XO and Consult Congress CPs - Michigan7 2013 BFJR (2)

8/10/2019 XO and Consult Congress CPs - Michigan7 2013 BFJR (2)

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XO & Consult Congress CPs

BFJR 7wk


2/74

Executive Order CP


3/74

1NC

ext! "e #resident o$ t"e %nited t'tes s"ould

"e CP solves(su 1) (David T. Hsu - Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pennsylvanias Browne Center for InternationalPolitics !"#ecutive Discretion Do$estic Constraints and Patterns of Post-%&'' U.. Forei)n "cono$ic Policy*e+te$,er ' P) / htt+0&&davidthsu.1les.word+ress.co$&'&%&hsu-+atterns-of-+ost%''-us-forei)n-econo$ic-+olicy-se+te$,er-'.+df 2 3a#4The s+eci1c e$+irical +u55le how to e#+lain the +attern of U.. forei)n econo$ic en)a)e$ent in the conte#t of+ost-%&'' security +ressures relates to the ,roader theoretical de,ate a,out the +olitics of forei)n econo$ic +olicy

(6rasner '%789 I:en,erry et al. '%882. 3uch of the +revious research $aintains that t"e #resident "'sstr'tegic 'dv'nt'ges in controlling $oreign #olic*. Infor$ational advanta)es ena,let"e #resident to +o,ili-e #ressure in $'vor o$ ' #re$erred #olic* 'gend'wit" gre'ter knowledge of strate)ic i$+eratives and alternative relative to le)islators. '' In tande$

wit" t"e ',ilit* to exerciseunil'ter'l #owers (via e#ecutive order $e$orandu$ and otherdirectives2 +residents are in a !uni;ue +osition to lead* at !the front-end of the +olicy-$a:in) +rocess.*' Thisreasonin)


4/74

XO olvenc*


5/74

4eneric

XO solves ,est5 6 re'sonsP'ul* 'nd 'ns$ord 8 (=o,ert and To$ +rofessor of history and +olitical cience at >orwich Universityand assistant +rofessor of +olitical science University of outhern 3ississi++i ?$erican Di+lo$acy !>ationalecurity Policy and the tron) "#ecutive0 The French and ?$erican Presidents and the @ar on Terror* Aune htt+0&&www.unc.edu&de+ts&di+lo$at&archivesroll&-/&lansford+aulye#ec&lansford+aulye#ec.ht$l2 CFrance and the United tates have +residential syste$s which )ive their nations hi)hest elected oEcial wide+owers to conduct forei)n and security +olicy. To dierent de)rees the division of res+onsi,ilities for ,oth nationshi)hest oEce reGects @ildavs:ys conce+t of !two-+residencies* in which one facet re+resents do$estic +olicy andone re+resents forei)n +olicy.' In writin) a,out the U.. chief e#ecutive @ildavs:y su$$ari5ed conte$+oraryscholarshi+ on the forei)n +olicy +owers of the +residency and identi1ed 1ve $ain reasons for the concentration of

+ower0'2 since forei)n +olicy and security issues often need !fast action* the e#ecutive rather than the le)islative,ranch of )overn$ent is the $ore a++ro+riate decision-$a:in) structure 9 2 theConstitution )rants the +resident ,road for$al +owers 9 2 ,ecause of the co$+le#itiesinvolved voters tend to dele)ate to the +resident their !trust and con1dence* to act 92 the !interest )rou+ structure is wea: unsta,le and thin* 9 and 2 the le)islaturefollows a !self-denyin) ordinance* since tradition and +racticality reinforce the+ower of the chief e#ecutive . @ildavs:ys wor: is echoed ,y $any scholars includin) 4o)an whocontends that in @estern de$ocracies !the $ass +u,lic consciously or unconsciously cedes inGuence* to+oliticians and +olicy elites.


