaÊ`mgmR>r AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam `m JaOm§À`m

IoarO BVa ñdê$nmMr A{YH$ _XV Amdí`H$ AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AmB©-d{S>bm§Mo g§ajU hr EH$ àW_ JaO

AgVo Am{U Vr Ho$di Hw$Qw>§~mVM {_iV AgVo.

8) Hw$Qy>§~ g_mOrH$aUmMo EH$ gmYZ AgVo (Family as an agency of socialization) :

_wbm§À`m g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ o_Ü o Hw$Qw>§~mMr AgUmar y{_H$m Am{U {VMo _hÎd {H$Vr AgVo ho

ñdV§ÌnUo gm§JÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. H$maU, Hw$Qw>§~mÛmaoM g_mOmVrb g§ñH¥$VrMo gmVË` {Q>H$dyZ R>odbo OmVo.

Hw$Qy>§~ ho EH$ Ago _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho H$s, Á`m_m\©$V gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Mo, gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§Mo, lÕm§Mo,

bmoH$éT>tMo Am{U AmMma-{dMmam§Mo hñVm§Va EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hmoV AgVo. ZdOmV ~mbH$mbm

^mfm AdJV hmoÊ`mgmR>r, Ym{_©H$ {dYr g_OyZ oÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Vmo `mo½` Agm g_mOerb _mZd hmoÊ`mgmR>r

Ë`mbm Hw$Qw>§~mMr _XV Amdí`H$ AgVo. Vwåhmbm "H$_bm' Am{U "A_bm' `m XmoZ ~{hUr Am{U am_y hr _mZdr

AnË o Xya O§JbmV bm§S>½`mgmo~V ahmV hmoVr Ë`m~ÔcMr H$Wm AmnUmg _m{hV AgobM. hr gd© _mZdr _wbo

AgyZgwÕm Ë`m§Mo dV©Z àmÊ`m§gmaIo KSy>Z oV hmoVo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb nmbZ-nmofUmMo \$m`Xo {_imbobo

ZìhVo. Ë`m§À`m gmo~V H$moUr Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ` gm_m{OH$ dV©Z {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r Zgë`mZo, Aem _wbm§À`m_Ü o

gm_m{OH$ JwU-d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm A^md AmT>iyZ Ambm. VmËn ©, Hw$Qw>§~-gXñ`m§À`m g§nH$m©V amhÿZM _wcmMo `mo½`

g_mOrH$aU KSy>Z oUo gwc^ hmoVo.

Hw$Qy>§~ hm EH$ àmW{_H$ g_yh Amho. Hw$Qw>§~mVrc gXñ`m§_Ü o g_moam-g_moaMo g§~§Y AgVmV. Aem

g§~§Ym_wio AmnbonUmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. Vr g_mOrH$aUmgmR>r Cn wŠV R>aVo. Iè`m AWm©Zo, gm_mOrH$aUmMm

nm`m yV AmYma Hw$Qy>§~ hmM AgVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb g_mOrH$aUm_wio g_mOrH$aU H$aUmè`m BVa gmYZm§Mo H$m ©

gmono hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. CXm. _wbJm emioV OmD$Z ^mfoMo kmZ {_i{dÊ`mnydu Am{U `mo½` gd`r A§JrH¥$V

H$aÊ`mnydu AZoH$ JmoîQ>r Vmo Hw$Qw>§~mVM gd©àW_ AmË_gmV H$arV AgVmo. emio_Ü o _wbm§Zm Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU

_mÌ `mo½` nÕVrZo {_iV AgVo. Am{U `m H$maUm_wioM AmnU ""_mVm hr _wbmMr àW_ {e{jH$m AgVo''

("Mother is the first teacher of the child") Ago Zoh_r åhUV AgVmo. `m AWm©Zo nm{hbo Va _wbm§À`m

g_mOrH$aUm_Ü o Xwgam BVa H$moUVmhr gm_m{OH$ g_yh Hw$Qw>§~mer ñnYm© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AmB©-

dS>rb, ^mD$-~{hU, AmOr-AmOmo~m B. gd© gXñ` g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oer g§~§{YV AgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV,

_wbm§À`m g_mOrH$aUm_Ü o Hw$Qy>§~ _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>rV AgVo.

9) Hw$Qy>§~ hr {Z`_Z AWdm {eñV R>odUmar g§ñWm AgVo (Family as a regulating institution):

Hw$Qy>§~ g§ñWm Zoh_r Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§gmR>r dV©Z{df`H$ _mnX§S> qH$dm AmXe© KmbyZ XoV

AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mMr à_wI ì`ŠVr Zoh_r Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm {eñV bmJmdr åhUyZ à`ËZ H$arV AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb

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_wbo d`mZo _moR>r hmoV OmVmV. VgVgo Ë`m§Zm Z¡{VH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ dV©Zmg§~§YrÀ`m _mnX§S>m§Mr, AmXem©Mr

{eH$dU {Xbr OmVo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbm§Zm `mo½` dV©Zmg§~§YrMr Zoh_rM H$ënZm AgVo Ago Zmhr. Am{U åhUyZ

Ë`m§Zm EH$ AmXe© ZmJarH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Úmì`m bmJUmè`m `mo½` dV©ZmMr O~m~Xmar hr Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb

AmB©d{S>bm§Mr AgVo. `m AWm©Zo nm{hbo Va Hw$Qw>§~mVM _wbo Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mo, [aVr[admOm§Mo, na§nam Am{U

bmoH$éT>tMo {ejU KoV AgVmV. `m à{H«$òbmM g_mOrH$aU qH$dm "gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§À`m

Am§VarH$aUmMr'(Internalization of social norms) à{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. åhUyZM Hw$Qw>§~mbm "ZmJar

gX²JwUm§Mr emim' (School of civic virtures) åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo. H$maU Aem Hw$Qw>§~ê$nr emioVM

_wbm§Zm ào_, ghH$m ©, ghZerbVm, Ë`mJ, {eñV Am{U Z_«Vm B. gma»`m JwUm§Mo {ejU {_iV AgVo.

10) gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ{ZpíMVr (Social Placement) :

ì`ŠVrbm g_mOm_Ü o gZXera AWdm H$m`Xoera XOm© {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo H$m © Hw$Qw>§~m_m\©$V hmoV AgVo.

H$m¡Q>w>§{~H$ nmíd© y_rÀ`m AmYmamda ì`ŠVrMr gm_m{OH$ AmoiI hmoV AgVo. àm_w»`mZo nma§nm[aH$ g_mO

ì`dñWm§À`m_Ü o Ago AmT>iyZ oVo. Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>ZM Amnë`mbm Amnbo Zm§d Am{U AmS>Zmd {_imbobo AgVo.

dmagmnÕVrZo Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>ZM Amnë`mbm gm_m{OH$ XOm© Am{U ^m¡{VH$ _mb_Îmm àmßV hmoV AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mÛmao

Amnbo "gm_m{OH$ Zm_m{^XmZ' AWdm VmXmË_rH$aU (Societal identification) hmoV AgVo. nma§nm[aH$

g_mOm_Ü o AmnU H$moUË`m àH$maMm ì`dgm` H$aVmo Vmo ì`dgm`gwÕm Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>Z Ambobm AgVmo. Aem

Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o _wbm§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU ho Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>ZM àmßV hmoV AgVo. VgoM, Amnbm gm_m{OH$ XOm©,

Ym{_©H$ XOm©, e¡j{UH$ XOm© Amnbo amîQ´>r`Ëd `m gd© ~m~r Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>ZM Amnë`mbm ~hmb hmoV

AgVmV.

11) Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm {d{dY àH$mam§_Ü o AmT>iVo (Family exists in different forms) :

Hw$Qy>§~ àH$mam§À`m AZwf§JmZo, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço ~XbV AgVmV. {d{dY {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmamda

g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoMo dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. AmVm AmnU, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoÀ`m H$mhr à_wI àH$mam§Mo ñdê$n

nmhÿ.

A) {ddmh-~§YZm_Ü o AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtMr g§»`m (Number of persons involved in the

matrimovial alliances) :

{ddmh ~§YZ hmoV AgVmZm, Ë`m_Ü o {H$Vr ì`ŠVtMm gh^mJ Amho, `mdê$Z Hw$Qw>§~mMo dJuH$aU Ho$bo

OmVo Vo àm_w»`mZo VrZ n«H$maMo AmhoV.

1) EH$-{ddmhr Hw$Qy>§~ (Monogamous family) : `m àH$maÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o EH$mdoir EH$ ì`ŠVr EH$m

ñÌrer {ddmh H$arV AgVo. EH$ {ddmh nÕVr_YyZ AWdm Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ApñVËdmV Amboë`m

Hw$Qw>§~mbm "EH$-{ddmh Hw$Qy>§~' åhUVmV.

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2) ~hþnËZr-{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~ (Polygamous family) : Oa nwê$f ì`ŠVr, EH$mM doir EH$mnojm

A{YH$ {ñÌ`m§er {ddmh H$arV Agob, åhUOoM Hw$Qw>§~à_wI åhUyZ Ë`mbm EH$mhÿZ OmñV nËZr AgVrb

Va Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm ~hþnËZr-{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~ Ago åhUVmV.

3) ~hþnVr-{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~ (Polyandrous family) : `m àH$maÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o EH$ ñÌr AZoH$

nwéfm§er {ddmh H$aVo (ho AZoH$ nwê$f EH$_oH$m§Mo ^mD$ AgVmV.) Am{U Ë`m§À`m g_doV amhVo qH$dm

Ë`mn¡H$s àË oH$mH$S>o AmirnmirZo ahmd`mg OmVo. `m àH$maÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mbm ~hþnVr-{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~

Ago åhUVmV.

~) {ddmhmZ§Va AgUmè`m {ZdmgmMo {R>H$mU (Place of residence after marriage) :

{ddmhmZ§Va Zd-{ddm{hV OmoS>r Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m {R>H$mUr dmñVì` H$aVmV, `m AmYmamdaVr,

g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Hw$Qw>§~mMo dJuH$aU Imbrb XmoZ àH$mam§_Ü o Ho$bobo Amho.

1) {nV¥-ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ (Patri-local families) : Á`m àH$maÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o {ddmhmZ§Va nËZr nVrg_doV

nVrÀ`m Kar ahmd`mg OmVo Ë`mbm {nV¥-ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ Ago åhUVmV.

2) _mV¥-ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ (Matri-local families) : Á`m àH$maÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o {ddmhmZ§Va nVr nËZrg_doV

{VÀ`m Kar ahmd`mg OmVmo Ë`mbm _mV¥-ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ Ago åhUVmV.

H$) gÎmm qH$dm A{YH$ma (Authority) :

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ gÎmm AWdm A{YH$ma H$moUmH$S>o AgVmV, `m AmYmamdaVr Hw$Qw>§~mMo dJuH$aU Imbrb XmoZ

àH$mam§_Ü o AmT>iyZ oVo.

1) {nV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qy>§~ (Patriarchal Family) : {nV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o Hw$Qw>§~mMo A{YH$ma d{S>bm§À`mH$S>o

AgVmV d Ë`m§À`m AZwnpñWVr_Ü o AWdm Ë`m§À`m níMmV Vo A{YH$ma Ë`m§À`m Wmoaë`m _wbmH$S>o {Xbo

OmVmV.

2) _mV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qy>§~ (Matriarchal Family) : _mV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o Hw$Qw>§~mMo A{YH$ma AmB©H$S>o

AgVmV.

S>) d§emdi qH$dm dmagmnÕVr (Ancestry or Descent) :

dmagm nÕVrZwgma Hw$Qw>§~mMo XmoZ àH$mam§_Ü o dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.

1) {nV¥d§er` Hw$Qy>§~ (Patrilineal family) : `m àH$mam_Ü o dmagm hŠH$ hm d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z qH$dm nwéf,

ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z MmbV Ambobm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbm§Zm dmagm nÕVrZo d{S>bm§Mr _mb_Îmm

{_iV AgVo.

2) _mV¥d§er` Hw$Qy>§~ (Matrilineal family) : `m àH$mam§_Ü o dmagm hŠH$ hm _mVoH$Sy>Z qH$dm _{hboH$Sy>Z

MmbV Ambobm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbtZm dmagm nÕVrZo _mVoMr _mb_Îmm {_iV AgVo.

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B) Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma Am{U aMZm (Size and structure of family) :

Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mMr aMZm ho XmoZ KQ>H$ {dMmamV KodyZ, Hw$Qw>§~mMo Imbrb XmoZ àH$mam§_Ü o

dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.

1) H|$Ð AWdm {d^ŠV Hw$Qy>§~ (Nuclear family) : H|${ÐV qH$dm {d^ŠV Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo Ago Hw$Qy>§~ H$s,

Á`m_Ü o nVr-nËZr Am{U Ë`m§Mr A{ddm{hV _wbo `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. "bhmZ AmH$ma' ho EH$ H|${ÐV

Hw$Qw>§~mMo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç> AgVo. àm_w»`mZo _hmZJam§À`m _Ü o AmT>iyZ oUmar AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$nmMr Hw$Qw>§~o

`m àH$mamMr AgVmV.

2) g§ wŠV AWdm A{d^ŠV Hw$Qy>§~ (The joint or undivided family) : `m àH$maÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m§_Ü o

VrZ {nT>çm§n ªVMo gd© ñÌr Am{U nwê$f EH${ÌVnUo ahmV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio H|${ÐV Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m VwbZoZo

g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma _moR>m {XgyZ oVmo. g_mZ {Zdmg-ñWmZ, g_mZ ñd §nmH$ Ka, gm_mB©H$

_mb_Îmm, EH${ÌV {_iyZ hmoUmar nyOm-AMm© B. hr gd© qhXy g§ wŠV Hw$Qy>§~ nÕVrMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço

AmhoV. Aem g§ wŠV Hw$Qy>§~ nÕVrMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço hr AmnUmg àm_w»`mZo ^maVmVrb nma§nm[aH$

J«m_rU g_wXm`m_Ü o A{YH$ àH$fm©Zo AmT>iyZ oVmV.

\$) Hw$Qy>§~ gXñ`m§_Yrb g§~§Ym§Mo ñdê$n (Nature of relationship among family members):

Hw$Qy>§~ gXñ`m§_Yrb g§~§Ym§À`m ñdê$nmMm AmYma KoD$Z, Hw$Qw>§~mMo Imbrb àH$mam§_Ü o dJuH$aU Ho$bo

OmVo.

1) d¡dm{hH$ Hw$Qy>§~ (The conjugal family) : `m àH$maÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mV {ddm{hV n«m¡T> gXñ`m§Mm g_mdoe

AgVmo d Ë`m§À`m_Ü o b¢{JH$ g§~§Y AmT>iyZ oVmV.

2) OÝ_mYm[aV Hw$Qy>§~ (The consanguine family) : `m àH$maÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m_Yrb gXñ`m§_Ü o aŠV

g§~§Yr` ñdê$nmMo g§~§Y AgVmV. CXm. ^mD$, ~{hU, d{S>b, _wbJm B.

ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 2 (Check Your Progress - 2) :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1) Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$moUVrhr Mma d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

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2) Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$moUVrhr _hÎdmMr VrZ H$m } gm§Jm.

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3) {ddmh ~§YZm_Ü o gh^mJr AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m g§ñWodê$Z hmoUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mMo àH$ma gm§Jm.

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4) {ddm{hV OmoS>rÀ`m {Zdmg H$aÊ`mÀ`m OmJodê$Z hmoUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mMo àH$ma gm§Jm.

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5) g§ wŠV Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo H$m`?

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2.3.2Hw$Qw>§~mMr ~XbVr d¡{eîQ>ço (Changing features of family) :

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo ñdê$n {ñWa ZgyZ JVrerb AgVo ho AmnU `mnyduM Aä`mgbo Amho. Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm

XoIrb `m {Z`_mbm AndmX Zmhr. {ddmh Am{U Hw$Qy>§~ `m nañnag§~§YrV Aem gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm AmhoV.

Á`mdoir EH$m g§ñWo_Ü o ~Xb KSy>Z oVmo, Ë`mMdoir Xwgè`m g§ñWo_Ü oXoIrb ~Xb KSy>Z oVmo. ObXJVrZo

hmoUmao Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, ZmJarH$aUmMo dmT>Vo à_mU, J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ eham§H$S>o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va, dmT>Vm ì`ŠVrdmX,

CÀM {ejUmMm àgma, _{hbm§Mo {ejU, _{hbm§Mo {d{dY ì`dgm`mVrb nXmn©U `mgma»`m ~Xbm§Mm n[aUm_

åhUyZ Hw$Qy>§~ g§ñWo_Ü o ~Xb KSy>Z Ambobo {XgVmV. Joë`m eVH$m_Ü o Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWo_Ü o A{Ve` _moR>çm

ñdê$nmMo ~Xb g§nyU© OJâ KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV, Agm g_mOemñÌkm§Mm Xmdm Amho. AmVm AmnU Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoÀ`m

~XbË`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

1) Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m AmH$ma_mZm_Ü o Pmbobr KQ> (Decrease in the size of the family) :

Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma H$_r-H$_r hmoV Mmbbm Amho. g§nyU© {dídm_Ü o Hw$Qw>§~mMo gamgar AmH$ma_mZ H$_r

hmoV Mmbbo Amho. _`m©{XV AWdm bhmZ Hw$Qy>§~ R>odÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m {Z`_Zm§Mm H$mQ>oH$moanUo Ho$bobm nmR>nwamdm

Am{U OÝ_Xa {Z §{ÌV R>odÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m nÕVtÀ`m dmnam_wio Hw$Qw>§~mMo AmH$ma_mZ KQ>V Agbobo {XgVo. 1950

_Ü o ^maVmZo Hw$Qy>§~-{Z`moOZ H$m ©H«$_mMr gwadmV Ho$br. MrZZo gwÕm Ë`m§À`m bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMm Xa Imbr

AmUÊ`mgmR>r "EH$ _yb hm {Z`_' (one child norm) A{YH$ H$mQ>oH$moanUo A§_bmV AmUbm. nmpíM_mË`

Xoem§_Ü o ~hþVm§er {ddm{hV ì`ŠVr Ë`m§À`m _OuZwgma AnË`m{edm` (Childless) ahmUo ng§V H$aVmV.

nmíMmË` g_mO-ì`dñWo_Ü o {ddm{hVm§Zm AnË` Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`mda H$gbmhr H$b§H$ bmdbm OmV Zmhr.

nmpíM_mÎ` g_mOmV ZmoH$ar H$aUmè`m CÀM{ejrV _{hbm _yb gm§ miUo åhUOo AH$maU Amnë`m ì`mdgm{`H$

H$maH$sXuda A{V[aŠV ^ma bmXUo Ago g_OVmV. gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§À`m_Ü o ~Xb KSy>Z oV Amho. ^maVm_Ü o

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AZoH$ {ddm{hVm§Zm EH$M _yb Amho. _J Vr _wbJr gwÕm Agy eH$Vo. AemàH$mao OÝ_Xa {Z §{ÌV H$aÊ`mdarb

Cnm`, _{hbm§Mo {ejU Am{U ~XbVr gm_m{OH$ _yë o B. H$maUm§À`m_wio AmYw{ZH$ Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma hiyhiy

H$_r hmoV Mmbbm Amho.

2) g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mMo H|${ÐV Hw$Qw>§~m§À`m_Ü o hmoUmao {d^mOZ (Joint families are being broken

to form the nuclear families) :

EHo$H$mir eoVr hm à_wI ì`dgm` hmoVm Am{U Ë`mgmR>r g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr Cn wŠV hmoVr. eoVO{_ZrMr

{d^mJUr Q>miÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Am{U eoVr H$m_mVë`m l_{d^mOZmÀ`m nÕVr_wio g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr A{YH$

à_mUmV éT> hmoV Jobr. eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r g§» oZo A{YH$ à_mUmV AgUmè`m g§ wŠV

Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§Mr _XV hmoV hmoVr. gÚ:pñWVrbm J«m_rU g_wXm`m§_Ü o XoIrb ~Xb KSy>Z oV AmhoV, eoVr

_emJVrgmR>r gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m Vm§{ÌH$ nÕVr, dmagm nÕVrZo Amboë`m eoV O{_ZtMo hmoUmao H$m`Xoera

{d^mOZ, Mm§Jbo CÀM{ejU Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ g§Yr§À`m emoYmgmR>r VéUm§Mo IoS>çmH$Sy>Z eham§H$S>o hmoUmao

ñWbm§Va B. H$maUm§_wio g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr _moS>H$irg Ambobr {XgVo. ^maVr` IoS>çm§À`m_Yrb g§ wŠV

Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr AmVm doJmZo H$_r-H$_r hmoV Amho. ^maVmVrb _moR>çm eham§À`m_Ü o XoIrb VrM AdñWm Amho.

VéU {nT>r {ddmhmZ§Va ñdV…Mo doJio Hw$Qw>§~ ñWmnZ H$ê$ bmJë`mZo, Aem Zd{ddm{hVm§Zm Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mV

AmB©-d{S>bm§Mm hñVjon AmdS>oZmgm Pmbm Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmVrc g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mVrc gXñ` ZmoH$ar-

ì`dgm`mgmR>r eham§H$S>o Ymd KoV AmhoV. ehamV AZoH$ gX{ZH$m AgUmar {Zdmgr g§Hw$co {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV.

VoWo gX{ZH$m KoÊ`mgmR>r H$O©nwadR>m H$aUmè`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm AmhoV. ehamV ahmÊ`mMr gmo Pmë`mda, Ama§ r

EH$Q>r ahmUmar ì`ŠVr ñdV…Mo ñdV§Ì Hw$Qy>§~ VoWo {Z_m©U H$aVo. g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~m§Mo {d^mOZ hmoD$Z {d^ŠV qH$dm

H|$Ð Hw$Qw>§~o {Z_m©U hmoUo hm Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWo_Yrb aMZmË_H$ ~Xb Amho.

3) Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _{hbm§À`m ñWmZm_Ü o Pmbobm ~Xb (Change in the position of women in

family) :

nma§nm[aH$ g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr_Yë`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _{hbm§Mo H$m © Mma q^VrÀ`m AmV ~§{XñV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m

H$m`mªda _`m©Xm hmoË`m. AmVm _mÌ, _{hbm§À`m {ejUm_Ü o hmoV Agbobr dmT> Am{U H|${ÐV Hw$Qw>§~mMo dmT>Vo

à_mU `m_wio Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _{hbm§Mo gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ H$_mbrMo ~Xbbobo {XgVo. AmYw{ZH$ H|${ÐV Hw$Qw>§~mVrb

nVr Amnë`m nËZrbm g_mZVoMr dmJUyH$ XoVmo. {edm` Vmo Amnë`m _wbrÀ`m {ejUmH$S>ohr A{YH$ Jm§ r`m©Zo

bj XoVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb nËZrMo ñWmZ AmVm ~Xbbobo AgyZ {VMo {ejU Am{U nmÌVm {dMmamV KoD$Z {Vbm

Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o AmXa Am{U gÝ_mZ {_iy bmJbm Amho. AZoH$ _hmZJam§À`m_Ü o _mVm _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>V

AgVmZm {XgVo. àm_w»`mZo Á`mdoir nVr ZmoH$ar-ì`dgm`m_wio Hw$Qw>§~mV ZgVmo, Ë`mdoir "_mVm' _hÎdmMr

y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo. Hw$Qw>§~mMo Am{W©H$ {ZU© , _wbm§Mo {ejU, Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mer g§~§{YV X¡Z§{XZ KS>m_moS>tMr

XIb Vr ñdV:M KoV AgVo. nVr-nËZr Am{U AmB©-dS>rb d _wbo `m§À`mVrb g§~§Ym§_Ü o \$ma _moR>m JwUmË_H$

~Xb KSy>Z Ambobm {XgVmo.

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4) AmYw{ZH$ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bmoH$V§ÌmË_H$ ñdén (Democratic features in modern families):

nma§n[aH$ Am{U EH$m{YH$ma V§Ìmda AmYm[aV Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m VwbZoV, AmYw{ZH$ Hw$Qw>§~o hr OmñV bmoH$V§ÌmË_H$

ñdê$nmMr AmhoV. Oar Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o dS>rb hm gÎmmñWmZr Agbm Var ñdV:Mm _wbJm _moR>m Pmë`mZ§Va H$m¡Qw>§{~H$

~m~tÀ`m_Ü o Ë`mbm Amnbo _V _m§S>Ê`mMo ñdmV§Í` XoVmo. _mVmXoIrb {e{jV Agë`m_wio Vr _hÎdmMr y{_H$m

nma nmS>Vo. Oa Vr ì`mdgm{`H$ Am{U amoOJmamgmR>r nmÌ Agob Va Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m CËnÝZm_Ü o â KmbÊ`mg Vr

_XV H$aVo. Ë`m_wio {VMm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb XOm© C§MmdÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. nËZr Am{U nVr g§ wŠVnUo {ZU© KoV

AgVmV. ho AmYw{ZH$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVrMo bmoH$V§ÌmË_H$ ñdê$n EH$ aMZmË_H$ d¡{eîQ>ç> Amho.

5) Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ H$m`mª_Ü o Pmbobr KQ> (Reduction in Traditional functions of

family) :

nwamVZ H$mimV Hw$Qy>§~ ho CËnmXZ, {dVaU Am{U CXa{Zdm©hmMo H|$Ð hmoVo. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Am{U

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m aoQ>çm_wio Hw$Qw>§~aMZo_Ü o doJmZo ~Xb KSy>Z oV AmhoV. CÚmoJm§À`m C^maUr_wio CËnmXZmMo

H$m © H$maImZo H$arV AmhoV. dV©_mZH$mbrZ Hw$Qy>§~ ho EH$àH$maMo "Cn^moŠVm H|$Ð' Amho. EHo$H$mir Hw$Qw>§~mV d¥Õ

Am{U AmOmar ì`ŠVtMr godm Ho$br OmV Ago, AmVm _mÌ Hw$Qw>§~mMo ho H$m © é½Umb`m§H$S>o Jobo Amho qH$dm

d¥Õml_mH$S>o gmondbo Jobo Amho. EHo$H$mir H$a_UyH$sMr JaO Hw$Qw>§~mVM nyU© Ho$br OmB©. nma§n[aH$ JrVJmUo,

AmOrH$Sy>Z H$Wm EoH$Uo nma§n[aH$ Ioi IoiUo B. gma»`m nma§nm[aH$ H$a_UyH$sÀ`m gw{dYm hmoË`m. AmVm Ë`m

gd© yVH$mimV O_m Pmboë`m AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ H$a_UyH$sÀ`m gmYZm§_Ü o {gZo_mJ¥h, ZmQ>çJ¥h, XyaXe©Z,

ao{S>Amo B. H$a_UyH$sMr gmYZo {Z_m©U AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr nma§n[aH$ Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m H$a_UyH$ H$m`m©Mr OmJm KoVbr Amho.

gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb bmoH$m§À`m JaOm _`m©{XV Am{U gmÜ`m ñdénmÀ`m hmoË`m. nma§n[aH$ ì`dgm`mMo

à{ejU XoÊ`mMo Hw$Qy>§~ ho EH$ H|$ÐM hmoVo. AmVm ho H$m © {ejUmÀ`m Am¡nMm[aH$ Vm§{ÌH$ g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

hmoV AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mMr BVahr H$mhr nma§n[aH$ H$m }, emgH$s` Am{U {Z_emgH$s` g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gwê$

Ho$boë`m {d{dY `moOZm§À`m_wio _mJo nS>br AmhoV. CXm. {d_m _hm_§S>i, {dYdm _{hbm§gmR>r noÝeZ, d¥Õml_m§Mr

ñWmnZm, {ZamYma ~mbH$m§gmR>r ñd §godr g§ñWm, godm{Zd¥Îm ì`ŠVtÀ`mgmR>r noÝeZ B. `moOZm§_wio nma§nm[aH$

Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$m } _mJo nS>br AmhoV. AemàH$mao Or AZoH$ H$m } gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoÀ`m_m\©$V nma

nmS>br OmV hmoVr, Vr gd© H$m } AmVm AmYw{ZH$ {deofk Aem g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$br OmVmV. Ago Agbo

Var, AOyZhr Hw$Qy>§~g§ñWm EH$ _hÎdmMr g§ñWm Amho. ì`ŠVrMo àmW{_H$ g_mOrH$aU Hw$Qw>§~mV KSy>Z oV AgVo.

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ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 3 (Check Your Progress - 3) :


1) H$moUË`m H$maUm§_wio nma§nm[aH$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr_Ü o aMZmË_H$ Am{U H$m`m©Ë_H$ ~Xb KSy>Z oV AmhoV?

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2) ~XbË`m Hw$Qy>§~ nÕVrMr H$moUVrhr Mma d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

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3) nma§nm[aH$ g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVrMo {dKQ>Z hmoD$Z H|$Ð Hw$Qw>§~o H$m {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV?

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4) nma§nm[aH$ Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr H$moUVr H$m } BVa _mÜ`_m§Zr KoVbr AmhoV?

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`m KQ>H$mÀ`m àñVmdZo_Ü o AmnU Hw$Qy>§~ ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZm_Ü o H$er _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo,

Hw$Qy>§~ hm _hÎdmMm àmW{_H$ g_yh H$gm Amho, Vmo g_mOmMm EH$ _hÎdmMm _yb yV KQ>H$ H$gm Amho `mMm Aën

n[aM` H$ê$Z KoVbm. VéU _wbm§À`m g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à[H$ o_Ü o VgoM ì`ŠVrÀ`m Am wî`mVrb AË §V

_hÎdmÀ`m Aem H$mbI§S>mV _mZdr ñd^mdmbm AmH$ma XoÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m © Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm nma nmS>Vo, hohr

AmnU nm{hbo.

"Hw$Qw>§~mMm' g_mOemñÌr` AW© g_OÊ`mgmR>r AmnU Zm_d§V Aem g_mOemñÌkm§Zr {Xboë`m ì`m»`m§Mm

Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. Hw$Qy>§~ hr EH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ AmB©-dSr>b Am{U Ë`m§Mr _wbo `m§À`m_Yrb nañna g§~§YmMr

ì`dñWm AgVo. EH$ O¡{dH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ, Hw$Qy>§~ hr, ñÌr Am{U nwéf `m§À`m b¢{JH$ g§~§YmMr g_mO_mÝ`

ì`dñWm AgVo. Ë`mV AnË`m§Mo g§JmonZ H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm AgVo. EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ `m AWm©Zo Hw$Qy>§~

åhUOo Aem ì`ŠVtMm g_yh AgVmo H$s Á`m_Ü o ñÌr-nwê$f {ddmhg§~§Ym§Zr EH$Ì Ambobo AgVmV Am{U

Ë`mVrb gXñ` d` Am{U qbJgmnoj oXmZwgma Amnbr gm_m{OH$ y{_H$m nma nmS>rV AgVmV. àË oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mMo

ñdV:Mo Ago Zmd AgVo. Vo H$emàH$mao Ambo ho emoYÊ`mg§~§YrMr Ë`m§Mr ñdV:Mr EH$nÕVr AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mMo

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EH${ÌV Ago {ZdmgñWmZ AgVo, H$s Á`m {R>H$mUr gXñ` ahmV AgVmV. Hw$Qw>§~mÛmao EHy$U g_mOmgmR>rMr

åhUyZ Oer H$mhr H$m } nma nmS>br OmVmV, Ë`m à_mUoM Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§À`m em[aarH$, Am{W©H$, _mZ{gH$

Am{U BVa JaOm§Mr XoIrb nyV©Vm hmoV AgVo.

Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m à oXH$ Aem d¡{eîQ>çm§_Ü o 1) gmd©{ÌH$Vm, 2) _`m©{XV AmH$ma, 3) aŠVg§~§Yr` g§~§YmMm

à^md, 4) gXñ`m§_Yrb H$m`_ñdê$nr g§~§Y B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ d¡{eîQ>çm§_Ü o 1)

gXñ`m§gmR>r {Zdmg AWdm Aml`, 2) àOmoËnmXZ, 3) _wbm§Mo g§JmonZ, 4) g_mOrH$aU, 5) gm_m{OH$

{eñVrMo {Z`_Z, 6) gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ{ZpíMVr B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Hw$Qw>§~mMo {d{dY àH$ma AmhoV. {ddmh~§YZm_Ü o gh^mJr AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m g§» oZwgma Hw$Qw>§~mMo VrZ

àH$mam_Ü o dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo 1) EH$ {ddmhr Hw$Qy>§~, 2) ~hþnËZr-{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~, 3) ~hþnVr-

{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~; {ddmhmZ§Va Zd{ddm{hV ì`ŠVr Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m {R>H$mUr ahmVmV `m AmYmamda 1) {nV¥-

ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ Am{U 2) _mV¥-ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o AgUmao A{YH$ma AWdm

gÎmm `m KQ>H$mÀ`m AmYmamda Hw$Qw>§~mMo 1) {nV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qy>§~ Am{U 2) _mV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qy>§~ Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo

Amho. dmagm nÕVrZwgma hmoUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m XmoZ àH$mam_Ü o 1) {nV¥-d§er` Hw$Qy>§~ Am{U 2) _mV¥-d§er`

Hw$Qw>§~mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma Am{U aMZm `m KQ>H$mÀ`m AmYmamda 1) H|${ÐV Hw$Qy>§~ Am{U 2)

g§ wŠV AWdm A{d^ŠV Hw$Qy>§~ Ago XmoZ àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. Hw$Qy>§~ gXñ`m§_Yrb g§~§YmÀ`m ñdénmdê$Z XmoZ

àH$mam_Ü o dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo : 1) d¡dm{hH$ Hw$Qy>§~, 2) OÝ_mYm[aV Hw$Qy>§~.

nma§n[aH$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVrÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§_Ü o ~Xb KSy>Z oV Amho. EH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm

{ñWa ZgyZ Vr JVrerb ñdê$nmMr AgVo. g_mOmVrb EHy$U n[apñWVr ~XbV Agë`mZo Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o XoIrb

n[adV©Z KSy>Z oV AgVo. doJmZo KSy>Z oUmao Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, ZmJarH$aUmMo dmT>Vo à_mU, J«m_rU ^mJmH$Sy>Z

eham§H$S>o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va, _{hbm§Mo Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`, dmT>Vm ì`ŠVrdmX, CÀM {ejUmMm àgma, _{hbm§Mo

{ejU, _{hbm§Mo {d{dY ì`dgm`m§_Ü o hmoUmao nXmn©U B. àH$maÀ`m gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m H$maUm§_wio

Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWo_Ü o ~Xb KSy>Z oV AmhoV.

AmYw{ZH$ ~XbË`m Hw$Qy>§~ g§ñWoÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§_Ü o 1) Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m AmH$ma_mZm_Ü o Pmbobr KQ>,

2) g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mMo H|${ÐV Hw$Qy>§~ nÕVr_Ü o hmoUmao {d^mOZ, 3) Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _{hbm§À`m ñWmZm_Ü o Pmbobm

gH$mamË_H$ ~Xb, 4) Hw$Qw>§~mMo hmoUmao A{YH$m{YH$ bmoH$Vm§ÌrH$aU, 5) nma§nm[aH$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVrÀ`m H$m`m©V

hiyhiy Pmbobr KQ> B. gmaIm aMZmË_H$ Am{U H$m`m©Ë_H$ ~Xb nma§nm[aH$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr_Ü o KSy>Z oV Amho.

Ago Agbo Var, _mZdr g_mOm_Ü o AË §V _yb yV ñdê$nmMr Am{U àmW{_H$ ñdénmMr g§ñWm åhUyZ AOyZhr

{VMo ñWmZ {Q>Hy$Z Amho d Vr g§nyU© g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§À`m _hÎdmÀ`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm

H$arV Amho.

144

2.5 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress) :


1) 'Family' hm B§J«Or eãX 'Famulus' `m b°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho.

2) Hw$Qw>§~mMm _`m©{XV AmH$ma, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§_Ü o dma§dmanUo oUmao g_moam-g_moaMo g§~§Y Am{U

Ë`m§À`m_Yrb nañna-ghH$m © Am{U _mZdr gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Ü o AgUmao _hÎd B.

H$maUm§_wio gr. EM². Hy$bo `m§Zr Hw$Qw>§~mbm "àmW{_H$ g_yh' åhQ>bo Amho.

3) Šb°aoÀ`m _Vo, ""Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo AmB©-dS>rb Am{U Ë`m§Mr _wbo `m§À`m_Ü o ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m nañna

g§~§YmMr ì`dñWm Amho.''

4) E{b`Q> Am{U _oarb `m§À`m _Vo, ""Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo nVr-nËZr Am{U Ë`m§Mr _wbo `m gdmªMm {_iyZ

~Zbobm EH$ O¡{dH$ d gm_m{OH$ g_yh hmo .''

5) _°H$m`ìha - ""àOmoËnmXZ Am{U OÝ_mbm oUmè`m _wbm§Mo g§JmonZ ìhmdo `mgmR>r Á`m g_yhmV {Q>H$mD$

ñdénmÀ`m b¢{JH$ g§~§YmMo n`m©ßV H$mQ>oH$moanUo {ZpíMVrH$aU Pmbobo AgVo, Agm g_yh åhUOo Hw$Qy>§~

hmo`.''


1) gmd©{ÌH$Vm, àOmoËnmXZ, _`m©{XV AmH$ma, _wbm§Mo nmbU-nmofU hr Hw$Qw>§~mMr Mma d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.

2) Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§Mo g_mOrH$aU H$aUo, Hw$Qw>§~ gXñ`m§Zm dV©Z{df`H$ _mnX§S> qH$dm AmXe© KmbyZ XoUo,

ì`ŠVrMr gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ{ZpíMVr H$aUo hr Hw$Qw>§~mMr VrZ H$m`} gm§JVm òVrb.

3) {ddmh ~§YZm_Ü o gh^mJr AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m g§» odê$Z Hw$Qw>§~mMo 1) EH${ddmhr Hw$Qy>§~, 2)

~hþnËZr- {ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~ Am{U, 3) ~hþnVr-{ddmhmoËnÝZ Hw$Qy>§~ Ago VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

4) {ddm{hV OmoS>rMo {Zdmg H$aÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUmdê$Z 1) {nV¥-ñWmZr` Hw$Qy>§~ Am{U, 2) _mV¥-ñWmZr`

Hw$Qy>§~ Ago XmoZ àH$mam_Ü o dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.

5) g§ wŠV Hw$Qy>§~ åhUOo Á`m Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o, VrZ {nT>çm§n ªVMo gd© ñÌr Am{U nwéf EH${ÌVnUo ahmV AgVmV

Ago Hw$Qy>§~ hmo .


1) ObXJVrZo hmoUmao Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU, ZmJarH$aUmMo dmT>Vo à_mU, J«m_rU ^mJmH$Sy>Z eham§H$S>o hmoUmao

ñWbm§Va, _{hbm§Mo Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`, dmT>Vm ì`ŠVrdmX, CÀM {ejUmMm àgma, _{hbm§Mo {ejU

Am{U {d{dY ì`dgm`m§_Ü o _{hbm§Mo hmoUmao nXmn©U B. H$maUm§_wio nma§nm[aH$ Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o aMZmË_H$,

H$m`m©Ë_H$ ~Xb KSy>Z oV AmhoV.

145

2) ~XbË`m Hw$Qy>§~ g§ñWoÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§_Ü o 1) Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m AmH$ma_mZm_Ü o Pmbobr KQ>, 2) g§ wHV Hw$Qy>§~

nÕVrMo H|${ÐV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr_Ü o Pmbobo ê$nm§Va, 3) Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _{hbm§À`m XOm©_Ü o Pmbobm gH$mamË_H$

~Xb, 4) nma§nm[aH$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVrÀ`m H$m`mªMo H$_r hmoV Agbobo à_mU B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

3) eoVr ì`dgm`mMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU, dmagm hŠH$mZo {_imboë`m eoV O{_ZtMo H$m`Xoera {d^mOZ, amoOJma

g§YrÀ`m emoYmV Am{U Mm§Jë`m {ejUmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Hw$Qw>§~mVrb VéU gXñ`m§Mo J«m_rU ^mJmH$Sy>Z

eham§H$S>o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va B. H$maUm§À`m_wio g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr {d^mJyZ Vr H|${ÐV Hw$Qy>§~ åhUyZ AmH$ma

KoV Amho.

