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Xuexi Tie NCAR/ACD
Motivations: Motivations:
•Large cities are rapidly growing (cluster)Large cities are rapidly growing (cluster)
•Rapid development of economics has importantRapid development of economics has important effect on air pollutants and climate effect on air pollutants and climate (regional (regional global) global)
•Establish a chemical weather (ozone, visibilityEstablish a chemical weather (ozone, visibility etc) forecast system in the Shanghai Regionetc) forecast system in the Shanghai Region (YRD) (YRD)
PP
SH
Population (Millions) GDP 100B
1 Mage city; 8 cities (above 5M); 3 cities (close to 5M)
16 Large cities (> 1M) in the YRD region
SH NJ SZ WX HZ NP CZ ZJ NT SX YZ TZ HZ JX ZS TZ
SZ
JX
SX
NB
WXCZ
ZS
YZ
NT
NJ
WH
HZ
HZ
ZJ
SHSH
28-40K
6-8K
3-6K
8-16K
16-28K
GDP/Person
The impacts on environmentThe impacts on environment High Pollutants around Large Cities High Pollutants around Large Cities
Shanghai
00. 020. 040. 060. 080. 1
0. 120. 140. 160. 180. 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
AOD
+ 0.
50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Aerosols (AOD) trend from 2000-2007 in ShanghaiAerosols (AOD) trend from 2000-2007 in Shanghai
The worst is not over (yet) ! The worst is not over (yet) !
Typical visibilityIn Shanghai
Typical visibilityIn Boulder
Scientific objectivesScientific objectives
(1) Establish an effective measurement network to study ozone and ozone precursors, and use the measured result to evaluate WRF-Chem calculations.
(2) Study whether the ozone formation is NOx inhibited or VOC limited in the city. How strong is the VOC-limitation to ozone formation in different locations in the Shanghai region?
(3) Understand the impacts of different anthropogenic activities (e.g., traffic, chemical industry) on ozone formation in this region.
(4) Study the impact of high aerosol loading on photochemistry. How strong is the photon-limitation to ozone formation in different locations in the Shanghai region?
(5) Understand the effect of biogenic emission on ozone concentrations in Shanghai and the surrounding region. How do biogenic emissions interact with anthropogenic emissions to form ozone ?
(6) Assess the interactions between the city and surrounding area for ozone formation.
(7) Establish a chemical weather forecast system (CWFS) to forecast O3 and visibility and to assess the impact of the rapid economical development on the future air quality in YRD
Current measurement sitesCurrent measurement sites
Remote Remote
RuralRural
Edge of UrbanEdge of Urban
UrbanUrban
Chemical InduChemical Indu
Urban centerUrban center
PP
B
Date
Ozone trend from 2006/7 to 2007/7Ozone trend from 2006/7 to 2007/7
PP
B
Date
CC33HH66 (VOC) trend from 2006/7 to 2007/7 (VOC) trend from 2006/7 to 2007/7
It is doubled !It is doubled !
Surface data analysisSurface data analysis
WRF-Chem model in ShanghaiWRF-Chem model in ShanghaiCurrently is adopted in Pudong and used as Daily forecast for Currently is adopted in Pudong and used as Daily forecast for ozoneozone (ozone evaluation (Aug/02-Aug/10/2007)(ozone evaluation (Aug/02-Aug/10/2007)
Super sites during Sept/2009 campaignSuper sites during Sept/2009 campaign
Remote Remote
RuralRural
Edge of UrbanEdge of Urban
UrbanUrban
Chemical InduChemical Indu
Urban centerUrban center
PDPD
JSJS
DTDT
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PD - O3, NO, NO2, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, COPD - O3, NO, NO2, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, CO, JNO2, SO2, NH3, Lidar, JNO2, SO2, NH3, Lidar VOCs(SH), HNO3(TAM) HONO(TAM), VOCs(SH), HNO3(TAM) HONO(TAM), O3, NO, NO2, O3, NO, NO2, NOy, NOy, AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(PKU)AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(PKU)JS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, JS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, VOCs,VOCs, AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(FD), AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(FD), CO??CO??DT - O3, NO, NO2, CO, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NH3, DT - O3, NO, NO2, CO, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NH3, JNO2,JNO2, VOCsVOCs,, VOC(TAM), AERO_COMP(XA) VOC(TAM), AERO_COMP(XA)
XJH - O3, NO, NO2, MetXJH - O3, NO, NO2, MetBS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, ozonesonde (10 times) BS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, ozonesonde (10 times) CM - O3, NO, NO2, metCM - O3, NO, NO2, metSS - O3, NO, NO2, metSS - O3, NO, NO2, met____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SMB, SMB, NCAR/ACD, NCAR/ACD, Texas A&M (TAM), Peking U(PKU), Xi-An Insti(XA), Fudan U(FD)Texas A&M (TAM), Peking U(PKU), Xi-An Insti(XA), Fudan U(FD)
Instruments for 2009
Table, Results of the measurementsTable, Results of the measurements