6/74

Cu,'

Executive orders s"ould ,e 0rst ste#s to li$ting restrictions

'g'inst Cu,'Ric"'rdson 19 (Bill =ichardson Jovernor and for$er U> a$,assador The @ashin)ton Post !Ti$e for@estern He$is+here countries to colla,orate* 8-'-' htt+0&&www.washin)ton+ost.co$&w+-dyn&content&article&'&8&'&?='8'%8.ht$l2 3a#4

-- econd as a 0rst ste# to c"'nging our #olic* tow'rd Cu,': t"e #residents"ould issue 'n executive order to li$t as $uch of t"e tr'vel ,'n as +ossi,le. The travel,an +enali5es U.. ,usinesses lowers our credi,ility in 4atin ?$erica and fuels anti-U.. +ro+a)anda. 4iftin) the ,anwould also ,e a reci+rocal )esture for Cu,aKs recent a)ree$ent ne)otiated a$on) the Catholic Church the +anish

)overn$ent and President =aLl Castro to release +olitical dissidents. O,'+' "'s t'ken signi0c'ntste#s to loosen restrictions on fa$ily travel re$ove li$its for re$ittance and e#+and coo+eration inother areas such as e#+andin) the e#+ort of hu$anitarian )oods fro$ the United tates into Cu,a. 4oosenin) travel

restrictions is in U.. interests and would ,e a ,old $ove toward nor$ali5ation of relationswith Cu,a.

;n executive order c'n re+ove e+,'rgo #rovisions it won2t,e rolled ,'ck;CE 9ew 4a,ors of HerculesL* Cu,a in Transition %htt+0&&www.ascecu,a.or)&+u,lications&+roceedin)s&volu$e'%&+dfs&traviesodia5.+df 2 3a#4

The actions ta:en ,y the United tates in the +ast to re$ove trade e$,ar)oes a)ainstforei)n countries a++ear to show that unless such liftin) is s+eci1cally li$ited ,y the le)islationPresidential decisions and deter$inations are suEcient authority to lift trade e$,ar)oes.Mn that ,asis re$ovin) the T@"? as a source of the Cu,an trade e$,ar)o would ,e strai)htforward. The si$+lest+rocedure would ,e for the President to a,stain fro$ issuin) the re;uired annual Deter$ination that e#ercise of the

T@"? authority with res+ect to Cu,a is in the national interest of the United tates. ?n alternative ,ut+erha+s $ore controversial course of action would ,e for the President to issue ane#ecutive order e#+ressly endin) the state of e$er)ency with re)ard to Cu,a . The sa$edocu$ent could re+eal other ele$ents of the e$,ar)o such as so$e of the C?C= issued after 3arch '%%/.?lternatively the Treasury De+art$ent could ta:e ad$inistrative action to rescind the +ost-'%%/ C?C=./ In thecase of the Forei)n ?ssistance ?ct ection /(a2('2 of the F?? U..C. N 7(a2('2 authori5es the President to!esta,lish and $aintain a total e$,ar)o u+on all trade ,etween the United tates and Cu,a.* This section is clearly+er$issive and leaves the President free to deter$ine whether to !$aintain* the e$,ar)o and conse;uentlywhether to lift it. The President could re$ove the e$,ar)o to the e#tent it is i$+osed under this +rovision ,y ane#ecutive order that rescinds President 6ennedys Procla$ation and revo:es all su,se;uent e#ecutive orders andre)ulations thereunder i$+le$entin) as+ects of the e$,ar)o. The President could also ta:e this action unilaterallywithout reference to any e#ternal events.

"e CP solves $or Cu,' 'nd 'voids t"e link to #oliticsPro)reso ' (Pro)reso @ee:ly Why President Obama should Issue and ExecutiveOrder on Travel to Cuba ''&&' htt+0&&+ro)reso-wee:ly.co$&ini&inde#.+h+&cu,a&'-an)elicas-eyes-on-washin)ton-,lo)s&an)elicas-eyes-on-washin)ton&%-why-+resident-o,a$a-should-issue-an-e#ecutive-order-on-travel-to-cu,a2&&4?The ad$inistration is considerin) an "#ecutive Mrder to ,e issued ,y the Presidentthat would ,roaden the sco+e of whats )enerally called !+eo+le to +eo+le* non-tourist travel toCu,a. This is the sa$e authority President M,a$a used in ?+ril % to restore the
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/13/AR2010081304982.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/13/AR2010081304982.htmlhttp://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume19/pdfs/traviesodiaz.pdfhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/13/AR2010081304982.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/13/AR2010081304982.htmlhttp://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume19/pdfs/traviesodiaz.pdf