4) nma§nm[aH$ Hw$Qy>§~ ho CËnmXZmMo H|$Ð hmoVo, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb VéUm§Zm nma§nm[aH$ ì`dgm`mMo à{ejU {_iV hmoVo

d Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AmOmar Am{U d¥Õ ì`ŠVtMr godm Ho$br OmV hmoVr. hr gd© nma§nm[aH$ H$m } AmVm

Hw$Qw>§~m{edm` BVa g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVmV.

2.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ (Exercise / Home Assignment) :


1) Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z EH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, EH$ O¡{dH$ EH$H$ Am{U EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ

Hw$Qw>§~mMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

2) Hw$Qw>§~mMr à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$am.

3) Hw$Qw>§~mMo doJdoJio àH$ma ñnîQ> H$am.

4) Hw$Qy>§~ g§ñWoÀ`m ~XbË`m d¡{eîQ>çm§da Q>rn {bhm.

5) EHy$U g_mOaMZoÀ`m Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§À`m X¥îQ>rZo AgUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m _hÎdmda Q>rn {bhm.


1) Oa Vwåhr bhmZ eha AWdm ZJam§_Ü o ahmV Agmb Va Ë`m {R>H$mUMo Hw$Qw>§~àH$ma emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMm

à`ËZ H$am. VgoM Vw_À`m ehamVrb Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWo_Ü o KSy>Z oV Agboë`m ~Xbm§Mo ñdê$n _m{hV H$ê$Z

KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am. Vw_À`m ñdV:À`m {ZarjUmÀ`m AmYmamda Ë`mg§~§Yr EH$ Q>rn V`ma H$am.

2) Oa Vwåhr J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Agmb Va Vw_À`m IoS>çmVrb Hw$Qy>§~ àH$mamMm Aä`mg H$am. J«m_rU

^mJmVrb Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m_Ü o XoIrb ~Xb KSy>Z oV Amho Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m? Am{U Oa ~Xb KSy>Z

oV Agob Va Vmo H$moUË`m g§X^m©V ~Xb KSy>Z oV Amho? Vmo H$m KSy>Z oV Amho? Vw_À`m ñdV:À`m

{ZarjUmÀ`m AmYmamda `m gd© KQ>H$m§da AmYmarV EH$ Q>rn V`ma H$am.

]r. E. 1 : g_mOemñÌ [naM` ...10

146


1) Ginsbert P. : Fundamentals of Sociology, Orient Lougman, Bombay, 1983.

2) Sorokin Pitrim : Society, Culture and Family, Harper & Bros, New Your, 1947.

3) Johnson Harry M. : Sociology - A Systematic Introuction, Allied Publication Pvt.

Ltd., New Yourk, 1986.

4) Sachdev & Vidyabhushan : Principles of Sociology, Kitab Mahal, Allahabad,

1975.

5) Davis, Kingsley : Human Society, Surjeet Publication, New Delhi, 1982.

6) Fulcher & Scott : Sociology - Primary Principles, S. Chand & co. New Delhi,

2001.

7) Giddens, Anthony : Sociology, 4th Edition, Blackwell Publisher, Ltd. Oxford, U. K. 2001.

8) Haralambos, M. : Sociology - Themes and Perspectives, Oxford University

Press, New Delhi, 1980.

ooo

147

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

3.1 àñVmdZm

3.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

3.3 {df` - {ddoMZ

3.3.1 Y_m©À`m ì`m»`m

3.3.2 Y_m©Mr H$m }

3.3.3 Y_m©Mr An-H$m }

3.4 gmam§e






`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU AmUIr EH$m _hÎdmÀ`m Am{U n[a{MV Aem gm_m{OH$ g§ñWoMm Aä`mg H$aUma

AmhmoV. Vr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUOo "Y_©' hmo . Y_© hr EH$ gmd©{ÌH$ ñdénmMr g§ñWm AgyZ {VMo ApñVËd

àJV Am{U AàJV Aem gd© g_mO ì`dñWm_Ü o AmT>iyZ oVo. à{gÕ g_mOemñÌk E{_b XwaIr_ Am{U

H$mhr BVa gm_m{OH$ _mZdemñÌkm§Zr Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo AJXr Am{X_ g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr§À`m_Ü ogwÕm "B©ída'

hr g§H$ënZm VgoM Y_©g§ñWoMo ApñVËd Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. åhUyZM "Y_©' hr EH$ àmMrZ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm

Amho.

AkmVm~m~VMr ^rVr Am{U A{VZ¡g{J©H$ eŠVrda AgUmar lÕm `m_wio Y_© ApñVËdmV Ambm.

_mZdr ì`ŠVrhÿZ loîR> Aem EImÚm eŠVrH$Sy>Z Amnbo ^{dVì` Am{U Amnbo X¡d {ZpíMV hmoV AgVo Aer

_mZdmMr lÕm AgVo. n[aUm_r ì`ŠVrbm Ago dmQ>V AgVo H$s, A{VZ¡g{J©H$ eŠVr_wioM Amnbr d Amnë`m

KQ>H$ - 3Y_© (Religion)

148

g^modVmbr AgUmè`m BVa gd© dñVyMr d KQ>Zm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr AgVo. åhUyZM Y_© åhUOo Aem àH$maMm

_mZdr AZw d H$s Á`mV ^rVr, AmXa wŠV ^rVr, nyÁ`^md Aem ^md-^mdZm§Mm AZw d oVmo. gmoß`m AWm©Zo,

Y_© åhUOo, "A{VZ¡g{J©H$ AWdm A{V_mZdr eŠVrda AgUmam {dœmg AWdm lÕm hmo ' ì`pŠVJV

OrdZm~amo~aM, ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZm_Ü o Y_© _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~Om{dV AgVmo. _mZdmÀ`m O¡{dH$,

Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JaOm§À`m ì`{V[aŠV Ë`mÀ`m AmÜ`mpË_H$ (Spiritual) JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm XoIrb hmoUo

Amdí`H$ AgVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmV Á`m Á`m doir qMVm Am{U A{ZpíMVVoMo dmVmdaU AgVo, Ë`m Ë`m doir

ì`ŠVr na_oídamMr àmW©Zm H$arV AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m _XVrMr XoIrb {Vbm Anojm AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r ì`ŠVr `m Zm

Ë`m ñdê$nmV Ë`m {Xì` eŠVrMr {dZdUr Am{U nyOm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVo. H$maU ì`ŠVrbm Ago

R>m_nUo dmQ>V AgVo H$s, Ë`m A{VZ¡g{J©H$ eŠVr_wioM Amnbr d Amnë`m g^modVmbr AgUmè`m {dœmVrb

BVa dñVy§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho.

{d{dY Y_mªÀ`m AZw m`m§H$Sy>Z doJdoJù`m nÕVrZo Ë`m§À`m Ë`m§À`m Y_m©Mo AmMaU hmoV AgVo. àË oH$

Y_m©Mr ~mø ñdénmMr H$mhr àVrHo$ AgVmV. n«Ë oH$ Y_m©Vrb AZw m`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm AgVmV. VgoM àË oH$

Y_m©_Ü o Y_©Jwé (Priest) AgVmo H$s Omo B©ídamMr nyOm-AMm©, {dYr, g_ma§ H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMm Vk g_Obm

OmVmo. n{dÌ dñVyMr H$ënZm, Ym{_©H$ {dYr, n{dÌ Ym{_©H$ ñWim§Mr hmoUmar `mÌm, Y_m©er g§~§{YV AgUmao

g§V Am{U Y_©Jwé, {d{dY Y_m©Vrb Ë`m§À`m XodXodVm§À`m {df`r AgUmè`m H$Wm, X§VH$Wm, Am{U nwamUo B.

{d{dY ~m~r Y_m©er g§~§{YV Aem _hÎdnyU© ~m~r AmhoV.

g_mOmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo Y_© _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdrV AgVmo. Amnë`m dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odUmè`m Z¡{VH$

_yë`m§Zm Y_m©H$Sy>Z nmR>~i {_iV AgVo. ì`ŠVrMo g_mOmVrb AmXe© qH$dm gw mo½` dV©Z H$go Agmdo

`mgmR>rMm _mJ©Xe©H$ åhUyZ Y_© H$m © H$aVmo. Y_© hr g_mOmVrb BVa H$mhr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§da à^md Q>mH$Umar

EH$ _hÎdmMr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amho. CXm. gd©àW_ Xodm-{XH$m§Mo Amerdm©X KoVë`mIoarO {ddmhg_ma§ nma

nS>V ZgVmo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌmda åhUOo {VÀ`m Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, d¡km{ZH$ Am{U

VmpËdH$ OrdZmda Y_m©Mm à^md nS>bobm AgVmo. Omon ªV AmnU EImÚm g_mOmVrb Y_m©Mm {d{dYm§Jr

Aä`mg H$arV Zmhr Vmon ªV AmnUmbm Ë`m g_mOmMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ`m_Ü o Anè oV AgVo. `mgmR>rM

Ho$di g_mOemñÌmMo Aä`mgH$M Zìho Va, VÎdk, _mZdd§eemñÌk ho gd© Y_m©Mm Aä`mg Am{U Y_m©g§~§YrÀ`m

{d{dY ~mOy OmUyZ KoÊ`m{df`r CËgwH$ AgVmV.


`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmbm

u Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m XoVm oB©b;

u g_mOmVrb Y_m©Mr AgUmar H$m } ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb; Am{U

u Y_m©Mr An-H$m } OmUyZ KoVm oVrb.

149

3.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter) :

`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU EH$ _hÎdmMr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m, ñdê$n-cjUo Am{U

H$m } `m{df`rMo AÜ``Z H$aUma AmhmoV. gd©àW_ AmnU Y_m©À`m ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$`m.

3.3.1 "Y_m©'Mr ì`m»`mAm{U ñdê$nbjUo (Definition and Characteristic Features of

'Religion') :

doJdoJù`m g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Y_m©Mo ñdén doJdoJù`m nÕVrZo OmUyZ KoVbo Amho. Y_m©g§~§Yr AgUmar

{d{dY d¡{eîQ>ço AYmoao{IV H$arV AgVmZm Aä`mgH$m§Zr Amnbr doJdoJir _Vo ñnîQ> Ho$br AmhoV. gd©

g_mOemñÌkm§Zm _mÝ` hmoB©b Aem g_mYmZH$maH$ ñdénmMr ì`m»`m AOyZhr _m§S>Vm Ambobr Zmhr. {dÛmZm§Zr

Y_m©À`m AZoH$ ì`m»`m Ho$boë`m AmhoV. Y_© `m g§ñWoMr H$mhr _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU

Y_m©À`m H$mhr ì`m»`m Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. Ë`m Imbrbà_mUo :

1) E{_b XwaIr_ - ""Á`m n{dÌ dñVyZm Eo{hH$ OrdZmnmgyZ doJio Ho$bo OmVo Am{U Eo{hH$

OrdZmVyZ dÁ © _mZbo OmVo Ë`m n{dÌ dñVy§er {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m lÕm Am{U {dYtMr

EH$mË_ ì`dñWm åhUOo Y_© hmo '' (Religion is "a unified system of beliefs and

practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set a part and forbidden"

- Emil Durkheim)

2) {J{bZ Am{U {J{bZ - ""EH$ gm_m{OH$ joÌ åhUyZ Y_m©À`m joÌmV, EImÚm g_yhmV

àM{bV AgUmè`m A{VZ¡g{J©H$ eŠVr {df`rÀ`m ^mdZoZo ^maboë`m lÕm Am{U Ë`m lÕm§er

g§~§{YV Agbobo ~mø dV©ZàH$ma, ^m¡{VH$ dñVy Am{U àVrHo$ B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.'' ("The

social field of religion may be regarded as including emotionalized beliefs

prevalent in a social group concerning the supernatural plus the overt behaviour,

material objects and symbols associated with such beliefs." - Gillin and Gillin)

3) Am°J~Z© Am{U {Z_H$m°\$ - ""A{V_mZdr eŠVr{df`r AgUmè`m _mZdr A{^d¥Îmr åhUOo

Y_© hmo .'' ("Religion is an attitude towards superhuman powers." - Ogburn and

Nimkoff)

4) _°H$m`ìha Am{U noO - ""Y_© `m g§koA§VJ©V Ho$di ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVtÀ`m _Yrb nañnag§~§Y

Ano{jV ZgyZ Ë`m_Ü o ì`ŠVr Am{U EImXr loîR> eŠVr `m§À`m_Yrb g§~§Yhr A{^àoV

AmhoV.'' ("Religion implies a relationship not merely between man and man but

also between man and some higher power." - MacIver)

5) Om°ÝgZ EM. E_. - ""dñVy, eŠVr, ñWio Am{U BVa ~m~t `mg§X^m©Vrb Abm¡{H$H$ ì`dñWoer

g~§{YV lÕm Am{U {dYtMr H$_r A{YH$ g§K{Q>V ì`dñWm åhUOo Y_© hmo '' ("Religinon

150

is more or less coherent system of beliefs and practices concerning supernatural

order of things, forces, places, or other entities" - Johnson H. M.)

6) Ooåg Or. \«o$Pa - ""Y_© åhUOo _mZdmnojm loîR> AgUmè`m Aem eŠVtdarb lÕm H$s Á`m

eŠVr _mZdr OrdZmbm {Xem XoD$Z Ë`mda {Z §ÌU R>odVmV Aer bmoH$m§Mr YmaUm AgVo.''(Religion is "a belief in powers superiour to man which are believed to direct

and control and control the course of nature of human life" - J. G. Frazer)

7) J«hS>© boÝñH$s - ""Á`m Z¡g{J©H$ eŠVtÀ`m_wio A§{V_V: ì`ŠVrMo Z{e~ AWdm X¡d (destiny)

KS>{dbo OmVo Aem Z¡g{J©H$ eŠVrÀ`m ñdê$nm~m~V g_yhmVrb bmoH$m§_Ü o AgUmar lÕm§Mr

ì`dñWm d Aem lÕm§À`m AZwf§JmZo g_yhmVrb gXñ`m§Mo hmoUmao AmMaU åhUOo Y_© hmo .''("A system of beliefs about the nature of force (s) ultimately shaping man's

destiny, and the practice associated therewith, shared by the members of the

group" - Gerhard Lenski)

8) B. ~r. Q>m° ba - ""AmÜ`mpË_H$ eŠVrda AgUmar lÕm Am{U Aem lÕm§er g§~§{YV

Agboë`m g§ñWm, {dYr Am{U AmMaU åhUOo Y_© hmo .'' (Religion is "The belief in

spiritual beings and the institutions and practices associated with these beliefs

- E. B. Tylor)

darb ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao AmnU Y_m©Mr H$mhr ñdê$n-bjUo (Characteristic features) OmUyZ

KoD$ eH$Vmo. "Y_©' åhUOo H$m` ho A{YH$ VnerbmZo ñnîQ> hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU AmVm Y_m©À`m ñdén bjUm§Mo

AÜ``Z H$ê$`m .

1) Y_m©_Ü o lÕm§Mr gwg§JV ì`dñWm AgVo (Religion consists of a coherent system of

beliefs):

Y_m©À`m `m d¡{eîQ>çmMm g§X © da {ZX}{eV Ho$boë`m gd© ì`m»`m§_Ü o Ambobm Amho. H$moUË`mhr Y_m©V,

Ë`m Y_m©Vrb {d{dY ~m~ter g§~§{YV Agboë`m lÕm§Mm EH$ g§M AgVmo. Aem lÕm§À`m _Ü o, Abm¡{H$H$

eŠVrMo ApñVËd, _mZdr OrdZmVrb dñVy§Zm à^m{dV H$aÊ`mMr Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVrH$S>o AgUmar j_Vm,

Y_m©g§~§YrMr VÎdo, Y_m©er g§~§{YV AgUmao g§Ho$V, n{dÌ dñVy, Ym{_©H$ J«§W, {d{eîQ> Ym{_©H$ {R>H$mUo,

_¥Ë yZ§VaMo {díd, B. ~m~VÀ`m lÕm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m gd© lÕm ñdV§ÌnUo qH$dm gwQ>çm gwQ>çm ApñVËdmV

ZgVmV Va Ë`m AW©nyU©[aË`m nañnam§er g§~§{YV AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr EH$ gwg§JV Aer ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Pmbobr

AgVo. Y_©ì`dñWoA§VJ©V AgUmè`m Aem lÕm ^mdZoZo ^maboë`m (emotionally charged) AgVmV.

Ë`m_wioM Aem lÕm§er gwg§JV {dYr Am{U dV©ZàH$ma `m§Mo V§VmoV§V nmbZ H$aÊ`mH$S>o Y_©lÕ bmoH$m§Mm H$b

AgVmo.

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2) g§ñH$ma, {dYr Am{U AmMaUmMm g§M Y_m©_Ü o AgVmo (Religion consists of a set of

practices; rites and rituals) :

Á`m Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVr_wio _mZdr OrdZ Am{U {dídmVrb KQ>Zm à^m{dV hmoV AgVmV Aer lÕm

AgVo, Ë`m Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVrbm àgÝZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg§~§YrMo {d{eîQ> _mJ© ~hþVoH$ gd© Y_mªÀ`m_Ü o ñnîQ> Ho$bobo

AgVmV. Ë`m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo {d{eîQ> ñdénmMo Ym{_©H$ {dYr, nyOm-AMm© H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr, Ym{_©H$ VrW© mÌm§Zm

OmUo qH$dm g_mOgodogmR>r XmZ H$aUo B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m H¥$Vr _§{Xam_Ü o nwOmè`m§À`m

gmømZo, Va MM©_Ü o Y_©Jwé§À`m _XVrZo Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

3) Y_m©V lÕmiy ì`ŠVtMm g_yh A{^àoV AgVmo (Religion implies a group of believers):

A{VZ¡g{J©H$ Am{U Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVtdarb lÕm {d{eîQ> Ym{_©H$ g_mOmVrb gd© gXñ`m§_Ü o AgVmV.

H$moUË`mhr Y_m©bm Oa AZw m`r ZgVrb Va Ë`m Y_m©Mo ApñVËd {Q>Hy$Z amhUo eŠ` Zmhr. `mg§~§Yr g_mOemñÌk

XwaIr_ `m§Zr Y_m©Mo EH$ à oXH$ d¡{eîQç> ñnîQ> H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, Y_© hr EH$ Aer g§ñWm

Amho H$s Á`mV Y_m©À`m AZw m`m§Mo g§KQ>Z Pmbobo AgVo. CXm. Á`m ì`ŠVr {¼íMZ Y_m©da lÕm

R>odUmè`m AgVmV Ë`m§Mo g§KQ>Z åhUOo "MM©' hmo .

4) Y_m©V "n{dÌ' Am{U "Eo{hH$' dñVy§_Yrb oXm§~m~VÀ`m H$ënZm AgVmV (Religion

concerns the idea of sacred and profane) :

XwaIr_ `m§À`m _Vo, n{dÌ (sacred) Am{U Eo{hH$ (profane) dñVy§_Ü o Ho$bm OmUmam oX ho gd©

Y_mªMo EH$ gmd©{ÌH$ ñdénmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. EImXm Y_© "B©ída' `m g§H$ënZo{edm` ApñVËdmV oD$ eH$Vmo.

(CXm. ~m¡Õ Y_©) na§Vw, àË oH$ Y_m©_Ü o "n{dÌ' Am{U "Eo{hH$' dñVy§À`m_Ü o oX hm Ho$bobmM AgVmo. "n{dÌ'

_mZë`m OmUmè`m dñVy§Zm _m¡ë`dmZ g_OyZ Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ _hÎd {Xbo OmVo. Aem dñVy§H$S>o Ho$di Cn wŠVVmdmXr

(Utilitarian) X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ nm{hbo OmV Zmhr. X¡Z§{XZ ì`mdhm[aH$ OrdZmnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm AbJ R>odbo OmVo.

Ë`m§Mr nyOm Ho$br OmVo d Ë`m "n{dÌ' dñVy§{df`r ì`ŠVtÀ`m _ZmV AmXa wŠV {^Vr AgVo. Aem n{dÌ dñVyV

àË`j Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVr, Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVtMr à{V_m, Y_m©g§~§Yr AgUmao {MÝh, Ym{_©H$ J«§W, n{dÌ {R>H$mUo

B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Aem n{dÌ dñVyg§~§Yr AgUmè`m lÕm§Mr g§K{Q>V ì`dñWm åhUOoM Y_© hmo . n{dÌ

_mZë`m Joboë`m dñVy§ì`{V[aŠV Y_©~mø {dœmVrb gd© dñVy Eo{hH$ (profane) qH$dm n{dÌoVa R>aVmV. Aem

dñVy§H$S>o Cn wŠVVmdmXr X¥{îQ>H$moZmVyZ nm{hbo OmD$ eH$Vo.

5) Y_© n{dÌ J«§W Am{U VËdkmZmer g§~§{YV AgVmo (Religion concerns a set of sacred

books and philosophy) :

à_wI Y_mªMo H$mhr Ym{_©H$ J«§W AmhoV, Ë`m_Ü o ~m`~b, ^JdVJrVm, Hw$amU, _hm^maV, am_mÙ

`mgmaIr _hmH$mì o, doX Cn{ZfXo `mgma»`m n{dÌ J«§WmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. àË oH$ Y_m©Mo d¡{eîQ>ç nyU© Aem

ñdê$nmMo VÎdkmZ XoIrb AmT>iVo. Aem VÎdkmZm_Üò àËòH$ Y_m©Mm {dœmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm EH$

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d¡{eîQ>çnyU© X¥îQ>rH$moZ V`ma Pmbobm AgVmo H$s Á`m_Ü o _mZdr OrdZmVrb yVH$mbrZ, dV©_mZH$mbrZ d

^{dî`H$mbrZ KQ>Zm§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo.

6) gd© Y_mª_Ü o AZw m`m§gmR>r AmMmag§{hVm ñnîQ> Ho$bobr AgVo (All religions prescribe

a code of conduct for followers) :

g_mOmV ì`ŠVrZo `mo½` _mJm©Zo OrdZ OJÊ`mg§~§YrMm CnXoe gd© Y_mª_Ü o g_m{dîQ> AgVmo.

~hþVoH$ gd© Y_© ho Ë`m Ë`m Y_m©Vrb {d{eîQ> Aem d¡pídH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZmda Am{U Ym{_©H$ lÕm§À`mda

AmYm[aV Ago _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV AgVmV. g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtZr nañnam§er H$em ñdê$nmMo dV©Z H$amdo `m

{df`rMo ho _mJ©Xe©Z AgVo. Ym{_©H$ lÕm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XoIrb _mZdr dV©ZmMo ñdê$n {ZpíMV hmoV

AgVo. Z¡{VH$X¥îQ>çm H$moUVo dV©Z `mo½` d H$moUVo A`mo½`, H$moUVo Mm§Jbo d H$moUVo dmB©Q> `m g§~§YrMr

{eH$dU Ym{_©H$ lÕm§_YyZ {_iVo. CXm. {¼íMZ Y_u`m§À`m_Üò "Xhm B©ídar Amkm§'_wio (Ten

commandments) ì`{^Mma, hË`m, Aàm_m{UH$Vm B. gma»`m gm_m{OH$ dV©Z àH$mam§da qH$dm

AmMaUmda à{V~§Y KmVbm OmVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV, A~«mh_ `m§Zr Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo, Y_m©_Ü o Imbrb KQ>H$ g_m{dîQ> AgVmV, (1)

B©ída, Q>moQ>o_ qH$dm Ym{_©H$ {MÝh, Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVr, B©ída eŠVr qH$dm _yieŠVr B. gma»`m n{dÌ

eŠVtÀ`m lÕoMr ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yhmdarb nH$S>, (2) Ym{_©H$ {MÝho qH$dm àVrHo$ (CXm. {Ìeyb, H«y$g,

B.), (3) Y_m©À`m AZw m`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ñdénmÀ`m §ÌUm§Mo Omio (Y_©Jwé, nwOmar, _§{Xao, MM©, n{dÌ

Ym{_©H$ ñWio, _R> B.) (4) Z¡{VH$ VÎdkmZ, (5) n{dÌ Ym{_©H$ J«§Wm_Ü o g_m{dîQ> AgUmar Ym{_©H$

VÎdo, lÕm Am{U _mZdr dV©Zmg§~§YrMr AmMmag§{hVm, (6) {d{dY Ym{_©H$ {dYrMr ì`dñWm H$s Á`m_Ü o

gU, g_ma§ , àmW©Zm, _oOdmZr, Ë`mJd¥Îmr, Cndmg B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo, (7) Y_m©Mr gm§ñH¥${VH$

A{^ì`ŠVr H$s Á`m_Ü o Z¥Ë`, Jm`Z, àmW©Zm AmamYZm {_adUyH$ B. Mm g_mdoe AgVmo, (8) EH${ÌVnUo

hmoUmè`m Ym{_©H$ H¥$Vr (CXm. Y_©g^m, nañnamV hmoUmam Ym{_©H$ {dMma-{d{Z_`, g§K{Q>VnUo hmoUmao

Ym{_©H$ {dYr B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.)


1) XwaIr_Mr Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m Úm.

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2) Om°ÝgZ `m§Mr Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m {bhm.

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3) Y_m©Mr H$moUVrhr VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.

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3.3.2Y_m©Mr H$m } (Functions of Religion) :

Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m Am{U Y_m©Mr d¡{eîQ>ço qH$dm ñdê$n-bjUo nm{hë`mda AmVm AmnU Y_©g§ñWoÀ`m

H$m`mªMo AÜ``Z H$aUma AmhmoV. g_mOm_Ü o Y_© _hÎdmMr y{_H$m qH$dm H$m } nma nmS>rV AgVmo. Am{X_

g_mO ì`dñWonmgyZ Vo AmYw{ZH$ àJV g_mOmn ªV Y_m©Mo {Q>Hy$Z AgUmao A{ñVËd Am{U gmVË` hm Ë`mg§~§YrMm

nwamdmM Amho. g_mOemñÌmMo OZH$ åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m Am°JñV H$m°åV Am{U E{_b XwaIr_ `m§Mr

Aer R>m_ y{_H$m hmoVr H$s, g_mOm_Ü o Y_©g§ñWm hr _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>rV AgVo. Y_m©Mr H$mhr

_hÎdmMr H$m } Imbrbn«_mUo gm§JVm oVrb.

1) Y_m©_wio gm_m{OH$ EoŠ` Am{U g_yh gXñ`m§_Yrb nañna AmH$f©Umbm ~iH$Q>r oVo (Religion

strengthens social solidarity and group cohesion) :

EImÚm Y_m©er g§~§{YV AgUmè`m gd© AZw m`m§À`m EH$mM na_oídam g§~§Yr AgUmè`m lÕm§À`m_wio

Ë`m AZw m`m§Zm EH${ÌVnUo R>odÊ`m_Ü o Y_©g§ñWobm Zoh_r è oVo. g_mZ Ym{_©H$ lÕm§_wio bmoH$ nañnam§er

~m§Ybo OmVmV, Vo EH$ hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio g_yhmVrb gm_m{OH$ EoŠ`mg ~iH$Q>r oVo. g_yh ^mdZm {Q>H$dUo,

g_yhmMo EoŠ` Am{U gm_m{OH$ EoŠ`m_Ü o dmT> H$aUo hr Y_m©Mr gm_m{OH$ H$m } AgVmV Ago E{_b XwaIr_

`m§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Y_m©er g§~§{YV AgUmè`m g_mZ ñdê$nmÀ`m lÕm, Ym{_©H$ gU-g_ma§ ,

{dYr Am{U g§ñH$ma B. À`m _wio EoŠ` {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo eŠ` hmoVo. E. S>ãë y. J«rZ `m§À`m _Vo, ""Y_© åhUOo

_mZdr g_mOmV EoŠ` àñWm{nV H$aUmar gd©loîR> eŠVr Amho.'' nyOm-nmR> H$aÊ`m_Yrb g_mZVm, g_mZ lÕm,

Am{U g_mZ ñdê$nmÀ`m Y_© mdZo_wio Y_© ì`ŠVtÀ`m _Ü o EoŠ` {Z_m©U H$aVmo. Y_© g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVrZm

nañnam§er OmoS>Umar EH$ eŠVr AgVo. AemàH$mao g_yhmVrb ì`ŠVtZm EH${ÌV R>odÊ`mMo H$m © Y_©g§ñWm H$arV

AgVo. bmoH$m§Zr dma§dma EH$Ì `mdo `mda OJmVrb AZoH$ Y_© â XoVmV. CXm. a{ddmar gH$mir {¼íMZ ~m§Yd

EH${ÌVnUo MM©H$S>o OmVmV Va _wpñb_ ~m§Yd {deofV: ewH«$dmar Z_mOmgmR>r EH$Ì oVmV. Aem dma§dma EH$Ì

oÊ`m_wio Y_m©À`m AZw m`m§_Ü o gm_m{OH$ EoŠ`^mdmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.

2) Y_m©_wio g_mOmVë`m Z¡{VH$ ì`dñWobm ~iH$Q>r àmßV hmoVo (Religion strengthens the

moral order of the society) :

àË oH$ Y_m©_Ü o `mo½`-A`mo½` dV©Zmg§~§YrMo {Z`_ ñnîQ>nUo KmbyZ {Xbobo AgVmV. Z¡{VH$ AmMaUm{déÕ

AWdm `mo½` dV©Zm {déÕ hmoUmè`m H$moUË`mhr {Z`_~mø dV©Zmbm g_mOmH$Sy>Z {damoY Ho$bm OmVmo. H$maU gd©

Z¡{VH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Zm Y_m©Mr _mÝ`Vm Am{U nmR>~i AgVo. Or ì`ŠVr Y_m©Zo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m Z¡{VH$

_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mo nmbZ H$aVo Aem ì`ŠVrbm g_mO_mÝ`Vm {_iVo.

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3) Y_© {dMbZmË_H$ dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mg _XV H$aVmo (Religion helps to control

social deviance) :

Y_© EH$ gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMo AZm¡nMm[aH$ gmYZ Amho. àË oH$ ì`ŠVr Ë`mÀ`m AWdm {VÀ`m ~mbnUmVrb

g_mOrH$aUmÛmao AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m Ym{_©H$ lÕm Am{U {dYr {eH$bobr AgVo. Aem Ym{_©H$ lÕm§Mo ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z

Am§VarH$aU Pmbobo AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`{ŠV_ËdmMm EH$ ^mJ ~ZyZ Joboë`m AgVmV. Aem àH$mao

Am§VarH$aU Pmboë`m Ym{_©H$ lÕm§À`m_wio ì`ŠVtÀ`m dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m © ì`ŠVrÀ`m "AmVyZM'

hmoV AgVo. CXm. qhXy Y_m©Vrb _moj, nmn-nwÊ`, ñdJ©-ZaH$, nwZ©OÝ_ B. gma»`m lÕm§À`m_wio ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z

àË`j-AàË`jnUo {Z §{ÌV hmoVo. Omo H$moUr Y_m©Zo KmbyZ {Xboë`m Z¡{VH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdmMo Cëb§KZ H$aVmo,

Ë`mbm "B©ída' qH$dm Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVrH$Sy>Z {ejm {_iVo, Aer ì`ŠVtMr YmaUm AgVo. B©ídaeŠVrÀ`m

H$monmg§~§Yr ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV Or ^rVr AgVo Ë`m_wio Vr Y_m©Zo `mo½` _mZbobo dV©Z H$arV AgVo. Y_m©Zo A`mo½`

_mZbobo dV©Z H$aÊ`mMo ì`ŠVr Q>miVo. AemàH$mao Y_© {dMbZmË_H$ dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mg _XV H$aVmo.

4) Y_m©_wio _Z:em§Vr {_iVo (Religion provides peace of mind) :

_mZdr OrdZ, qMVm, H$miOr, ^rVr, AS>MUr B. gma»`m ŠboeH$maH$ AZw dmZr âbobo AgVo.

ì`ŠVrbm {VÀ`m ñdV:À`m OrdZmV Aem Ag§»` KQ>Zm§À`m_wio Xw:IXm`H$ Am{U H$Qy> àg§J oV AgVmV.

H$maU _wimVM _mZdr OrdZmV {ZpíMVVonojm A{ZíMVVm A{YH$ AgVo. Hw$Qw>§{~`m§À`m Am{U {_Ìm§À`mH$Sy>Z

Oar ì`ŠVrbm H$R>rUàg§Jr WmoS>r\$ma ghmZw yVr Am{U {Xbmgm {_iV Agbm Var, Vmo H$m`_ {_iVmoM Ago

Zmhr. _mZ{gH$ VmU-VUmdmÀ`m àg§Jr ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmVrb Xw:I Am{U Šboe H$_r H$aÊ`mMo H$m © Y_©

H$arV AgVmo. B©ídamMr àmW©Zm Ho$ë`m_wio Amnë`m gd© qMVm H$_r hmoVmV Aer ì`ŠVtMr YmaUm AgVo.

Amnë`m Aem lÕm Am{U g_OyVr AgVmV H$s, B©ída hm gd©Ì gm_mdbobm AgyZ Vmo Amnë`m gd© H¥$VtMo

{ZarjU H$arV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio AmnU Ho$bobr àmW©Zm EoHy$Z Vmo Amnë`mbm H$R>rU àg§Jm_Ü o _XV H$aob,

Aer ^mdZm ì`ŠVr_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m_wio {VMo _Zmo~b dmT>{dÊ`mg Y_© EH$àH$mao _XV H$aVmo. AemàH$mao

ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmV dma§dma {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m qMVm Am{U H$miOr `m§À`mnmgyZ ì`ŠVrbm VmËnwaVo H$m hmoB©Zm

_mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` XoÊ`mMo H$m © Y_© H$arV AgVmo. nyOm Ho$ë`mda _§{XamV OmD$Z Amë`mda Y_©lÕ ì`ŠVrbm

_mZ{gH$ g_mYmZmMm AZw d oVmo.

5) Y_m©_wio g_mOOrdZmVrb _yë`m§Zm ~iH$Q>r oVo (Religion strengthens the values in

social life) :

Á`m _yë`m§À`m_wio g_yhOrdZmbm MmbZm {_iVo, Aem _yë`m§Mo OVZ Am{U g§ajU H$aÊ`mMo Y_© ho

EH$ à^mdr gmYZ Amho. gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$ Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ _yë`m§Zm Y_m©Mm Zoh_rM AmYma {_iV AgVmo.

Ym{_©H$ _yë`m§Mm ì`ŠVr-dV©Zmda O~aXñV à^md nS>Vmo. Hw$Qy>§~, MM©, Y_©Jwé, Ym{_©H$ ZoVm B. _mÜ`_mnmgyZ

Y_© ì`ŠVr dV©Zmda à^md nmS>rV AgVmo. Y_© àm¡T> ì`ŠVrZm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmo Ë`mà_mUoM g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m

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à{H«$ oÛmao _wbm§À`m_Ü o Mm§Jbr _yë o {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$arV AgVmo. Y_m©_wio ì`pŠVJV {hVmnojm

g_yhmÀ`m Ü o m§Zm A{YH$ _hÎd XoÊ`mMr d¥Îmr Omonmgbr OmVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr Ë`mJr d¥Îmr {Z_m©U

H$aÊ`mg XoIrb MmbZm {_iV AgVo.

6) Y_m©_wio d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Aem _mZ{gH$ Am{U ^md{ZH$ KQ>Zm§Mm AZw d oVmo (Religion

provides unique psychological and emotional experiences) :

Y_m©Mo ho EH$ _yb yV H$m © Amho. àmW©Zm, nyOmnmR> H$aUo, Cndmg, Ü`mZYmaUm, g_mYrñW hmoUo B. `m

H$mhr Ym{_©H$ H¥$Vr AmhoV. Á`mdoir ì`ŠVr _ZmnmgyZ na_oídamMr àmW©Zm H$arV AgVo. AZoH$m§Zm Va na_oídamMr

nyOm-AMm© Am{U Ü`mZYmaUm Ho$ë`m_wio d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Aem ñdê$nmMo ì`pŠVJV AZw d oVmV. Aem AZw dm§À`m

AmYmaoM ì`ŠVr Ho$di na_oídamMmM AmXa Am{U gÝ_mZ H$arV ZgVo Va g_mOmV BVam§er dV©Z H$aVmZm

XoIrb Vr Ë`mM nÕVrZo dmJV AgVo. ì`ŠVrMo ì`ŠVrJV OrdZ A{YH$ AW©nyU© H$aÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo Y_©

_hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>Vmo.

7) Y_© g_mOH$ë`mUmbm MmbZm XoVmo (Religion promotes social welfare) :

Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm§H$Sy>Z g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`mgmR>r godm nwa{dë`m OmVmV Am{U Ë`m_wio g_mOH$ë`mUmbm

MmbZm {_iV AgVo. nañnam§er X`m, ghmZw yVr, godm^mdr d¥Îmr, H$ê$Um Am{U ghH$m © d¥ÎmrZo dmJÊ`mMo

AmdmhZ Y_© H$arV AgVmo. Y_© ì`ŠVrÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgUmè`m _mZd{hVdmXr d¥ÎmtZm MmbZm XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aVmo. g_mOmVrb Jar~, AmOmar, H§$Jmb, {dH$bm§J, X`Zr` AdñWoV AgUmè`m Am{U {ZamYma ì`ŠVtZm

_XV H$aÊ`mMo Am{U Ë`m§Mr H$miOr KoÊ`mMr {eH$dU Y_© XoV AgVmo. H$mhr Y_© Aem ì`ŠVtMr godm

H$aÊ`m_Ü o g_mYmZ _mZVmV. `mg§X^m©V AmnUmbm _Xa Voaogm Am{U Ë`m§À`m godm^mdr g§ñWoV H$m_ H$aUmè`m

BVa _{hbm§Mr Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mr AmR>dU oB©b. Ë`m§Zr añË`mdarb Jar~, é½U ì`ŠVtZm Odi H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr

godm-gwlwfm Ho$br Am{U Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jbo Amamo½` {Xbo. AemM nÕVrZo BVa gd© Y_m©Vrb Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm

gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ Am{U bmoH${hVmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo H$m ©aV Agboë`m {XgVmV.

8) Y_m©_wio H$a_UyH$ hmoV AgVo (Religion Provides Recreation) :

ì`ŠVrgmR>r H$a_UyH$sMo gmYZ åhUyZ XoIrb Y_© _hÎdmMo H$m © nma nmS>rV AgVmo. nwamUmVrb Xod-

XodVm§À`m H$Wm EoH$Uo dm BVam§Zm gm§JUo, {H$V©Z, ZmQ>H$, ^ŠVrJrV Jm`Z, Ym{_©H$ gU, CËgd, OÌm B.

gma»`m ~m~rZr ì`ŠVtMo _Zmoa§OZ hmoV AgVo. KamVrb d`mod¥Õ ñÌr-nwéf OdiÀ`m Xodmb`m_Ü o H$sV©Z

EoH$Ê`mgmR>r OmVmV Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Mo EH$àH$mao g_mOrH$aU hmoD$Z Ë`m§À`m Ym{_©H$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm hmoV AgVo.

KamVrb bhmZ _wbo AmOr-AmOmo~m§ modVr X§VH$WoVrb Zm`H$m§À`m H$Wm EoH$Ê`mgmR>r Jmoim hmoVmV. AemàH$mao

Y_© ho EH$ H$a_UyH$sMo gmYZ XoIrb Amho.

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9) Y_© dmL²>_`, H$bm, gm¢X ©X¥îQ>r B. Zm MmbZm XoVmo (Religion promotes art, literature,

and aesthetic activities) :

{d{dY XodXodVm, X§VH$WoVrb Zm`H$ Am{U g§V _hmË_o `m§À`m OrdZmda AmYmarV AZoH$ Z¥Ë`

ZmQ>ç àH$ma g_mOmV AgVmV. Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç `mgma»`m H$bm§Zm Am{U ^ŠVrg§JrV H$bobm MmbZm XoÊ`mMo

H$m © Y_© H$aVmo. n{dÌ J«§Wmer g§~§{YV AgUmao {bImU, nwñVH$ boIZ qH$dm VmpËdH$ ñdénmVrb

{bImUmbm n«moËgmhZ XoÊ`mMo H$m © Y_© H$aVmo. Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mimVrb Or _§{Xao, MM©, _{eXr, JwéÛmam,

ñVyn Á`m dmñVyemñÌmÀ`m AmYmao C^mabr Jobr Ë`m dmñVyemñÌmMm à_wI AmYma Y_© hmoVm. `m gd© n{dÌ

dmñVy§Mo a§JH$m_, _yVuH$m_ AË §V AmH$f©H$ Aem ñdê$nmMo Amho. AemàH$mao dmL²>_`, H$bm, dmñVyemñÌ,

g§JrV, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç `m H$bm§À`m {dH$mgmbm Y_m©_wio MmbZm {_iVo.