PD - PD - GASGAS O3, NO, NO2, NOx, NOy, CO, HNO3, HONO, VOCs, SO2, NH3O3, NO, NO2, NOx, NOy, CO, HNO3, HONO, VOCs, SO2, NH3 AEROAERO BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Bins(10nm-10um), Aerosol composition, LidarBC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Bins(10nm-10um), Aerosol composition, Lidar J[NO2]J[NO2] MET JS - JS - GASGAS O3, NO, NO2, NOx, VOCs, CO??O3, NO, NO2, NOx, VOCs, CO?? AEROAERO Bins(10nm-10um), Aerosol compositionBins(10nm-10um), Aerosol composition METMET
DT - DT - GASGAS O3, NO, NO2, NOx, CO, VOCsO3, NO, NO2, NOx, CO, VOCs AEROAERO BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Aerosol compositionBC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Aerosol composition J[NO2]J[NO2] METMET
(O3-NOx-VOCs-Aerosols-Met system in the 3 super-sites) (O3-NOx-VOCs-Aerosols-Met system in the 3 super-sites)
0 40 80 120 160O zone m ixing ra tio (ppbv)
1000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Pre
ssur
e(
hPa)
O 3 m ixin g ra tio
2007-05-23
2007-05-24
Enhanced Ozone Sounding (10 times during campaign)
Lidar (aerosol profile) and the PBL Lidar (aerosol profile) and the PBL
16 KM coarse resolutionStreets et al (2002)
1KM fine resolution based on surface data
Discussions of MIRAGE-Shanghai Discussions of MIRAGE-Shanghai on Jan/19/2009on Jan/19/2009
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PD - O3, NO, NO2, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, COPD - O3, NO, NO2, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, CO, JNO2, SO2, NH3, Lidar, JNO2, SO2, NH3, Lidar VOCs(SH), HNO3(TAM) HONO(TAM), VOCs(SH), HNO3(TAM) HONO(TAM), O3, NO, NO2, O3, NO, NO2, NOy, NOy, AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(PKU)AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(PKU)JS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, JS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, VOCs,VOCs, AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(FD), AERO_COMP(XA), AERO_BIN(FD), CO??CO??DT - O3, NO, NO2, CO, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NH3, DT - O3, NO, NO2, CO, met, BC, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NH3, JNO2,JNO2, VOCsVOCs,, VOC(TAM), AERO_COMP(XA) VOC(TAM), AERO_COMP(XA)
XJH - O3, NO, NO2, MetXJH - O3, NO, NO2, MetBS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, ozonesonde (10 times) BS - O3, NO, NO2, Met, ozonesonde (10 times) CM - O3, NO, NO2, metCM - O3, NO, NO2, metSS - O3, NO, NO2, metSS - O3, NO, NO2, met____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SMB, SMB, NCAR/ACD, NCAR/ACD, Texas A&M (TAM), Peking U(PKU), Xi-An Insti(XA), Fudan U(FD)Texas A&M (TAM), Peking U(PKU), Xi-An Insti(XA), Fudan U(FD) Enhanced Soundings (PBL), Wind profilers (?)Enhanced Soundings (PBL), Wind profilers (?)
Instruments for 2009
The experiment durationThe experiment duration
The experiment will take place from Sept/1/2009 to Sept/21/2009.
The second Phase of the experiment The second Phase of the experiment
The experiment will take place fin spring (NW winds), May/2012???
Participants from NCARParticipants from NCAR
Guy Brasseur (ESSL Director), a few day trip in SMB to oversee the experiment
Bill Randel (ACD director), oversee the experiment
Sasha Madronich, oversee the experiment
Xuexi Tie, Coordinator between NCAR and SMB, and WRF-Chem modeling
Alex Guenther, Jim Greenberg and Andrew Turnipseed: VOC fluxes at DT and XJH Sites and VOC measurements at XJH, CM, BS and SS sites Eric Apel+1 VOC measurement at JS site Frank Flocke + 1 NO, NO2, NOx, NOy, O3 measurements and inter-comparison at XJH
Bob Henson – UCAR P-R (1 week)
Total = 12 (3 for short period, and 9 for 4 weeks)
Participants from SMB?Participants from SMB?
NCAR costNCAR cost
Airline tickets; 10 x $1500 = $15KAirline tickets; 10 x $1500 = $15KShipment cost; 3 x $9000 = $ 27,000Shipment cost; 3 x $9000 = $ 27,000Materials and Supplies (e.g., GC gases, standards, cartridges): $8KMaterials and Supplies (e.g., GC gases, standards, cartridges): $8KMis cost 5KMis cost 5K
Estimated total cost by NCAR ~$55K x 1.5 Estimated total cost by NCAR ~$55K x 1.5 (over-head)(over-head) = 82.5K = 82.5K
SMB matching cost;SMB matching cost;
Hotel cost: 30 day x $80 x 13 people = $31,200Hotel cost: 30 day x $80 x 13 people = $31,200Per diem cost (food + transportation) 30 day x $40 x 13 = $ 15,600Per diem cost (food + transportation) 30 day x $40 x 13 = $ 15,600Some other cost; $15,000Some other cost; $15,000Data management cost; $7,000Data management cost; $7,000Enhancement Ozonesonde cost; $10,000Enhancement Ozonesonde cost; $10,000Estimated total matching cost by SMB; $78K - $80KEstimated total matching cost by SMB; $78K - $80K
Additional instrument purchase (J[NO2]) etc, $30KAdditional instrument purchase (J[NO2]) etc, $30K
Pre-campaign activities
• More WRF-tracer study, improve in emissions
• Intensive VOC measurements by SMB
1-week each in XJH, JS, and DT (diurnal cycle during daytime in May/2009??
• Data analysis by ACD and SMB for 2005-2008 period
Pre-campaign Preparations• Coordinate with other Institutes and Universities?
(Xi-An; Texas AM; Peking University; Fudan University; CMA)
• Shipments of NCAR instruments? When and How?
• Preparations in the field sites (Hotels and transportations)
• Data managements, Web-site establishment