7/74

unrestricted ri)hts of Cu,an ?$ericans to visit their fa$ilies on the island. Issuin) thee#ecutive order is in the econo$ic interest the forei)n +olicy interest and thenational security interest of the U.. It ful1lls the Presidents co$$it$ent to see:new o+enin)s with Cu,a and encoura)es and res+onds to the +rocesses of chan)e

)oin) on in Cu,a itself. There is ,ro'd su##ort for these chan)es a$on) U..

or)ani5ations and constituencies. ?nnouncin) an e#ecutive order to +er$it $oretravel to Cu,a and $ore en)a)e$ent would not "'r+ t"e President #olitic'll*=

In fact it would strengt"en t"e President 't "o+e and +osition the U.. on the

side of the Cu,an +eo+le at a critical $o$ent in their history . '. M+enin) u+ Cu,a to non-tourist travel is the ri)ht thin) to do U.. citi5ens should interact $ore with the Cu,an +eo+le and so the U..)overn$ent should reduce restrictions on +ur+oseful travel ,y ?$ericans to Cu,a. =eli)ious )rou+s visitin)con)re)ations on the island and students en)a)ed in acade$ic +ro)ra$s and research are +ositive e#a$+les ofhow ?$ericans can en)a)e the Cu,an +eo+le directly. The "#ecutive Mrder will re$ove the senseless and onerous

,arriers to those interactions. . I$+le$entin) the "M ful1lls the Presidents co$$it$ent on+olicy toward Cu,a In the ca$+ai)n and later at the u$$it of the ?$ericas President M,a$a +ro$ised toen)a)e Cu,a if Cu,as )overn$ent too: ste+s to refor$ its econo$y and release +olitical +risoners. Cu,a is in the+rocess of layin) o state wor:ers and e#+andin) self-e$+loy$ent and the s$all ,usiness sector in order

to a,sor, the une$+loyed wor:ers. It has also freed $ore than +olitical +risoners since Auly '. Issuin)

the "#ecutive Mrder now would de$onstrate reco)nition of the i$+ortant chan)esta:in) +lace in Cu,a and the U..s interest in encoura)in) continued refor$s. It

would ful1ll the co$$it$ent the President $ade. . There is su,st'nti'l su##ort

in Congress 3ore than '8 3e$,ers of the '''th Con)ress have cos+onsored

Cu,a travel and a)ricultural trade le)islation includin) at least '/ =e+u,licans. Inthe enate enators have cos+onsored le)islation to ease Cu,a travel and trade restrictionsand $any $ore would vote in favor of such +ro+osals today. There will still ,e su,stantial su++ort forendin) the travel ,an in the ne#t Con)ress in ,oth the enate and the House . . Its inthe econo$ic interests of the United tates to su++ort this chan)e @hile the President cannot lift the travel ,anoutri)ht the ad$inistration can issue re)ulations that si)ni1cantly increase travel to Cu,a and also reducetransactional ,arriers to U.. food e#+orts ,oth of which will ,e welco$ed ,y a)riculture and ,usiness )rou+s as aste+ in the ri)ht direction. Thats why ,usiness )rou+s li:e the ?$erican Far$ Bureau Federation and the >ationalForei)n Trade Council ur)ed the ?d$inistration earlier this $onth to su++ort e#+anded travel and a)ricultural trade