1) XwaIr_ `m§À`m _Vo Y_m©Mo gm_m{OH$ H$m © H$moUVo?

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2) Y_m©Mr H$moUVrhr Mma H$m } gm§Jm.

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3) Y_© ho H$a_UyH$sMo gmYZ H$go Amho?

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3.3.3Y_m©Mr An-H$m } (Dysfunctions of Religion) :

Y_© hr g_mOmVrb AË §V _hÎdmMr Aer EH$ g§ñWm Amho. Y_©g§ñWoH$Sy>Z g_mO{hVmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo AZoH$

àH$maMr gH$mamË_H$ H$m } nma nmS>br OmVmV `m{df`r Hw$UmMoM Xw_V AgÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. na§Vy AZoH$doim

g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`mH$Sy>Z Y_©g§ñWoMm Xwén`moJ XoIrb hmoV AgVmo. CXm. Y_m©_wio EH$m g_yhmVrb bmoH$m§Zm

EH$Ì AmUyZ Ë`m§À`mV EoŠ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m © EH$m ~mOybm Ho$bo OmVo. nU Xwgè`m ~mOybm `mM EH$Ì

Amboë`m ì`ŠVr Xwgè`m EImÚm Y_m©À`m g_wXm`mVrb ì`ŠVtZm BOm nmohM{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZmhr {XgVmV.

`m AWm©Zo doJdoJù`m Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`mVrb ì`ŠVtZm nañnam§er g§Kf© Am{U H$bh H$aÊ`mgmR>r Y_© H$maUr yV

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R>aV AgVmo Y_m©_wio g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Ü o ñdg_yhloîR>ËddmXmMr ^mdZm Am{U Y_mªYVm {dH${gV

Pmbr Va, g_mOm_Ü o AgUmè`m {d{dY Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m _Yrb em§Vr Am{U gbmo»`mÀ`m g§~§YmZm

~mYm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z gm_m{OH$ g§VwbZ YmoŠ`mV oVo. Vwåhr XyaXe©ZÀ`m ~mVå`m§_Ü o dma§dma ho nm{hboM

Agob H$s, Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr {Zînmn, {ZamJg Am{U Mm§Jë`m ì`ŠVtZm AZoH$Xm bú` ~Zdbo OmVo.

AmVm, AmnU Y_©OÝ` Aem g_mOmdarb H$mhr ZH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_m§Mm {dMma H$é`m.

1) _mŠg©dmXr X¥îQ>rH$moZ (The Marxist View) :

H$mb© _mŠg© hm EH$ Agm g_mOemñÌk hmoVm, H$s Á`mZo Y_m©g§~§YrÀ`m ZH$mamË_H$ H$m`mªMr

_m§S>Ur Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Y_© åhUOo "gd©gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVtgmR>r A\y$Mr Jmoir' (opium of the

masses) Amho H$s Or Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$g~wÕr ~moWQ> H$aVo Am{U Ë`mZm H$m`_ñdê$nr AdZV ahmUr_mZm_Ü o

ahmÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Vo. _mŠg© `m§Zr Agohr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, g_mOmVrb Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s`X¥îQ>çm

g~i AgUmè`m dJm©Vrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m hmVm_Ü o AgUmao Y_© ho EH$ Ago gmYZ Amho H$s, Á`mMm Cn`moJ

Vo g_mOmVrb ImbÀ`m ñVamVrb dJmªÀ`m ì`ŠVtZm H$m`_ñdê$nr hmbmIrÀ`m n[apñWVr_Ü o R>odÊ`mgmR>r

H$aVmV. _mŠg© `m§Zr Y_©g§ñWoda Q>rH$m H$ê$Z gmå`dmXr ì`dñWo_Ü o Y_©g§ñWobm _hÎd AgUma Zmhr Ago

à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. Y_m©_wio g_mOmV AÝ`m` Am{U Ag_mZVm `m§Mo g_W©Z Ho$bo OmVo, g_mOmVrb lr_§V

dJm©À`m hmVr AgUmao Y_© ho EH$ {nidUyH$sMo gmYZ Amho, Agohr _mŠg©Mo _V hmoVo. g_mOmVrb Xw~©b

KQ>H$m§Mr X`Zr` n[apñWVr Am{U Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmam Owby_ `mg§~§YrMr OmUrd Y_m©_wio Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zm

hmoD$ {Xbr OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrb dM©ñd AgUmè`m dJm©Mr gÎmm CbWyZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r H«$m§Vr

H$aÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©nmgyZ Xw~©b dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zm Y_© AbJ R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo, Aerhr H$mb© _mŠg©

`m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr.

2) Y_m©_wio Y_mªYVobm Am{U gZmVZdmXr (_ybVÎddmXr) d¥Îmrbm MmbZm {_iy eH$Vo

(Religion may promote fanaticism and fundamentalism) :

Y_©g§ñWobm à_mUmnojm A{YH$ _hÎd {Xbo Joë`mg, g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m _Yrb ñdg_yhloîR>ËddmXmbm

(ethnocentrism) MmbZm {_iyZ Y_mªYVm dmTy> eH$Vo. Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr AZoH$ àH$maMr XheVdmXr H¥$Ë o

Am{U qhgm H$aÊ`mMo àH$ma H$go KS>VmV ho AmnU d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m_Ü o dmMbo Agob qH$dm XyaXe©ZÀ`m {d{dY

dm{hÝ`m§À`m ~mVå`m§_Ü o AbrH$S>À`m H$mhr XeH$mV nm{hbo Agob. H$mhr amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr EImÚm wÕmV è

{_imë`mda Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m n{dÌ _§{Xam§Mr ZmgYyg Ho$ë`mÀ`m KQ>Zm B{VhmgmV Zm|X Pmboë`m AmhoV. åhUOoM

Y_m©_wio AàË`jnUo ì`ŠVrÀ`m AghZeŠVrbm MmbZmM {_imë`mMo {XgVo. åhUOoM Ym{_©H$ lÕm§Mm

A{VaoH$ ì`ŠVrbm g§Hw${MV d¥ÎmrMm ~ZdVmo Am{U {VÀ`m_Ü o Aer ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aVmo H$s, Ho$di Amnbm

ñdV:MmM Y_© loîR> AgyZ, BVa Y_mªZm _hÎd Zmhr. hrM n[apñWVr {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`mVrb

ì`ŠVtÀ`m _Ü o Ûof {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg H$maUr yV R>aVo. `m gd© KQ>Zm Ym{_©H$ Ag{hîUwVVoVyZ Am{U Y_mªY

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àd¥ÎmrVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

3) Ym{_©H$ lÕm ñdV§Ì Vm{H©$H$ {dMma Am{U gm_m{OH$ àJVr_Yrb AS>Wim ~Zy eH$VmV

(Religious beliefs may hinder independent rational thinking and social progress):

Ym{_©H$ lÕm§Mm nJS>m AgUmar ì`ŠVr ñdV§Ì, Vm{H©$H$X¥îQ>çm gwg§JV Agm {dMma H$aÊ`mg H$_r nS>Vo.

Y_m©V gm§{JVbobo MwH$sMo AgyM eH$V Zmhr. Aer {VMr YmaUm ~ZVo. EImÚm Y_m©er g§~§{YV MmbV

Amboë`m na§namJV lÕm§Zm éT>r-na§nam§Zm qH$dm Ym{_©H$ {dYtZm A{YH$ Mm¡H$g~wÕrZo OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm qH$dm Ë`m

{df`r {M{H$ËgH$ d¥ÎmrZo nmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ qH$dm lÕm§Mm IaoImoQ>onUm VnmgÊ`mMm à`ËZ åhUOo Ë`m Y_m©{déÕ

OmUo qH$dm nmn H$aUo Ago Y_©lÕ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z g_Obo OmVo. åhUOo Ym{_©H$ lÕm§_wio Mm¡H$g~wÕr, VH©$~wÕrÀ`m

dmnambm _`m©Xm oVmV. d¡km{ZH$ àJVrÀ`m _mJm©Vrb Y_© hm EH$ _hÎdmMm AS>Wim R>aë`mMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.

Á`m d¡km{ZH$m§Zr n{dÌ Y_©J«§WmVrb Ame`m{déÕ OmD$Z Amnbo d¡km{ZH$ emoY bmdbo, Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhrZm

Vwé§JdmgmMr {ejm {Xbr Jobr Va H$mhrZm {Od§V OmiÊ`mV Ambo. {¼íMZ Y_m©_Ü o {dkmZ qH$dm emñÌ ho

Y_m©À`m ApñVËdmgmR>rMm _moR>m AS>Wim g_Obm OmV Ago. Y_m©er g§~§{YV AgUmè`m na§namJV lÕm

~XbÊ`mg qH$dm Ë`m§Mm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mg ì`ŠVr ghOmghOr V`ma ZgV. Y_© hm _ybV:M pñWVrdmXr àd¥ÎmrMm

g_Obm OmVmo. A§YlÜXobm Y_m©Mm {_iUmam AmYma g_mOmgmR>r AZoH$Xm hmZrH$maH$ R>aVmo. CXm. "_wbo hr

XodmKaMr oQ>' åhUyZ Hw$Qy>§~ {Z`moOZÀ`m H¥$Vrbm nmn g_Obo OmVo.

4) Y_© X¡ddmXmbm Am{U nbm`ZdmXmbm MmbZm XoVmo (Religion Promotes fatalism and

escapism) :

"Z{e~m'g§~§YrÀ`m qH$dm "{dYr{bIrV AgÊ`mg§~§YrÀ`m' A§YlÕmZm Y_m©_wio MmbZm {_iVo. Ë`m_wio

ì`ŠVr {VÀ`m A§Jr AgUmao gm_Ï © Am{U JwU `m§À`mH$S>o Xwb©j H$aVo. Amnë`m Z{e~mMm ^mJ åhUyZ ì`ŠVr

{VÀ`mda Pmbobo AÝ`m`, emofU, gm_m{OH$ {nidUyH$ {Z_yQ>nUo ghZ H$arV AgVo. {VMr Aer R>m_ lÕm

AgVo H$s, `m gd© KQ>Zm åhUOo _mJrb OÝ_r Ho$boë`m nmnmMr na_oídam§Zr {Xbobr EH$ àH$maMr {ejm Amho.

Aem ñdénmÀ`m d¥Îmr_wio ì`ŠVr _hÎdmH$m§jr ahmV ZmhrV. Ë`m A{YH$M X¡ddmXrd¥ÎmrÀ`m ~ZV OmVmV. _°Šg

do~a `m§Zr ^maV, BQ>br, ñnoZ `m XoemVrb qhXy Am{U H°$Wm°{bH$ Y_u`m§À`m Aä`mgmVyZ Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm

hmoVm H$s, `m Y_mªÀ`m AZw m`m§_Ü o à_mUmnojm A{YH$Mr g§nÎmr AWdm n¡gm H$_{dUo ho nmn Amho Aer lÕm

hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ho Xoe Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgbobo {XgyZ oVmV. H$maU `m XoemVrb Ym{_©H$VoMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ

`m {R>H$mUMm ì`mnma, CÚmoJ Am{U Am{W©H$ àJVr BVa Xoem§À`m VwZboV gmnojV: H$_r à_mUmV Agbobr

{XgyZ oVo.

5) Y_© {d{dY gm_m{OH$ An-àd¥ÎmtZm MmbZm XoD$ eH$Vmo (Religion may promotes several

social evils) :

Y_m©À`m Zmdm§Imbr g_mOm_Ü o AZoH$ dmB©Q> éT>r na§nam {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. XodXmgrMr àWm, doí`m

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ì`dgm`, {dYdm§Zm {Xbr OmUmar dmJUyH$, Jwbm_{Jar, Añn¥í`Vm, dm§{eH$ oX, gVr àWm B. gma»`m,

gm_m{OH$ An-àd¥ÎmtZm Y_m©_wio MmbZm {_imbobr {XgVo. darbn¡H$s AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ An-àd¥ÎmtZm

Y_m©Mm AmYma Agbobm {XgVmo. Aem An-àd¥ÎmrZm g_mOmVyZ H$m`_Mo Zï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ

g_mOgwYmaH$m§H$Sy>Z Pmbm. ^maVm_Üò, Y_m©À`m Zmdm§Imbr MmbV Amboë`m Aem An-àd¥Îmr Zï>

H$aÊ`mMo H$m © ~gdoída, amOm am__mohZ am° , Ý`m`_yVu amZS>o, _hmË_m \w$bo, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a,

N>. emhÿ _hmamO `m gma»`m AZoH$ g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr Am{U H«$m§VrH$maH$ {dMmad§VmZr Ho$bo Amho.

6) Y_m©_wio n¡emMr CYinÅ>r hmoD$ eH$Vo (Religion promotes liberal spending) :

H$mhr {d{eîQ> ~m~tgmR>r n¡gm IM© H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~m~Vr_Ü o AZoH$Xm Y_m©Mo YmoaU {e{Wb AgVo.

Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mbI§S>mV, bmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$a ñdénmV O_m Ho$bobm n¡gm, hm _§{Xao, MM©, _{eXr gma»`m n{dÌ

B_maVrÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r IM© Ho$bm OmV Ago. VgoM Aem ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r H$m_Jma åhUyZ Jwbm_m§Zm KoVbo

OmV Ago. EH$m ~mOybm Aem ^ì`-{Xì` dmñVy§À`m C^maUrda _moR>çm à_mUmV IM© H$aVmZm gm_m{OH$

{dH$mg Am{U ì`ŠVtÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m AgUmè`m _yb yV JaOm§H$S>o _mÌ Xwb©j Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. AmO gwÕm

ì`pŠVJV Am{U gm_m{OH$ ñVamda {d{dY Ym{_©H$ H$m ©H«$_m§Mo Am`moOZ H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mda _moR>çm à_mUmV

Am{W©H$ IM© Ho$bm OmV AgVmZm {XgVmo.

7) Y_m©_wio g§Kfm©bm MmbZm {_iy eH$Vo (Religion may lead to conflicts) :

Oa AmnU OJmMm B{Vhmg dmMbm Va AmnUmg Ago AmT>iyZ oVo H$s, AZoH$ amOmZr Am{U amOgÎmmZr

Ë`m§À`m Y_m©gmR>r åhUyZ wÕ Am{U bT>m`m Ho$boë`m hmoË`m. Aem wÕ Am{U bT>m`m§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ

_mZdd§e hË`m, Ag{hîUwVm, Ûof, {dÜd§g Am{U {dZme Pmbobm hmoVm. wamon_Ü o {¼íMZ Am{U _wpñc_

Y_m©_Ü o AZoH$ eVH$m§nmgyZ Mmby Agbobm g§Kf© Amnë`m gdmªZm n[a{MV AmhoM. Aem gd© wÕm§Zm

"Y_© wÕ' åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo.

ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 3 (Check Your Progress - 3)

1) Y_m©Mm _mŠg©dmXr Ñï>rH$moZ H$moUVm?

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2) _wi Ym{_©H$ lÕm§À`m A{VaoH$mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar H$moUVrhr Mma An-H$m } gm§Jm?

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3.4 gmam§e (Let us sum up) :

`m KQ>H$m§_Ü o AmnU Y_©g§ñWoMm Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho. AmnU àm_w»`mZo, Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m,

d¡{eîQ>ço, Y_m©Mr H$m } Am{U Y_©OÝ` An-H$m } B. KQ>H$m§da bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo Amho.

Y_© hr EH$ gmd©{ÌH$ ñdénmMr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amho. kmV Aem gd© g_mO ì`dñWm§À`m_Ü o

Y_©g§ñWm `m Zm Ë`m ñdénmV AmT>iyZ oVo. _mZdr g_mOm_Ü o Y_© _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>Vmo. Y_m©Mm

g_mOmVrb BVa gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§er g§~§Y Agbobm {XgVmo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrb BVa gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§da

Y_m©Mm à^md nS>bobm {XgVmo. Ho$di g_mOemñÌmMo Aä`mgH$M Zìho Va, _mZdd§eemñÌk, VËdk ho

XoIrb Y_m©À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r CËgwH$ AgVmV. AkmVmÀ`m ^rVr_wio AWdm Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVtda AgUmè`m

lÕoVyZ Y_© ApñVËdmV Ambobm AgVmo. _mZdmMr EH$ Aer lÕm AgVo H$s, ì`ŠVrMo ^{dî` AWdm

Zer~ ho Ë`mÀ`mhÿZ loð> AgUmè`m eŠVrH$Sy>Z {Z §{ÌV hmoV AgVo. _mZdmMr Aer lÕm AgVo H$s,

Ë`mÀ`m g^modVmbÀ`m gd© dñV§yMr Am{U _mZdmMrXoIrb CËnÎmr _mZdmhÿZ loð> Aem eŠVrZo Ho$bobr

AgVo. A{V_mZdr eŠVr AWdm Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVrda AgUmar lÕm åhUOo Y_© hmo , Aer H$mhr

g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. _mZd `m Zm Ë`m ñdénmV gmVË`mZo, Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVrbm

àgÞ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AgVmo. àË oH$ Y_m©_Ü o {d{eï> ñdénmÀ`m lÕm Am{U {dYr `m§Mm g§M

AgVmo. {d{dY Y_m©Vrb AZw m`r doJdoJù`m àH$mao Ë`m§À`m-Ë`m§À`m Y_m©Mo AmMaU H$arV AgVmV.

àË oH$ Y_m©bm H$mhr àVrHo$ AgVmV. àË oH$ Y_m©Vrb AZw m`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm AgVmV. Y_©Jwé hm B©ídamMr

nyOm AMm© H$aUmam Am{U Y_m©er g§~§{YV Aem {dYtMr _m{hVr AgUmam kmZr g_Obm OmVmo. Abm¡{H$H$

eŠVrdarb lÕm, "n{dÌ' Am{U "Eo{hH$' dñVy§_Yrb oX, {dYr, AmMmanÕVr, n{dÌñWim§er g§~§{YV

hmoUmè`m `mÌm, Y_©Jwé Am{U g§V, Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVter g§~§{YV AgUmè`m {d{dY H$Wm, X§VH$Wm Am{U

_hmH$mì o, Y_©J«§W B. ~m~tMm A§V^m©d Y_m©V hmoVmo.

Y_m©Mr Or à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço AmT>iyZ oVmV Ë`m_Ü o (1) Y_m©_Ü o lÕm§Mr gwg§JV ì`dñWm AgVo.

(2) g§ñH$ma Am{U {dYrg§~§Yr AmMaUmMm g§M Y_m©_Ü o AgVmo. (3) Y_© lÕmiy ì`ŠVtMm g_yh

AgVmo. (4) n{dÌ-An{dÌVoÀ`m H$ënZm{Y Y_m©er g§~§{YV AgVmV. (5) n{dÌ J«§W Am{U VÎdkmZ `m

~m~r Y_m©er g§~§{YV AgVmV. (6) gd© Y_mªÀ`m_Ü o AZw m`m§gmR>r AmMmag§{hVm ñnï> Ho$bobr AgVo,

`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm g_mdoe Amho, ho AmnU g_OyZ KoVbo Amho.

Y_m©Mr H$mhr H$m`} AmnU Aä`mgbr AmhoV Ë`m_Üò (1) Y_m©_wio gm_m{OH$ EoŠ` Am{U

g_yh^mdZobm ~iH$Q>r òVo. (2) Y_m©_wio g_mOmVrb Z¡{VH$ ì`dñWobm ~iH$Q>r àmá hmVo. (3)

{dMbZmË_H$ dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mg Y_© _XV H$aVmo (4) ì`ŠVrbm Y_m©_wio _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` àmßV

hmoVo. (5) Y_m©_wio g_mO OrdZmVrb _yë`m§Zm ~iH$Q>r oVo. (6) Y_m©_wio d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Aem _mZ{gH$

Am{U ^md{ZH$ KQ>Zm§Mm AZw d oVmo. (7) Y_© g_mOH$ë`mUmbm MmbZm XoVmo (8) Y_m©_wio H$a_UyH$

hmoV AgVo. (9) Y_m©_wio dmL²>_`, H$bm, gm¢X © B. ~m~tZm MmbZm {_iVo. hr H$m } AmnU g_OyZ KoVbr

AmhoV.

161

Y_©OÝ` Aer H$mhr AnH$m`} XoIrb AmnU `m KQ>H$mV Aä`mgbr AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò (1)

_mŠg©dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmZwgma, Y_m©_wio g_mOmVrb Ag_mZVm Am{U AÝ`m` `m§Mo g_W©Z hmoV AgVo d Y_©

{nidUyH$sMo EH$ gmYZ `m AWm©Zo H$m_ H$arV AgVmo. (2) Y_m©_wio Y_mªYVm Am{U gZmVZdmXr d¥Îmrbm

MmbZm {_iy eH$Vo. (3) Ym{_©H$ lÕm ñdV§Ì Vm{H©$H$ {dMma Am{U gm_m{OH$ àJVr_Ybm AS>Wim ~Zy

eH$VmV. (4) Y_© X¡ddmXmbm Am{U nbm`ZdmXmbm MmbZm XoVmo. (5) Y_© {d{dY gm_m{OH$ An-

àd¥ÎmtZm MmbZm XoVmo. (6) Y_m©_wio n¡emMr CYinÅ>r hmoD$ eH$Vo, (7) Y_m©_wio g§Kfm©bm MmbZm {_iy

eH$Vo. `m ~m~r g_OyZ KoVë`m AmhoV.



1) E{_b XwaIr_ ""Á`m n{dÌ dñVyZm Eo{hH$ OrdZmnmgyZ doJio Ho$bo OmVo Am{U Eo{hH$ OrdZmVyZ

dÁ © _mZbo OmVo Ë`m n{dÌ dñVy§er {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m lÕm Am{U {dYtMr EH$mË_ ì`dñWm

åhUOo Y_© hmo ''

2) Om°ÝgZ EM. E_². ""dñVy, eŠVr, ñWio Am{U BVa ~m~t `mg§X^m©Vrb Acm¡{H$H$ ì`dñWoer

g~§{YV lÕm Am{U {dYtMr H$_r A{YH$ g§K{Q>V ì`dñWm åhUOo Y_© hmo ''

3) Y_m©Mr à_wI VrZ d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo : (1) g§ñH$ma Am{U {dYrg§~§Yr AmMaUmMm g§M

Y_m©_Üò AgVmo. (2) Y_© lÕmiy ì`ŠVr§Mm g_yh AgVmo. (3) Y_© n{dÌ Am{U Eo{hH$

dñVy§À`m_Ü o \$aH$ H$aVmo.


1) XwaIr_ `m§À`m _Vo gm_m{OH$ EoŠ` {Z_m©U H$aUo, gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_Vm Am{U g_yh ^mdZobm

~iH$Q>r àmá H$ê$Z XoUo ho Y_m©Mo gm_m{OH$ H$m © Amho.

2) Y_m©Mr à_wI Mma H$m } nwT>rbà_mUo (1) Y_m©_wio gm_m{OH$ EoŠ` Am{U g_yh ^mdZobm ~iH$Q>r

àmßV hmoVo. (2) Y_m©_wio g_mOmVrb Z¡{VH$ ì`dñWobm ~iH$Q>r oVo. (3) Y_© {dMbZmË_H$

dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odVmo. (4) gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ Y_© H$m © H$arV AgVmo.

3) nwamUmVrb Xod-XodVm§À`m H$Wm, {H$V©Z, ^ŠVrJm`Z, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>H$, Ym{_©H$ gU, CËgd, OÌm B.

gma»`m H$bm àH$mam§VyZ Y_© _Zmoa§OZmMo H$m © nma nmS>Vmo.


1) _mŠg©dmXr Ñï>rH$moUmZwgma Y_m©Ûmao g_mOmVrb Ag_mZVoMo Am{U AÝ`m`mMo g_W©Z Ho$bo OmVo

Am{U {nidUyH$sMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ Y_m©Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

]r. E. 1 : g_mOemñÌ [naM` ...11

162

2) Y_©OÝ` ñdê$nmÀ`m Mma An-H$m`mªÀ`m _Ü o (1) Y_m©_wio Y_mªYVm Am{U gZmVZdmXr d¥Îmrbm

MmbZm {_iy eH$Vo. (2) Ym{_©H$ lÕm ñdV§Ì Vm{H©$H$ {dMma Am{U gm_m{OH$ n«JVr_Ybm

AS>Wim ~Zy eH$VmV. (3) Y_© X¡ddmXmbm Am{U nbm`ZdmXmbm MmbZm XoVmo. (4) Y_© {d{dY

gm_m{OH$ An-àd¥ÎmtZm MmbZm XoVmo. `m ~m~tMm CëboI H$aVm oB©b.

3.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ (Exercise/Home Assignment) :


1) Y_m©Mr H$moUVrhr EH$ ì`m»`m XoD$Z, Y_m©Mr à oXH$ d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> H$am.

2) g_mOmVrb Y_m©Mr {d{dY H$m } ñnï> H$am.

3) "Y_m©Mr An-H$m }' `m {df`mda Q>rn {bhm.


^maVm_Ü o AmT>iyZ oUmè`m gd© Y_mªMr EH$ `mXr V`ma H$am. Vwåhr H$moUË`m Y_m©Mo AZw m`r

AmhmV? Vw_À`m ñdV:À`m Y_m©er g§~§{YV AgUmè`m _hÎdmÀ`m lÕm§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am VgoM ì`ŠVrMm

OÝ_, {ddmh Am{U _¥Ë yàg§Jr Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m {dYr Am{U g§ñH$mamg§~§YrMr `mXr V`ma H$am.


1) Westermark, E : Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, 2 Volumes,

Macmillan, London, 1924 .

2) Young Kimball : Sociology - A Study of Society and Culture, American Book Co.,

New Yourk, 1980.

3) Hastings James (Editor) : Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 3, T and T

Clark Edinburgh 1951.

4) Schmidt, W. : The Origin and growth of Religion, Methuen, London, 1985.

5) Wach, J. : Sociology of Religion, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987.

6) Allport G. W. : The Individual and his Religion, Macmillan, New York, 1982.

7) Durkheim Emile : The Elementartary Forms of Religious Life, George Allen and

Unwin, London.

8) Shankar Rao, Sociology : Primary Principles, S. Chand and Co. New Delhi,

2004.

9) Ginsbert P. : Fundamentals of Sociology, 3rd Edition, Orient Longmans, Bombay,

1973.

10) Perry John and E. K. Perry : Contemporary Society : An Introduction to Social

Science; Allyn and Bacon, London, 2000.

ooo

163

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

4.1 àñVmdZm

4.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

4.3 {df` - {ddoMZ

4.3.1 {ejUmMr ì`m»`m Am{U AW©

4.3.2 {ejUmMr H$m`}

4.3.3 {ejUmMo àH$ma

4.4 gmam§e






_mZdoVa àmÊ`m§Mo A{YH$Va dV©Z ho ghOàd¥Îm ñdê$nmMo AgVo. dV©ZmÀ`m Aem j_Vm Ë`m§Zm OÝ_V:M

àmá Pmboë`m AgVmV. CXm. H$moUË`mhr njmbm Ë`mMo KaQ>o ~m§YÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` qH$dm nú`mÀ`m {nbmbm

AmH$memV âmar KoÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` {eH$mdo bmJV Zmhr. àmÊ`m§Mr Og-Oer dmT> hmoVo, Vg-Vgo Ë`m§Zm H$moUË`m

àH$maMo AÞ ^jU H$amdo Am{U Ë`mMm emoY H$gm ¿`mdm ho _m{hV hmoV AgVo. H$maU, _mZdoVa àmÊ`m§Zm

Ë`m§À`m Om{V{d{eï> (species specific) d§eXm`m_wio àmá Pmboë`m ghOàd¥Îmr_wio ho eŠ` hmoVo.

_mZdàmÊ`mg§X^m©V _mÌ Ago {XgyZ oV Zmhr. ~hþVm§er _mZdr dV©Z ho {eH$mdo bmJVo. ZdOmV _mZdr

A ©H$mbm g_mOmMm gw mo½`$ gXñ` ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Vgo Ë`mbm OmUrdnyd©H$ KS>dmdo bmJVo. àË oH$ _mZdr

ì`ŠVrbm gm_m{OH$ OrdZ OJVm `mdo åhUyZ _wÔm_ {d{eï> H$m¡eë o, kmZ Am{U V§Ì{dÚm `m ~m~r {eH$dmì`m

Am{U {eH$mì`m bmJVmV. g_mOmMm gXñ` `m ZmË`mZo g_mOmV OJÊ`mg§~§YrMo Amdí`H$ H$m¡eë` {eH${dÊ`mMr

Am{U {eH$Ê`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo "{ejU' hmo .

KQ>H$ - 4

{ejU (Education)

164

"Educare" `m b°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ 'Education' `m eãXmMr ì wËnÎmr Pmbr AgyZ 'Educare' Mm

B§J«OrVrb AW©, 'bringing up' Agm hmoVmo. 'Bringing up" Mm AW© "g§JmonZ H$aUo', "dmT>{dUo', "JwUm§Mm

Am{U gyá j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo' qH$dm "{ejU XoUo' Agm bmdVm oVmo. {ejUm_wio ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr

AgUmè`m gyá nmÌVm Am{U j_Vm§Mo àH$Q>rH$aU KS>dyZ AmUyZ ì`ŠVrbm g_mOmV ahmÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gj_

~Z{dbo OmVo. g_mOmMm EH$ Mm§Jbm ZmJarH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrdV©Zmbm {Xem XoÊ`mMo ì`ŠVrMm _mZ{gH$

{dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo g_mOOrdZmVrb AmXe© Am{U _yë o ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV éO{dÊ`mMo, ì`ŠVrbm Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ

~Z{dÊ`mMo Am{U {VÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo H$m © {ejUmÛmao nma nmS>bo OmVo.

{ejU hr g_mOmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr g§ñWm Amho. {ejU hr EH$ Am§Va{H«$`mË_H$ KQ>Zm Amho. Ë`m_wio

Vr _ybV: EH$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho. AmO gwÕm {ejUmMr gwê$dmV "Kam'nmgyZ hmoVo. åhUyZM AmB©bm

"n{hbm {ejH$' (First Teacher) Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. Oo {ejU KamnmgyZ/Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ gwê$ hmoVo Vo

AZm¡nMm[aH$ àH$maMo {ejU AgVo. àË oH$ gm_m{OH$ àg§JmVyZ ì`ŠVr H$mhr Zm H$mhr {eH$V AgVo. Amnbo

ñdV:Mo Ka, IoimMo _¡XmZ, H$m`m©b`, Šb~ B. gma»`m AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Am{U AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ àg§JmVyZ

AmnU AZoH$ Jmoï>r AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÕVrZo {eH$V AgVmo. Ë`m_wio ~hþVm§er {ejU ho AZm¡nMm[aH$ g_mOrH$aU

à{H«$ oÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV hmoVo.

ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Á`m gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mr Am{U {Z`_m§Mr g_mOmbm Anojm AgVo, Aer gd© _yë o Am{U

{Z`_Zo ~më`mdñWonmgyZ Vo àm¡T>mdñWon ªV ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmda q~~{dÊ`mMo H$m © {ejUmÛmao hmoV AgVo.

OrdZmVë`m AZoH$ O~m~Xmè`m nobdÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`mbm nmÌ Am{U gj_ H$aÊ`mMo H$m © {ejU H$aVo.

åhUyZM {ejU ho ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mOmÀ`m àJVrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. {ejUm_wio Amnë`mV n[anŠdVm

oVo. Mm§Jë`m-dmB©Q>m_Yrb \$aH$ bjmV KoD$Z g_mOm_Ü o H$go dV©Z H$amdo ho AmnUmg {ejUm_wio g_OÊ`mg

_XV hmoVo. {ejUm_wioM Amnë`m Z¡{VH$Vobm A{YH$ ~iH$Q>r odyZ Amnbm ñd^md {ddoH$erb ~ZÊ`mg _XV

hmoVo.

g_mO Og Ogm A{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMm ~ZV OmVmo Ë`mZwgma {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r {deofkm§Mr qH$dm Vkm§Mr

JaO {Z_m©U hmoVo. AmYw{ZH$ Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m g_mOm§gmR>r Ho$di AZm¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMo {ejU nwaogo R>aV Zmhr.

AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb _wbo XoIrb Ë`m§À`m AmB©-dSr>bm§H$Sy>Z Amdí`H$ Aer gd© àH$maMr H$m¡eë o {eHy$

eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV Amnë`mbm Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMr AË §V JaO AgVo.

AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r à{e{jV ì`ŠVtMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo, d Ago {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r

Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU g§ñWm§Mr JaO ^mgVo. `mgmR>rM emim, _hm{dÚmb o Am{U {dÚmnrR>o `mgma»`m Am¡nMm[aH$

{ejU g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Amë`m. `m e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm_YyZ {Xbo OmUmao {ejU ho Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU AgVo.

{ejU hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s, Á`m_wio g_mOmVrb g§ñH¥$VrMo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o

165

g§H«$m_U qH$dm hñVm§Va hmoVo Am{U g_mOmMo AñVrËd {Q>Hy$Z ahmVo. {ejU gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMo gwÕm EH$

gmYZ Amho. {ejUm_wio Amnë`m A§Jr {eñV Am{U ñd-{Z §ÌU j_Vm {dH${gV hmoVo. g_mOn[adV©ZmMo

gdm©V OmñV n[aUm_H$maH$ gmYZ åhUyZ XoIrb {ejUmbm _hÎd Amho. Zì`m kmZ-{Z{_©Vr_wio {dkmZ Am{U

V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZM g_mOmÀ`m àJVr Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>r {ejU Cn wŠV R>aVo.

{ejUàgmam_wio CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ JVrerbVobm MmbZm {_iVo. CËH¥$ï> àVrMo {ejU Agob Va Mm§Jë`m

amoOJma g§Yr {_iVmV. Mm§Jbo AWm©OZ hmoUmam amoOJma {_imë`mg ahmUr_mZmMm XOm© C§MmdVmo. darb gd©

{ddoMZmdê$Z {ejU hr {H$Vr _hÎdmMr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amho ho ñnï> hmoB©b. `m KQ>H$mV AmnU {ejUmMm

g_mOemór` AW© {ejUmMr gm_m{OH$ H$m } Am{U {ejUmMo àH$ma `m§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUma AmhmoV.


`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm

u {ejU `m g§koMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z {ejUmMm g_mOemór` AW© ñnï> H$aVm oB©b;

u {ejUmMr gm_m{OH$ H$m } ñnï> H$aVm oVrb; Am{U

u {ejUmMo {d{dY àH$ma gm§JVm oVrb.

4.3 {df`-{ddoMZ (Presentaition of Subject-matter) :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m n{hë`m ^mJmV {ejUmÀ`m ì`m»`m Am{U Ë`mMm g_mOemór` AW©, Xwgè`m {d^mJmV

{ejUmMr H$m } Am{U {Vgè`m {d^mJmV {ejUmMo àH$ma Ë`m§Mo {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. gd©àW_ AmnU

Zm_d§V g_mOemókm§Zr {Xboë`m {ejUmÀ`m ì`m»`m nhmUma AmhmoV.

4.3.1{ejU : ì`m»`m Am{U AW© (Education : Definitions and Meaning) :

AZoH$ g_mOemókm§Zr Am{U {ejUVkm§Zr "{ejU' `m g§koMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. AmVm AmnU H$mhr

{ZdS>H$ ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$. `m ì`m»`m Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmnUmbm "{ejU' `m g§koMm AW© g_OÊ`mg

_XV hmoB©b.

1) E{_b XwaImB©_ - ""{ejU åhUOo "Zì`m {nT>rMo g_mOrH$aU' hmo . _wbm§Zm Á`m ~m~r

ñd §ñ\y$V©nUo AdJV H$aVm oD$ eH$ë`m ZgË`m Ë`m ~m~r, åhUOo g^modVmbÀ`m {dídmVrb

KQ>Zm§H$S>o nmhÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr qH$dm Ñ{ï>H$moZ, g_mO_mÝ` Ago dV©ZmMo Am{U ^mdZm§À`m

AZw dmMo Am{U Am{dîH$mamMo àH$ma, _wbmÀ`m _Zmda q~~{dÊ`mMo gmVË`nyU© à`ËZ åhUOo

{ejU hmo .'' ("Education is 'the socialization of young generation.'.... It is "a

continuous effort to impose on the child ways of seeing, feeling and acting

which he could not have arrived spontaneously." - Emile Durkheim)

166

2) g°å wAb H$moB©{ZJ - ""Á`m à{H«$ oV g_yhmMm gm_m{OH$ dmagm EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m

{nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV Ho$bm OmVmo, VgoM _wbm§Mo Ë`m§À`m g_yhmV g_mOrH$aU hmoVo (H$s Á`mV

Vr ñdV: OÝ_boë`m g_yhmMo dV©Z {df`H$ {Z`_ {eHy$Z KoVmV) Ë`m à{H«$ og {ejU Ago

åhUVm oB©b.'' ("Education may be defined as the process whereby the social

heriage of a group is passed on from one generation to another, as well as the

process whereby the child becomes socialized i.e. learns the rules of behariour

of the group into which he is born." - Samuel Koenig)

3) gåZoa - ""g_yhmÀ`m bmoH$ZrVr _wbm§À`mH$S>o hñVm§VarV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ åhUOo {ejU hmo .

Aem {ejUmVyZ _wbm§Zm H$moUVo dV©Z g_yhmbm _mÝ` Agbobo Am{U H$moUVo dV©Z g_yhmbm

A_mÝ` Agbobo Amho, ho g_OVo, VgoM _wbm§Zr {d{dY àH$maÀ`m gd© àg§Jm§_Ü o H$go dV©Z

H$amdo Am{U H$emda lÕm R>odmdr d H$emda lÕm R>ody Z o `mMo {ejU {_iVo.'' ("Education

is an attempt to transmit to the child the mores of the group so that he learns

what conduct is approved and what is disapproved.... how he ought to behave

in all kinds of cases; what he ought to believe and reject." - Sumner)

4) ~«mD$Z E\²$ Oo. Am{U Oo. Eg². am°D$H$ - ""{ejU åhUOo Aem AZw dm§Mr Jmoim~oarO H$s Oo

AZw d n«m¡T> ì`ŠVr Am{U _wbm§À`m A{^d¥Îmr KS>dyZ Ë`m§Mo gm_m{OH$ dV©Z {ZpíMV H$aVmV.''("Education is the sum total of the experience which moulds the attitudes and

determines the conduct of both the child and adult." - Brown, F. J. and J. S.