o++ortunities. The ?F4-CIMs last convention a++roved a resolution in su++ort of endin) the travel ,an. Both,usiness )rou+s and la,or reco)ni5e that its in our interest to increase travel and e#+and e#+orts to Cu,a. . Its inthe national security interest of the United tates. @ithin the last year a )rou+ retired )enerals and Ga) oEcerscalled on the President to rela# restrictions on trade and travel with Cu,a. /. =es+ected faith hu$an ri)hts andforei)n +olicy )rou+s su++ort the chan)e Pro)ressive )rou+s the reli)ious co$$unity acade$ics and the hu$anri)hts co$$unity are vi)orously +ressin) for +olicy chan)e in a stron)er $ore visi,le way than in the +ast andwould ,e +leased to see the President do all he can to end the travel ,an. Hu$an =i)hts @atch ?$nestyInternational U.. Catholic Conference of Catholic Bisho+s the >ational Council of Churches and Church @orldervice the Council on Forei)n =elations and $any other )rou+s that follow forei)n +olicy and hu$an ri)hts

su++ort increasin) en)a)e$ent with the Cu,an +eo+le. 7. Cu,an ?$ericans su++ort travel for all?$ericans Polls of Cu,an ?$ericans nation-wide and Cu,an-?$erican re)istered voters in south Floridacon1r$ that the $a


8/74

,'cking down in t"e $'ce o$ "'rdliners in t"e Congress . ?t the sa$e ti$e failin) tores+ond to Cu,as release of $ore than +olitical +risoners and $a


9/74

Re+ov'l o$ 'nctions

Presidenti'l w'ver 'ut"orit* solvesHaass %8 (=ichard >. Broo:in)s Institute Economic anctions! Too Much of a "adThing Broo:in)s +olicy ,rief series /&%8htt+0&&www.,roo:in)s.edu&research&+a+ers&'%%8&/&sanctions-haass2&&4??ll sanctions e$,edded in le)islation should +rovide for +residential discretion inthe for$ of a waiver authority. Discretion would allow the President to sus+end orter$inate a sanction if he


10/74

TraEc:in)

"#ecutive orders solve hu$an traEc:in) full i$+le$entation is :ey?C4U ' (Devon Chaee ?$erican Civil 4i,erties Union !President Issues "#ecutive Mrder to to+ Hu$anTraEc:in) in Jovern$ent Contracts* %--' "tt#!www='clu=org,log"u+'n5rig"ts#resident5issues5executive5order5sto#5"u+'n5tr'>cking5govern+ent5contr'cts23a#4

Today President Barac: M,a$a si)ned an e#ecutive order that will )ive ,etter +rotectionsto vulnera,le wor:ers e$+loyed ,y )overn$ent contractors. The order announced on the 'thanniversary of the "$anci+ation Procla$ation lays out new re;uire$ents for U.. )overn$ent contractors and their

su,contractors o+eratin) overseas to +revent hu$an traEc:in) and forced la,or. In a +owerfuls+eech this $ornin) announcin) the order President M,a$a reco)ni5ed that U.. ta# +ayer dollarsshould never ,e used to su++ort hu$an traEc:in) a for$ of $odern day slavery.For $any years U.. )overn$ent contractors +rovidin) services to the $ilitary and U.. di+lo$atic $issionsoverseas have en)a)ed in the traEc:in) and forced la,or of re+ortedly thousands of $en and wo$en fro$ low-wa)e countries such as >e+al India and the Phili++ines. In Aune the ?C4U released a ationals or TC>s2 are char)ed e#or,itant recruit$ent fees oftenlied to a,out what country they will ,e ta:en to and how $uch they will ,e +aid. 3any are left with no choice ,ut to

live and wor: in unacce+ta,le and unsafe conditions servin) as security +ersonnel coo:s s ,y )overn$ent contractors is a +ervasive and on)oin)