Roucek)

5) E. S>ãë y J«rZ - ""Eo{Vhm{gH$X¥îQ>çm VéUm§Zm Z§Va àm¡T>nUrÀ`m y{_H$m ñdrH$maVm `mì`mV

`mgmR>r {Xbo Jobobo OmUrdnyd©H$ à{ejU åhUOo {ejU hmo . nU, AmYw{ZH$ g§Ho$VmZwgma

{ejU åhUOo emiogma»`m Am¡nMm[aH$ g§KQ>Zm§_Ü o {deofkm§H$Sy>Z {Xbo OmUmao Am¡nMm[aH$

à{ejU hmo .'' ("Historically, it (Education) has meant the conscious training of

the young for the later adoption of adult roles. By modern convention, however,

education has come to mean formal training by specialist within the formal

organization of the school" - Green A. W.)

darb ì`m»`mdê$Z AmnU {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌr` AWmªÀ`m {d{dY N>Q>m Imbrbà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm

oVrb. (1) VéU {nT>rÀ`m g_mOrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m åhUyZ {ejUmH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. (2) àm¡T> d`mVrb

ì`ŠVtÀ`m y{_H$m Z§Va Ë`m§Zm ñdrH$maVm `mì`mV `mgmR>r bhmZnUmnmgyZ {Xbo Jobobo OmUrdnyd©H$ ñdénmMo

à{ejU åhUOo {ejU hmo . (3) Á`m à{H«$ o_Ü o g_yhmMm gm_m{OH$ dmagm EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o

hñVm§V[aV Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`m à{H«$ obm {ejU åhQ>bo OmVo. doJù`m eãXmV, {ejU ho g§ñH¥$Vr g§H«$m_UmMo EH$

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gmYZ Amho. (4) Á`m à{H«$ oV g_yhmMm gm_m{OH$ dmagm EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV Ho$bm

OmVmo, VgoM _wbm§Mo Ë`m§À`m g_yhmV g_mOrH$aU hmoVo (H$s Á`mV Vr ñdV: OÝ_boë`m g_yhmMo dV©Z {df`H$

{Z`_ {eHy$Z KoVmV) Ë`m à{H«$ og {ejU Ago åhUVm oB©b. (5) {ejUmÀ`m à{H«$ oÛmao, _wbo g_yhmÀ`m

MmbrarVtMo {ejU KoVmV, Ë`m_wio _wbm§Zm g_yhmV H$moUVo AmMaU ñdrH¥$V d H$moUVo AñdrH¥$V Amho ho

g_OVo. VgoM gd© àg§Jm§_Ü o H$go dV©Z H$amdo, VgoM H$moUË`m ~m~tda lÕm R>odmdr d H$moUË`m ~m~tda lÕm

R>ody Z o `mMo {ejU {_iVo. (6) {ejU hr ì`ŠVrÀ`m Am wî`mV {Za§VanUo MmbUmar à{H«$`m AgyZ Vr

g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtMo dV©Z Am{U A{^d¥Îmr KS>dÊ`m_Ü o Am{U {ZíMrV H$aÊ`m_Ü o _hÎdnyU© y{_H$m nma

nmS>Vo. {ejU `m g§koMm AW© Am{U ì`m»`m g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Va, AmVm AmnU {ejUmMr {d{dY H$m } OmUyZ

KoUma AmhmoV.


Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm

1) H$moUË`m b°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ "{ejU' (education) `m g§koMr ì wËnÎmr Pmbr Amho?

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2) E{_b XwaImB©_ `m§Zr {Xbobr {ejUmMr ì`m»`m gm§Jm.

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3) E.S>ãë y. J«rZ `m§Zr {Xbobr {ejUmMr ì`m»`m {bhm.

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4.3.2{ejUmMr gm_m{OH$ H$m } (Social Functions of Education) :

EH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ "{ejU' g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r, gmVË`mgmR>r Am{U àJVrgmR>rMr

AZoH$ _hÎdmMr H$m } nma nmS>Vo. {ejUmMr H$mhr _hÎdmMr H$m } Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) {ejU g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Mo g_mOrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUVo (Education socializes the

members of society) :

g_mOrH$aU hr EH$ {ejUmMr à{H«$`m AgyZ, Ë`mÛmao g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtZm g_mOmVrb {d{dY y{_H$m

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nma nmS>Ê`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo gj_ Ho$bo OmVo. ZwH$VoM OÝ_mbm Ambobo _yb gwê$dmVrbm Aghmæ` AdñWoV AgVo.

nU, g_mOrH$aU à{H«$ oV Ë`mbm ñdV:Mr OmUrd hmoVo. g_mOmV ahmÊ`mg§~§YrMo Amdí`H$ Vo kmZ Ë`mbm

{_iVo. Á`m g_mOmV Vo OÝ_Vo Ë`mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m¡eë`m§Mo g§nmXZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z hmoVo. g_mOrH$aUmMr

gwê$dmV Oar Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ hmoV Agbr Var embo , _hm{dÚmb`rZ Am{U Ë`mnwT>rb Am wî`mVhr g_mOrH$aUmMo

gmVË` {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. g_mOemñÌr` X¥îQ>rH$moUmVyZ, g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ o_Ü o {ejU _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma

nmS>Vo. {ejU, _J Vo Am¡nMm[aH$ Agmo AWdm AZm¡nMm[aH$, hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s, Or ì`ŠVrbm

{VÀ`m OrdZmV oUmar AmìhmZo nobÊ`mgmR>r Am{U g_mOmVrb {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r

Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gm_m{OH$, _mZ{gH$ Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eë`m§Mo à{ejU XoV AgVo. emio_Ü o

àW_M {ejH$, emim Am{U g_mOmZo KmbyZ {Xboë`m ì`pŠV{Zanoj (impersonal) ñdê$nmÀ`m {Z`_m§Mm

n[aM` _wbm§Zm hmoV AgVmo. `m {R>H$mUr doJdoJù`m n«H$maMr gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ nmíd© y_r AgUmè`m _wbm§À`m

g§nH$m©_Ü o _yb oVo. emio_Ü o _wbmbm gd§JS>r AWdm g_d`ñH$ _wbo-_wbr `m§Mr _¡Ìr {_iVo. Aem

g_d`ñH$ {_Ìm§À`m g_yhmMm (peer group) à^md _wbm§da hmoVmo Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ {ZVr_yë o

Am{U dV©Z {eH$Ê`mMr g§Yr àmßV hmoVo. emim, _hm{dÚmb o, {dÚmnrR>o `mgma»`m Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU

ì`dñWo_wioM AmYw{ZH$ J§w§Vm-Jw§VrÀ`m g_mOmV Amdí`H$ Agboë`m B§{O{ZAg©, S>m°ŠQ>g©, àemgH$, A{YH$mar,

g§emoYH$-emñÌk B. gma»`m àm¡T> d`mVrb y{_H$m§gmR>r ì`ŠVtZm V`ma H$ê$Z KoVm oVo.

2) {ejUì`dñWm g§ñH¥$VrMm dmagm EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«$m{_V H$aVo (Education

transmits the cultural heritage from one generation to the next) :

{ejUmÀ`m à{H«$ oÛmao g§ñH¥$VrMo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§Va hmoVo. ZrVr_yë o, H$m¡eë o,

kmZ, dmL²>_`, VÎdkmZ, Y_©, g§JrV, emñÌ, V§Ì{dÚm, H$bm B. KQ>H$m§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$Z Ë`mMm g§M` AWdm

`mgma»`m Á`m ~m~r g_mOmÀ`m yVH$mbrZ H$mimV {dH${gV Pmboë`m AgVmV Am{U Á`m§Mm gmR>m Pmbobm

AgVmo Ë`mbmM g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr qH$dm gm_m{OH$ dmagm (social heritage) Ago åhUVmV.

hm g_mOmMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§VarV H$aÊ`mMo H$m © {ejU

H$aVo. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m darb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo ì`ŠVrbm g§nmXZ H$amdo bmJVo qH$dm g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrbm {eH$mdr

bmJVo. g_mOmVrb {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ (AZm¡nMm[aH$ Am{U Am¡nMm[aH$) g§ñH¥$Vr {eH${dbr OmVo.

emim§À`m_YyZ nma§nm[aH$ {dMmanÕVr Am{U dV©ZnÕVtMo {ejU XoV AgVmZmM, Ë`mgmo~V ì`ŠVrbm

AmË_gÝ_mZ, ñnYm©, H$R>moa n[al_, Ü o o, ñd §{eñV Am{U ì`ŠVrdmXmMo XoIrb {ejU {Xbo OmVo. AemàH$mao

ì`ŠVrMo gm_m{OH$ ì`pŠV_Îd KS>dÊ`m_Ü o {ejUmMr y{_H$m _hÎdmMr AgVo.

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3) gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ {ejU H$m © H$aVo (Education acts as a

mechanism of social control) :

gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo Am{U gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Zm AZwgê$Z ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z KSy>Z oÊ`mgmR>r {Vbm Vgo dV©Z

H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Umar à{H«$`m åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌU hmo . `m à{H«$ oÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mOm_Ü o ì`dñWm

{Z_m©U H$ê$Z Vr {Q>H$dyZ R>odbr OmVo. ì`ŠVrMo g_mOrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUyZ Am{U g_mOmVrb g§ñH¥$VrMo

EH$m{nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§Va H$ê$Z {ejU EH$ àH$mao gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMo H$m © H$arV AgVo.

g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo Am{U gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mo {ejU g_mOrH$aUmVyZ {_iVo, ho AmnU Aä`mgbo

AmhoM. Á`mdoir {ejU Am{U g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`ŠVrMo g_mOrH$aU hmoV AgVo, Ë`mdoir

ì`ŠVrbm g_mOmÀ`m EHy$U gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Mo Am{U _yë`m§Mo {ejU {Xbo Jobobo AgVo. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrbm

g_mOmMr _yë o Am{U {Z`_Zm§À`m à_mUo dV©Z H$aUo ^mJ nmS>bo OmVo. VgoM Oa {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMo `mo½` àH$mao hñVm§Va Pmbo Agob Va, Ë`m_wio g_mOmMr ì`dñWm, ñW¡ © Am{U gmVË`

{Q>Hy$Z ahmVo. Aem [aVrZo {ejU gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ H$m © H$aVo.

4) AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb VH©$g§JV l_{d^mOZmg {ejU _XV H$aVo (Education helps rational

division of labour in modern society) :

{eH$ma Am{U AÝZ-g§H$bZ H$aUmè`m nma§nm[aH$ g_mOì`dñWo_Yrb l_{d^mOZmMo ñdê$n AË §V

gmÜ`m ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m g_mOì`ñWo_Ü o {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$m`m©Mr {d^mJUr H$aV AgVmZm

ì`ŠVrMo d`, qbJ Am{U ì`ŠVrH$S>o AgUmao emar[aH$ gm_Ï © {dMmamV KoD$Z {d{dY ì`ŠVtZm H$m_o dmQy>Z

{Xbr OmV AgV. Ë`m H$mimV ì`ŠVrZr H$amd`mÀ`m H$m_m§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoVr (The Jobs were few in

number) H$m_mg§~§YrMo {deofrH$aU {dH${gV Pmbobo ZìhVo. g_mOmVrb d¥Õ gXñ`, Zì`m {nT>rVrb

gXñ`m§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU XoV AgV. _mÌ nwT>o g_mO eoVr Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV Og-Ogm àJV hmoV

Jobm Vg Vgo H$m_mMo ñdén ~Xbbo Am{U {deofrH$aUmbm OmñV JVr {_imbr. l_{d^mOZmMo ñdê$n A{YH$

Jw§VmJw§VrMo ~ZV Jobo. AmO g_mOmVrb {d{dY àH$maMr H$m_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{eîQ> H$m¡eë o Am{U nmÌVm

AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtMr JaO Amho. Aem {d{dY H$m_m§gmR>r `mo½` Am{U Amdí`H$ Aer ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eë o

AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m Zo_UyH$m H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU g§ñWm _XV H$aVo. åhUyZ l_{d^mOZmÀ`m H$m`m©bm {ejU

Aem àH$mao _XV H$aVo H$s, Á`m_wio `mo½` H$m_m§gmR>r `mo½` ì`ŠVtMr {ZdS> hmoD$Z ì`ŠVrÀ`m nmÌVoà_mUo {Vbm

H$m_ {_iVo.

5) {ejU CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ JVrerbVobm MmbZm XoVo (Education promotes upward

social mobility) :

ehar, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOm§_Ü o, AmYw{ZH$ AW©ì`dñWoer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m amoOJma g§Yr àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r

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Am¡nMm[aH$ CÀM{ejU Am{U j_Vm AgUo _hÎdmMo Pmbo Amho. AmYw{ZH$ AW© ì`dñWo_Ü o H$m_mMo ñdén,

{_iUmao doVZ Am{U XOm© EH$gmaIm AmT>iyZ oV Zmhr. CXm. AHw$eb H$m_Jma, Hw$eb H$m_Jma, Q>m`{nñQ>,

ŠbH©$, _°ZoOa, Am°\$sga, B§{O{ZAa, S>m°ŠQ>a, bîH$amVrb A{YH$mar, àemgH$ B. gma»`m H$m_m§gmR>r doJdoJir

nmÌVm, H$m¡eë o, Am{U JwUm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. {ejUm_wio ì`ŠVtÀ`m A§Jr AgUmè`m gyßV JwUm§Zm dmd

{_iVmo. ì`ŠVtÀ`m A§Jr AgUmao JwU Am{U H$m¡eë o {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo H$m © {ejUm_wio hmoVo. AmYw{ZH$

g_mOmVrb {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$m_m§gmR>r ì`ŠVrbm KS>{dÊ`mMo H$m © {ejU H$aVo. {ejU g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVrbm

{VMm XOm© C§Mm{dÊ`mg Am{U g_mOm_Ü o A{YH$ daÀ`m ñVamV OmÊ`mgmR>r àoaUm XoVo. g_mOmVrb Á`m

ì`ŠVr CÀM {e{jV AmhoV, Á`m§Zr Amdí`H$ Aer nmÌVm Am{U {deof H$m¡eë o {_i{dbr AmhoV, Ë`m ì`ŠVr

CÀM ñVamdarb ZmoH$argmR>r nmÌ R>aVmV. Aem CÀM ñVamdarb ZmoH$ar_wio Ë`m ì`ŠVrMm Am{W©H$ Am{U

gm_m{OH$ XOm© XoIrb C§MmdV AgVmo. `m AWm©Zo, ì`ŠVrbm H${ZîR> gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ dJm©H$Sy>Z _Ü`_

dJm©H$S>o Am{U _Ü`_ dJm©H$Sy>Z CÀMdJm©À`m {XeoZo Amnë`m XOm©V CÜd©Jm_r J{VerbVm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg

{ejU _XV H$aVo. åhUyZ {ejU CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ JVrerbVobm MmbZm XoVo, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

6) {ejU g_mZ _yë`m§Zm MmbZm XoD$Z gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_VoMo gmYZ åhUOo H$m © H$aVo (Education

promotes common values and acts as an integrative force) :

H$moUË`mhr g_mOmVrb EoŠ` Am{U EH$mË_Vm hr Ë`m g_mOmVrb g_mZ _yë`m§_wioM {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo.

emim, _hm{dÚmb o, {dÚmnrR>o B. {R>H$mUÀ`m Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mZVm, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwËd,

ghH$m ©, bmoH$emhr B. ñdénmMr AmYw{ZH$ _yë o, {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV éO{dbr OmVmV. g_J« g_mOmMm

{dMma H$aVm, Aem ñdê$nmMr _yë o hr g_mZ ñdénmMr _yë o åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVmV. AemàH$mao {ejU

g_mZ _yë`m§Zm MmbZm XoD$Z gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_VoMo gmYZ åhUyZ g_mOm_Ü o H$m © H$aVo.

7) gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z Am{U {dH$mgmMo gmYZ åhUyZ {ejU H$m © H$aVo (Education acts as

an instrument of social change and development) :

{ejU ho Ho$di g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m hñVm§VaUmÛmao Amnbm àmMrZ gm_m{OH$ dmagmM OVZ H$aVo Ago Zmhr,

Va H$mb~mø Pmbobr gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo Am{U gm_m{OH$ àWm `mV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo XoIrb

_XV H$aVo. g_mOmbm {dH$mgmÀ`m Zì`m _mJm©da KodyZ OmÊ`mg {ejU _XV H$aVo. gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z Am{U

{dH$mgmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ doJdoJù`m àH$mao {ejU _XV H$aVo. AZoH$ dmB©Q> gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo _yi

AkmZm_Ü o AmT>iVo. Añn¥í`Vm, ~mb{ddmh, ñÌr-nwéf Ag_mZVm B. gma»`m dmB©Q> gm_m{OH$ nma§nm[aH$

àWm B. g§~§YrMr _m{hVr, Ë`mMr H$maUo Am{U Ë`m_wio hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§Mo kmZ ì`ŠVrbm {ejUmVyZM {_iV

AgVo. Aem dmB©Q> gm_m{OH$ àWm-na§nam§g§~§YrMr OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr _wbm-_wbtÀ`m_Ü o {ejUm_wio {Z_m©U

hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Aem dmB©Q> gm_m{OH$ àWm-na§nam§Mo Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo {Z_y©bZ H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

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{ejUm_wioM {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZmÀ`m àJVrbm MmbZm XoÊ`mMo H$m © nma nmS>bo OmVo. n[aUm_r, {ejUmMr

g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm _XV hmoV AgVo. {dÚmÏ`mª_Yrb ghH$m ©, ñnYm© B. gma»`m gyßV JwUm§Zm CÎmoOZ

XoÊ`mMo H$m © {ejU H$aVo. XoemÀ`m CËnmXH$Vobm Aem {dÚmÏ`mªMo `moJXmZ AgVo. AemàH$mao, g_mOmVrb

dmB©Q> àWm-na§nam, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m B. Mo {Z_y©bZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU H$m © H$aVo. {dkmZ Am{U Vm§{ÌH$

joÌmer g§~§{YV kmZm_Ü o dmT> H$ê$Z XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§À`m_Ü o ghH$m © Am{U ñnYm© `mgma»`m àd¥Îmr

éOdÊ`mgmR>r XoIrb {ejU H$m © H$arV AgVo. AemàH$mao g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo Am{U

g_mO n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ åhUyZ {ejU _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo.

8) {ejU Zm{dÝ`nyU© H$ënZm Am{U {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma H$aÊ`mMr nmÌVm {dH${gV H$aVo

(Education develops innovative ideas and ability to think critically) :

{ejU Ho$di _mJrb H$mimV g§M` H$ê$Z R>odboë`m kmZmMoM hñVm§Va H$arV Zmhr, Va Vo Zd-ZdrZ

{dMmam§Zm Zì`m H$ënZm§Zm Am{U {M{H$ËgH$nUo {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVtZm àmoËgmhZ XoVo. Amnë`m g^modVmbr

KS>Umè`m {d{dY KQ>Zm§g§~§Yr {M{H$ËgH$ ñdê$nmMo àíZ {dMmaÊ`mgmR>r CÎmoOZ {ejU XoVo. Zm{dÝ`nyU© H$ënZm

{dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU CÎmoOZ XoVo. d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ ho {ejUmMo à_wI H$m © AgyZ Ë`m_wio Zd-ZdrZ

{dMma, {dH${gV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. VgoM Ë`m_wio Vm{H©$H$ Am{U {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm {dH${gV

hmoVo.

ñd § - AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 2 (Check Your Progress - 2) :


1) {ejUmMr H$moUVrhr VrZ à_wI gm_m{OH$ H$m } {bhm.

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2) {ejU Ho$di àmMrZ g§ñH¥$VrMoM hñVm§Va Z{dZ {nT>rH$S>o H$arV AgVo H$m?

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3) {ejU H$emàH$mao gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z Am{U {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUVo?

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4) {ejU gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_VoMo gmYZ åhUyZ H$emàH$mao H$m © H$aVo?

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4.3.3{ejUmMo àH$ma (Types of Education) :

{ejUmMm Ame` Am{U {dÚmÏ`mªn ªV {ejU OmÊ`mMo _mJ© `m {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao g_mOemñÌkm§Zr

{ejUmMo gm_mÝ` dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. AmVm AmnU {ejUmMo gm_mÝ` àH$ma nmhÿ.

1) Ym{_©H$ {ejU (Religious Education) :

{ejUmMm Ame` Ym{_©H$ Agob, Va Ë`mbm "Ym{_©H$ {ejU' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. AZoH$ eVH$m§nmgyZ

Y_mª_wio {ejU à^m{dV hmoV Ambobo {XgVo. AJXr AbrH$S>À`m H$mbI§S>mn ªV _§{Xa, MM©, _erX, _R> B.

gma»`m Ym{_©H$ {R>H$mUr {ejU {Xbo OmV hmoVo. Ym{_©H$ {ejUm_Ü o Y_©-g§ñH$ma Am{U {dYr, {ZVrVËdo,

{dídmg§~§Yr AgUmam Y_m©Mm X¥îQ>rH$moZ, Ym{_©H$ VÎdkmZ B. Mm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. Ago Ym{_©H$ {ejU AZw m`m§Zm

XoÊ`mMo H$m © Ym{_©H$ ZoVo H$arV AgV / H$aVmV. nma§nm[aH$ g_mOmVrb Ym{_©H$ {ejU g_mOmVrb gdmªÀ`mgmR>r

Iwbo ZìhVo; Vo Ho$di g_mOmVrb {d{eîQ> CÀM dJm©Vrb ì`ŠVtZm {Xbo OmV Ago. gm_mÝ`nUo _{hbm§Zm

Ym{_©H$ {ejUm_YyZ dJiÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.

2) Y_©{Zanoj {ejU (Secular Education) :

Y_©{Zanoj {ejU åhUOo Ago {ejU, H$s Oo H$moUË`mhr EImÚm {d{eîQ> Y_m©À`m à^mdmImbr ZgVo.

emim, _hm{dÚmb o Am{U {dÚmnrR>m§_YyZ {Xë`m OmUmè`m AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmbm Y_©{Zanoj {ejU åhUVmV.

AmYw{ZH$ g_mOm§_Ü o {ejU ì`dñWoMo n ©dojU qH$dm XoIaoI emgZg§ñWm H$aVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m {ejUmV

Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMm Aä`mgH«$_ AgVmo. g_mOmVrb gdmªÀ`mgmR>r Y_©{Zanoj {ejU Iwbo AgVo. 1820

Xaå`mZ ^maVmV {~«Q>rem§Zr Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z nmíMmË` nÕVrMo Y_©{Zanoj {ejU

XoÊ`mg àma§ Ho$bm. `WmdH$me, H$bH$Îmm, _w§~B©, Am{U _Ðmg `m {R>H$mUr {dÚmnrR>o gwê$ Pmbr. AemàH$mao,

AmYw{ZH$ {ejU ho Y_©{Zanoj, _mZdVmdmXr Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ ñdê$nmMo ~Zbo. Y_©{Zanoj ì`mdgm{`H$

{ejU à{e{jV {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU g§ñWm§_Ü o {Xbo OmVo.

3) AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU (Informal Education) :

Oo {ejU AZm¡nMm[aH$ Aem gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©Ûmao {Xbo OmVo Vo AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU hmo . Aem

{ejUmgmR>r emim, _hm{dÚmb`mgma»`m Amn¡Mm[aH$ {ejU g§ñWm_Ü o Zm|XUr H$amdr bmJV Zmhr, Ë`mbm

{d{eîQ> Aä`mgH«$_ ZgVmo, à{e{jV Agm {ejH$ dJ© ZgVmo, {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Am¡nMm[aH$ narjmnÕVr ZgVo

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Am{U Ë`m§Mr loUr R>a{dbr OmV Zmhr. darb d¡{eîQ>çmZr wŠV Aem {ejUmbm AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU Ago

åhUVmV. gmÜ`m Am{U Am{X_ g_mOì`dñWm§_Ü o {ejU ho àm_w»`mZo AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÕVrZo {Xbo OmV Ago.

àmMrZ g_mOm§_Ü o kmZmMm g§~§Y OJÊ`mÀ`m H$m¡eë`mer hmoVm. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AmB© dS>rb Am{U BVa gXñ`,

Ë`mMà_mUo ZmVodmB©H$ Am{U g_mOmVrb d`ñH$ ì`ŠVr Ago {ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV hmoË`m. g_mOmMr

{ZVr_yë o Am{U {d{dY ñdê$nmMr ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eë o hñVm§V[aV H$aUo hoM {ejUmMo ñdê$n hmoVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m

CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZmgmR>r Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m ~m~r Amdí`H$ _mZë`m OmV AgV. d`mZo

àm¡T> AgUmao nwéf _wbm§Zm {eH$ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` {eH$dV AgV. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Zm OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$

AgUmè`m Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~tMo Am{U g^modVmbÀ`m n`m©daUmer H$go OwidyZ ¿`mdo `m{df`rMo {ejU {Xbo OmV

Ago. nwéfm§à_mUo d`mZo àm¡T> AgUmè`m _{hbmXoIrb bhmZ _wbtZm Am{U wdVtZm AÝZmMm gmR>m H$gm

H$amdm, àgyVr, _wbm§Mo g§JmonZ B. {df`rMo {ejU XoV AgV. `m àH$maMo {ejU gd©àH$maÀ`m g_mOm§_Ü o

àM{bV Agë`mMo {XgVo. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOm§_Ü o XoIrb Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`ŠVr AZoH$ JmoîQ>r Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z

AZm¡nMm[aH$ _mJm©Zo {eHy$Z KoV AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo g_d`ñH$ {_Ìm§Mm g_yh, eoOmar, ZmVbJ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z

XoIrb ì`ŠVr AZoH$ ~m~r AZm¡nMm[aH$ _mJm©Zo {eHy$Z KoV AgVo.

4) Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU (Formal Education) :

Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU g§ñWmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Xë`m OmUmè`m {ejUmg Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU Ago åhUVmV.

g_mO Ogm A{YH$m-A{YH$ _moR>m Am{U Jw§VmJw§VrMm ~ZV OmVmo, Ë`mdoir AZm¡nMm[aH$ _mÜ`_mVyZ gdmªZm

{ejU XoUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. AmH$mamZo {dñV¥V Am{U Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m g_mO-ì`dñWm§_Ü o l_{d^mOZmMo ñdén

Jw§VmJw§VrMo Pmbobo AgVo. ì`dgm`m_Yrb {deofrH$aU A{YH$ {dH${gV Pmë`mZo, Ë`mgmR>r Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU

ì`dñWm JaOoMr Pmbobr AgVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$aU Am{U eharH$aUmÀ`m dmT>r_wio, AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m amoOJma g§Yr

{Z_m©U Pmboë`m AgVmV. Aem amoOJmam§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao à{ejU ì`ŠVtZm XoÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ Am¡nMm[aH$

{ejU g§ñWmÀ`m_YyZ {ejU XoUo JaOoMo AgVo. _moR>çm à_mUmda {ejU XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm hr Amdí`H$ ~m~

~ZV OmVo. _moR>çm à_mUmdarb {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r emim, _hm{dÚmb o Am{U {dÚmnrR>o, V§Ì-{ejU g§ñWm

A{ñVËdmV oVmV. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m_Ü o {ejH$m§Mr hmoUmar âVr, Am{U Ë`m§Zm {Xbo OmUmao à{ejU hr XoIrb EH$

àmW{_H$ JaO ~ZVo. Ë`m{R>H$mUr Zd-ZdrZ {dÚmemIm Am{U Ë`m§Mo Aä`mgH«$_ {dH${gV hmoVmV. narjm

nÕVr Am{U loUr nÕVr ApñVËdmV oVo. ^mfm, H$bm Am{U dmL²>_`, {MÌH$bm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo, ^m¡{VH$

Am{U OrdemñÌo, eoVremñÌ, d¡ÚH$s` emñÌ, Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU B. gma»`m {d{dY kmZemIm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m

OmVmV. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV `m Am¡nMm[aH$ §ÌUoVyZ Oo {ejU XoÊ`mV oVo Ë`mbm Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU åhUVmV.

5) àm¡T> Am{U {Za§Va {ejU (Adult and Continuing Education) :

hm {ejUmMm EH$ Zdm Am{U AbrH$S>Mm àH$ma Amho. Á`m Xoem§À`m_Ü o A{e{jV bmoH$g§» oMo à_mU

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A{YH$ Amho, Aem Xoem§À`m_Ü o `m àH$maMo {ejU AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV gwê$ Ho$bo Amho. EImÚm g_mOm_Ü o

àm¡T> ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Ü o {ZajaVoMo à_mU A{YH$ AgÊ`mMr AZoH$ H$maUo AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o, Xm[aÐç, emioV hOa

ahmÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ AgUmè`m g§YrMm A^md, Hw$Qw>§~mbm hmV^ma bmdÊ`mgmR>r H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m Amdí`H$VoMm

X~md B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. emgZmÀ`m Ago bjmV Ambo H$s, Oa XoemVrb {Zaja bmoH$g§» oMo à_mU A{YH$

dmT>V Jobo Va XoemMm {dH$mg hmoUma Zmhr. `mgmR>r, Á`m H$moUmbm Ë`m§À`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m Am wî`mV emioV

OmD$Z {ejU KoÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr Zmhr, Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr {_imdr `m CÔoemZo AZoH$ e¡j{UH$

`moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. n«m¡T> Am{U {Za§Va {ejU `moOZoMm CÔoe hm {b{hVm-dmMVm

oUmè`m gmjam§À`m g§» oV dmT> H$aÊ`mMm hmoVm. ^maVmÀ`m àË oH$ amÁ`mV EHy$U gmjaVoMo à_mU dmT>mdo åhUyZ

hr `moOZm H$m ©dmhrV AmUbr Jobr. `m àH$maÀ`m {ejUnÕVr_Yrb dJ©, nwéf Am{U _{hbm§À`m gmo rà_mUo

â{dbo OmVmV. (CXm. amÌemim) Ë`m§À`m amoOÀ`m H$m_m_Ü o Aem {ejUm_wio H$mhr AS>Wim ody Z o hmM

CÔoe R>odyZ gmo rÀ`m doir àm¡T>m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mV oVo. H$m`m©Ë_H$ gmjaVm (Functional Literacy) {Z_m©U

H$aUo d Vr {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo ho Aem {ejUmMo C{ÔîQ> AgVo.

6) Xya {ejU nÕVr (Distance Education) :

CÀM {ejU àgmam_Ü o hr EH$ Zdr g§H$ënZm Ambr Amho. `màH$maÀ`m {ejUm_Ü o, Á`m ì`ŠVtZm

_hm{dÚmb`rZ Am{U {dÚmnrR>r` {ejU KoÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr Zmhr, na§Vy Vo Amnbo CÀM{ejU nyU© H$ê$

BpÀN>VmV, Aem§À`mgmR>r hr {ejUnÕVr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m àH$maÀ`m {ejU nÕVr_Ü o dJ© gwê$

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Imobr AWdm {ejH$ AgV ZmhrV. {dÚmÏ`mªZm Amdí`H$ Agbobo Aä`mgmgmR>rMo AWdm

dmMZmgmR>rMo gm{hË` (Study Material) Img nÕVrZo V`ma Ho$bo OmVo. Aer dmMZ-gm_J«r (nwñVHo$)

Ë`m§Zm nwa{dbr OmVo. `m dmMZgm_J«rÀ`m AmYmamda {dÚmÏ`mªZo ñdV: Aä`mg H$amd`mMm AgVmo. Á`m

{dÚmnrR>m§_Ü o Aem ñdê$nmMo CÀM{ejUmVrb Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bo AmhoV, Ë`m {R>H$mUr, H$mhrdoim

AënH$mbmdYrMo g§nH©$ H$m ©H«$_ (Short duration contact programmes) Am`mo{OV H$ê$Z Ë`m-Ë`m

{df`mVrb Vk {ejH$m§Mo A{YH$ _mJ©Xe©Z {dÚmÏ`mªZm {Xbo OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va {dÚmWu g§~§{YV {dÚmnrR>mMr

narjm XoVmo. narjoV CÎmrU© Pmë`mda {dÚmnrR> Ë`mbm nXdr à_mUnÌ ~hmb H$aVo. ^maVm_Ü o Aem àH$maÀ`m

{dÚmnrR>m§Zm "_wŠV {dÚmnrR>o' (Open Universites) `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. CXm. - B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r`

_wŠV {dÚmnrR> (IGNOU) ho ^maVmVrb amîQ´>r` nmVirdarb EH$ _wŠV {dÚmnrR> Amho.

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1) Y_©{Zanoj {ejU åhUOo H$m`?

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2) AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU åhUOo H$m`?

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3) Xya{ejU åhUOo H$m`?

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4) `m KQ>H$m_Ü o Aä`mgbobo {ejUmMo {d{dY àH$ma gm§Jm.

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`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU {ejU g§ñWoMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. {ejU `m g§koÀ`m ì`m»`m Am{U AW©,

{ejUmMr gm_m{OH$ H$m } Am{U {ejUmMo n«H$ma B. à_wI Cn-KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg AmnU `m KQ>H$mV Ho$bm

Amho. ~hþVm§er _mZdr dV©Z ho g§nm{XV qH$dm {eHy$Z KoVbobo AgVo. H$moUË`mhr g_mOmbm Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm

g_mOmV ahmÊ`mgmR>r bm`H$ ~Zdmdo bmJVo. Ë`mMà_mUo g_mOmVrb àË oH$ gXñ`mbmhr Amnbo ApñVËd

{Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Aer H$m¡eë o, kmZ, Am{U V§ÌkmZ {eHy$Z KoUo

JaOoMo AgVo. {ejU hr AÜ``Z Am{U AÜ`mnZmMr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s, Á`mÛmao g_mOmVrb

ì`ŠVtZm Ë`mMo g_mOmVrb ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar H$m¡eë o {eH${dbr OmVmV. 'educare'

`m b°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ 'education' `m eãXmMr ì wËnÎmr Pmbr AgyZ 'educere' `m eãXmMm AW© 'Bringing

Up' åhUOo {ejU XoUo AWdm "g§JmonZ H$aUo' Agm Amho. {ejUm_wio ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr gyßV AdñWoV

AgUmar H$m¡eë o Am{U nmÌVm§Mo àH$Q>rH$aU Ho$bo OmD$Z Ë`m§Zm g_mOmV amhÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo gj_ Ho$bo OmVo.

ì`ŠVr g_mOmMr Mm§Jbm ZmJ[aH$ ìhmdr `mgmR>r ì`ŠVr dV©Zmbm AmH$ma XoÊ`mMo, ì`ŠVrMm _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg

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H$aÊ`mMo, {VÀ`m_Ü o OrdZmMr _yë o Am{U AmXe© éOdÊ`mMo, {VMo JwU Am{U ì`pŠV_Îd {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo

H$m © {ejU H$aVo. `m KQ>H$mV AmnU {ejUmMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© g_OyZ KoVbm Amho. VéU {nT>rÀ`m

g_mOrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m `m AWm©Zo {ejUmH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. àm¡T>nUrÀ`m y{_H$m nma nmS>Vm oÊ`mgmR>r Zì`m

{nT>rbm hoVynwañga {Xbo OmUmao à{ejU åhUOo {ejU hmo . {ejU åhUOo Aer à{H«$`m H$s Á`mÛmao EImÚm

g_yhmMm gm_m{OH$ dmagm qH$dm g§ñH¥$Vr EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«$m{_V Ho$br OmVo. Xwgè`m

eãXm§V, g_mOemñÌr` X¥îQ>çm, {ejU ho g§ñH¥$Vr hñVm§VaUmMo gmYZ R>aVo. {ejU hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho

H$s, Á`m_Ü o _wbm§Zm AZoH$ JmoîQ>r {eH${dë`m OmVmV. {ejU hr EH$ {Za§Va MmbUmar à{H«$`m AgyZ Ë`mÛmao

ì`ŠVtÀ`m A{^d¥ÎmrZm AmH$ma {_iV AgVmo, VgoM g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Mo dV©Z {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVo.

`m KQ>H$mV AmnU {ejUmMr nwT>rb gm_m{OH$ H$m } g_OyZ KoVbr AmhoV : (1) {ejU g_mOmVrb

gXñ`m§Mo g_mOrH$aU H$aVo, (2) {ejU g§ñH¥$VrMm dmagm EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«$m{_V H$aVo,

(3) {ejU gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌUmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ H$m © H$aVo, (4) AmYw{ZH$ g_mOm§_Ü o VH©$g§JV

l_{d^mOZmg {ejU _XV H$aVo, (5) CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ JVrerbVobm {ejU MmbZm XoVo, (6) {ejU

g_mZ _yë`m§Zm MmbZm XoD$Z EH$mË_VoMo gmYZ åhUyZ H$m © H$aVo, (7) gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z Am{U {dH$mgmMo

gmYZ åhUyZ {ejU H$m © H$aVo Am{U (8) {ejU Zm{dÝ`nyU© H$ënZm Am{U {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma H$aÊ`mMr

nmÌVm {dH${gV H$aVo.

`m KQ>H$mV {ejUmMo nwT>rb àH$mahr AmnU Aä`mgbo AmhoV : (1) Ym{_©H$ {ejU, (2) Y_©{Zanoj

{ejU, (3) AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU, (4) Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU, (5) àm¡T> Am{U {Za§Va {ejU Am{U (6) Xya

{ejU nÕVr.

4.5 ñd § - AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to Check Your Progress) :

ñd § - AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1 :

1) 'Education' `m eãXmMr ì wËnÎmr 'educare' `m b°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ Pmbr AgyZ 'educare' `m

eãXmMm AW© 'Bringing Up' åhUOo "{ejU XoUo' qH$dm "g§JmonZ H$aUo' Agm KoVbm OmVmo.

2) E{_b XwaImB©_ - ""{ejU åhUOo "Zì`m {nT>rMo g_mOrH$aU' hmo . _wbm§Zm Á`m ~m~r ñd §nyU©nUo

AdJV H$aVm oD$ eH$ë`m ZgË`m Ë`m ~m~r, åhUOo g^modVmbÀ`m {dídmVrb KQ>Zm§H$S>o nhmÊ`mÀ`m

nÕVr qH$dm Ñ{ï>H$moZ, g_mO_mÝ` Ago dV©ZmMo Am{U ^mdZm§À`m AZw dmMo Am{U Am{dîH$mamMo àH$ma

_wbmÀ`m _Zmda q~~{dÊ`mMo gmVË`nyU© à`ËZ åhUOo {ejU hmo .''

3) E. S>ãë y J«rZ - ""Eo{Vhm{gH$X¥îQ>çm VéUm§Zm Z§Va àm¡T>nUrÀ`m y{_H$m ñdrH$maVm `mì`mV `mgmR>r {Xbo

Jobobo OmUrdnyd©H$ à{ejU åhUOo {ejU hmo . nU, AmYw{ZH$ g§Ho$VmZwgma {ejU åhUOo emiogma»`m

Am¡nMm[aH$ g§KQ>Zm§_Ü o {deofkm§H$Sy>Z {Xbo OmUmao Am¡nMm[aH$ à{ejU hmo .''

177


1) {ejUmÀ`m à_wI VrZ gm_m{OH$ H$m`mª_Ü o : (1) {ejU g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Mo gm_mOrH$aU H$aVo,

(2) {ejU g§ñH¥$VrMm dmagm EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«$m{_V H$aVo Am{U (3) gm_m{OH$

{Z §ÌUmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ {ejU H$m © H$aVo, `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

2) Zmhr. {ejU Ho$di _mJrb H$mimV g§M` H$ê$Z R>odboë`m kmZmMoM hñVm§Va H$arV Zmhr, Va Vo Zd-

ZdrZ {dMmam§Zm, Zì`m H$ënZm§Zm Am{U {M{H$ËgH$nUo {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVtZm àmoËgmhZ XoVo.

3) g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, H$mb~mø gm_m{OH$ àWm Am{U dmB©Q> ñdê$nmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ n«Wm§Mo

{Z_y©bZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU _XV H$aVo; {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZmÀ`m joÌmVrb kmZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r

{ejU à`ËZ H$aVo, XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§À`m_Ü o ghH$m © Am{U ñnYm© `mgmaIr _yë o éOdÊ`mMo H$m ©

H$aVo. AemàH$mao g_mOmMm {dH$mg Am{U n[adV©ZmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ {ejU H$m © H$aVo.

4) {ejU g_mZ _yë`m§Zm MmbZm XoD$Z gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_VoMo gmYZ åhUyZ H$m © H$aVo.


1) Y_©{Zanoj {ejU åhUOo Ago {ejU H$s Oo H$moUË`mhr EH$m {d{eîQ> Y_m©À`m à^mdmImbr ZgVo.

emim, _hm{dÚmb o Am{U {dÚmnrR>m§_YyZ {Xë`m OmUmè`m AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmbm Y_©{Zanoj {ejU

åhQ>bo OmVo.

2) AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU ho AZm¡nMm[aH$ Aem gm_m{OH$ g§nH$m©VyZ {Xbo OmVo. Aem {ejUmgmR>r emim,

_hm{dÚmb`m§gma»`m {ejU g§ñWm§_Ü o Zm|XUr Agmdr bmJV Zmhr, VgoM Ë`mgmR>r {d{eîQ> Aä`mgH«$_,

à{e{jV {ejH$dJ©, {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Am¡nMm[aH$ narjmnÕVr Am{U loUr nÕVr ZgVo.

3) CÀM {ejUmÀ`m àgmam_Yrb Xya-{ejU hr EH$ g§H$ënZm AgyZ Ë`m_Ü o {dÚmÏ`mªZm Aä`mgmgmR>rMo

AWdm dmMZmgmR>rMo gm{hË` (Study Material) nwa{dbo OmVo d Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao {dÚmÏ`mªZr ñdV:M

Aä`mg H$ê$Z narjm XoD$Z nXdr g§nmXZ H$amd`mMr AgVo.