+ro,le$. Todays e#ecutive order will hel+ ensure that wor:ers who +rovide valua,leservices to our troo+s and e$,assies are not traEc:ed or forced into indentured servitude on theta#+ayers di$e. It +rohi,its contractors and su,contractors fro$ char)in) recruit$entfees and re;uires +ri$e contractors to ta:e res+onsi,ility for ensurin) that theirsu,contractors are not en)a)in) in traEc:in) or forced la,or. It also $andates thecreation of new )uidance and trainin) for contract oEcers res+onsi,le for enforcin) the newanti-traEc:in) +rovisions. Mf course there is still wor: to ,e done. Todays order needsto ,e fully i$+le$ented which will ,e challen)in) )iven the ,urdens already on the contractin) oEcerstas:ed with ensurin) that contractors co$+ly with U.. re)ulations. It also re$ains to ,e seen whether

the ad$inistration will ,e $ore willin) than it has ,een in the +ast to +ursue cri$inal+rosecutions and ad$inistrative +enalties a)ainst those contractors who are found to haveen)a)ed in hu$an traEc:in) and forced la,or. This is why the ?C4U will continue to ur)e Con)ress to ado+tcritical +endin) le)islation the "nd TraEc:in) in Jovern$ent Contractin) ?ct that would create new cri$inal+enalties for contractors who e$+loy fraudulent recruit$ent tactics. ?do+tion of this statute will also $a:e it harderfor a future ad$inistration to reverse the e#ecutive orders re;uire$ents. Clic: here to tell your enator to su++ortthis i$+ortant +iece of le)islation today.
http://www.aclu.org/blog/human-rights/president-issues-executive-order-stop-human-trafficking-government-contractshttp://www.aclu.org/blog/human-rights/president-issues-executive-order-stop-human-trafficking-government-contractshttp://www.aclu.org/blog/human-rights/president-issues-executive-order-stop-human-trafficking-government-contractshttp://www.aclu.org/blog/human-rights/president-issues-executive-order-stop-human-trafficking-government-contractshttp://www.aclu.org/blog/human-rights/president-issues-executive-order-stop-human-trafficking-government-contracts


11/74

(u+'n Rig"ts

O,'+' s"ould issue executive orders reg'rding "u+'n rig"ts

#oliciesCN 19 (usan Aones C> >ews !M,a$a Ur)ed to Issue "#ecutive Mrder on Hu$an =i)ht to "nsure U..Co$+liance @ith U.>. Treaties* -'%-' htt+0&&cnsnews.co$&news&article&o,a$a-ur)ed-issue-e#ecutive-order-hu$an-ri)ht-ensure-us-co$+liance-un-treaties 2 3a#4(C>>ews.co$2 The U.. tate De+art$ent is as:in) state and local hu$an ri)hts co$$issions to hel+ it +re+arean o,li)atory re+ort to the United >ations on how the U.. is advancin) the hu$an ri)hts set forth in varioustreaties. The Hu$an =i)hts at Ho$e Ca$+ai)n a coalition of $ore than U..-,ased )rou+s includin) the?$erican Civil 4i,erties Union and ?$nesty International on @ednesday a++lauded the tate De+art$ents

!un+recedented outreach* to hu$an ri)hts co$$issions and a)encies across the country. Those state andlocal )rou+s are now +ressin) President M,a$a to issue an e#ecutive order esta,lishin)a do$estic hu$an ri)hts infrastructure that would hel+ the U.. $eet its o,li)ationsto !res+ect +rotect and ful1ll hu$an ri)hts for all.* The Hu$an =i)hts at Ho$e Ca$+ai)n says$ore than ' co$$issions or a)encies have ,een esta,lished ,y state county or city)overn$ents !to +ro$ote and enforce hu$an and civil ri)hts further +ositive race and inter)rou+

relations and&or to conduct research trainin) and +u,lic education and issue +olicyreco$$endations.* Those state and local )rou+s can +lay and i$+ortant role in ensurin) ,road hu$anri)hts co$+liance within the United tates the Hu$an =i)hts at Ho$e Ca$+ai)n said in a news release. ?s ane#a$+le of the wor: ,ein) done ,y state and local )rou+s the Hu$an =i)hts at Ho$e Ca$+ai)n +ointed to the 4os?n)eles County Hu$an =elations Co$$ission which +roduces an annual re+ort analy5in) hate cri$es in 4os?n)eles County and is now launchin) a ca$+ai)n to address !risin) violence a)ainst +eo+le who are ho$eless.*

But to do their . Co$$ittee on the "li$ination of =acialDiscri$ination and the U.>. Hu$an =i)hts Council. -- $eanin)ful +eriodic consultations with civil society andenhanced colla,oration ,etween federal state and local )overn$ents on i$+le$entation and enforce$ent of

hu$an ri)hts o,li)ations. !Hel+ us ur)e the President to issue a stron) co$+rehensive "#ecutive Mrder that willresult in $eanin)ful +ro)ress on do$estic hu$an ri)hts* the +etition says. - ee $ore at0htt+0&&cnsnews.co$&news&article&o,a$a-ur)ed-issue-e#ecutive-order-hu$an-ri)ht-ensure-us-co$+liance-un-treatiessthash.;B@7F)CA.d+uf
http://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-urged-issue-executive-order-human-right-ensure-us-compliance-un-treatieshttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-urged-issue-executive-order-human-right-ensure-us-compliance-un-treatieshttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-urged-issue-executive-order-human-right-ensure-us-compliance-un-treatieshttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-urged-issue-executive-order-human-right-ensure-us-compliance-un-treaties#sthash.qBW7FgCJ.dpufhttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-urged-issue-executive-order-human-right-ensure-us-compliance-un-treaties#sthash.qBW7FgCJ.dpufhttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-urged-issue-executive-order-human-right-ensure-us-compliance-un-treatieshttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-urged-issue-executive-order-human-right-ensure-us-compliance-un-treatieshttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-urged-issue-executive-order-human-right-ensure-us-compliance-un-treaties#sthash.qBW7FgCJ.dpufhttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-urged-issue-executive-order-human-right-ensure-us-compliance-un-treaties#sthash.qBW7FgCJ.dpuf


12/74

Nor+'l ?e'ns /s Congress


13/74

4eneric

>or$al $eans includes Con)ress they have oversi)ht on :ey 4atin ?$erican+oliciesullivan ' (3ar: P. ullivan +ecialist in 4atin ?$erican ?airs Con)ressional =esearch ervice !4atin?$erica and the Cari,,ean0 6ey Issues for the ''th Con)ress* -8-'"tt#s!www=$'s=orgsg#crsrowR@)icara)ua and Sene5uela.Con)ressional concern also increased a,out Irans )rowin) relations in the re)iones+ecially with Sene5uela and a,out the activities of He5,ollah. 3any of these sa$e issues are li:elyto continue to ,e the focus of con)ressional oversi)ht and +otential le)islative

actionin the ''th Con)ress. ?t the ,e)innin) of a new Con)ress and President M,a$as second ter$ the

relevant con)ressional co$$ittees $ay e#a$ine the current status of U.. relationsand +olicy toward 4atin ?$erica and the Cari,,ean . "arly in the 1rst session Con)ress will faceaction on FW' a++ro+riations for forei)n assistance and soon will ,e)in consideration of the ?d$inistrationsFW' forei)n aid ,ud)et re;uest. Con)ressional hearin)s on the Presidents ,ud)et re;uest and su,se;uentconsideration of a++ro+riations le)islation can ,e an i$+ortant $eans for Con)ress to e#a$ine on)oin) and

+ro+osed forei)n assistance +ro)ra$s for the re)ion. Potential U.. le)islative action onco$+rehensive i$$i)ration refor$ would li:ely,e well received in 4atin ?$erica andthe Cari,,ean ,ut es+ecially in nei)h,orin) 3e#ico. U.. )un control eorts would also li:ely ,e welco$ed,y 3e#ico alon) with Cari,,ean and Central ?$erican countries concerned a,out the illicit Gow of ar$s fro$ the
https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42956.pdfhttps://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42956.pdfhttps://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42956.pdfhttps://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42956.pdf


14/74

United tates Mther issues that could ,e the su,


15/74

r'de

Congress "'s oversig"t over co++erce(orn,eck 'nd /r'ce 18 (A. F. Horn,ec: Coordinator +ecialist in International Trade and Finance 3ary?. Irace Coordinator ection =esearch 3ana)er Con)ressional =eview ervice !International Trade and Finance0