4) {ejUmÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§_Ü o (1) Ym{_©H$ {ejU (2) Y_©{Zanoj {ejU (3) AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU (4)

Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU, (5) àm¡T> Am{U {Za§Va {ejU Am{U (6) Xya {ejU nÕVr `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

4.6 gamdmgmR>rMo n«íZ (Exercise / Home Assignment) :


1) {ejUmMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z Ë`mMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© ñnîQ> H$am.

2) {ejUmMr gm_m{OH$ H$m } ñnîQ> H$am.

3) {ejUmÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§da Q>rn {bhm.

]r. E. 1 : g_mOemñÌ [naM` ...12

178


AmB© dS>r>b Ë`m§À`m _wbm§Zm H$go {eH${dVmV `mMo {ZarjU H$am. Ë`m§À`m _wbm-_wbtZm Vo H$m`-

H$m` {eH${dVmV? àmW{_H$ emim, hm`ñHy$b Am{U _hm{dÚmb`m§_Üò _wbm§À`mn`ªV {ejU H$go

nmohmoM{dbo OmVo `m g§~§YrMr _m{hVr g§H${bV H$am. VgoM Ë`m{R>H$mUr {eH${dë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY

{df`m§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am. {ejU g§ñWm§À`m_YyZ Am{U Kam_Ü o {Xbo OmUmao {ejU `m§Mr VwbZm H$am

d Ë`mda EH$ {Q>nU V`ma H$am.


1) Shankar Rao C. N.: Sociology : Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to

Sociological Thought (5th Revised Edition), S Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi,

2006.

2) Vidya Bhushan and D.R. Sachdeva: An Introduction to Sociology, Kitab Mahal,

Allahabad, 1993.

3) Sharma R.N. and Rajendra K. Sharma: Introductory Sociology, Rajhans

Prakashan Mandir, Meerut.

4) Gisbert P. : Fundamentals of Sociology, Orient Longman, Hydrabad, 1973.

5) Jayaram, N. : Sociology of Education in India, Rawat Publications, Delhi.

6) Haralambos M. : Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, Oxford Univ. Press,

Delhi, 1980.

ooo

179

àH$aU Mm¡Wo :

g§ñH¥$Vr(CULTURE)


g_mO hr g§H$ënZm AmnU mnyduM Aä`mgbr Amho. nañnam§er Am§Va{H«$`m

H$aUmè`m d g_mZ g§ñH¥$Vr bm^boë`m bmoH$m§Zm g_mOemñÌmV g_mO hr g§H$ënZm

dmnabr OmVo. g§ñH¥$Vr hmM _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m ApñVËdmMm AmYma Amho. g_mO

d g§ñH¥$Vr `m Xmohm|Zm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ AbJ H$aVm òV Zmhr. "g§ñH¥$Vr' hr gd©M

gm_m{OH$ emñÌmVrb EH$ _hÎdnyU© g§H$ënZm Amho. _mZdemñÌmV m g§H$ënZobm

_Ü`dVu ñWmZ Amho. g_mOemñÌmVrb Vr EH$ _yb yV g§H$ënZm Amho. g§ñH¥$Vr

`m g§H$ënZoMo AÜ``Z AmnU m àH$aUmV H$aUma AmhmoV d {VMo _hÎd OmUyZ

KoUma AmhmoV.

`m àH$aUmMr {d^mJUr Mma KQ>H$mV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. n{hë`m KQ>H$mV

AmnU g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m d d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

Xwgè`m KQ>H$mV g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m m¡{VH$ d A^m¡{VH$ Aem {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm gmH$ë`mZo

{dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. {Vgè`m KQ>H$mV g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {d{dY H$m`mªMm AmT>mdm

KoD$Z g§ñH¥$VrMo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb H$m`© qH$dm _hÎd g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mV ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmVrb g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m à^mdmMo {díbofU AmnUmg

OmUyZ ¿`md`mMo Amho.

180

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

1.3 Aä`mg{df` _m§S>Ur

1.3.1 g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m d AW©

1.3.2 g§ñH¥$VrMr d¡{eîQ>ço

1.4 gmam§e






n¥ÏdrVbmdarb _mZdmMo BVa gd© _mZdoVam§nmgyZ AgUmao doJionU Ho$di _mZdmbmM bm^boë`m

g§ñH¥$Vr_wio ñnîQ> hmoVo. Xwgè`m eãXmV, g§ñH¥$Vr ho _mZdr g_mOm§Mo EH$ à oXH$ bjU Amho. `m_wioM gd©

gm_m{OH$ emñÌmVrb EH$ _hÎdnyU© g§H$ënZm åhUyZ g§ñH¥$VrMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. g§ñH¥$Vr hr g_mOemñÌmVrb

EH$ _yb yV g§H$ënZm Amho. g_mOemñÌmMm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoVmZm g§ñH¥$VrMm AW© OmUyZ KoUo H«$_àmßV R>aVo.

Amnbr {Z`_Zo, _yë o, lÕm Am{U g^modVmbÀ`m OJmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Amnbm X¥îQ>rH$moZ `m gd© ~m~tMr

{ZpíMVr g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va `m gd© ~m~tZm `mo½` AmH$ma XoÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$VrM nma

nmS>V AgVo. Á`m Ag§»` JmoîQ>r AmnU nmhVmo, OmUyZ KoVmo Am{U dmnaVmo Ë`m Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$

AmhoV. AmnU H$m` Imdo, H$go Imdo, H$moUVm nohamd H$amdm, H$moUVr ^mfm dmnamdr, EH$_oH$m§Zm H$go oQ>mdo,

BVam§er H$go dmJmdo, {dMma H$gm H$amdm `m Am{U Aem AZoH$ ~m~r g§ñH¥$VrÛmaoM ñnîQ> d {ZpíMV Ho$ë`m

OmVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, Amnë`m {H«$`m, ^mdZm Am{U {dMma BVHo$M Zìho Va Amnbo gm_m{OH$ ì`pŠV_Îd `m§Mr

KQ>H$ - 1

g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m d d¡{eîQ>ço(Definition and Characteristics of Culture)

181

{ZpíMVr H$éZ Ë`m§Zm `mo½` AmH$ma XoUmam EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo . `m_wioM g§ñH¥$VrMr

ì`m»`m d d¡{eîQ>ço OmUyZ KoUo _hÎdnyU© ~ZVo.

gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z ~aoMXm EImÚm ì`ŠVrMr H$bm, dmL²>_` AJa g§{JVmVrb CÀM A{^éMr ñnîQ>

H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ñH¥$Vr `m g§H$ënZoMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. nU gm_mÝ` _mUyg Á`m AWm©Zo "g§ñH¥$Vr' hm eãX

dmnaVmo Ë`mhÿZ {Zamim Agm `m eãXmMm AW© g_mOemñÌmV Amho.

g_mOemñÌr`X¥îQ>çm àË oH$ _mZd hm g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m à^mdmImbr AgVmo. gd© _mZdm§Mo-_J Vo {e{jV

AgmoV AJa A{e{jV, CÀM dJm©Vrb AgmoV AJa {ZåZ dJm©Vrb, ì`mdgm{`H$ AgmoV qH$dm emar[aH$

l_{Odr-dV©Z g§ñH¥$VrÛmaoM {ZYm©arV hmoVo. g_mOemñÌkm§H$Sy>Z Ooìhm g§ñH¥$Vr hr g§H$ënZm dmnabr OmVo Voìhm

Ë`m§Zm gd© _mZdr g_yhm§À`m EH$m gm_mÝ` d¡{eîQ>çmMm CëboI H$amd`mMm AgVmo. g_mOemñÌkm§Zm A{^àoV

AgUmam g§ñH¥$VrMm ì`mnH$ AW© ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mm AmT>mdm Amnë`mbm

¿`mdm bmJob.

1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço (Obejctives) :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m AÜ``ZmZ§Va AmnUmg :

u g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m XoVm oB©b;

u g§ñH¥$VrMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©b; Am{U

u g§ñH¥$VrMr {d{dY d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm oVrb.


`m KQ>H$mMr XmoZ {d^mJmV {d^mJUr Ho$br Amho. n{hë`m {d^mJmV AmnU g§ñH¥$Vr `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m

H$mhr ì`m»`m nmhUma AgyZ Ë`m AmYmao g§ñH¥$VrMm AW© OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV. Xwgè`m {d^mJmV g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m

{d{dY d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm g§{jßV AmT>mdm Amnë`mbm ¿`md`mMm Amho.

1.3.1 g§ñH¥$Vr - ì`m»`m Am{U AW© (Definition and Meaning of Culture) :

g§ñH¥$Vr `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY {dMmad§VmZr `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m _m§S>boë`m ì`m»`m

AmnU g_OyZ KoD$.

1. ga ES>dS>© ~r. Q>m`ba - ""g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ Aer g§H$sU© g_J«Vm Amho H$s Á`mV kmZ, lÕm,

H$bm, ZrVr, H$m`Xm, éT>r `m d AemM BVa nmÌVm§Mm d gd`tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U `m

JmoîQ>r ì`ŠVrZo g_mOmMm g^mgX `m ZmË`mZo g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m AgVmV.'' ("Culture is

that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, customs

and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

- Sir Edward B. Tylor)

182

2. hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> - ""Á`mMo gm_m{OH$ AÜ``Z hmoVo Am{U Á`mV g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Mm

gh^mJ AgVmo Ago gd© H$mhr åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo .'' ("Culture is everything which is

socially learnt and shared by the members of society." - Horton and Hunt)

3. S´>ogba Am{U {d{bg - ""AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm g_mZ Agboë`m Am{U Á`m§Mo bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Amnë`m

_wbm§H$S>o g§H«$_U hmoVo Vr H$m¡eë o, lÕm, kmZ Am{U CËnm{XV dñVy Aem gd© JmoîQ>tMm

g§ñH¥$VrV g_mdoe hmoVmo.'' (Culture consists of the sum total of skills beliefs,

knowledge and products that are shared by a number of people and transmitted

to their children." - Dressler and Willis)

4. {Q>eboa, ìhm`Q>Z Am{U h§Q>a - ""_mZdr ì`ŠVr Á`m g_yhmMm g^mgX AgVmV Ë`mV Ë`m Oo

Oo H$amd`mg, dmnaÊ`mg, CËnm{XV H$aÊ`mg, _mhrV H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg Am{U lÕm R>odÊ`mg

{eH$VmV Ë`m gd© JmoîQ>tZm g§ñH¥$Vr åhUVmV.'' (Culture is "all that human beings learn

to do, to use, to produce, to know and to believe in the social groups to which

they belong." - Thischler, Whitten and Hunter)

5. Zm°W©, gr. gr. - ""g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo _mZd{Z{_©V Aer gmYZo H$s Á`m§À`m_m\©$V _mZdr

JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm hmoV AgVo.'' ("Culture consists in the instruments constitued by

men to assist him in satisfying his wants." - North, C. C.)

6. am°~Q>© {~AañQ>oS> - ""AmnU Á`m arVrZo {dMma Am{U {d{dY JmoîQ>r H$aVmo Am{U g_mOmMo

g^mgX `m ZmË`mZo Amnë`mOdi Oo Oo H$mhr AgVo Aem gd© ~m~tMr g§H$sU© g_J«Vm

åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo .'' ("Culture is the complex whole that consists of all the ways

we think and do and everything we have as a member of society." - Robert

Bierstedt)

`m ì`m»`m§Mo H$miOrnyd©H$ narjU Ho$bo AgVm g§ñH¥$Vr `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m AWm©da A{YH$ àH$me

Q>mH$Umao Imbrb _wÔo ì`m»`m§V AYmoao{IV Ho$bo Joë`mMo Amnë`mbm AmT>iyZ oVo.

1. Ag§»` JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe Agbobr g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ g§H$sU© g_J«Vm Amho. g§ñH¥$VrV _mZd{Z{_©V Aem

gd© ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m gd© ^m¡{VH$ JmoîQ>r-

AJXr gwB©nmgyZ Vo {d_mZmn ªV, hmVé_mbmnmgyZ {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dñÌm§n ªV, Ho$gm§Zm bmdm`À`m

gmÜ`m {nZnmgyZ Ag§»` àH$maÀ`m XmJ-Xm{JÝ`m§n ªV, gmÜ`m Imoè`mnmgyZ Q´>°ŠQ>an ªV, JUZ §ÌmnmgyZ

AmYw{ZH$ g§JUH$mn ªV, gmÜ`m ~mUmnmgyZ wÕmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m jonUmñÌmn ªV-g§ñH¥$VrV g_m{dîQ>

hmoVmV. `m~amo~aM kmZ, H$m¡eë o, lÕm, _yë o, Zr{VVÎdo `m Am{U AemM BVa A^m¡{VH$ JmoîQ>tMm

g§ñH¥$VrV g_mdoe hmoVmo. WmoS>Š`mV g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ JmoîQ>tÀ`m g_mdoemVyZ

{Z_m©U Pmbobr g§H$sU© g_J«Vm Amho.

183

2. g_mOgXñ`m§H$Sy>Z g§ñH¥$Vr {eHy$Z AmË_gmV Ho$br OmVo. g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ ì`ŠVrbm AZwd§{eH$VoZo

AJa OrdemñÌr`X¥îQ>çm àmßV hmoV ZmhrV. g_mO AJa g_yhmMm EH$ gXñ` `m ZmË`mZo ì`ŠVrbm

g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$ {eHy$ZM AmË_gmV H$amdo bmJVmV.

3. EImXm {d{eîQ> g_yh AJa g_mOmVrb gdmªgmR>r g§ñH¥$Vr g_mZ AgVo, Ë`mV gdmªMm gh^mJ AgVmo.

4. g§ñH¥$Vr ho _mZdmÀ`m {d{dY JaOm§À`m nyV©VoMo EH$ gmYZ Amho.

5. g§ñH¥$Vr hm g_mOmMm gm_m{OH$ dmagm AgyZ Vmo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV H$o$bm

OmVmo.

6. Amnë`mH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m gd© {H«$`m, Amnbr {dMma H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr, Amnbr dV©ZnÕVr,

Á`m§À`mda AmnU {dídmg R>odVmo Aem gd© JmoîQ>r Am{U g_mOmMm EH$ gXñ` `m ZmË`mZo AmnU

AmË_gmV Ho$boë`m BVa gd© JmoîQ>r `m§Mm g§ñH¥$VrV g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m ~m~tda {d{dY ì`m»`m§V â

XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Xwgè`m A{YH$ g_n©H$ Aem eãXmV Clyde Kluckhon `m§À`m _Vo g§ñH¥$Vr hm

"OrdZ OJÊ`mMm AmamIS>m' Amho.

7. g§ñH¥$Vr `m g§H$ënZoMm g_mOemñÌr` AW© ñnîQ> H$aVmZm Imbrb _wÔohr {dMmamV ¿`mdo bmJVmV.

1. g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Oar gd© _mZd g_mOmZm g§ñH¥$Vr bm^bobr AgVo Ago åhQ>bo Agbo Var EH$m

g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr Xwgè`m g_mOmnojm {^ÝZ AgVo. CXm. ^maVr` g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr A_o[aH$Z

g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrnojm {^ÝZ Amho.

2. g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZd{Z{_©V Aem ^m¡{VH$ d A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§À`m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr

AgVo ho gË` Amho, nU g§ñH¥$VrVrb A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$ ^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§nojm A{YH$ _hÎdnyU©

AgVmV, H$maU ^m¡{VH$ JmoîQ>r V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV Ambobo kmZ, H$m¡eë o Am{U

V§ÌkmZ A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ AgVmV. n[aUm_r Oar ^m¡{VH$ dñVy Zm_eof Pmë`m Var Ë`m

{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao kmZ d H$m¡eë` Amnë`mH$S>o Agob Va Ooìhm hì`m Voìhm

AmnU Ë`m dñVy§Mr nwZa²{Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

3. g§ñH¥$Vr EH$ {Z`_ZmË_H$ ì`dñWm Amho. bmoH$éT>r, Zr{VVËdo Am{U H$m`Xm ho {Z`_Zm§Mo {d{dY

àH$ma AmhoV. {d{eîQ> g_mOmVrb gd© {Z`_Zo nañnag§~§{YV AgyZ Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ EH$ g§H$sU©

ì`dñWm ApñVËdmV oVo. `m~amo~aM g_mOmÀ`m {Z`_Z ì`dñWobm AmYma XoUmar gm§ñH¥${VH$

_yë ohr àË oH$ g_mOmV ApñVËdmV AgVmV. {Z`_Zo d _yë o `m§Mr EH$ ì`dñWm `m AWm©Zo

g_mOemñÌk g§ñH¥$Vrbm _hÎd XoVmV, H$maU g_mOmVrb pñWaVm Am{U ì`dñWm _moR>çm

à_mUmV `m {Z`_Z d _yë o ì`dñWodaM Adb§~yZ AgVo.

184

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1 (Check Your Progress - I)


1. ga ES>dS>© ~r. Q>m`ba `m§Zr {Xbobr g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m {bhm.

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2. hm°Q>©Z d h§Q> `m§Mr g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m {bhm.

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3. {Q>eboa, ìhm`Q>Z d h§Q>a `m§Zr Ho$bobr g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m {bhm.

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4. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m§V _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo H$moUVohr VrZ _wÔo {bhm.

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1.3.2 g§ñH¥$VrMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Culture) :

g§ñH¥$Vr `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m d AW© `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmVm g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m H$mhr

_hÎdmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm AmnU Aä`mg H$é. g§ñH¥$VrMr d¡{eîQ>ço Imbrbà_mUo -

1. g§ñH¥$VrMo g§nmXZ hmoVo qH$dm Vr {eHy$Z KoVbr OmVo (Culture is acqired or learned) :

g§ñH¥$Vr hm _mUgmMm AZwd§{eH$ JwUY_© Zmhr. g_mO gXñ`m§Zm g§ñH¥$VrMo g§nmXZ H$amdo bmJVo qH$dm

Vr {eHy$Z ¿`mdr bmJVo. _mZdoVa àm{UOmVr Am{U _Zwî`àmUr `m Xmohm|V H$mhr _hÎdmMo oX AmhoV. _mZdoVa

àmUrOmVt~m~V, Ë`m§Mo ~hþVoH$ dV©Z ghOàd¥Îm (instinctual) AgVo, BVHo$M Zìho Va Vo _w»`Ëdo AZwd§emZoM

{ZYm©arV hmoV AgVo. ~hþg§»` _mZdoVam§H$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m _yb yV O¡{dH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm EH$m R>am{dH$ nÕVrZo

Ho$br OmVo Am{U `m nÕVr EH$m {d{eîQ> _mZdoVa àmUrOmVrVrb gdmªgmR>r gma»`mM AgVmV. hm Ë`m§Zr

AZwd§{eH$VoZo àmßV Ho$boë`m AJa ghOàd¥Îm dV©Z nÕVrMm n[aUm_ Amho. _mZdoVa n«mUr OmVrV AmT>iyZ

oUmao Aem àH$maMo ghOàd¥Îm dV©Z (CXm. H$moù`mH$Sy>Z {dUbo OmUmao Omio). Ë`m àOmVrVrb ñWb-H$mb

naËdo gd© àmÊ`m§H$Sy>Z gma»`mM nÕVrZo KSy>Z oVo Am{U Ë`mV \$aH$ {XgyZ oV Zmhr.

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_mZdm~m~V _mÌ ho Iao Zmhr. _mZd àmÊ`mÀ`m dV©ZmV ì`ŠVr Am{U g§ñH¥$VrnaËdo Iyn {d{dYVm Am{U

n[adV©Zr`Vm AmT>iVo. _mZd Amnë`m JaOm§À`m nyVugmR>rMr nÕVr d gmYZo g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmË_gmV

H$aV AgVmo. CXm. yH$ hr gd©M _mUgm§Mr EH$ _yb yV JaO Amho. nU _mZdmbm Amnbr yH$ H$er ^mJdmdr

ho {eH$mdo bmJVo. H$moUVo AÝZ Imdo, Vo {H$Vr, H$go Am{U H|$ìhm Imdo B. `m gd© ~m~r g§ñH¥$VrÛmao {ZYm©arV

Ho$ë`m OmVmV Am{U g§ñH¥$VrnaËdo Ë`mV {^ÝZVmhr AmT>iVo. Aem gd© ~m~r ì`ŠVrbm {eHy$Z ¿`mì`m

bmJVmV. Ho$di Amnë`m JaOm§À`m nyV©VoÀ`m nÕVrM Zìho Va kmZ, lÕm, Zr{VVÎdo, _yë o, gd`r, H$m¡eë o

Am{U g§nyU© OrdZnÕVr `m ~m~r g_mOmMm EH$ gXñ` `m ZmË`mZo gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm {eHy$Z ¿`mì`m bmJVmV. AemàH$mao g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AmË_gmVrH$aUmZ§VaM _mZd àmÊ`mMo

"_mZdmV' ê$nm§Va hmoVo.

2. g§ñH¥$VrMo g§H«$m_U hmoVo (Culture is Transmitted) :

àË oH$ g_yhmV g§ñH¥$Vr hr OwÝ`m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Zì`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«$m{_V Ho$br OmVo. Amnë`m JwUgyÌm§À`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ _mZdmH$Sy>Z dV©Z nÕVtMo g§H«$m_U Zì`m {nT>rH$S>o Ho$bo OmV Zmhr. `mEodOr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m

ghmæ`mZo g§ñH¥$Vr {eH$dbr OmVo Am{U {eHy$Z AmË_gmV Ho$br OmVo. Hw$Qy>§~, emim, _hm{dÚmb o, {dÚmnrR>o

`m~amo~aM ao{S>Amo, XyaXe©Z, dV©_mZnÌo, _m{gHo$ hr àgma_mÜ`_o, g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§H«$m_UmÀ`m g_mOmVrb

§ÌUmM AmhoV. `m_m\©$V g§ñH¥$VrMo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o gmVË`mZo hñVm§VaU hmoV AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m

Aem gmVË`nyU© g§H«$m_Um_wio àË oH$ Zì`m {nT>rbm OrdZ OJÊ`mMo Zdo _mJ© Xadoir emoYmdo bmJV ZmhrV.

3. g§ñH¥$VrMo ñdê$n gm_m{OH$ AgVo Am{U Ë`mV gdmªMm gh^mJ AgVmo (Culture is Social

and Shared) :

g§ñH¥$Vr hr ì`pŠVJV ~m~ ZgyZ Vr g§nyU© g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. hOmamo dfmªÀ`m H$mbmdYrV g_mO

gXñ`m§V hmoUmè`m gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo {VMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr AgVo. n[aUm_r gd© g_mO

gXñ`m§Mr gm_m{`H$ _mbH$s g§ñH¥$Vrda AgVo. g_mOmVrb BVa gXñ`m§er oUmè`m g§~§Ym_wio _mZd g§ñH¥$Vr

AmË_gmV H$aV AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü o Am{U hñVm§VaUm_Ü o g§nyU© g_mO gh^mJr AgVmo

åhUyZM g§ñH¥$Vr gm_m{OH$ d gm_m{`H$ AgVo.

4. g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmMr AmXe© OrdZarV AgVo (Culture is an ideal way of life of society):

g§ñH¥$Vr, _J Vr H$moUË`mhr g_mOmMr Agmo, Ë`m {d{eîQ> g_mOmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo "AmXe©-OrdZarV'M

AgVo. {d{eîQ> g_mOmbm hOmamo dfm©nmgyZ bm^boë`m gm_m{OH$ dmagménr g§ñH¥$VrMo hñVm§VaU AI§{S>VnUo

àË oH$ {nT>r Zì`m {nT>rH$S>o H$aV AgVo. n[aUm_r JV {nT>çm§Zr AZwgabobm OrdZ_mJ© AmnmoAmnM Zì`m

{nT>rÀ`m X¥îQ>rZoXoIrb "AmXe© OrdZ_mJ©'M ~ZVmo. {edm` Amnë`m g_mOmVrb _yë o, lÕm, {Z`_Zo d

dV©ZnÕVr AmXe© AmhoV BVHo$M Zìho Va BVa g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrnojm AmnbrM g§ñH¥$Vr loîR> Amho, VrM

gd©loîR> Amho AerM {eH$dU g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Zì`m {nT>rbm {Xbr OmVo. CXm. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr hr

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OJmVrb EH$ AmXe© g§ñH¥$Vr Amho, AgmM {dMma AmnU H$aVmo, H$maU Agm {dMma H$am`bm Amnë`mbm

{eH${dbobo AgVo.

5. g§ñH¥$Vr g§VmofàX Amho (Culture is gratifying) :

gd© àmUr_mÌm§à_mUoM _mZdmÀ`mhr H$mhr O¡{dH$ JaOm AgVmV. Vgo nmhVm AÝZ d {dlm§Vr hr

_mZdmMr _yb yV JaO Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo n`m©daUr` ~Xbm§V ñdV:Mo g§ajU H$aUo, Amnë`m AnË`m§Mo g§ajU

d g§dY©Z H$aUo `mhr _mZdmÀ`m JaOmM AgyZ `m{edm` _mZdr g_mOmMo ApñVËdM YmoŠ`mV oB©b `mMr nyU©

OmUrd _mZdmbm Amho. `m O¡{dH$ JaOm§n«_mUoM _mZdmÀ`m Ag§»` _mZ{gH$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOmhr AgVmV.

àË oH$ g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr Amnë`m gXñ`m§À`m O¡{dH$, _mZ{gH$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUmè`m

§ÌUm§Zr wŠV AgVo. {d{eîQ> g_mO gXñ`M Zìho Va àË oH$ Zdr {nT>r Amnë`m JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r

g§ñH¥$VrVrb g§ñWm§Zr {ZYm©arV Ho$boë`m _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$aVmZm AmT>iVo. AemàH$mao Amnë`m _yb yV

JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr d Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar gmYZo {Z_m©U H$ê$Z àË oH$ g§ñH¥$Vr

gXñ`m§À`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo åhUyZM Vr g§VmofàX ~ZVo.

6. g§ñH¥$Vr A{^`moOZj_ AgVo (Culture is adaptive) :

_mUyg hOmamo dfmªnmgyZ g^modVmbÀ`m n`m©daUmer, Ë`mV hmoV Joboë`m ~Xbm§er A{^`moOZ à{H«$ oÛmao

OwidyZ KoÊ`mV èñdr Pmbm Amho. Aem ~Xbm§er OwidyZ KoÊ`mMr _mZdoVam§Vrb à{H«$`m d j_Vm AË §V

g§W d AË`ën Amho. n[aUm_r n`m©daUr` ~Xbm§er èñdr[aË`m gm_moao OmD$ Z eH$bobo Ag§»` _mZdoVa

àmUr H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV ZîQ> Pmbo AmhoV; {H$Ë oH$ gOrd ZmemÀ`m C§~aR>çmda AmhoV. nU Amnë`mbm

bm^boë`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _mZdmZo n`m©daUr` ~Xbm§er Ho$di A{^`moOZM gmYbo Ago Zìho Va

Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m n`m©daUmda {Z §ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm èñdr à`ËZhr Ho$bm Amho. åhUyZM

n`m©daUmer A{^`moOZ gmYÊ`mMm _mZdmMm doJ _mZdoVam§nojm {ZpíMVM A{YH$ Amho. hr A{^`moOZj_Vm

{deof àm{dÊ` d gm_mÝ` A{^`moOZ `m XmoZ àH$mam§V hmoV AgVo. {dídmVrb ~hþg§»` g§ñH¥$Vr `m XmoÝhr

àH$mam§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMo kmZ _mZdmbm XoVmV. {d{eîQ>rH¥$V A{^`moOZmV (Specialised Adaptation)

{d{eîQ> n`m©daUmer qH$dm n`m©daUr` n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Aem A{^`moOZnÕVtMm

g_mdoe hmoVmo. CXm. EpñH$_m|Mo "B½by' (Igloo) hm {Zdmè`mMm EH$ CÎm_ Z_wZm Amho. Ka ~m§YUrMm hm Z_wZm

~\$m©i àXoemV AË §V èñdr R>aVmo nU "ghmam dmid§Q>mV' Vmo Hw$MH$m_r Amho. gm_mÝ` A{^`moOZmV

(Generalized Adaptation) Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m nU bd{MH$ Aem A{^`moOZ nÕVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. CXm.

Q´>H$, aoëdo, {d_mZ d OhmOo Aer {d{dY àH$maMr gmYZo AgUmar AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmVrb dmhVyH$sMr

ì`dñWm, dmid§Q>mVrb ^Q>Š`m O_mVtH$Sy>Z dmnaë`m OmUmè`m C§Q> `m dmhVyH$sÀ`m gmYZmnojm {H$VrVar nQ>rZo

Jw§VmJw§VrMr Varhr bd{MH$ Amho. AemàH$mao _mZdmbm Amnë`m n`m©daUmer à^mdrnUo OwidyZ ¿`m`bm _XV

H$aUmar g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ AË §V Cn wŠV Aer A{^`moOZmË_H$ §ÌUmM Amho.

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7. g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUmar §ÌUm Amho (Culture is an integrative mechanism):

g§nyU© g_mOmbm EH$g§K d EH$mË_ R>odÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$Vr nma nmS>Vo. g§ñH¥$Vr hr {Z`_Zo Am{U _yë o

`m§Mr EH$ g§KQ>rV ì`dñWm AgVo. hr ì`dñWm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m ñdénmV g§KQ>rV Pmbobr AgVo Am{U gd©

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm nañnag§~§YrV d nañnamdb§~r AgVmV. Aem gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Zr {ZYm©arV Ho$boë`m _mJm©ZoM

g_mOgXñ` Amnmnë`m y{_H$m dR>dV AgVmV. BVHo$M Zìho Va g_mOgXñ`m§Vrb ì`pŠVJV ñdénmMo dV©Zhr

_moR>çm à_mUmV Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m {Z`_Z d _yë` ì`dñWoÛmao {Z §{ÌV hmoV AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV, g§ñH¥$VrV g_m{dîQ>

hmoUmar {Z`_Z d _yë`ì`dñWm g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVr, ì`ŠVr-g_yh d g_yh-g_yhmVrb g§~§Y àñWm{nV

H$aÊ`mg d Aem g§~§Ym§da {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mg ghmæ` yV R>aVo. åhUyZM g_mOmV EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUmar EH$

§ÌUm Agm g§ñH¥$VrMm CëboI H$amdm bmJVmo.

8. g§ñH¥$Vr A_yV© AgVo (Culture is abstract) :

g_mOemñÌmV g§ñH¥$Vr hr g§H$ënZm gm_mÝ`nUo A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr `m AWm©ZoM dmnabr OmVo. `m

A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV {Z`_Zo, _yë o, lÕm, kmZ, {dMmagaUr Aem Ag§»` JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m gd©

JmoîQ>r S>moù`m§Zm {XgV ZmhrV. åhUyZM g§ñH¥$Vr A_yV© AgVo. Oar AmnU g§ñH¥$Vr_wio à^m{dV Pmbobo ì`ŠVr

dV©Z ghOJË`m ~Ky eH$V Agbmo Var AmnU g§ñH¥$Vr àË`j ~Ky eH$V Zmhr. nU {VÀ`m{df`r AZw_mZ

~m§YVm oVo. Oar g§ñH¥$Vr A_yV© d AX¥í` Agbr Var {VMm ì`ŠVrda AgUmam à^md H$YrM dadaMm AJa

CWi AgV Zmhr. CXm. AÝZ dO©ZVo~m~VÀ`m {Z`_mMo AmË_gmVrH$aU ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z BVHo$ V§VmoV§VnUo Pmbobo

AgVo H$s MwHy$Z Oar {Z{fÕ _mZbobo AÝZ nmoQ>mV Jobo Va nMZg§ñWoH$Sy>Z Vo ~mhoa \o$H$bo OmVo. EImXm AË §V

H«$mo{YV Pmbobm _mZdr g_yh Ë`m g_yh gXñ`m§Zr {eH$boë`m _yë` d lÕm§à_mUoM dV©Z H$aVmo.

9. g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOnaËdo ~XbVo (Culture varies from society to society) :

g§ñH¥$Vr ho gd© _mZd g_mOmMo EH$ à oXH$ bjU Amho. nU `mMm AW© Agm Zmhr H$s gd© g§ñH¥$Vr

V§VmoV§V gma»`mM AmhoV. EImÚm g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrnojm doJir AgVo.

CXm. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr A_o[aH$Z g§ñH¥$Vrnojm {^ÝZ Amho. EH$mM g_mOmV ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m {d{dY

g_yhm§À`m g§ñH¥$VrVhr {VVH$sM {d{dYVm Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ oVo. CXm. ^maVr` g_mOmVrb qhXy, _wpñb_,

O¡Z d BVa g_wXm`m§H$Sy>Z {^ÝZ {^ÝZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo OmVo. ho Oar gË` Agbo Var gd©

g§ñH¥$VrV H$mhr g_mZ ~m~r Agë`mMohr {XgyZ oVo.

10. g§ñH¥$Vr àVrH$mË_H$ AgVo (Culture is symbolic) :

àVrHo$ `m Aem dñVy AgVmV H$s Á`m Xwgè`m H$emMo Var à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmV. àVrH$m§_Ü o Vo

A{^ì`ŠV H$aV Agboë`m dñVyMo H$moUVohr JwU AgV ZmhrV. bmoH$ Aem àVrH$m§Zm _mÝ`Vm XoVmV åhUyZM

àVrHo$ dñVyMr A{^ì`ŠVr H$aVmV. àË oH$ g§ñH¥$Vr àVrH$m§Zm Amnë`m narZo AW© XoV AgVo. CXm. H$mhr

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nmpíM_mË` amîQ´>mV A§Ë`{dYrÀ`m doir Amnë`mbm Pmbobo Xw:I ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$ H$mio H$nS>o dmnaVmV

Va nyd}H$S>rb amîQ´>mV ew « dñÌ n[aYmZ H$ê$Z Xw:I ì`ŠV Ho$bo OmVo. `m {R>H$mUr àVrH$ doJio Agbo Var

Ë`mbm OmoS>Ê`mV Ambobm AW© EH$M Amho. g§ñH¥$VrVrb ^m¡{VH$-A^m¡{VH$ Ago ~hþVm§er KQ>H$ àVrH$mË_H$

ñdénmV AgVmV. n[aUm_r g§ñH¥$VrV àVrH$m§À`m_m\©$V ì`ŠV Pmboë`m AW© nÕVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Ago

åhUmdo bmJob. `m~amo~aM EImÚm ì`ŠVrMr AJa {VÀ`m KamVrb ^m¡{VH$ dñVy `m Ho$di Ë`mMo n`m©daUmnmgyZ

g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr gmYZo ZgyZ g_mOmÀ`m dJ© ì`dñWoVrb Ë`m ì`ŠVrMm XOm© {ZYm©aU H$aUmar àVrHo$M

AgVmV. {H$Ë oH$ bmoH$m§gmR>r Ë`m§À`mH$S>o AgUmar MmaMmH$s JmS>r ho Ho$di dmhVwH$sMo gmYZM ZgVo Va

Ë`m§Mm gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ XOm© {ZX}{eV H$aÊ`mMo Vo EH$ àVrH$ AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrV A§V y©V AgUmè`m gd©

àVrH$m§_Ü o "eãX' `m àVrH$m§Zm \$ma _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. _mZd ^mfoVrb àVrH$m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m

g^modVmbÀ`m OJmMo ~moYmË_H$ dJm©V d{J©H$aU H$aVmo Am{U nañnam§er g§dmX gmYÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm dmna

H$aVmo. n[aUm_r {Z`_ZmË_H$ d ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr {eH$dUo d Ë`mV gh^mJr hmoUo ho Ho$di ^mfo_wioM eŠ`

hmoVo. ^mfm hoM g§ñH¥$VrMo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mMo EH$ à_wI gmYZ Amho. _mZdr

^mfoVrb eãX hr àVrHo$M AgVmV.

11. g§ñH¥$Vr gmnojV: pñWa AgVo (Culture tends to be relatively stable) :

H$moUË`mhr g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr hr gmnojV: pñWa AgVo. {VÀ`mV gm_mÝ`V: ObX JVrZo ~Xb hmoV

ZmhrV. g§ñH¥$VrV hmoUmao ~Xb ho AË §V g§W JVrZo d XrK©H$mimV KSy>Z oV AgVmV. {dë`_ E\²$ Am°½~Z©

(William F. Ogburn) `m§Zr _m§S>bobr "gm§ñH¥${VH$ JVr_§XVoMr' qH$dm "gm§ñH¥${VH$ níMm`ZmMr' (Cultural

lag) g§H$ënZm hr ~m~ A{YH$ ñnîQ> H$aVo. g§ñH¥$VrV ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr d A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Ago XmoZ KQ>H$

g_m{dîQ> Pmbobo AgVmV. ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV hmoUmam ~Xb hm A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb ~Xbm§nojm ObX JVrZo

hmoV AgVmo. Am°½~Z© `m§À`m _Vo V§ÌkmZmV hmoUmam ~Xb AË §V ObX AgVmo, åhUyZM ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV ObX

~Xb hmoVmo. nU {Z`_Zo, _yë o d lÕm `m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§V hmoUmam ~Xb AË §V g§W AgVmo.

Aem n«H$mao V§ÌkmZmV hmoUmè`m J{V_mZ ~Xbm§Mr n[aUVr gm§ñH¥${VH$ J{V_§XVoV hmoVo. (The technological

change results in cultural lag) Ago Am°J~Z© `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2 (Check your progress - 2)


1. g§ñH¥$Vr AZwd§{eH$ AgVo H$m`?

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2. EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§ñH¥$Vr hñVm§VaUmMr §ÌUm H$moUË`m?

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3. g§ñH¥$Vr H$moUË`m AWm©Zo g§VmofàX Amho?

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4. g§ñH¥$VrMr H$moUVrhr nmM d¡{eîQ>ço {bhm?

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`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU g§ñH¥$Vr `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. g§ñH¥$VrMr

ì`mnH$ d à{gÕ Aer ì`m»`m ga ES>dS>© ~r. Q>m`ba `m§Zr {Xbr Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ""g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ Aer

g§H$sU© g_J«Vm Amho H$s Á`mV kmZ, lÕm, H$bm, ZrVr, H$m`Xm, éT>r `m d AemM BVa nmÌVm§Mm d gd`tMm

g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U `m JmoîQ>r ì`ŠVrZo g_mOmMm g^mgX `m ZmË`mZo g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m AgVmV.''

g§ñH¥$VrV Amnë`mH$Sy>Z KS>Umè`m gd© {H«$`m, Amnë`m {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr, dV©ZnÕVr, Amnë`m

gd© lÕm Am{U g_mOmMm EH$ gXñ` `m ZmË`mZo AmnU AmË_gmV Ho$boë`m BVa gd© ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Clyde Kluckhon `m§À`m _Vo g§ñH¥$Vr hm "OrdZ OJÊ`mMm AmamIS>m' Amho. g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOgXñ`m§H$Sy>Z

{eHy$Z KoVbr OmVo. g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ O¡{dH$ AJa AZwd§{eH$ ZgVmV. ì`ŠVrbm Vr Á`m g_yhmMm AJa

g_mOmMm gXñ` Agob Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$ AmË_gmV H$amdo bmJVmV. EImÚm {d{eîQ> g_yh

AJa g_mOmVrb gdmªgmR>r g§ñH¥$Vr g_mZ AgVo d Ë`mV gd©OU gh^mJr hmoV AgVmV. {edm` _mZdmÀ`m

Ag§»` àH$maÀ`m JaOm ^mJdÊ`mMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ g§ñH¥$VrMm CëboI H$amdm bmJVmo. Aer g§ñH¥$Vr hm

g_mOmMm gm_m{OH$ dmagmM AgVmo.

g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§V nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 1. g§ñH¥$VrMo g§nmXZ hmoVo qH$dm Vr {eHy$Z

KoVbr OmVo; 2. g§ñH¥$VrMo g§H««$m_U hmoVo; 3. g§ñH¥$Vr gm_m{OH$ AgVo d Ë`mV gdmªMm gh^mJ AgVmo; 4.

g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmMr AmXe© OrdZarV AgVo; 5. g§ñH¥$Vr g§VmofàX Amho; 6. g§ñH¥$Vr A{^`moOZj_ AgVo; 7.

g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUmar §ÌUm Amho; 8. g§ñH¥$Vr A_yV© AgVo; 9. g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOnaËdo ~XbVo;

10. g§ñH¥$Vr à{VH$mË_H$ AgVo Am{U 11. g§ñH¥$Vr gmnojV: pñWa AgVo.

190

1.5 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to Check Your Progress) :

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1

1) ga ES>dS>© ~r. Q>m`ba :- ""g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ Aer g§H$sU© g_J«Vm Amho H$s Á`mV kmZ, lÕm, H$bm,

Zr{V, H$m`Xm, éT>r `m d AemM BVa nmÌVm§Mm d gd`tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U `m JmoîQ>r ì`ŠVrZo

g_mOmMm g^mgX `m ZmË`mZo g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m AgVmV.''

2) hm°Q>©Z d h§Q> :- ""Á`mMo gm_m{OH$ AÜ``Z hmoVo Am{U Á`mV g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Mm gh^mJ AgVmo

Ago gd© H$mhr åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo .''

3) {Q>eboa, ìhm`Q>Z d h§Q>a :- ""_mZdr ì`ŠVr Á`m g_yhmÀ`m g^mgX AgVmV Ë`mV Ë`m Oo Oo

H$amd`mg, dmnaÊ`mg, CËnm{XV H$aÊ`mg, _mhrV H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg Am{U lÕm R>odÊ`mg {eH$VmV Ë`m

gd© JmoîQ>tZm g§ñH¥$Vr åhUVmV.''

4) g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m§V _m§S>Ê`mV Ambobo VrZ _wÔo - 1. g§ñH¥$Vr g_mO gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z {eHy$Z

KoVbr OmVo; 2. EImÚm {d{eîQ> g_yh AJa g_mOmVrb gdmªgmR>r g§ñH¥$Vr g_mZ AgVo d Ë`mV

gd©OU gh^mJr hmoV AgVmV; 3. _mZdmÀ`m {d{dY JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mg _XV H$aUmao g§ñH¥$Vr ho EH$

gmYZ Amho.

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2 Mr CÎmao

1) Zmhr, g§ñH¥$Vr hm _mZdmbm AZwd§{eH$VoZo bmÛmam JwU Zmhr. g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtZm g§ñH¥$Vr g§nm{XV

H$amdr bmJVo qH$dm {eHy$Z ¿`mdr bmJVo.

2) EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§ñH¥$Vr hñVm§V[aV H$aÊ`mÀ`m §ÌUmV Hw$Qy>§~, emim, _hm{dÚmb o,

{dÚmnrR>o Am{U ao{S>Amo, XyaXe©Z, d¥ÎmnÌo, _m{gHo$ Aem g§nH©$ gmYZm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

3) g§ñH¥$Vr Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m {d{dY JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r `mo½` gmYZo d nÕVr àmßV H$ê$Z XoVo

åhUyZ Vr g§VmofàX Amho.

4) g§ñH¥$VrMr nmM à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo : 1. g§ñH¥$VrMo g§nmXZ hmoVo qH$dm Vr {eHy$Z KoVbr OmVo.

2. g§ñH¥$VrMo g§H«$_U hmoVo. 3. g§ñH¥$Vr gm_m{OH$ d gh^mJr AgVo. 4. g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmMr AmXe©

OrdZarV AgVo. 5. g§ñH¥$Vr g§VmofàX Amho.



1) g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ ì`m»`m Úm d g§ñH¥$VrMm AW© ñnîQ> H$am.

2) g§ñH¥$VrMr à oXH$ bjUo {deX H$am.

191


Amnë`m ^mJmV ñWm{`H$ Pmboë`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ g_wXm`m§Mo H$miOrnyd©H$ {ZarjU H$am. Ë`m

g_wXm`mVrb dV©ZnÕVtMo d g§ñWmË_H$ `§ÌUoMo H$miOrnyd©H$ {ZarjU H$ê$Z Ë`m XmoZ g_wXm`mVrb

gm§ñH¥$VrH$ {^ÝZVm emoYyZ H$mT>m d Ë`mda EH$ {Q>nUr V`ma H$am.



2) àm. a_oe OmYd : g_mOemñÌ, gr O_ZmXmg Am{U H§$nZr, _w§~B©, 1988.

3) Tisehler Whitten and Haunter : Introduction to sociology, Holth, Rinehart and

Winston, 1983.

4) Horton and Hunt : Sociology, MC Graw Hill, Tokyo, 1976.

ooo

192

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

2.1 àñVmdZm

2.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

2.3 {df`-{ddoMZ : g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$

2.4 gmam§e






g§ñH¥$VrV AZoH$ JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo ho AmnU nydu OmUyZ KoVbo AmhoM. g§ñH¥$VrV _mZd{Z{_©V

Aem gd© JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe Pmbobm AgVmo. n[aUm_r AZoH$ KQ>H$m§À`m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ g§ñH¥$Vr g_¥Õ Pmbobr

AgVo. `m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUma AmhmoV.


`m KQ>H$mÀ`m AÜ``ZmZ§Va Amnë`mbm :

u g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ AmoiIVm oVrb;

u g§ñH¥$VrVrb ^m¡{VH$ d A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVm oB©b;

u {Z`_ZmË_H$ d ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr-KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU H$aVm oB©b; Am{U

u ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb g§~§Y gm§JVm oB©b.

2.3 {df`-{ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject Matter) :

àË oH$ g_mOmbm g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo Vr ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§nmgyZ ~Zbobr AgVo. Amnë`m

g^modVmbÀ`m n`m©daUmer, Ë`mVrb ~Xbm§er g_m`moOZ gmYVm `mdo `mgmR>r _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m Am{U

KQ>H$ - 2

g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ (Componts of Culture)

193

Vmo dmnarV Agboë`m gd© dñVy§Mm g_mdoe ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo. Xwgè`m ~mOybm A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr hr

g_mOmVrb kmZ, lÕm, _yë o Am{U dV©Z{df`H$ {Z`_Zo Aem KQ>H$m§nmgyZ ~Zbobr EH$ g§H$sU© g_J«VmM

AgVo. ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV g_m{dîQ> hmoUmè`m gd© KQ>H$m§er A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ Agboë`m H$mhr H$ënZm

g§~§{YV AgVmV.

g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ (Components of Culture) :

g§ñH¥$VrVrb ^m¡{VH$ d A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm CëboI g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ åhUyZ Ho$bm OmVmo.

1) ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr (Material Culture) :

^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m d Vmo dmnarV Agboë`m gd© dñVy§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. gwB©,

{d_mZo, ~moQ>r, g§JUH$, {d{dY hË`mao, gmYZo, §Ìo, {Iio, ^m§S>r, H$nS>o, bmH$S>r \${Z©Ma, KS>çmio, Kao,

XmJ-Xm{JZo, ZmUr, ao{S>Amo, XyaXe©Zg§M hr Am{U Aer Ag§»` CXmhaUo ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV g_m{dîQ> hmoUmè`m

dñVy§Mr XoVm oVrb. Aem ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr{dZm _ZwîÒmVrMo {Od§V amhUo AeŠ` Amho. H$maU n`m©daUmMo

_mZdr OrdZmda hmoUmao AmKmV nMdÊ`mMr dm naVdyZ bmdÊ`mMr j_Vm ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr _mZdmbm àmßV

H$ê$Z XoVo. _mZd dmnaV Agbobo H$nS>o AJa Ë`mZo Ho$bobr Kam§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ë`mMo W§S>r Am{U àIa gw ©àH$memnmgyZ

g§ajU H$aVo. Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m n`m©daUmer OwidyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mV Amnë`mbm hdo Vgo ~Xb

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Amnë`m \$m`ÚmgmR>r n`m©daUmMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZd àm_w»`mZo ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm

Adb§~ H$aV Ambm Amho. _mZdmZo _moR>_moR>r YaUo ~m§YyZ, qgMZmgmR>r H$mbdo H$mTy>Z, n{S>H$ O_rZhr

bmJdS>rg `mo½` ~Z{dbr Amho. H$moigm Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ VobmMo CO}V ê$nm§Va Ho$bo Amho. BVHo$M Zìho Va AewÕ

ñdénmVrb YmVy§da à{H«$`m H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm A_yë` ~Z{dbo Amho, AîQ>n¡byËd àmßV H$ê$Z {Xbo Amho. ^m¡{VH$

g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$m§À`m ghmæ`mZo Ho$di _mZdM AË §V à{VHy$b n`m©daUmda _mV H$ê$Z gd© hdm_mZmV Am{U

gd© yI§S>m§da Amnë`m ApñVËdmÀ`m nmD$bIwUm C_Q>dy eH$bm Amho. `m~amo~aM M§ÐmÀ`m yn¥îR>mda Am{U

g_wÐmÀ`m Vimer MmbÊ`mV d dmdaÊ`mV _mZdmbm è bm^bo Amho Vo Ho$di ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM.

_mZdoVam§Zm Aem ~m~VrV è g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mV è {_imbobo Zmhr Am{U nwT>o {_iÊ`mMr gwVam_ eŠ`Vmhr

Zmhr. åhUyZM ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrZo _mZdmbm n¥ÏdrVbmdarb EH$m à wËdembr OrdmMm XOm© àmßV H$ê$Z {Xbm

Amho.

2) A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr (Non-Material Culture) :

^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV g_m{dîQ> hmoUmè`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m dmnam~m~VÀ`m H$ënZm Am{U {Z`_Zo, kmZ,

lÕm Am{U _yë o `m§Mm A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV g_mdoe hmoVmo. ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$m§Zm ^m¡{VH$ ApñVÎd

AgVo, Ë`m§Mo {ZarjU Ho$bo OmD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m§Zm ñne©hr H$aVm oVmo. nU A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$ åhUOo

^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$m§À`m dmnam{df`rÀ`m H$ënZm Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm ñne© H$aVm oV Zmhr, Ë`m§Mo {ZarjU

H$aVm oV Zmhr qH$dm Ë`m§Zm ^m¡{VH$ ApñVËdM AgV Zmhr. qhXy Y_m©V {ddmhmàg§Jr dYy-dam§Zm bmdbr

]r. E. 1 : g_mOemñÌ [naM` ...13

194

OmUmar hiX Agmo AJa dmT>{Xdgm{Xder {Xbr OmUmar \w$bo AgmoV. `m dñVy§Zm ^m¡{VH$ ApñVËd {ZpíMVM

AgVo. nU Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrV AgUmè`m lÕm {ddmhmÀ`mdoir hiX bmdë`mZo dYy-dam§À`m

Am wî`mMo gmoZo hmoVo; AJa C_bË`m \w$bm§à_mUo Ë`mVrb {d{dY a§J, J§Ymà_mUo ì`ŠVrMo Am wî` \w$bV AJa

J§YrV hmoV amhmo, `m_YyZ _yë o d Amnbm X¥îQ>rH$moU ñnîQ> hmoV AgVmo. Aer hr A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Amnbo kmZ,

lÜXm, _yë o d AmnU BVa g_mOgXñ`m§er H$em Am§Va{H«$`m H$amì`mV, Amnë`m g_ñ`m§Mo H$go {ZamH$aU

H$amdo `m {df`rÀ`m {Z`_Zm§nmgyZ {Z_m©U hmoV AgyZ Hw$Qy>§~, Y_©, {ejU, AW© d emgZg§ñWm Aem

g§ñWm§_m\©$V {VMo hñVm§VaU hmoV AgVo. g_mOgXñ` `m g§ñWm§_m\©$V A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr {eHy$Z AmË_gmV H$aV

AgVmV.

^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vrnojm ì`mnH$ AgUmè`m Am{U ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$m§ZmM Zìho Va g§nyU© _mZdr

OrdZmbm `mo½` AW© d {Xem àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmè`m A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo {Q>eboa, ìhm`Q>Z Am{U h§Q>a `m§Zr

{Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr (Normative Culture) Am{U ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr (Cognitive Culture) Aem XmoZ

{d^mJmV dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m `m XmoÝhr {d^mJm§Mm AmT>mdm Imbrbà_mUo KoVm oB©b.

A) {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr (Normative Culture) :

A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUyZ {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMm CëboI H$amdm bmJVmo.

gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMo _ybKQ>H$ AmhoV. {Z`_Zo hr dV©Z{df`H$ {Z`_ AgVmV. ho {Z`_

gH$mamË_H$ ñdê$nmMo H$moUË`m àH$mao dmJmdo ho gm§JUmao (CXm. Amnbo H$a doioda âmdoV) VgoM ZH$mamË_H$

qH$dm {ZfoYmË_H$ ñdê$nmMo (CXm. {dZmH$aU H$moUË`mhr àmÊ`mg qH$dm _mUgmbm _mé Z o) AgVmV. EImÚm

{d{eîQ> g§ñH¥$VrVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m g_mOñdrH¥$V dV©ZmMo {ZYm©aU H$aUmar, Ë`m g_mOmZo ñdrH¥$V Ho$bobr Am{U

gdmªgmR>r g_mZ AgUmar Aer hr {Z`_Zo AgVmV. Aem {Z`_Zm§Ûmao EImÚm {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrVrb ì`ŠVrMo

dV©Z {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVo. n[aUm_r Aem {Z`_Zm§_wioM g_mOmV ì`dñWm àñWm{nV hmoVo Am{U {d{dY

àg§JmVrb ì`ŠVtMo dV©Z ~è`mM A§er nyd©H$WZj_ ~ZVo. CXmhaUmW©, ^maVr`m§Zm àdmg H$aVmZm dmhZo

añË`mÀ`m Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m ~mOyZo MmbdmdrV Agm àíZ nS>V Zmhr. H$maU ^maVmV dmhZo añË`mÀ`m S>mì`m

~mOyZoM MmbdmdrV Agm {Z`_ Amho. `mCbQ> A_o[aHo$V Vr COì`m ~mOyZo MmbdmdrV Agm {Z`_ Amho.

`mn¡H$s H$moUVohr dV©Z A{YH$ `mo½` AJa ~amo~a ZgyZ àË oH$ dV©Z Ë`m Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrV ~amo~aM Amho.

gm§ñH¥${VH$ {Z`_Zo hr EImÚm {d{eîQ> g§ñH¥$VrVrb bmoH$m§À`m Ano{jV dV©Zm~m~VÀ`m g_mOmÀ`m Anojm§Mm

g§M AgVmo. EH$m AWu g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo Ë`m g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$boë`m Am{U A§_bmV AmUboë`m

{Z`_Zm§Mr ì`dñWmM AgVo. Aer {Z`_Zo {d{dY àH$maMr AgyZ Ë`m§Mo d{J©H$aU : bmoH$arVr (Folkways),

bmoH$ZrVr (Mores) Am{U H$m`Xo (Laws) Aem VrZ JQ>mV Ho$bo OmVo.

1) bmoH$arVr (Folkways) : dV©ZmÀ`m qH$dm X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV {d{dY JmoîQ>r H$amd`mÀ`m g_mOmÀ`m

g_mO_mÝ`Vm bm^boë`m ê$T> arVr åhUOo bmoH$arVr hmo . bmoH$arVr åhUOo X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV H$go dmJmdo

195

`m{df`rMo Ag§»` AZm¡nMm[aH$ {Z`_ AgVmV. g§ mfU, ^moOZ, A{^dmXZ, nmoemI, XmJXm{JZo `mg§~§YrMo

dV©ZàH$ma d nÕVr bmoH$arVrÀ`m gXamV _moS>VmV. bmoH$arVr g_mOmVrb gd©M bmoH$ H$_r-A{YH$ ñdê$nmV

Adb§{~V AgVmV. Ë`m_wioM bmoH$m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV g_mZVm {XgVo.

Vgo nhmVm gm_m{OH$ OrdZ ho Ag§»` g_ñ`m§Zr wŠV AgVo. {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z CXa{Zdm©hmMr gmYZo H$er

àmßV H$amdrV, Amnë`m l_mbm `mo½` \$io H$er {_iVrb, Xwgè`m ~amo~a Am{U BVa Ag§»` bmoH$m§~amo~a

AmnU H$go Mm§Jbo g§~§Y OwidmdoV `m d Aem Ag§»` g_ñ`m§Zr Ago Amnbo gm_m{OH$ OrdZ âbobo AgVo.

Aem g_ñ`m§À`m èñdr[aË`m gmoS>dUyH$sgmR>r _mZdmZo eŠ` Agboë`m gd© n`m© m§Mm {dMma Am{U dmna

Ho$bm Amho. gd© _mZdr g_mOmZr Aem g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV R>é eH$Vrb Aem {d{dY dV©ZnÕVtMm

emoY bmdbm Amho. EImÚm g_yhmVrb bmoH$ {XdgmVyZ EH$ doi, XmoZ doim AJa dma§dma ^moOZ H$aVrb.

^moOZ H$aVmZm g_yh gXñ` IwMuV ~gVrb, O{_Zrda ~gVrb AJa C o amhÿZM ^moOZmMm AmñdmX KoVrb.

^moOZmMm AmñdmX Vo EH${ÌVnUo KoVrb AJa àË oH$OU ñdV§ÌnUo KoVrb. ^moOZ H$aVmZm hmVm§Mm dmna

H$aVrb AJa Ë`mgmR>r M_Mm, H$mQ>o Aem H$mhr gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVrb. `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr dV©ZnÕVrMm

dmna g_yhmH$Sy>Z ^moOZàg§Jr Ho$bm OmB©b.

^moOZm~m~VrVë`m {Z`_m§À`m {d{dYVoà_mUoM BVa AZoH$ ~m~VrVhr g_mOm-g_mOmV {d{dYVm

AmT>iVo. AemM àH$mao {d{dY dV©Zm~m~VMo Ag§»` {Z`_ g_yhmH$Sy>Z {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVmV Am{U Vo nwT>À`m

{nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV Ho$bo OmVmV. Am{U Vo ê$T> hmoD$Z Ë`m§ZmM bmoH$arVrMo ñdê$n àmßV hmoVo. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV

bmoH$arVrV ~Xbhr KSy>Z oVmo. "EImÚm g_yhmÀ`m {d{dY JmoîQ>r H$aÊ`mÀ`m éT>, gd©gm_mÝ` Am{U gd`àYmZ

arVr åhUOo bmoH$arVr hmoV.' oQ> Pmë`mZ§Va "Z_ñVo' H$aUo, COì`m hmVmZo OodUo, añË`mÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyZo

dmhZ MmbdUo hr Amnë`m g_mOmVrb bmoH$arVtMr H$mhr CXmhaUo AmhoV. Aem bmoH$arVr g_mOOrdZmV

AOmUVonUmZo {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

Zì`m {nT>rH$Sy>Z `m bmoH$arVr ~è`mM A§er g_mOOrdZmV ^mJ KoVmZm AmnmoAmn {eHy$Z KoVë`m

OmVmV Va H$mhr A§er Ë`m Ë`m§Zr AmË_gmV H$amì`mV `mgmR>r OmUrdnyd©H$ {ejUhr {Xbo OmVo. bhmZ _wbo

_moR>çm _mUgm§Mo dV©Z nhmV AgVmV. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV _moR>çm _mUgm§H$Sy>Z {d{dY JmoîQ>r Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m

nÕVrZo Ho$ë`m OmVmV ho bhmZ _wbm§H$Sy>Z ~{KVbo OmVo d Ë`m AmYmao Aem JmoîQ>r H$aÊ`mMo hoM _mJ© AmhoV

Agm Ë`m§Mm g_O hmoVmo. Aem àH$maÀ`m eoH$S>mo bmoH$arVr Ho$di AË §V AàJV g_Oë`m OmUmè`m Am{Xdmgr

g_mOmV AmT>iVmV Ago Zìho Va àJV Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmV hOmamo bmoH$arVr àM{bV Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

g_mOmV àM{bV AgUmè`m bmoH$arVtMo nmbZ gdmªZr H$amdo Aer àË oH$ g_mOmMr Anojm AgVo, nU

EImÚmH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Mo Cëb§KZ Pmbo Var hr \$maer J§ ra ~m~ _mZbr OmV Zmhr. bmoH$arVtÀ`m Cëb§KZmnmoQ>r

g_mOgXñ`m§Zm H$S>H$ emgZ Ho$bo OmV Zmhr Va Aem ì`ŠVtMr àm_w»`mZo qQ>Jb-Q>dmir Ho$br OmVo, Q>rH$m

Ho$br OmVo.

2) bmoH$ZrVr (Mores) : g_mOmV àM{bV AgUmè`m bmoH$arVtn¡H$s H$mhr bmoH$arVr AË §V

196

_hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. `mdê$Z Amnë`mbm bmoH$arVtMo XmoZ dJm©V {d^mOZ H$aVm oB©b. (1) Amnbo dV©Z

{eîQ>mMmambm Yê$Z Agmdo Am{U {dZèrb Agmdo åhUyZ Á`m§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo OmVo Aem bmoH$arVr Am{U

(2) Aem bmoH$arVr H$s Á`m§Mo nmbZ H$aUo g_yhmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r (Group Welfare) AË §V Amdí`H$

_mZbo OmVo. `m Xwgè`m dJm©V g_m{dîQ> hmoUmè`m bmoH$arVtZm "bmoH$ZrVr' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Á`m bmoH$arVter

g_mOmH$Sy>Z `mo½`m`mo½`VoÀ`m H$ënZm OmoS>ë`m OmVmV Ë`m§Zm bmoH$ZrVr Ago åhUVmV. "bmoH$ZrVr åhUOo

`mo½`-A`mo½`Vo~m~VÀ`m Aem gm_Ï ©embr H$ënZm H$s Á`m BVa {H«$`m§Zm nm`~§X KmbyZ {ZpíMV g_mO g§_V

Aem {H«$`m H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>VmV.' OodVmZm EImXr ì`ŠVr COì`m hmVmEodOr S>mì`m hmVmMm Cn`moJ H$aV

Agob Va hr JmoîQ> Amnë`m g_mOmV \$maer J§ ra AJa _hÎdnyU© _mZbr OmV Zmhr. nU EImÚm ñÌrH$Sy>Z

{ddmhnyd© AJa {ddmh~mø b¢{JH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$bo OmV AgVrb Va _mÌ hr ~m~ Amnë`m g_mOmV J§ ra

_mZbr OmVo, Aem g§~§Ym§Mm Vrd« {ZfoY Ho$bm OmVmo BVHo$M Zìho Va Aem ñÌrbm Am{U nwéfmbm emgZhr Ho$bo

OmVo. `m~amo~aM Am{W©H$ ~§YZo, _mb_Îmm, dmagm {df`H$ A{YH$ma, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g§~§Y, Xoe{ZîR>m `m d Aem

Ag§»` ~m~t{df`rMo àñWm{nV gm_m{OH$ {Z`_ g_mO ì`dñWoMo gmVË` d ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo

AË §V _hÎdnyU© _mZbo OmVmV. n[aUm_r `m JmoîQ>ter g§~§YrV bmoH$ZrVrMo nmbZ H$aUo A{Zdm © _mZbo OmVo.

bmoH$ZrVrMo Cëb§KZ Pmbo AgVm Amnë`mda EImXo g§H$Q> H$mogiob Aer g_mOgXñ`m§Mr lÕm AgVo.

bmoH$ZrVtZr A`mo½` _mZbobr H¥$Vr àË`jmV KmVH$ AgobM Ago Zmhr. Oa bmoH$m§Zm Vr H¥$Vr KmVH$ dmQ>V

Agob Va bmoH$ZrVtH$Sy>Z Aem H¥$Vrbm {damoY Ho$bm OmVmo. WmoS>Š`mV EImÚm H¥$Vr{df`rÀ`m `mo½`m`mo½`VoÀ`m

lÕm åhUOo bmoH$ZrVr hmo .

bmoH$ZrVt~m~VÀ`m AVm{H©$H$Voda A{Ve`moŠV â {Xbm OmD$ Z o. H$mhr bmoH$ZrVr `m H$m ©-

H$maU^mdmda AmYmaboë`m AgVmV. CXm. kmV AgUmè`m gd©M g_mOm§H$Sy>Z H$moUVohr H$maU ZgVmZm ñd¡anUo

BVa g_mO gXñ`m§Zm R>ma _maÊ`mbm {damoY Ho$bm Jobm Amho. H$maU `m_wio g_yh ApñVËdmdaM AmKmV hmoB©b

`mMr OmU gdmªZm Amho . OdiÀ`m aŠVg§~§{Y`m§Vrb qH$dm Hw$Qw>§~m§VJ©V gXñ`m§_Yrb b¢{JH$ g§~§Y gd©M

g_mOmV {Z{fÕ _mZbo Jobo AmhoV H$maU Ë`m_wio H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ EH$Vobm Am{U n`m© mZo g_mOmÀ`m ApñVËdmbmM

YmoH$m Amho. g_mOmMo H$ë`mU gmYbo Omdo `m lÕonmoQ>rM gd© bmoH$ZrVr H$m§hr _mZdr H¥$Ë o AJa dV©Z `mo½`

_mZVmV Va H$mhr dV©Z AJa {H«$`m {Z{fÕ _mZVmV.

bmoH$ZrVtMr {Z{_©Vr OmUrdnyd©H$ AJa {dMmanyd©H$ Ho$br OmV Zmhr. H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m Mm§Jë`m

H$ënZm dmQ>ë`m åhUyZhr Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoV Zmhr. bmoH$ZrVtMr {Z{_©Vr _w»`Ëdo bmoH$m§À`m na§namJV dV©ZmVyZ

AhoVyH$ arVrZo ghOJË`m hmoV AgVo. g_yhmÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ dV©ZmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m EImÚm dV©Zm~m~VÀ`m

Aem bmoH$ZrVr H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV {Za§Hw$e ~ZVmV. Xwgè`m eãXmV bmoH$ZrVr {MañWm`r ~ZVmV Am{U n{dÌ

_mZë`m OmD$ bmJVmV. Ë`m§À`m Cn wŠVVo~m~V àíZ {dMmaUo Agä` _mZbo OmVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va Ë`m§À`m

Cëb§KZmMm n« ËZhr ghZ Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. Ë`mMo Cëb§KZ H$aUmè`m§Zm emgZ XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm àË oH$

g_mOmV AgVo. bmoH$arVrMo nmbZ H$mQ>oH$moanUo H$aÊ`m~m~V gd©M g_mO gVV Xj AgVmV.

197

3) H$m`Xm (Law) : na§namJV d EH${OZgr g_mOmV bmoH$arVr Am{U bmoH$ZrVtÀ`m ghmæ`mZo

n[aUm_H$maH$nUo gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌU KS>dyZ AmUbo OmV hmoVo. bmoH$m§À`m dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMr j_Vm

Ë`m§À`mV hmoVr. nU OgOgo g_mO ì`mnH$ Am{U g§{_l ~ZV OmVmV. Vo A{YH$m{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMo ~ZV OmVmV,

VgVgo bmoH$m§À`m dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMr bmoH$arVr d bmoH$ZrVtMr j_Vm H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVo. AmYw{ZH$

g_mOmVhr ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z `mo½` dV©Z Amnë`mH$Sy>Z ìhmdo `mgmR>r ghOJË`mM bmoH$arVtMo nmbZ hmoVmZm

AmT>iyZ oVo. nU H$mhr bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Ë`m§Mo Cëb§KZ hmoVo. Aem bmoH$m§Zm H$m`ÚmMm ~S>Jm XmIdyZ bmoH$ZrVrMo

nmbZ ìhmdo `mgmR>r gŠVr H$aUo JaOoMo ~ZVo. åhUyZM AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV bmoH$ZrVr H$m`ÚmÀ`m ñdê$nmV

ê$nm§V[aV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. amÁ` AJa H$m`Xo_§S>imÛmao Am¡nMm[aH$ Am{U {b{IV ñdê$nmV _m§S>bo Jobobo {Z`_

åhUOo H$m`Xo hmoV. Ago H$m`Xo AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§À`m dV©Zmda Am¡nMm[aH$ {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m ©

nma nmS>VmV. `mMmM AW© bmoH$ZrVtÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r H$m`Xo _XV H$aVmV. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV

ì`mnma{df`H$ H$m`Xo, JwÝhoJmarg§~§Yr H$m`Xo, ZmJar H$m`Xo Ago Ag§»` àH$maMo H$m`Xo `m JaOoVyZM OmUrdnyd©H$

{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ Ë`m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Img §ÌUmhr CËH«$m§V H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.

`m_wioM AË §V {dOmVr` AJa g§{_l g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§À`m dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odyZ g_mO gmVË` {Q>H${dÊ`mV,

g_mOmMr àJVr gmYÊ`mV AmYw{ZH$ g_mO èñdr hmoVmZm {XgV AmhoV.

~) ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr (Cognitive Culture) :

~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo EH$ àH$maMm d¡Mm[aH$ ZH$memM AgVmo. `m ZH$memV Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m

OJmMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmao KQ>H$ AgVmV. ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr hm g§ñH¥$VrMm d¡Mm[aH$ ñdénmMm KQ>H$ (Thinking

Component of Culture) Amho. `m KQ>H$mV àm_w»`mZo gdmªgmR>r g_mZ AgUmao kmZ, lÕm d _yë o `m§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m KQ>H$m§Mo dU©Z Imbrbà_mUo -

1) kmZ (Knowledge) : kmZ hm ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. kmZm_Ü o

g^modVmbMo OJ H$go Amho; H$m` Iao d H$m` ImoQ>o Amho, H$m` AË §V _hÎdmMo d H$m` Xwæ`_ _hÎdmMo

`m{df`rÀ`m g_mOmÀ`m H$ënZm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m n`m©daUmer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mgmR>r

Am{U g_mOmVrb Amnbo OrdZ gwgø H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrbm V§ÌkmZ d ^mfm `m{df`rMo kmZ AgmdoM bmJVo.

AË §V AàJV Am{Xdmgr O_mVtZmhr Ho$di Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r kmZ {_idmdo bmJVo. AWm©V

Ë`m§Mo kmZ ho Ë`m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb g§Kfm©gmR>r Cn wŠV AgVo. Ë`m§À`m kmZmV àm_w»`mZo AÝZ H$go

{_idmdo, {Zdmam H$gm C^mamdm, àdmg H$gm H$amdm Am{U O§Jbr ídmnXo d dmXim§nmgyZ ñdV:Mo g§ajU H$go

H$amdo, BVa O_mVtnmgyZ Amnbr O_mV H$er gwa{jV R>odmdr. `m JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe AgVmo. Ago OrdZmdí`H$

kmZ àË oH$ {nT>rbm OmUrdnyd©H$ {eH${dbo OmVo. AmYw{ZH$, àJV g_mOmV Va Ag§»` {dkmZm§~m~V Am{U

V§ÌkmZm~m~V {dñV¥V kmZ {Z_m©U Pmbobo AgVo. ho kmZ BVHo$ g§H$sU© dm Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgVo H$s ho gd© kmZ àmßV

H$aÊ`mÀ`m \§$XmV Z nS>Vm àË oH$ ì`ŠVr `mVrb EImÚm qH$dm H$mhr {ZdS>H$ ^mJm§{df`rMo kmZ g§nmXÊ`mMm

à`ËZ H$aVo. ^m¡{VH$ {dídm{df`rÀ`m `m {dñV¥V kmZm~amo~aM àË oH$ g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm~m~V

198

Am{U Ë`mÀ`m H$m ©àUmbr~m~V H$mhr H$ënZm AgVmV. `m~m~VMo kmZ ì`ŠVtZm {_idmdo bmJVo. `mMmM

AW© ^m¡{VH$ {dídm{df`r AgUmè`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$ënZm§à_mUo gm_m{OH$ OrdZm{df`rhr gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$ënZm

AgVmV d Ë`m{df`rMo kmZ ì`ŠVtZm hmoUo g_mOmÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r d gmVË`mgmR>r A{Zdm © R>aVo. åhUyZM

kmZ hm ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ R>aVmo.

2) lÕm (Beliefs) : kmZm~amo~arZoM àË oH$ g_mOmV AmT>iyZ oUmè`m lÕm hmhr ~moYmË_H$

g§ñH¥$VrMm EH$ KQ>H$ Amho. g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zr Iao _mZbobo dñVwpñWVr {df`rMo {dYmZ qH$dm EImXr H$ënZm

åhUOo lÕm (belief) hmo . lÕm "Iar' AgmdrM Ago ZgVo. lÕoMm Iao-ImoQ>onUm VnmgyZ nhmVm oÊ`mgmaIm

AgmdmM Agohr ZgVo. Omon ªV bmoH$ EImXr lÕm qH$dm {dYmZ Iao _mZVmV Vmon ªV Vr lÕm bmoH$m§Mo dV©Z

à^m{dV H$aVo. CXm. AmË_m A_a Amho, ì`ŠVrMm nwZO©Ý_ hmoVmo, {dídmVrb gd© KS>m_moS>tda na_oídamMo

{Z §ÌU AgVo, wVoIoVo, eHy$Z AneHy$Z `mg§~§YrMo g_O, _mojàmßVr, ñdJ©-ZaH$ `m§Mo ApñVËd B. `m gd©

qhXy Y_m©Vrb lÕm AgyZ Ë`m§Mm IaoImoQ>onUm VnmgyZ nmhÊ`mOmoJm Zmhr. nU qhXyMo dV©Z `m lÕm§Ûmao

{ZpíMVnUo à^m{dV hmoV AgVo.

3) _yë o (Values) : H$m` `mo½` Am{U H$m` A`mo½` Amho `m{df`r AmT>iUmè`m A_yV© ñdénmÀ`m

H$ënZm åhUOo _yë o hmoV. g_mOmgmR>r H$m` Mm§Jbo, H$m` dmB©Q>, H$moUVr JmoîQ> dm§ÀN>Zr` d H$moUVr Adm§ÀN>Zr`

ho ñnîQ> H$aUmè`m H$ënZm àË oH$ g_mOmV ApñVËdmV AgVmV. hab§~g (Haralambos) `m§À`m _Vmà_mUo

""H$m` Mm§Jbo AJa dm§ÀN>Zr` `m{df`r AgUmar lÕm åhUOo _yë` hmo .'' Oo g_mOmgmR>r _hÎdmMo d

g_mOgXñ`m§H$Sy>Z Ano{jV Amho Vo n[a^m{fV H$aÊ`mMo H$m © _yë o H$aV AgVmV. àm_m{UH$nUm, ñdmV§Í`,

g_Vm, Ý`m`, ~§YwVm hr _yë`m§Mr H$mhr _hÎdmMr CXmhaUo AmhoV. _yë o {XgV ZmhrV nU _yë`m§Zr à^m{dV

Pmbobo, àË`jmV A{dîH¥$V hmoUmao dV©Z _mÌ {XgVo. àË oH$ g_mOmV Aer doJdoJir _yë o AgVmV. g_mZ

_yë o hmM g_mOmÀ`m EH$VoMm _w»` AmYma AgVmo. _yë o hm ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.

^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb g§~§Y (Relationship of material and non-material

culture) :

^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV AË §V OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. `m XmoÝhtMm nañnam§da à^md nS>V

AgVmo. ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrZo {ZYm©arV Ho$boë`m _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z bmoH$ dñVy§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aV AgVmV d

Cn`moJmV AmUV AgVmV. nU ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr hm ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb kmZmMm {dñVma Amho Ago AmnU

åhUy eH$V Zmhr. ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV {Z_m©U Pmbobr dñVy bmoH$m§À`m ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrV ~Xb KS>dyZ

AmUUmar R>é eH$Vo. CXm. eoVrgmR>r dmnamd`mÀ`m Zm§JamMm bmJbobm emoY d qgMZmgmR>r {dhratMr _mZdmZo

Ho$bobr {Z{_©Vr ho AË §V _hÎdmMo Ago _mZdmbm bm^bobo è Amho. `mVyZ eoVrÀ`m Pmboë`m {dH$mgm_wio

gä`VoMm {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm ho AmnUmbm kmV Amho. AË §V ObXJVrZo JUZm AJa {heo~ H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$

gmYZ åhUyZ g§JUH$mMm {dH$mg gwédmVrbm Pmbm nU Ë`mM {nT>rH$Sy>Z g§JUH$mMm dmna emñÌ, H$bm BVHo$M

199

Zìho Va VÎdkmZmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$am`bm gwédmV Pmbr. Ago Agbo Var A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr hr ^m¡{VH$

g§ñH¥$Vrnojm _hÎdmMr Amho ho AmnU bjmV KoUo JaOoMo Amho. CXm. {H«$Ho$Q>À`m IoimV dmnabo OmUmao ~°Q> d

~m°b ho ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ AmhoV nU {H«$Ho$Q>Mo H$m¡eë` d IoimMo {Z`_M (A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$)

AmnUmg _m{hVr ZgVrb Va ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo ~°Q> d ~m°b ho KQ>H$ {ZaW©H$ ~ZVrb. AmnU C^m Ho$bobr

dmñVyaMZm (^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr) {dÜd§gH$$ yH§$nmV Zm_eof Pmbr Var Amnë`mbm dmñVyÀ`m C^maUr{df`r

AgUmè`m kmZmÀ`m (A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm KQ>H$) Omoamda AmnU Zì`mZo dmñVy C^m H$ê$ eH$Vmo. åhUOoM

A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr hm g§ñH¥$VrMm gmnojV: A{YH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check Your Progress) :


1. g§ñH¥$VrMo XmoZ à_wI KQ>H$ H$moUVo?

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2. ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo H$m`?

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3. A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo H$m`?

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4. A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo CnKQ>H$ H$moUVo?

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5. {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo?

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6. ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo?

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àË oH$ g_mOmbm g§ñH¥$Vr bm^bobr AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrV ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m n`m©daUmer, Ë`mV hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§er g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo _mZdmZo {Z_m©U

Ho$boë`m gd© dñVy§Mm g_mdoe ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo. _mZd `m dñVy§À`m ghmæ`mZo Ho$di Amnë`m ^modVmbÀ`m

n`m©daUmer g_m`moOZM gmYV Zmhr Va Ë`m n`m©dUmV ~Xb KS>dyZ Amnë`mgmR>r Ë`mMr Cn wŠVVm dmT>dV

AgVmo. ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$ _mZdmMo n`m©daUmnmgyZ g§ajU H$aVmV. ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb `m gd©

KQ>H$m§er g§~§{YV AgUmè`m H$ënZm§Zm A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr åhUVmV. hr A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb

KQ>H$m§À`m dmnam§{df`rÀ`m H$ënZm VgoM {Z`_Zo, kmZ, lÕm, _yë o `m§Mr EH$ ì`dñWm AgVo.

A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr d ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr Aem XmoZ Cn{d^mJmV {d^mOZ H$aVm

oVo. A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Hw$Qy>§~, Y_©, {ejU, AW©g§ñWm Am{U emgZm_m\©$V nwT>À`m {nT>çm§H$S>o hñVm§V[aV Ho$bo

OmVo.

{Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrV {d{dY bmoH$arVr, bmoH$ZrVr Am{U H$m`Xo `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. g_mO_mÝ`

Aem X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb dmJUwH$sÀ`m qH$dm dV©ZmÀ`m nÕVr åhUOo bmoH$arVr hmoV. `mà_mUoM g_yh H$ë`mUmer

{ZJS>rV AgUmè`m bmoH$arVtZm bmoH$ZrVr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo Am{U Ë`m§Mo nmbZ gd© g_mOgXñ`m§H$Sy>Z hmoUo

A{Zdm © g_OÊ`mV oVo. bmoH$arVr d bmoH$ZrVtÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gmÜ`m d na§namJV g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ {Z §ÌU

èñdr[aË`m KS>dyZ AmUbo OmVo. nU AmYw{ZH$, g§{_l g_mOmV `mgmR>r H$m`Xo Ho$bo OmVmV. H$m`Xo ho

Am¡nMm[aH$ d {b{IV ñdénmMo {Z`_ AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mo Cëb§KZ Pmbo Va Aem dV©ZmgmR>r {ejoMr VaVyX

AgVo. H$m`Úm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmar §ÌUmhr g_mOmV ApñVËdmV AgVo.

~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m {dídmMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmam d¡Mm[aH$ ñdénmMm EH$

ZH$memM Amho. `m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo kmZ, lÕm d _yë o `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. kmZm_Ü o g^modVmbMo OJ H$go

Amho, H$m` Iao d H$m` ImoQ>o `m{df`rÀ`m g_mOmÀ`m H$ënZm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m

n`m©daUmer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mer d g_yh OrdZmMo g§KQ>Z {Q>H$dÊ`mer `m H$ënZm g§~§YrV AgVmV.

ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z `mo½` åhUyZ pñdH$maboë`m JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe lÕoV hmoVmo d Ë`m§Mr `mo½`m`mo½`Vm VnmgÊ`mOmoJr

AgV Zmhr. _yë o åhUOo g_mOmV H$m` `mo½` d H$m` A`mo½` ho ñnîQ> H$aUmè`m A_yV© ñdê$nmÀ`m H$ënZmM

hmoV. Oar g§ñH¥$VrMo ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr d A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Ago {d^mJ AmnU Ho$bo Agbo Var g§ñH¥$VrMo ho

XmoÝhr {d^mJ nañna g§~§YrV AgyZ Vo nañnam§da à^md nmS>V AgVmV. A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vrnojm

gmnojV: A{YH$ _hÎdmMr AgVo.

2.5 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to Check Your Progress) :

1) ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr d A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr ho g§ñH¥$VrMo XmoZ n«_wI KQ>H$ AmhoV.

201

2) Amnë`m n`m©daUmer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mgmR>r _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m gd© dñVy åhUOo ^m¡{VH$

g§ñH¥$Vr hmo .

3) A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m gd© dñVy§À`m dmnam{df`rÀ`m H$ënZm, kmZ,

lÕm d _yë o `m§À`m EH${ÌH$aUmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr EH$ ì`dñWm hmo .

4) {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr d ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$Vr ho A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo CnKQ>H$ AmhoV.

5) {d{dY ñdénmÀ`m bmoH$arVr, bmoH$ZrVr d H$m`Xo ho {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ AmhoV.

6) kmZ, lÕm d _yë o ho ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ hmoV.



1) g§ñH¥$VrMo ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$ ñnîQ> H$am.

2) {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU H$am.

3) ~moYmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU H$am.

4) ^m¡{VH$ Am{U A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb g§~§Y {deX H$am.


^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV g_m{dîQ> hmoUmè`m drg dñVy§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrV AmT>iUmè`m

bmoH$arVr, bmoH$ZrVr, lÕm Am{U _yë o `m§Mr àË oH$s nmM CXmhaUo Úm.

2.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © (Suggested Readings) :

1) S>m°. gO}amd gmiw§Io : g_mOemñÌmVrb _yb yV g§H$ënZm, Za|Ð àH$meZ, nwUo, 1996.

2) S>m°. a_oe OmYd : g_mOemñÌ, gr O_ZmXmg Am{U H§$nZr, _w§~B©, 1988.

3) S>m°. JwéZmW X. ZmS>Jm|S>o : g_mOemñÌmMr _ybVÎdo, H$m°pÝQ>Z|Q>b àH$meZ, nwUo 1980.

4) Tischler, Whitten and Hunter : Introduction to Sociology, Holt, Rinehart and

Winston, 1983.

5) Harry Johnson M. : Sociology : A Systematic Introduction, Allied Publishers,

Bombay, 1970.

ooo

202

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

3.1 àñVmdZm

3.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

3.3 Aä`mg{df` _m§S>Ur : g§ñH¥$VrMr H$m }

3.4 gmam§e






g§ñH¥$VrMo ì`ŠVr OrdZmVrb _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. OÝ_V:M Ho$di emar[aH$ nmVirda ApñVËd

AgUmè`m _mZdr A ©H$mMo g_mOmon`moJr gXñ`mV (_mZdmV) énm§Va H$aÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM KS>Vo.

àË oH$ g_mOmÀ`m ñdV:À`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM ì`ŠVrMo g_mOmVrb ApñVËd {Q>Hy$Z amhVo, eŠ` hmoVo.

g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM ì`ŠVrbm gm_m{OH$ OrdZ OJVm oUo eŠ` hmoVo. JV {nT>çm§À`m AZw dmVyZ g_¥Õ Pmboë`m

kmZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ì`ŠVrbm {d{dY JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$Vr nma nmS>V AgVo. AmnU Á`m

n[apñWVrV AmhmoV {VMo ñdén AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoUo, Ë`m n[apñWVrV H$moUVo d H$go dV©Z H$aUo `mo½` Amho,

H$moUVr Ü o o AmnU ZOaog_moa R>odbr nm{hOoV, Ë`m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r H$moUË`m gmYZm§Mm, H$gm dmna Ho$bm nm{hOo

`m gd© ~m~tMr {ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>ZM nma nmS>bo OmVo. g_mOgXñ`m§À`m ì`ŠVr_Îdmbm

AmH$ma XoD$Z, g_mOmV pñWaVm {Z_m©U H$aUo, gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmV gmVË` {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo, g§nyU© g_mOmMr EH$

AmJim doJim g_mO åhUyZ AmoiI {Z_m©U H$aUo, g_mO gXñ`m§V EH$mË_VoMr ^mdZm dmT>rbm bmdyZ

amîQ´>~m§YUr H$aUo hr g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`mnH$ g_mOmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo AgUmar _hÎdmMr H$m }M AmhoV. `m KQ>H$m§_Ü o

AmnU g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ì`ŠVr d g_mO `m Xmohm|À`m X¥îQ>rZo AgUmè`m H$m`mªMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

KQ>H$ - 3

g§ñH¥$VrMr H$m } (Functions of Culture)

203



u g§ñH¥$VrMr g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtgmR>r AgUmar H$m } ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrb; Am{U

u g§nyU© g_mOmÀ`mX¥îQ>rZo g§ñH¥$Vr H$moUVr H$m } nma nmS>V AgVo, ho gm§JVm oB©b.

3.3 {df` {ddoMZ-g§ñH¥$VrMr H$m } (Presentation of Subject Matter : Functions of

Culture):

Ho$di O¡{dH$ nmVirda ApñVËd bm^boë`m _mZd earaYmar àmÊ`mMo _mZdmV énm§Va H$aÊ`mMo H$m ©

g§ñH¥$Vr nma nmS>Vo. _mZd Ë`mbm bm^boë`m AZwd§{eH$ JwUmÀ`m AmYmamda Zìho Va g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AmYmamdaM

Amnbo OrdZ ì`VrV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. àË oH$ g_mOmbm bm^bobr g§ñH¥$Vr Amnë`m g_mO gXñ`m§gmR>r (ì`ŠVtgmR>r)

d g§nyU© g_mOmgmR>r Ag§»` H$m } nma nmS>V AgVo. Am{U g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m `m y{_Ho$daM ì`ŠVr d g_mO `m

Xmohm|Mo ApñVËd, gmVË` d àJVr Adb§~yZ AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z `m Xmohm|À`m X¥îQ>rZo nma nmS>br OmUmar H$mhr

_hÎdmMr H$m } nwT>rbà_mUo -

A) g_mO gXñ`m§gmR>r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmUmar H$m } (Functions of Culture for the

members of society) :

g_mOgXñ`m§gmR>r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmUmar H$mhr _hÎdmMr H$m } Imbrbà_mUo -

1) g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrdV©Zmbm {Xem Xe©{dVo (Culture provides direction to the individual

behaviour) :

g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVr-dV©Zmbm {Xem XmIdVo AJa _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo. {Z`_ZmË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrMo KQ>H$ AgUmè`m

bmoH$arVr, bmoH$ZrVr, H$m`Xo Aer gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo AmnU `mnyduM Aä`mgbr AmhoV. {d{dY gmYZm§À`m

d §ÌUm§À`m ghmæ`mZo hr gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo àË oH$ {nT>r Zì`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV H$aV AgVo. n[aUm_r

{d{dY gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrV Zo_Ho$ H$go dV©Z H$amdo Agm àíZ Zì`m {nT>rVrb gXñ`m§g_moa C^m ahmV Zmhr

qH$dm Ë`m§Zm ñdV§ÌnUo {dMmahr H$amdm bmJV Zmhr. g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrMr y{_H$m Am{U XOm©hr {ZpíMV H$aVo.

g§ñH¥$VrÛmao ì`ŠVrZo JmR>md`mMr Ü o o {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVmV. Ë`mà_mUoM Vr Ü o o JmR>Ê`mgmR>r H$moUVo _mJ©

AJa gmYZo dmnabr nm{hOoV `mMohr {ZYm©aU hmoVo. n[aUm_r g§ñH¥$VrZo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m Anojm§à_mUo ì`ŠVr

Ü o o R>ady eH$VmV. Vr gË`mV CVadÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZm§Mr namH$mîR>m H$ê$ eH$VmV. `mMmM AW© g§ñH¥$Vr Ho$di

_mZdr dV©Zmda {Z §ÌU R>odV ZgyZ _mZdmOdi AgUmè`m gd© j_Vm Am{U _mZdr {H«$`m§Zm _wŠV ñdmV§Í`hr

XoVmV nU Ë`mbm g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rMr _`m©Xm AgVo. H$moUË`m àg§Jr ì`ŠVrZo H$moUmer H$go dmJmdo ho {ZX}{eV

H$ê$Z, ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmbm {Xem XoD$Z, g_mO_mÝ` arVrZo ì`ŠVr dV©Zmbm diU bmdÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$VrÛmam

nma nmS>bo OmVo.

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2) g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrZm g^modVmbÀ`m n`m©daUmer A{^`moOZ gmYÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aVo (Culture

helps members to adapt to environment) :

g§ñH¥$Vr ho kmZmMo ^m§S>ma AgVo. Vo g_mOgXñ`m§Zm A{^`moOZj_ ~Z{dVo. Amnë`m emar[aH$,

gm_m{OH$ d ~m¡ÕrH$ ApñVËdmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao kmZ _mZdmbm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z

nma nmS>bo OmVo. ney-njr `m§Mo gd© dV©Z CnOV AgVo. AZwd§emZo àmßV Pmboë`m JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§À`m ghmæ`mZo

Vo Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m n`m©daUmer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. nU _mZd hm Agm EH$_od àmUr

Amho H$s Á`mbm A_`m©{XV ~m¡{ÕH$ j_Vm bm^br AgyZ {VÀ`m OmoS>rbm {eH$Ê`mMr j_Vm Am{U ñ_¥VrMr

XoUJrhr bm^br Amho. `m gd© j_Vm§À`m ghmæ`mZo Vmo n`m©daUmer OwidyZ KoVmo BVHo$M Zìho Va Amnë`mbm

hdo Ë`m à_mUo n`m©daUmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. CXm. dmid§Q>r àXoemV ñdà`ËZmZo {ZgJm©da

_mV H$ê$Z _mZdmZo \w$bdbobr eoVr hr ~m~ _mZdmbm hOmamo dfmªnmgyZ AI§{S>VnUo g§H«$m{_V hmoV Amboë`m

g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM eŠ` Pmbr Amho. åhUyZM kmZmMo OVZ AJa g§dY©Z H$aUo d Vo kmZ Zì`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV

H$ê$Z {Vbm n`m©daUmer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` H$m¡eë o nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$Vr nma nmS>V AgVo.

`mgmR>rM ^mfogma»`m gm§Ho${VH$ ì`dñWoMr {Z{_©Vr g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z hmoVo. ^mfo_wioM {dMma, ^mdZm, g§H$ënZm

`m§Mr XodmU-KodmU ObX hmoVo. Am§Va{H«$`m§Mr ì`mßVr d doJ dmT>Vmo. n[aUm_r g§ñH¥$VrVrb AZw dénr kmZmMo

^m§S>ma OVZ H$aUo d Zì`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV H$ê$Z {VMo OrdZ A{YH$ gwIr d g_¥Õ ~ZdUo ho g§ñH¥$VrMo

AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago H$m © R>aVo.

3) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOgXñ`m§gmR>r n[apñWVrMr ì`m»`m {ZpíMV H$aVo (Culture defines situations

for the members of society) :

g§ñH¥$Vr Amnë`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr {ZpíMV H$aVo. AmnU H$moUË`m àg§Jr H$moUVo H$nS>o n[aYmZ

H$amdoV, H$m` Imdo, {H$Vr Imdo, H$m` ß`mdo, hmñ`mMo H$ma§Oo H$Yr d H$go \w$bdmdoV, Xw:I H$go d H$Yr ì`ŠV

H$amdo, {dlm§Vr H$Yr ¿`mdr, H$moUVo H$m_ H$Yr d H$go H$amdo `m d Aem ~m~tMr {ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mMo AJa

Amnë`m dV©Zmda _`m©Xm KmbÊ`mMoM H$m_ g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmVo. {d{dY gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr Zo_Š`m H$em

AmhoV, Ë`m Ë`m n[apñWVrV Amnbr Zo_H$s y{_H$m H$moUVr Agm`bm hdr `mhr ~m~tMr {ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mMo

H$m © g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>ZM nma nmS>bo OmVo. åhUOoM Amnë`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMm AW© ñnîQ> H$ê$Z Ë`m

n[apñWVrVrb Amnbr ^y{_H$m H$moUVr ho g§ñH¥$VrÛmam {ZpíMV hmoVo.

4) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOgXñ`m§À`m A{^d¥Îmr, _yë o Am{U Ü o o n[a^m{fV H$aVo (Culture defines

members attitudes, values and goals) :

EH$m {d{eîQ> àH$mao ^mdZm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMr, dV©Z H$aÊ`mMr Am{U {d{dY ~m~tZm à{V{H«$`m H$aÊ`mMr

ì`ŠVrMr àd¥Îmr åhUOo A{^d¥Îmr (attitude) hmo . g§ñH¥$Vr_wio Y_©, Z¡{VH$Vm, {ddmh, Hw$Qy>§~, {dkmZ B.

{d{dY ~m~t{df`rÀ`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m A{^d¥ÎmtMr OS>U-KS>U hmoVo. _yë o (Values) hr dV©Z{df`H$ gd©gm_mÝ`

205

_mZX§S> AgVmV. EImXo dV©Z AWdm EImXr JmoîQ> Mm§Jbr H$s dmB©Q>, BîQ> H$s A{ZîQ>, ~amo~a H$s MyH$, `mo½`

H$s A`mo½`, dm§ÀN>Zr` H$s Adm§ÀN>Zr`, pñdH$mamh© H$s Ë`mÁ` ho R>a{dÊ`mMo {ZH$f åhUOo _yë o hmoV. Amnbr

_yë o hr g§ñH¥$VrÛmam R>a{dbr OmVmV. OrdZmV Amnbr H$m` Ü o o (Goals) AgmdrV, Vr JmR>Ê`mgmR>r

H$moUË`m _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$amdm hohr g_mOgXñ`m§gmR>r g§ñH¥$VrÛmamM {ZYm©[aV Ho$bo OmVo. Amnbo g_mOrH$aU

g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m gmÀ`mV KS>{dbo OmVo. Ë`m_wioM A{^d¥Îmr, _yë o d Ü o o `m§Mo {ZYm©aU hmoVo.

5) g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrÀ`m CnOr{dHo$Mm _mJ© {ZdS>Ê`mÀ`m H¥$Vrda à^md nmS>Vo (Culture influences

choice of individual's career) :

Amnë`m CnOr{dHo$gmR>r AmnU H$moUVm _mJ© {ZdS>mdm `mdahr g§ñH¥$VrMmM à^md AgVmo. Amnë`m

CnOr{dHo$gmR>r AmnU H$moUVm _mJ© {ZdS>mdm `mda ~§YZo KmbÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$Vr nma nmS>Vo. nma§nm[aH$

^maVr` g_mOmV ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`dgm`mMr {ZpíMVr àm_w»`mZo OmVrg§ñWoÛmaoM Ho$br OmV hmoVr. AmYw{ZH$

^maVmVrb n[a{ñWVr ~Xbbr Amho, ~XbV Amho. ì`ŠVr ñdV:Mm {dH$mg H$ê$Z, Amnbr n[apñWVr gwYméZ

Zdm OrdZ_mJ© emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV, nU Ë`m§Zm hm à`ËZ g§ñH¥$VrZo KmbyZ {Xboë`m Mm¡H$Q>rVM

H$amdm bmJVmo ho gË` Amho. CXmhaUmW©, AJXr AbrH$S>À`m H$mimn ªV ñÌr`m§Zm Amnbo H$m ©joÌ Kam~mhoa

{dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§YrM {Xbr OmV ZìhVr, H$maU "Ka Am{U _wbm§Mo g§JmonZ' hoM ñÌrMo H$m ©joÌ Amho

Ago _yë` Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVo. AmOhr d¡ÚH$s` AJa A{^`m§{ÌH$s Aem OmñV I{M©H$ d H$_r OmJm

AgUmè`m {ejUmgmR>r _wbtnojm _wbm§MmM àmYmÝ`mZo {dMma H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr Amnë`mH$S>o {XgyZ oVo. _wbo-

_wbr bhmZ AgVmZm _wbm§Zr gVV aS>m`Mo ZgVo, H$maU aS>Uo _wbm§Zm emo V Zmhr. AgoM _wbm§Zm {eH${dbo

OmVo. gVV aS>Umè`m _wbmbm "aSy>~mB© aSy>' Ago åhUyZ {hUdbo OmVo. ~mhþbr~amo~a IoiÊ`mnmgyZ _wbm§Zm

namd¥Îm Ho$bo OmVo H$maU Vo _wbtMo IoiUo Amho AerM {eH$dU {Xbr OmVo. Cn{OdrHo$gmR>r ñÌr`m§Zr H$moUVo

ì`dgm` {ZdS>mdoV d nwéfm§Zr H$moUVo ì`dgm` {ZdS>mdoV `m~m~V AOwZhr \$aH$ Ho$bm OmVmo Ago {XgyZ oVo.

g_mOg§_V _mJ©M ì`ŠVrZr {ZdS>mdm Ago gd©gmYmaU ~§YZ g§ñH¥$Vr KmbrV AgVo.

6) g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`ŠVr_Îdmbm AmH$ma XoVo (Culture molds individual's personality):

g§ñH¥$VrMm ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`ŠVr_Îd {dH$mgmda O~aXñV à^md AgVmo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmgmR>r

`mo½` Ë`m g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo Am{U Ë`mda `mo½` Vr ~§YZo bmXUo Aer Xwhoar y{_H$m g§ñH¥$Vr nma nmS>V

AgVo. åhUyZM éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> (Ruth Benedict) åhUVmV, àË oH$ g§ñH¥$Vr {VMr ñdV:Mr Img Aer

ì`ŠVr_Îdo qH$dm ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMo àH$ma {Z_m©U H$aVo. `m ~m~rda Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgmV àH$me

Q>mH$bm Amho. Xwgè`m A_o[aH$Z _mZdd§eemñÌkm _mJm©aoQ> _rS> `m§À`m _Vo g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z d Mm[aÍ`

`m§Zm AmH$ma XoVo. Ago Agbo Var H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrMo ì`pŠV_Îd Ho$di g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM {ZpíMV hmoVo Ago

Zmhr. "ì`ŠVr {VVŠ`m àd¥Îmr' `mVyZ hoM ñnîQ> hmoVo. àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMr ñdV:Mr j_Vm, X¥îQ>rH$moU, {VMr

{eH$Ê`mMr j_Vm, {Vbm oUmao AZw d d `mVyZ ì`ŠVrZo AmË_gmV Ho$bobr g§ñH¥$Vr BË`mXr ~m~VrV {^ÝZVm

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AgVo. {edm` {VMm ~mø g§ñH¥$VrVrb bmoH$m§er oUmam g§~§Y, àgma d àMma _mÜ`_m§Mm ì`ŠVrda nS>Umam

à^md, `m_wio ì`ŠVrbm BVa g§ñH¥$VtMr hmoUmar _m{hVr `mVhr {^ÝZVm AmT>iVo. n[aUm_r H$moUË`mhr XmoZ

ì`ŠVtMo ì`ŠVr_Ëd EH$gmaIo AgyM eH$V Zmhr.

~) g§nyU© g_mOmgmR>r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmUmar H$m } (Functions of culture for

society as a whole) :

g§ñH¥$Vr g§nyU© g_mOmgmR>r XoIrb H$mhr _hËdnyU© H$m } H$aV AgVo. `mn¡H$s H$mhr H$m } Imbrbn_mUo-

1) g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mO `m§Zm AbJ H$aVm oV Zmhr (Inseperability of culture and society):

dmñVdmV g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mO `m§Zm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ AbJ H$aVm oV Zmhr. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ApñVËdm{dZm

g_mOmMm ApñVËdm~m~V AmnU {dMmahr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmbm g§KQ>rVnUm g§ñH¥$VrÛmaoM

bm^V Agë`m_wio g_mO OrdZ ApñVËdmV amhVo. `mgmR>r A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z AË §V _hÎdmMr y{_H$m

nma nmS>br OmVo. H$moUË`mhr g§ñH¥$VrV kmZ, lÕm, _yë o `m~amo~aM bmoH$arVr, bmoH$ZrVr, H$m`Xo `mgmaIr

gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo AË §V _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AgVmV. A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mo g_mO gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z

AmË_gmVrH$aU ì`dpñWVnUo Pmbobo AgVo åhUyZ Va gm_m{OH$ OrdZ eŠ` hmoVo. g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM g§K{Q>V

gm_m{OH$ OrdZ eŠ` hmoVo.

2) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmV ì`dñWm d EH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aVo (Culture creates order and unity in

society) :

g_mOì`dñWm Am{U g_mOmVrb EH$Vm `m§Mm AmYma g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr hmM AgVmo. gdm©Zm g_mZ

Agbobr gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo, lÕm Am{U _yë o ho g§ñH¥$VrMo AË §V _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. {Z`_Zo lÕm Am{U

_yë o `m§Mo g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oÛmam ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z AmË_gmVrH$aU KSy>Z oVo. `m ~m~r ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z {eHy$Z

KoVë`m OmVmV. Á`m _yë`m§Ûmam, lÕm§Ûmam Am{U {Z`_Zm§Ûmam ì`ŠVtMo dV©Z à^m{dV hmoVo Vr EH$mM g_mOmVrb

gd© ì`ŠVtgmR>r gmaIr Agë`m_wio gdmªÀ`m dV©ZmV H$mhr {H$_mZ gmaIonUm oVmo. g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm§À`m ê$nmV AàË`jnUo g_mOmVrb {Z`_Zo _yë o lÕm `m§Mo g§KQ>Z Pmbobo AgVo. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm

nañnag§~§{YV Am{U nañnamdb§~r AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, g_mZ {Z`_Zo, _yë o Am{U lÕm `m_wio

g_mOmV ì`dñWm Am{U EH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo.

3) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmg gmnoj pñWaVm àXmZ H$aVo (Culture ensures relative stability of

society):

g§ñH¥$Vr hr hOmamo dfm©nmgyZ gmVË`mZo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«$m{_V hmoV Ambobr Amho,

Vr gmnojV: pñWa AgVo `m ~m~tMo AÜ``Z AmnU nydu Ho$bo AmhoM. g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mO `m§À`mV AÝ`moÝ`

Ago ZmVo AgVo. n[aUm_r g§ñH¥$Vr gmnojV: pñWa Agë`m_wio g_mOmbmhr AmnmoAmnM gmnoj pñWaVm àmßV

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hmoVo. Xwgè`m eãXmV, gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo, _yë o, lÕm Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm ho g§ñH¥$VrMo AgUmao _hÎdmMo

KQ>H$ gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMo Am{U g_mO g§KQ>ZoMo _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ ~ZVmV. A^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo ho KQ>H$ gmnojV:

pñWa AgVmV n[aUm_r g_mOmbmhr gmnoj pñWaVm àXmZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m © g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>bo OmVo.

ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check Your Progress) :


1) g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z ì`ŠVrgmR>r nma nmS>br OmUmar H$moUVrhr Mma H$m } {bhm.

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2) g§nyU© g_mOmgmR>r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmUmar H$m } {bhm.

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_mZdoVa àmÊ`m§nmgyZ _mZdmMo AgUmao doJionU {gÕ H$aUmao Am{U Ho$di _mZd g_mOmMoM EH$

à oXH$ bjU åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr hmo . g§ñH¥$Vr åhUOo yVH$mimV _mZdmbm Amboë`m AZw dmVyZ g_¥Õ hmoV

Jobobo kmZmMo ^m§S>ma AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Amnë`mbm dV©_mZH$mimer g_m`moOZ gmYUo eŠ` hmoVo, BVHo$M

Zìho Va ^{dî`H$mimer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMr j_Vm Amnë`mV {Z_m©U hmoVo. g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM _mZdearaYmar

àmÊ`mMo EH$m g_mOmon`moJr gXñ`mV ê$nm§VaU KSy>Z oVo. Ho$di g_mOgXñ`m§À`mgmR>rM Zìho Va g§nyU©

g_mOmgmR>rhr g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z H$mhr H$m } nma nmS>br OmVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr H$m } Imbrbà_mUo

A) g_mOgXñ`mgmR>r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmUmar H$m }

1) g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrdV©Zmbm {Xem Xe©{dVo, 2) g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrbm A{^`moOZj_ ~Z{dVo, 3) g§ñH¥$Vr

g_mOgXñ`m§gmR>r n[apñWVr {ZpíMV H$aVo, 4) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOgXñ`m§Mo X¥îQ>rH$moU, _yë o Am{U Ü o o n[a^m{fV

H$aVo, 5) g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrÀ`m CnOr{dHo$À`m _mJm©À`m {ZdS>rda à^md nmS>Vo, 6) g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrÀ`m

ì`pŠV_Îdmbm AmH$ma XoVo. nU hohr Z_yX Ho$bo nm{hOo H$s ì`ŠVrMo ì`pŠV_Îd Ho$di g§ñH¥$VrÛmaoM {ZpíMV

hmoV Zmhr.

~) g§nyU© g_mOmgmR>r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmUmar H$m } - g§ñH¥$Vr g§nyU© g_mOmgmR>r AZoH$

_hÎdnyU© H$m } nma nmS>Vo.

1) g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM g§K{Q>V OrdZ eŠ` hmoVo, 2) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmV ì`dñWm Am{U EH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aVo,

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3) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmg gmnoj pñWaVm àXmZ H$aVo.

3.5 ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to Check Your Progress) :

1) g_mOgXñ`m§gmR>r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmUmar Mma H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo : 1) g§ñH¥$Vr

ì`ŠVrdV©Zmbm {Xem Xe©{dVo, 2) g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrbm A{^`moOZj_ ~Z{dVo, 3) g§ñH¥$Vr

g_mOgXñ`m§gmR>r n[apñWVr {ZpíMV H$aVo, 4) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOgXñ`m§Mo X¥îQ>rH$moU, _yë o Am{U

Ü o o n[a^m{fV H$aVo.

2) g§nyU© g_mOmgmR>r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmUmar _hÎdmMr H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo : 1)

g§ñH¥$Vr_wioM g§K{Q>V gm_m{OH$ OrdZ eŠ` hmoVo, 2) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmV ì`dñWm Am{U EH$Vm

{Z_m©U H$aVo, 3) g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOmg gmnoj pñWaVm àXmZ H$aVo.



1) g_mOgXñ`m§gmR>r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmUmar H$m } ñnîQ> H$am.

2) g§nyU© g_mOmÀ`mX¥îQ>rZo g§ñH¥$VrMo AgUmao _hÎd `mda Q>r>n {bhm.


g^modVmbÀ`m g_mOmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z {d{eîQ> g§ñH¥$Vr gd© g_mOgXñ`m§Zm EH$Ì R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$er

à`ËZerb amhVo `mda EH$ {Q>nU V`ma H$am.



2) àm. a_oe OmYd : g_mOemñÌ, gr O_ZmXmg Am{U H§$nZr, _w§~B© 1988.


4) Shankar Rao C. N. : Sociology - Primary Principles of Sociology with An

Introduction to Social Thought, S. Chand and Co. Ltd. 1983.

5) Tischler, Whitten and Hunter : Introduction to Sociology, Holt, Rinehart and

Winston, 1983.

ooo

209

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :

4.1 àñVmdZm

4.2 C{ÔîQ>ço

4.3 {df`-{ddoMZ - g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U ì`{ŠV_Îd

4.4 gmam§e






ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$ oV Ag§»` KQ>H$ `moJXmZ XoV AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s O¡{dH$ d

gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§à_mUoM g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr hm hr EH$ {VVH$mM _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. g_mOmVrb ~hþg§»`

gXñ`m§Zm g_mZ gm_m{OH$ AZw d oV AgVmV. n[aUm_r àË oH$ g_mOmV {d{eîQ> JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§Zr wŠV

ì`pŠV_Îd {dH${gV hmoVo. _mJm©aoQ> _rS> (Margaret Mead) d éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> (Ruth Benedict) `m§À`m

Aä`mgm§Zr `m ~m~rdaM A{YH$ àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. `mMmM AW© ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îd {ZYm©aUmV g_mOmMr

g§ñH¥$Vr {ZUm© H$ y{_H$m ~OmdV AgVo. Oar H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m à^mdmnmgyZ _wŠV amhÿ

eH$V Zgbr Var Ho$di g§ñH¥$VrM ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo {ZYm©aU H$aUmam EH$_od KQ>H$ Zmhr, Agmhr

{dMma AmO ~hþg§»` {dMmad§V _m§S>V AmhoV. `m nmíd© y_rda ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mg n« m{dV H$aUmè`m {d{dY

KQ>H$m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z KoD$Z g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmVrb y{_H$m H$moUVr `mMm Aä`mg

AmnU `m KQ>H$mV H$aUma AmhmoV.

KQ>H$ - 4

g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U ì`pŠV_Îd(Culture and Personality)

]r. E. 1 : g_mOemñÌ [naM` ...14

210



u ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umao KQ>H$ gm§JVm oVrb;

u g§ñH¥$Vr ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda Zo_H$m H$gm à^md nmS>Vo `mMo gmoXmhaU ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVm oB©b; Am{U

u EH$mM g§ñH¥$VrV dmT>Umè`m {d{dY ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV oX H$m AgVmV ho gm§JVm oB©b.


`m KQ>H$m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md Zo_H$m H$gm nS>Vmo `m ~m~rMm

Aä`mg AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV. ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmV _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ XoUmam g§ñH¥$Vr hm EH$ _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$

Amho ho Iao ! nU `mMm AW© g§ñH¥$Vr hm ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umam EH$_od KQ>H$ _mÌ Zmhr.

g§ñH¥$Vrà_mUoM BVahr KQ>H$ Amnmnë`m narZo ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m à^m{dV H$arV AgVmV. `m

gdmªMm EH${ÌV n[aUm_ åhUyZM EH$mM g_mOmV/g§ñH¥$VrV OrdZ ì`VrV H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV

d¡{dÜ` AmT>iyZ oVo. `m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU `m gd© ~m~tMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. àW_V: AmnU

ì`pŠV_Îdmda à^md nmS>Umè`m KQ>H$m§Mm AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV. Ë`mZ§Va g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr ì`pŠV_Îdmda

H$gm à^md nmS>Vo `m ~m~rMm {dMma Xwgè`m ^mJmV H$ê$Z {Vgè`m ^mJmV EH$mM g§ñH¥$VrVrb bmoH$m§À`m

ì`pŠV_ÎdmV H$m \$aH$ AmT>iVmo `mMm AmT>mdm AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.

4.3.1 ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umao KQ>H$ (Factors influencing development of

personality) :

gd©n«W_ "ì`pŠV_Îd' (Personality) `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© g_OyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho. ì`pŠV_Îd hm

eãX gdmªÀ`m n[aM`mMm Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va Vmo {ZË` dmnabmhr OmVmo. B§J«Or ^mfoV ì`pŠV_Îdmbm

"n°g©Z°{bQ>r' (Personality) hm eãX dmnaVmV. ng©Z°{bQ>r hm B§J«Or eãX "ngm}Zm' (Persona) `m b°{Q>Z

^mfoVrb eãXmdê$Z Ambm Amho. (a§J y_rdarb ZQ> Amnbr y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mÀ`mdoir Oo _wIdQ>o dmnarV

AgV Ë`m§Zm "ngm}Zm' åhUV.) ""g_yhmVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m y{_Ho$Mo {ZYm©aU H$aUmè`m bjUm§Mo EH${ÌVH$aU d

g§KQ>Z åhUOo ì`pŠV_Îd hmo .'' Aer ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr ì`m»`m nmH©$ d ~J}g `m§Zr Ho$br Amho. ("Personality

is the sum and organization of those traits which determine the role of the individual

in the group" - Park and Burgess) ""{d{dY àg§JmV Am§Va{H«$`m H$aVmZm {d{eîQ> àH$mao dV©Z

H$aÊ`mMr ì`ŠVrMr àd¥Îmr Am{U dmV©{ZH$ g_J«Vm åhUOo ì`pŠV_Îd hmo .'' Aer Yinger `m§Zr ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr

ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMr dmJÊ`mMr EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© arV AgVo. Ë`mM àH$mao ì`ŠVr X¡Z§{XZ

OrdZmV gmVË`mZo dV©Z H$arV AgVo. ì`ŠVrMr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© dV©Z àd¥Îmr Am{U Vr Á`m Á`m n[apñWVrV dV©Z

H$arV AgVo Ë`m n[apñWVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$mZr ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z {ZYm©[aV hmoV AgVo.

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ì`pŠV_Îd `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Va hm°Q>©Z d h§Q> (Horton and Hunt) `m§Zr ì`pŠV_Îd

{dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umao 1. O¡{dH$ d§eXm`, 2. ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVr, 3. g§ñH¥$Vr, 4. gy_hmVrb AZw d d

5. ì`pŠVJV AZw d ho Oo nmM KQ>H$ _m§S>bo AmhoV Ë`m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm AmnU KoD$.

1. O¡{dH$ d§eXm` (Biological Inheritance) : _mZdmbm Ë`mÀ`m _mVm-{nË`m§H$Sy>Z AZwd§emZo

{_iUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe O¡{dH$ d§eXm`mV hmoVmo. àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m _mVm-{nË`mH$Sy>Z

{d{eîQ> àH$maMr eara aMZm, {d{eîQ> nmVirMr ~wÕr_Îmm, gm¢X ©, {eH$Ê`mMr {d{eîQ> nmVirMr

j_Vm, _ÁOmg§ñWoMr j_Vm `m~amo~aM H$mhr JwUY_© {_iV AgVmV. _mVm-{nË`mH$Sy>Z ì`ŠVrH$S>o

g§H«${_V Pmbobm O¡{dH$ d§eXm` ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umam EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.

2. ^m¡{VH$ n`m©daU (Physical Environment) : A_o[aH$Z {dÛmZ EëgdW© h§{Q>½Q>Z (Ellsworth

Huntington) `m§À`mgma»`m H$mhr {dMmad§VmZr n`m©daUmMm (Z¡g{J©H$ dmVmdaU. ñdm^m{dH$ yàH¥$Vr

(Topography) Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr) g_yh dV©Zmda nS>Umam à^md d Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m

d¡{dÜ`nyU© dV©ZnÕVtMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. ì`pŠV_Îdmda ^m¡{VH$ n`m©daUmMm

AàË`j ñdénmV à^md nS>V 0AgVmo. AmOhr H$mhr y mJmda AË`ën d {dIwaboë`m AdñWoV

bmoH$g§»`m AmT>iVo. bmoH$g§» oÀ`m KZVoMm ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda n« md nS>V AgVmo. Q>Z©~wb

(Turnbull) `m§À`m _VmZwgma wJm§S>mVrc EH$m Am{Xdmgr O_mVrcm bm^boë`m {eH$marÀ`m joÌmV KQ>

hmoV Joë`mZo Ë`m O_mVrVrc cmoH$ yHo$H§$Jmb ~Zbo AmhoV. n[aUm_r Ë`m§À`mVrb X`miynUm, CnH$marnUm

qH$dm AZwH§$nm `m gX²JwUm§Mm BVH$m èhmg hmoV Jobm Amho H$s {Od§V amhÊ`mgmR>r Vo bhmZ _wbm§À`m

_wImVrb Kmghr {hgH$mdyZ KoD$ bmJbo AmhoV. AmO n¥Ïdrdarb gdm©V ñdmWu bmoH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm

CëboI Ho$bm OmVmo. `mdéZ ^m¡{VH$ n`m©daUmMm ì`pŠV_Îdmda nS>Umam à^md {ZpíMVnUo {XgyZ oVmo.

_mÌ AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV V§ÌkmZ d XiUdiUmÀ`m gmYZm§V Pmboë`m {dH$mgm_wio ^m¡{VH$ n`m©daUmMm

ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda nS>Umam à^md H$_r H$_r hmoV Mmbbm Amho.

3. g§ñH¥$Vr (Culture) : g§ñH¥$Vr ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>V AgVo. BVa g_mOmH$Sy>Z Z {Xbo

OmUmao dmñV{dH$ Ago H$mhr AZw d àË oH$ g_mO Amnë`m gd© gXñ`m§Zm XoV AgVmo. Aem gdmªgmR>r

g_mZ AgUmè`m gm_m{OH$ AZw yVt_wio Ë`m g_mOmVrb gd© gXñ`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV H$_r-A{YH$

à_mUmV nU g_mZ ñdénmV AmT>iUmè`m ì`pŠV_Îd JwU {deofm§Mm CJ_ Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. g§ñH¥$Vr

ì`ŠVr_Îdmda H$gm à^md nmS>Vo `mMm {dMma nwT>rb {d^mJmV AmnU A{YH$ {dñVmamZo H$aUma

AmhmoV.

4. g_yh-AZw d (Group Experiences) : ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m

à{H«$ oÛmao hmoV AgVmo. g_mOrH$aUmgmR>r ì`ŠVrMm g_yhm~amo~a g§nH©$ `mdm bmJVmo. ì`ŠVrbm gm_y{hH$

AZw d {_imdo bmJVmV. Amnë`m gy_hmVM àË oH$ ì`ŠVr "Ë`mÀ`m' AJa "{VÀ`m' ñd g§H$ënZoMm

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{dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vo. gr. EM. Hy$bo (C. H. Cooley) `m§À`m _VmZwgma àË oH$ ì`ŠVr BVa

bmoH$m§À`m ñdV:À`m g§X^m©V hmoUmè`m dV©ZmÀ`m qH$dm à{V{H«$`m§À`m AmaemV ñdV:Mo à[Vq~~ nmhVo

Am{U Amnbr ñdV:~ÔbMr H$ënZm ~Z{dVo. hr ~m~ g_yhmVM KS>Vo. Or. EM². _rS> (G. H. Mead)

`m§Zrhr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§VyZ "ñd' qH$dm "_r' Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Am{U gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§_wioM

"ñd' qH$dm "_r' Mo ñdén R>aV AgVo, Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho. Xwgè`m y{_Ho$V {eaÊ`mVyZ ì`ŠVr

Amnë`m {df`rÀ`m BVam§À`m ^mdZm OmUyZ KoVo. _rS> `m§À`m _Vmà_mUo, ì`ŠVr "gm_mÝ`r yV BVam§À`m'

(Generalized others) _mZH$m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Amnë`m {H«$`m§{df`r {dMma H$ê$ bmJVo d Ë`mVyZM

"ñd'Mr H$ënZm V`ma hmoVo. g_yh AZw yVt_wio Ë`m g_yhmV g_mZ ì`pŠV_Îdo {dH${gV hmoV OmVmV.

n[aUm_r {d{dY g_yhmVrb gXñ`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {^ÝZVm AmT>iyZ oVo Va EH$mM g_yhmVrb

ì`pŠV_Îdo H$mhr à_mUmV gmaIr ~ZVmV.

5. ì`pŠVJV AZw d (Uniqne/Personal Experiences) : H$moUË`mhr XmoZ ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV

V§VmoV§V gmaIonUm AmT>iyZ oV Zmhr. EH$mM Hw$Qw>§~mV dmT>Umè`m g»»`m ^md§S>m§À`m BVHo$M Zìho Va

Owù`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ËdmVhr gmaIonUm AmT>iV Zmhr. H$maU H$moUË`mhr XmoZ ì`ŠVtZm V§VmoV§V g_mZ

AZw d oV ZmhrV. àË oH$ ì`ŠVr H$mhr ì`pŠVJV AZw dmVyZ OmV AgVo. {Vbm oUmao AZw d ho Img

{VÀ`m nwaVoM _`m©{XV AgVmV. Xwgè`m H$moUmbmhr VgoM AZw d {_iV ZmhrV. ì`ŠVrbm oUmao Ago

Img ì`ŠVrJV AZw d ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdmda à^md nmS>V AgVmV Am{U ì`pŠV_Îdmbm AmH$ma

XoV AgVmV.

ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-1 (Check Your Progress - 1) :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm -

1) "ì`pŠV_Îd' `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© gm§Jm.

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2) ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umao hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> `mZr gm§{JVbobo KQ>H$ {bhm.

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4.3.2 g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mg (Culture and Personality Development) :

`m {d^mJmV AmnU g§ñH¥$VrMm ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmdarb à^md Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. ì`ŠVrMo ì`pŠV_Îd

KS>{dÊ`m_Ü o g§ñH¥$VrMo _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ Amho. Ë`m_wioM _mZdemñÌk amë\$ qbQ>Z Am{U A~«mh_ H$m{S>©Za

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(Ralf Linton and Abraham Kardiner) `m§Zr ì`pŠV_Îd ho g§ñH¥$Vr gmnoj Agë`mMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo

Amho. H$mhr ~m~r gd©M g§ñH¥$VrV g_mZ Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. CXmhaUmW© ZdOmV A ©H$mMo nmbZnmofU

àË oH$ g_mOmV d`ñH$m§H$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmVo, Vr g_yhmV ahmVmV, ^mfoÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nañnam§er g§dmX gmYVmV

qH$dm `mo½` dV©Zm~Ôb ~jrg d A`mo½` dV©Zm~Ôb {ejm AZw dVmV. nU ho hr {VVHo$M Iao Amho H$s, BVa

g_mOm§nojm doJù`m Am{U Img gm_m{OH$ AZw yVtVyZ Ë`m g_mOmVrb gd© ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV gmaIonUm

{Z_m©U hmoVmo d Ë`mVyZ EH$m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© {H$_mZ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Aem d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ì`pŠV_ÎdmgmR>r

Du Bois `m§Zr "gamgar ì`pŠV_Îd' (Model Personality) hr g§km dmnabr Amho. H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Zr XmoZ

{^ÝZ g§ñH¥$VrVrb "gamgar ì`pŠV_ÎdmV' H$er {d{dYVm AmT>iVo `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho.

A_o[aH$Z _mZdemñÌkm éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> (Ruth Benedict) `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m 1935 gmbr àH$m{eV

Pmboë`m "Patterns of Culture" `m à{gÕ nwñVH$mV g§ñH¥$Vr à{V_mZm§Mo XmoZ àH$ma _m§S>bo AmhoV. (1)

A°nmobmo{Z`Z (Apollonian) g§ñH¥$Vr `m àH$maÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrV g§ _, Zo_ñVnUm, AmË_g_n©U d¥Îmr, em§VnUm

g_OyVXmanUm, ghH$mar d¥Îmr, X`miynUm `m JwU d¡{eîQ>çm§da â {Xbobm AgVmo. (2) S>m`moZo{e`Z

(Dionysian) g§ñH¥$Vr hr g§ñH¥$Vr Ah§_mÝ`Vm, ^m§S>ImoanUm, _Ëga, {dídmgKmVH$snUm, H$nQ>rnUm,

à{VîR>m Am{U ñnYm©Ë_H$Vm `m JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§Zr wŠV AgVo.

éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> `m§À`m _Vmà_mUo Ý y _o{ŠgH$moVrb PwZr (Zuni) Am{Xdmgr O_mV A°nmobmo{Z`Z g§ñH¥$Vr

Va _ob°Zo{e`mVrb S>mo~wAZ (Dobuan) Am{Xdmgr O_mV Am{U ìh°Hw$ìha ~oQ>mdarb Šdm{H$C>ëb B§{S>`Z

(Kwakiutl Indians) `m O_mVr S>m`moZo{e`Z g§ñH¥$VrMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmV. ~oZo{S>ŠQ> `m§Zr PwZr, S>mo~wAZ

Am{U Šdm{H$C>ëb B§{S>`Z `m VrZ Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m g§ñH¥$VtMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$ê$Z àË oH$

g§ñH¥$VrMm ì`pŠV_Îdmda nS>Umam d¡{eîQ>çnyU© à^md XmIdyZ {Xbm. (nU hr gd© {ZarjUo {H$Ë oH$ XeH$m§nydu

H$aÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ Voìhm `m g§ñH¥$Vrda ~mø bmoH$m§Mm AJa g§ñH¥$VtMm \$magm à^md nS>bm ZìhVm.) `m

Aä`mgmVyZ Ë`m§Zr {d{eîQ> g§ñH¥$Vr {d{eîQ> ì`pŠV_Îdm§À`m {Z{_©Vrbm H$er H$maUr yV R>aVo ho XmIdyZ XoÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.

S>mo~wAZ g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U {VMm ì`pŠV_Îdmdarb à^md (Dobuan Culture and its impact

on Personality) :

H$moUË`m _mVm-{nË`m§À`m nmoQ>r OÝ_ ¿`mdm `mMo ñdmV§Í` Oa OÝ_mbm oUmè`m A ©H$m§Zm bm^bo AgVo

Va S>mo~wAZ O_mVrV OÝ_mbm oUmè`m _wbm§Zr Xwgè`m§Xm {dMma Ho$bm AgVm, H$maU S>mo~wAZ g_mOmV _wbmbm

Amnë`m AmB©-d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z ào_ {_iV Zmhr. Ho$di Amnë`m ~{hUrÀ`m _wbm~m~V qMVm H$aUmam Ë`mMm ~mn,

Omon ªV _wb _mVoÀ`m XyYmdaM nmogbo OmVo Vmon ªV {VÀ`mer c¢{JH$$ g§~§Y R>odVm oV Zgë`m_wio, Ë`mMm

{VañH$maM H$aVmo. ~aoMXm AmB©bm _wb ZH$moM AgVo. n[aUm_r J ©nmV H$ê$Z KoUo hr `m O_mVrV Zoh_rMrM

JmoîQ> Amho. WmoS>Š`mV _wbmbm Amnë`m _mVm-{nË`mH$Sy>Z ào_ Z {_iVm, {VañH$mambmM gm_moao Omdo bmJVo.

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bdH$aM Ë`m _wbmbm H$iy bmJVo H$s AmnU OmXyÛmao {Z §{ÌV hmoUmè`m OJmV OJVmo AmhmoV. Amnë`m

Am wî`mV H$moUVrhr JmoîQ> Z¡g{J©H$ H$maUm§_wio KS>V ZgyZ gd© KQ>Zm (CXm. AmOmanU, AnKmV, _¥Ë y) `m

H$moUmVar ZmVodmB©H$mZo MoQy>H$ AJa H$mù`m OmXyMm à`moJ Ho$ë`m_wioM KS>VmV. `mMr OmUrd Ë`mbm hmoVo. H$moU,

H|$ìhm MoQy>H$ H$aob `mMm Zo_ Zgë`mZo Vmo gVV qMVmJ«ñVM amhVmo. nwT>o Ë`mbm Amnë`m ~m`H$mo AJa {_ÌmMmhr

{dídmg ahmV Zmhr. àË oH$ S>o~wAmZ ì`ŠVr {dfà`moJmÀ`m ^rVrZo gVV YmñVmdbobr AgVo. AÝZ {eOdVmZm

åhUyZM Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {deof H$miOr KoVbr OmVo. n[aUm_r XwîQ> BÀN>m ~miJUo Am{U {dídmgKmV ho

S>mo~wAZm§H$Sy>Z gX²JwU _mZbo OmVmV. Á`mà_mUo ì`ŠVrbm oUmao H$moUVohr Anè ho Xwgè`mH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m

OmUmè`m H$mù`m OmXy AJa MoQy>H$mMm n[aUm_ _mZbo OmVo Ë`mà_mUoM gd© àH$maMo è ho Xwgè`mÀ`m

AnèmMo à{VH$ _mZbo OmVo. Ë`m§À`mX¥îQ>rZo è ho n[aUm_H$maH$ OmXyda Adb§~yZ AgVo Am{U èmMo

_moO_mn Mmoar Am{U erb «îQ> H$aÊ`mÀ`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m j_Voda Ho$bo OmVo. n[aUm_r S>mo~wAZ O_mVrV ì`{^Mma

gmd©{ÌH$ AmT>iVmo.

Aem gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§aMZoV C_bUmao ì`pŠV_Îd H$go AgUma? S>mo~wAZ ho eÌwËd H$aUmao, g§e`r,

A{dídmgy, _Ëgar, XJm~mO Am{U \$gdo ~ZVmV. AWm©V XwîQ> eŠVtZr ì`mnboë`m, eÌy§Zr Koaboë`m, H$mir

OmXy Am{U MoQy>H$ `m§Zr à^m{dV Aem {dídmV Vo dmdaV Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m `m à{V{H«$`m ñdm^m{dH$M dmQ>VmV.

Amnë`m AmYw{ZH$ _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` {df`H$ g§H$ënZm§À`m AmYmao, AmnU gd© S>mo~wAZ bmoH$ Amnbm gmaIm

N>i hmoVmo Ago _mZUmao (Paranoid) AgVmV Ago åhUy eH$Vmo. nU àË`j OrdZ OJVmZm Vo Á`m YmoŠ`m§Zm

gm_moao OmVmV Vo H$mën{ZH$ ZmhrV n[aUm_r Ë`m§Zm Ago g_OUo AdmñVd Amho. {d{eîQ> g§ñH¥$Vr_wio à^m{dV

hmoUmao ì`pŠV_Îd Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§X^m©V gm_mÝ` AgVo.

PwZr g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U {VMm ì`pŠV_Îdmdarb n« md (Zuni Culture and its Impact on

Personality) :

S>mo~wAZ O_mVrer VwbZm H$aVm Ý w _opŠgH$moVrb PwZr O_mVrVrb bmoH$ ho ^md{ZH$X¥îQ>çm em§V OJVmV

dmdaUmao AmhoV. `m O_mVrH$Sy>Z ZdOmV A ©H$mMo AË §V AmZ§XmZo ñdmJV Ho$bo OmVo. AË §V ZmOyH$nUo Am{U

ào_mZo Ë`mMo nmbZnmofU Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o _m oZo bj {Xbo OmVo. PwZr O_mVrV \$mago JwÝho KS>V ZmhrV.

\$maer ^m§S>Uohr hmoV ZmhrV. `m bmoH$m§À`m gd© dV©ZmV ghH$m ©, Zo_ñVnUm, Am{U ì`ŠVrdmXmMm A^md

àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmo. `m O_mVrVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§à_mUo àË oH$ ì`ŠVr ñdV:À`m ^ë`mgmR>r AJa ñdmWm©gmR>r

Zìho Va g§nyU© g_yhmÀ`m ^ë`mgmR>r PQ>V AgVo. {H$Vrhr _V oX Agbo Var Vo gm_monMmamZo {_Q>dbo OmVmV.

Vo _ÚnmZ dÁ © _mZVmV, H$maU Vo Ë`m§À`m X¥îQ>rZo Agä`nUmMo bjU Amho. AmH«$_H$ ñdénmMo dV©Z AJa

nañnam§Vrb ^m§S>U `mZm PwZr g§ñH¥$VrV _mÝ`Vm Zmhr. Amnë`m ^mdZm§da {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mg ì`ŠVtZm

bhmZnUmnmgyZM {eH${dbo OmVo.

PwZr bmoH$m§Mo {dídhr wVmIoVm§Zr d OmXyZo {Z §{ÌV Pmbobo Amho. nU Vo OmXyMm BVam§À`m dmB©Q>mgmR>r

215

dmna H$aV ZmhrV Va Mm§Jë`mgmR>rM H$aVmV. `m O_mVrH$Sy>Z ì`{^MmamMm {VañH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo Am{U

ì`{^Mma hr ImOJr ~m~ _mZbr OmVo. `m O_mVrV KQ>ñ\$moQ>mMr nÕVhr AË §V gmYr Amho. `m _mV¥VgÎmmH$

Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr AgUmè`m O_mVrVrb ñÌrbm Amnë`m Zdè`mbm KQ>ñ\$moQ> EH$m {d{eîQ> nÕVrZoM Úmdm bmJVmo.

EHo$ {Xder g§Ü`mH$mir O_mVrVrb H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm Vr Amnë`m Kar nmMmaU H$aVo. Zdè`mÀ`m gd© MrOdñVy,

Ë`mMo H$nS>o BË`mXr EH$m \$S>Š`mV ~m§YyZ Vo JmR>moS>o C§~aR>çmda R>odbo OmVo. eoVrda {Xdgâ H$m_ H$ê$Z

WH$bobm Zdam Ooìhm naV oVmo Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rbm Vo JmR>moS>o nS>Vo. `mMm AW© Ë`mbm Ë`mÀ`m nËZrZo KQ>ñ\$moQ>

{Xbobm Amho. Ë`mZo JmR>moS>o KoD$Z Ë`mM nmdbr Amnë`m AmB©À`m Kar Omd`mMo AgVo. gd©gm_m§Ý`nUo nËZrZo

~m§YyZ R>odbobo JmR>moSo ho KQ>ñ\$moQ>mMo {MÝh _mZyZ Zdam Amnë`m AmB©H$S>o oVmo. `m O_mVrV Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm

_mV¥d§{eH$ d _mV¥ñWmZr` Agë`m_wio KQ>ñ\$moQ>mZ§Va {nË`mMo KamVrb ApñVËd g§nwîQ>mV Amë`mMm \$magm

n[aUm_ _wbm§À`m OrdZmda hmoV Zmhr. Ago Agbo Var `m O_mVrV KQ>ñ\$moQ>mMo à_mU AË §V H$_r AmT>iVo.

ghH$m[aVm, Zo_ñVnUm Am{U ì`ŠVrdmXmMm A^md hr PwZr dV©ZnÕVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. ImOJr _mb_Îmm

hr g§H$ënZm `m O_mVrV AmT>iV Zmhr. àË oH$ ì`ŠVr Ho$di ñdV:À`m ñdmWm©gmR>r Zìho Va g§nyU© g_yhmÀ`m

^ë`mgmR>r gVV H$m ©aV ahmVo. `m O_mVrV gXñ`m§V {Z_m©U Pmbobr J¡ag_OmMr ~m~ AË §V em§VnUo Am{U

{dMma{d{Z_`mZo gmoS>dbr OmVo.

Aem gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daUmV C_bUmao ì`pŠV_Îd S>mo~wAZ O_mVrVrb ì`pŠV_Îdm§À`m ~amo~a Xwgè`m

Q>moH$mMo AgVo. S>mo~wAZ ho g§e`r d A{dídmgy AgVmV Va PwZr AmË_{dídmgy Am{U {dídgZr` AgVmV.

darb XmoZ CXmhaUm§À`m Aä`mgmA§Vr g_mOnaËdo ì`pŠV_ËdmV {^ÝZVm AmT>iyZ oVo ho ñnîQ> hmoVo. àË oH$

g_mO Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrZwê$n _yb yV ì`pŠV_Îd àH$ma {dH${gV H$aV AgVmo.

_mJm©aoQ> _rS> `m à{gÕ _mZdemñÌkm§Zr Ë`m§À`m 'Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive

Societies' `m nwñVH$mV b¢{JH$VoMm (Sex) ì`pŠV_Ëdmda nS>Umam à^md {deX Ho$bm Amho. "nwéfr' Am{U

"ñÌrgwb^' (Masculine and Feminine) åhUyZ AmnU _mZV AgUmao H$mhr JwU{deof b¢{JH$VoÀ`m

OrdemñÌr` VÏ`m§er g§~§{YV AgVmVM Ago Zmhr. `m~m~V AmT>iUmar {^ÝZVm hr g§ñH¥$VrZo Ho$boë`m Ë`m

JwU{deofmÀ`m n[a^mfoer g§~§{YV AgVo hr ~m~ ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m§Zr Aä`mgboë`m

Ý w{JZr_Yrb VrZ Am{Xdmgr O_mVr VrZ {^ÝZ ì`pŠV_Îd àH$ma ñnîQ> H$aVmV.

1. _rS> `m§Zm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$s Ý w{JZrÀ`m S>m|Jami ^mJmV dmñVì` H$aUmao Amamnoe (Arapesh)

bmoH$ gä`, gm¡å`, _mV¥d§er` Am{U ào_i AmhoV. `m O_mVrVrb ñÌr d nwéf XmoKohr AmnU Á`mMm CëboI

"ñÌr-gwb^' (Feminine) Agm H$é AgoM dmJVmV.

2. Ý w{JZr_Yrb _w§Sw>½ w_ma (Mundugumor) O_mV hr Za^jH$ (Cannibalistic) Amho. `m

O_mVrVrb ñÌr-nwéf XmoKohr AmnU Á`mbm nwéfr (Masculine) åhUy AgoM dV©Z H$aV AgVmV. XmoKohr

{VVHo$M qhgH$, ñnYm©iy, H$m_yH$, Ûofr Am{U ~oXaH$ma AmhoV. åhUOo ñÌr`m Am{U nwéf XmoKohr nwéfm§à_mUoM

dV©Z H$aVmV. Ver Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMr Anojm AgVo.

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3. nU ÀN>m§~wbr (Tchambuli) `m Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb ñÌr-nwéfm§À`m y{_H$m `m Amnë`m AmYw{ZH$

g_mOmV AmT>iUmè`m ñÌr-nwéf y{_Ho$À`m ~amo~a {déÕ Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. `m O_mVrV nwéfm§nojm ñÌr`m

à^mdembr AmhoV. nwéf ^md{ZH$X¥îQ>çm {ñÌ`m§da Adb§~yZ AgVmV Am{U ñÌr`m§nojm H$_r O~m~Xma

AgVmV. nwéf {ó`m§à_mUo dmJVmV. `m CXmhaUm§dê$Z b¢{JH$ qH$dm d¡f{`H$ dV©Zm~m~VMo JwU{deof ho

OÝ_OmV AgV ZmhrV Va g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrÛmao {ZYm©[aV hmoVmV hoM ñnîQ> hmoVo.



1) "gamgar ì`pŠV_Îd' åhUOo H$m`?

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2) éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> `m§Zr g§ñH¥$VrMo H$moUVo XmoZ àH$ma _m§S>bo AmhoV?

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3) éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> `m§Zr Aä`mgboë`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMr Zmdo {bhm?

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4) S>mo~wAZ d PwZr ì`pŠV_Îd JwU{deofmV H$m \$aH$ AmT>iVmo?

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5) _mJm©aoQ> _rS> `m§À`m _Vo "nwéfr' d "ñÌr-gwb^' dV©ZàH$mam§Mr {ZpíMVr H$moUË`m KQ>H$mH$Sy>Z hmoVo?

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4.3.3 EH$mM g§ñH¥$VrVrb ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AmT>iUmè`m {^ÝZVoMr H$maUo (Causes for the

differences in personality within the culture) :

àË oH$ g§ñH¥$Vr H$mhr {d{eîQ> dV©ZnÕVr, àoaUm Am{U _yë`m§Zm _hÎd XoV AgVo. n[aUm_r g_mOmVrb

~hþg§»` bmoH$ g§ñH¥$VrÛmao {ZYm©arV Ho$boë`m dV©ZnÕVr Am{U {dMma nÕVtMo AmË_gmVrH$aU H$ê$Z Amnbo

217

ì`pŠV_Îd {dH${gV H$arV AgVmV. g§ñH¥$VrMm ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda _moR>çm à_mUmda à^md nS>V AgVmo.

n[aUm_r ~hþg§»` ì`pŠV_Îdo hr gm_mÝ`V: gmaIonUm Agbobr AgVmV. `mMm AW© Agm Zìho H$s àË oH$

g§ñH¥$Vr EH$mM gmÀ`mMr ì`pŠV_Îdo {Z_m©U H$aV AgVo. AmnU Ooìhm Ago åhUVmo H$s S>mo~wAZ d Šdm{H$C>ëb

B§{S>`Z bmoH$ AË §V ñnYm©iy, ^m§S>Imoa Am{U {dídmgKmVH$s AgVmV. `mMm AW© gd©M S>mo~wAZ d Šdm{H$Cëb

B§{S>`Z `m JwUm§Zr wŠV AgVmVM Ago Zmhr. `mà_mUoM AmnU Ooìhm Ago åhUVmo H$s AmYw{ZH$ A_o[aH$Z

ì`{ŠVJV {dH$mgmbm gdm©V OmñV àmYmÝ` XoVmV Voìhm gd©M A_o[aH$Z {VVŠ`mM à_mUmV `m _yë`mbm _hÎd

XoVmVM Ago Zmhr. H$mhr bmoH$ è g§nmXZmgmR>r ñnY}bm _hÎd XoVrb Va H$mhr Aem ñnY}nmgyZ ñdV:bm Xyahr

R>odVrb. BVa H$mhr bmoH$ ì`pŠVJV èmMm {VañH$ma H$aVrb Va H$mhr bmoH$ g_mOmVrb X[aÐr bmoH$m§À`m

CÕmamgmR>r Amnbo g§nyU© Am wî` IMu Q>mH$Umao AgVrb. Aem àH$mao EH$mM g§ñH¥$VrVrb ì`pŠV_ÎdmV

{^ÝZVm AmT>iyZ oD$ eH$Vo. _mZdemñÌkm§Zr d g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Aem ì`pŠV_Îd {^ÝZVoMo {ZarjU Ho$bo

Amho. amë\$ qbQ>Z `m§Zr g§ñH¥$VrVrb ì`pŠV_Îd JwU{deofmVrb {^ÝZVm XmIdyZ {Xbr Amho. n[aUm_r EH$mM

g§ñH¥$VrVrb H$mhr bmoH$ BVam§nojm OmñV ^m§S>Imoa, H$mhr bmoH$ Z_«, X`miy, XmZeya qH$dm ñnYm©Ë_H$ d¥ÎmrMo

AmT>iVrb. `m gd© {^ÝZVoMo H$maU hoM H$s ì`pŠV_Îd {ZYm©aUmVrb Ag§»` KQ>H$m§n¡H$s g§ñH¥$Vr hm EH$ KQ>H$

Amho. AemàH$mao ì`pŠV_Îd ho nyU©nUo g§ñH¥$VrÛmaoM {ZpíMV hmoV Zmhr. ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {^ÝZVm {Z_m©U H$aUmao

H$mhr KQ>H$ Amnë`mbm nwT>rbà_mUo {deX H$aVm oVrb.

1. AZwd§{eH$Vm (Heredity) : ì`ŠVrZm bmÛmam AZwd§e {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AgVmo. ì`ŠVtZm AZwd§emZo àmßV

Pmboë`m j_Vm§_Yrb {^ÝZVm Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {^ÝZVm {Z_m©U H$aVo. H$moUVrhr XmoZ ZdOmV

~mbHo$ H$Yrhr V§VmoV§V gmaIr AgV ZmhrV. JwUgyÌr` d AZwd§{eH$ ñdê$nmV AgUmar O¡{dH$ {^ÝZVm

àË oH$ ZdOmV A ©H$mbm Xwgè`m§nojm doJio ~ZdVo. n[aUm_r g_mZ qH$dm EH$mM gm§ñH¥${VH$ C{ÔnH$mbm

A ©H$mMr AgUmar à{V{H«$`m doJir AgVo.

2. n[apñWVrOÝ` {^ÝZVm (Situational Differences) : _mZdr _wb Á`m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrV

dmT>V AgVo Ë`mMm à^md Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdmda {ZpíMVnUo nS>V AgVmo. CXm. EImÚm KamV

"EHw$bVm EH$' `m AdñWoV dmT>Umè`m _wbmMr gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr, EH$mnojm OmñV ^md§S>mV dmT>Umè`m

_wbmnojm {^ÝZ AgVo. EH$mM Hw$Qw>§~mV dmT>Umè`m "_wbmÀ`m' Am{U "_wbrÀ`m' dmQ>çmbm oUmar

gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr {^ÝZ AgVo. Ho$di ~{hU AgUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mV dmT>Umè`m _wbrbm bmÛmar

gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr ^mD$ AgUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mV Agboë`m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrnojm doJir AgVo.

_wbm§À`m OÝ_mMm H«$_hr ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>V AgVmo. Ë`mà_mUoM _mVm-{nË`m§Mm

AgUmam d`moJQ>hr _wbm§À`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Vmo. Á`mMo _mVm-{nVm VéU AmhoV Aem

_wbmbm bmÛmar gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr d¥Õ _mVm-{nË`m§À`m KamV dmT>Umè`m _wbmnojm {^ÝZ AgVo.

WmoS>Š`mV EH$mM g_mOmVrb {d{dY Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`ŠVtZm, VgoM EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbm§Zm oUmam

n[apñWVrMm AZw d {Za{Zamim AgVmo. Ë`m_wiohr Ë`m§Mr ì`pŠV_Îdo {Za{Zamù`m nÕVrZo AmH$m[aV

hmoVmV.

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3. Cng§ñH¥$VrMm à^md (Sub-Cultural Influence) : g§ñH¥$Vr hr H$mhr AI§S> Aer ~m~ Zmhr qH$dm

EImXm gmMm Zmhr H$s Á`m_Ü o _wbmbm EImÚm _yVuà_mUo KS>{dbo OmVo. éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> `m§À`m _VmZwgma

g§ñH¥$Vr hr H$mhr EImÚm JUdoemgmaIr Zmhr H$s {OMm A§{JH$ma g_mOmVrb gd© gXñ`m§Zr Ho$bmM

nm{hOo. H$moUË`mhr g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrV AZoH$ Cn-g§ñH¥$Vr g_m{dîQ> Pmboë`m AgVmV. Am{U

`mVrb n«Ë oH$ Cng§ñH¥$VrMm ñdV:Mm Agm EH$ à^md gd© gXñ`m§da nS>V AgVmo. n[aUm_r {d{dY

Cng§ñH¥$VtMm {d{dY ì`ŠVtda nS>Umam {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ à^md Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {d{^ÝZVm {Z_m©U

H$aVmo.

4. gm§ñH¥$VrH$ n`m© (Cultural Alternatives) : àË oH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm gmd©{ÌH$

JwUm§~amo~aM (Universals) n`m© r _mJmªMohr (Alternatives) kmZ nwadV AgVo. gmd©{ÌH$ JwU hr

g§nyU© g_mOmZo _mÝ` Ho$bobr d A§{JH$mabobr g§ñH¥$VrVrb _Ü`dVu Aer d¡{eîQ>ço AgVmV.

g_mOgXñ`m§H$Sy>Z ho dV©ZàH$ma {eHy$Z AmË_gmV Ho$bo OmVmV. CXm. g_mOmV ~mobbr OmUmar ^mfm,

Xoe^ŠVr, EH${ddmh nÕVr, d{S>bYmè`m§{df`r AmXa `mgmaIr g_mOmV Imobda éObobr _yë o

^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrVrb gmd©{ÌH$ JwUM Xe©{dVmV. Á`m {H«$`m§~m~V ì`ŠVtZm {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`

g§ñH¥$VrZo {Xbobo AgVo Aem n`m© r _mJmªZm gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m© (Cultural Alternatives) åhUVmV.

CXm. H$m`Xoera[aË`m {ddmh H$aUo hm gmd©{ÌH$ JwU Amho. nU {ddmh H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m ì`ŠVtg_moa

gd©_mÝ` Ago n`m© XoÊ`mV Ambobo AgVmV. Vo ñdV:À`m XmamV, EImÚm MM© qH$dm _§{XamV qH$dm

{ddmh Zm|XUr H$m`m©b`mV {ddmh H$ê$ eH$VmV. AemàH$mao g_mZ Ü o àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r CnbãY

AgUmè`m n`m© m§Mm {ZX}e n`m© r _mJm©Ûmao hmoVmo. Am{U Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmda hmoUmam n[aUm_hr

{^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ñdénmMm AgVmo.

5. g§ñH¥$Vr hñVm§VaUmVrb V\$mdV (Differences in the transmission of culture) :

g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oÛmao g§ñH¥$Vr Zì`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV Ho$br OmVo. ho hñVm§VaU Á`m ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z

KS>Vo Vo Ë`m§Zr g§ñH¥$VrVrb AmË_gmV Ho$boë`m JmoîQ>tnwaVoM _`m©{XV ahmVo. n[aUm_r EH$mM d§e, Y_©,

àXoe AJa gm_m{OH$ dJm©V AgUmè`m {d{dY _mVm-{nË`m§H$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m _wbm§H$S>o {d{dY gm§ñH¥${VH$

JwU d _yë o g§H«${_V Ho$br OmVmV Am{U Ë`mà_mUo ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdmbm AmH$ma àmßV hmoVmo.

6. ~XbË`m g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md (Impact of changing culture) : g§ñH¥$Vr hr H$Yrhr pñWa AgV

Zmhr Va {VÀ`mV gmVË`mZo ~Xb hmoV AgVmV. H$mimZwê$n g§ñH¥$VrMo ñdê$n ~XbV AgVo. ImUo-

{nUo, dmJUo-~mobUo, nmofmI Am{U Ab§H$ma, lÕm-g_OwVr, ~è`m-dmB©Q>mÀ`m H$ënZm, EHy$U

OrdZnÕVr d OrdZ_yë o `mV ~Xb hmoV AgVmo. ^m¡{VH$ dñVy§À`m ñdénmVhr gVV ~Xb hmoV

AgVmV. Aem H$mimZwê$n ~XbUmè`m g§ñH¥$VrMm Ë`m g_mOmVrb gd© gXñ`m§da nS>Umam à^md

H$YrM EH$gmaIm AgV Zmhr. n[aUm_r ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {^ÝZVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.

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7. g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrdmXmbm MmbZm XoVo (Culture encourages individuality) : g§ñH¥$Vr Ho$di

gmaIonUmdaM â XoVo Ago Zmhr Va ì`ŠVrdmXmbmhr MmbZm XoV AgVo. g_mOgXñ`m§gmR>r g§ñH¥$Vr

n`m© r_mJmª~amo~aM {d{eîQ> JwUm§Mrhr {ZpíMVr H$aV AgVo. H$mhr g§ñH¥$VtH$Sy>Z ñdH$V©¥Ëd, g§emoYH$Vm,

H$ënH$Vm, Zd n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ j_Vm Aem _yë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo OmVo. n[aUm_r g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z

ì`ŠVrdmXmbm {Xë`m OmUmè`m àmoËgmhZm_wio g_mOmVrb ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {^ÝZVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.

gmam§e, ì`ŠVrÀ`m gd`r, X¥îQ>rH$moU Am{U JwU{deof `m§À`m g§KQ>ZmVyZ ì`pŠV_Îd AmH$mambm oV

AgVo. g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oMm bm^ Pmboë`m àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm {VMo ñdV:Mo Ago EH$ ì`pŠV_Îd bm^bobo

AgVo. `m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr CËnÎmr ì`ŠVrbm bm^boë`m O¡{dH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Vrb {H«$`m

d à{V{H«$`m§VyZ hmoV AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOgXñ`m§_Ü o, Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm_Ü o g_mZVo~amo~aM {^ÝZVmhr

{Z_m©U H$aV AgVo. Ho$di g§ñH¥$VrÛmaoM ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo {ZYm©aU hmoV Zgbo Var ì`pŠV_Îdmda g§ñH¥$VrMm

nS>Umam n« md Amnë`mbm Xwb©{jV H$aVm oUma Zmhr.



1) g§ñH¥$Vr Amnë`m gd© gXñ`m§Mo EH$gmaIo ì`pŠV_Îd {Z_m©U H$aVo Ago AmnU åhUy eH$Vmo H$m?

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2) EH$mM g§ñH¥$VrVrb {d{dY ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {^ÝZVm {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr Zmdo {bhm.

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àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMo AgUmao doJionU Xe©{dUmè`m H$_r-A{YH$ à_mUmVrb pñWa d¡{eîQ>çm§À`m g§Mmbm

ì`pŠV_Îd Ago åhUVmV. nmH©$ d ~J}g `m§Zr, ""g_yhmVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m y{_Ho$Mo ñdê$n R>a{dUmè`m bjUm§Mo

g§H$bZ d g§KQ>Z åhUOo ì`pŠV_Îd hmo '', Aer ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m gd`r,

X¥îQ>rH$moU Am{U JwU{deof `m§Mo g§KQ>Z åhUOo ì`pŠV_Îd hmo . g_mOrH$aUmMm bm^ Pmboë`m àË oH$

ì`ŠVrbm {VMo ñdV:Mo Ago ì`pŠV_Îd bm^V AgVo. Aem `m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr CËnÎmr O¡{dH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U

gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Vrb {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§VyZ hmoV AgVo. hm°Q>©Z d h§Q> `m§Zr ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg

KS>dyZ AmUUmao KQ>H$ åhUyZ 1. O¡{dH$ d§eXm`, 2. ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVr, 3. g§ñH¥$Vr, 4. g_yhmVrb AZw d

d 5. ì`{ŠVJV AZw d `m KQ>H$m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU {Xbo Amho.

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ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umam g§ñH¥$Vr hm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. hm à^md ñnîQ>

H$aÊ`mgmR>r éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> d _mJm©aoQ> _rS> `m _mZdemñÌkm§Zr Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMr VwbZm Ho$br

Amho. éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m "Patterns of Culture" `m nwñVH$mV Ý w _opŠgH$moVrb PwZr d _°boZo{e`mVrb

S>mo~wAZ `m Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb bmoH$m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVrb \$aH$ ñnîQ> Ho$bm AgyZ Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr `m XmoÝhr

O_mVtÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrV AgUmè`m {^ÝZVoMm n[aUm_ Amho ho ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho. `mà_mUoM _mJm©aoQ> _rS> `m§Zr

Ë`m§À`m 'Sex Temperament in Three Primitive Societies' `m nwñVH$mV nwéfr d ñÌr-gwb^ åhUyZ

AmnU _mZV AgUmao H$mhr JwU{deof b¢{JH$VoÀ`m OrdemñÌr` VÏ`m§er g§~§{YV ZgyZ g§ñH¥$VrZo Ë`m

JwU{deofm§À`m Ho$boë`m n[a^mfoer g§~§YrV AgVmV hr ~m~ ñnîQ> Ho$br Amho.

ho gË` Amho H$s àË oH$ g§ñH¥$Vr gdmªgmR>r g_mZ Am{U g_mO_mÝ` Aem JwU{deof d _yë`m§À`m

ghmæ`mZo ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md Q>mH$V AgVo. n[aUm_r EH$mM g§ñH¥$VrVrb ~hþg§»`

ì`pŠV_Îdo gmYmaUV: EH$gmaIr {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV. nU àË oH$ g§ñH¥$Vr gdm©Wm©Zo g_mZ ì`pŠV_Îdo {Z_m©U

H$aVo Ago AmnU åhUyM eH$V Zmhr. AmO ~hþg§»` {dMmad§V EH$mM g§ñH¥$Vr_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar ì`pŠV_Îdo

EH$gmaIr AgV ZmhrV AgoM _V _m§S>VmV. EH$mM g§ñH¥$VrVrb ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AmT>iUmè`m {^ÝZVogmR>r

nwT>rb H$maUo H$maUr yV R>aV AgVmV. 1. AZwd§{eH$Vm, 2. n[apñWVrOÝ` {^ÝZVm, 3. Cng§ñH¥$VrMm à^md,

4. gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m© , 5. g§ñH¥$Vr hñVm§VaUmVrb V\$mdV, 6. ~XbË`m g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md Am{U 7. g§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z

ì`ŠVrdmXmbm {Xbr OmUmar MmbZm.

WmoS>Š`mV, ì`ŠVrÀ`m gd`r, X¥îQ>rH$moU Am{U JwU{deof `m§À`m g§KQ>ZmVyZ ì`pŠV_Îd AmH$mambm oV

AgVo. g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oMm bm^ Pmboë`m àË oH$mbm {VMo ñdV:Mo Ago EH$ ì`pŠV_Îd bm^bobo

AgVo. `m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr CËnÎmr ì`ŠVrbm bm^boë`m O¡{dH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U g§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Vrb {H«$`m-

à{V{H«$`m§VyZ hmoV AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr g_mOgXñ`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV g_mZVo~amo~a {^ÝZVmhr {Z_m©U H$aV AgVo.

Ho$di g§ñH¥$VrÛmaoM ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo {ZYm©aU hmoV Zgbo Var, ì`ŠVr_Îdmda g§ñH¥$VrMm nS>Umam à^md Amnë`mbm

Xwb©{jV H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to Check Your Progerss):


1) nmH©$ d ~J}g `m§À`m _Vmà_mUo, ""g_yhmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m y{_Ho$Mo ñdê$n R>a{dUmè`m bjUm§Mo g§H$bZ

d g§KQ>Z åhUOo ì`pŠV_Îd hmo .''

2) hm°Q>©Z Am{U h§Q> `m§Zr ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umao 1. O¡{dH$ d§eXm`, 2. ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVr,

3. g§ñH¥$Vr, 4. g_yhmVrb AZw d, 5. ì`{ŠVJV AZw d ho nmM KQ>H$ gm§{JVbo AmhoV.

221


1) EImXm g_mO Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm Á`m Img gm_m{OH$ AZw yVr XoVmo, Aem Img gm_m{OH$ AZw yVtVyZ

Ë`m g_mOmVrb gd© ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV gmaIonUm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU©

{H$_mZ ì`pŠV_Îdmbm "gamgar ì`pŠV_Îd' Ago åhUVmV.

2) éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> `m§Zr A°nmobmo{Z`Z d S>m`moZo{e`Z ho g§ñH¥$VrMo XmoZ àH$ma gm§{JVbo AmhoV.

3) éW ~oZo{S>ŠQ> `m§Zr PwZr, S>mo~wAZ d Šdm{H$C>ëb B§{S>`Z `m VrZ Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m g§ñH¥$VtMm

Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho.

4) S>mo~wAZ d PwZr O_mVtÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o AgUmè`m {^ÝZVo_wio ì`pŠV_Ëd JwU{deofmV \$aH$ AmT>iVmo.

5) _mJm©aoQ> _rS> `m§À`m _Vo "nwéfr' Am{U "ñÌr gwb^' dV©ZàH$mam§Mr {ZpíMVr g§ñH¥$VrÛmao hmoVo.


1) Zmhr, g§ñH¥$Vr Amnë`m gd© gXñ`m§Mo EH$gmaIo ì`pŠV_Îd {Z_m©U H$é eH$Vo, Ago AmnU åhUy eH$V

Zmhr.

2) EH$mM g§ñH¥$VrVrb {d{dY ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV {^ÝZVm {Z_m©U H$aUmao KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo - 1.

AZwd§{eH$Vm, 2. n[apñWVrOÝ` {^ÝZVm, 3. Cng§ñH¥$Vr n« md, 4. gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m© , 5. g§ñH¥$Vr

hñVm§VaUmVrb V\$mdV, 6. ~XbË`m g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md, 7. g§ñH¥$Vr ì`ŠVrdmXmbm MmbZm XoVo.

4.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (Exercise / Home Assignment) :

Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao V`ma H$am?

1) ì`pŠV_Îd åhUOo H$m`? ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umao {d{dY KQ>H$ ñnîQ> H$am?

2) "ì`pŠV_Îd' åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmda g§ñH¥$VrMm nS>Umam à^md {deX H$am?

3) EH$mM g§ñH¥$VrVrb {d{dY ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV AmT>iUmè`m {^ÝZVobm O~m~Xma AgUmao KQ>H$

ñnîQ> H$am?

4.7 qMVZ Am{U H$m © (Reflection And Action) :

Vwåhr Á`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_yhmMo gXñ` AmhmV Ë`mÀ`mda ^mî` H$am Am{U Vw_À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_yhmV

AmT>iUmar ì`pŠV_ËdmVrb H$mhr g_mZ JwUd¡{eîQ>ço emoYyZ H$mT>m. hr g_mZ JwUd¡{eîQ>ço g§ñH¥$VrZoM CËnÝZ

Ho$br AmhoV H$m `mda EH$ {Q>nU V`ma H$am.

222




3) S>m°. nw. b. ^m§S>maH$a d àm. Zr. g. d¡Ú : g_mOemñÌr` {gÕm§V, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya 1979.

4) S>m°. {dbmg g§Jdo : g_mOemñÌ, nm°ß wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1969.

5) Horton and Hunt : Sociology, MC Graw Hill, Tokyo, 1976.

6) Shankar Rao C. N. : Sociology Primary Principles of Sociology with An Introduction

to Social Thought, S. Chand and Co. Ltd. 1983.

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Xya {ejU {d^mJ - Shivaji University. A. Part-I Sociology... · g_mOemñÌ n[aM` : nwñVH$mVrb ñd`§-AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMo g§KQ>Z ~r.E. ^mJ-1 nona H«$_m§H$-1 `m Aä`mgH«$_mV EH§$Xa