6ey Policy Issues for the ''th Con)ress* -'-' htt+0&&www.fas.or)&s)+&crs&$isc&='.+df 23a#4The U.. Constitution )rants authority over the re)ulation of forei)n co$$erce toCon)ress which it e#ercises in a variety of ways. These include the oversi)ht of trade +olicy )enerally and $ore +articularly the consideration of le)islation to a++rove trade a)ree$entsand authori5e trade +ro)ra$s. Policy issues cover such areas as0 U.. trade ne)otiations9 taris9nontari ,arriers9 wor:er dislocation fro$ trade li,erali5ation trade re$edy laws9 i$+ort ande#+ort +olicies9 international invest$ent econo$ic sanctions9 and the trade +olicyfunctions of the federal )overn$ent. Con)ress also has an i$+ortant role in international 1nance. Ithas the authority over U.. 1nancial co$$it$ents to international 1nancial institutionsand oversi)ht res+onsi,ilities for trade- and 1nance-related a)encies of the U..Jovern$ent.
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41553.pdfhttp://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41553.pdfhttp://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41553.pdf


16/74

;id

Con)ressional fundin) is nor$al $eans for forei)n aidullivan ' (3ar: P. ullivan +ecialist in 4atin ?$erican ?airs Con)ressional =esearch ervice !4atin?$erica and the Cari,,ean0 6ey Issues for the ''th Con)ress* -8-'

"tt#s!www=$'s=orgsg#crsrowR@)


17/74

?exico

Con)ress has oversi)ht over 3e#ico +olicyullivan ' (3ar: P. ullivan +ecialist in 4atin ?$erican ?airs Con)ressional =esearch ervice !4atin?$erica and the Cari,,ean0 6ey Issues for the ''th Con)ress* -8-'

"tt#s!www=$'s=orgsg#crsrowR@)ieto

)overn$ent +articularly in the security real$. The ''th Con)ress is li:ely to continue fundin) andoverseein) the 3Rrida Initiative and related do$estic initiatives ,ut $ay also considersu++ortin) new +ro)ra$s. Con)ressional action $ay soon ,e re;uired in order for the U..-3e#ico Trans-,oundary Hydrocar,ons ?)ree$ent to ta:e eect. 3i)ration and ,ordersecurity coo+eration could also ,e su,stantially overhauled should Con)ress consider co$+rehensive i$$i)rationrefor$. 3e#icos role in the ne)otiations for a Trans-Paci1c Partnershi+ ?)ree$ent and what that a)ree$ent $i)ht$ean for the >orth ?$erican Free Trade ?)ree$ent (>?FT?2 is also li:ely to )enerate con)ressional interest.

Potential oversi)ht ;uestions that Con)ress $i)ht consider include How eectively is the PeXa >ieto)overn$ent i$+le$entin) its refor$ist a)endaL @ill the )overn$ent ,ea,le to reduce violence in 3e#ico whilestill co$,atin) or)ani5ed cri$e L How$i)ht this)overn$ent su++ort eorts to enact co$+rehensive i$$i)ration refor$ in the United tatesL

@ill the 3e#ican econo$y +erfor$ ,etterunder this P=I )overn$ent than under the P?>L
https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42956.pdfhttps://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42956.pdf


18/74

ene-uel'

Congress "'s oversig"t over ene-uel'n #oliciesulliv'n 18 (3ar: P. ullivan +ecialist in 4atin ?$erican ?airs Con)ressional =esearch ervice !4atin?$erica and the Cari,,ean0 6ey Issues for the ''th Con)ress* -8-'

"tt#s!www=$'s=orgsg#crsrowR@)


19/74

XO 'r+ing ;dv CP


20/74

1NC

EX! "e President o$ t"e %nited t'tes s"ould issue 'n executive orderinstructing t"e 'd+inistr'tor o$ t"e %nited t'tes Environ+ent'lProtection ;genc* to cre'te regul'tions #ursu'nt to t"e Cle'n ;ir ;ct toreduce green"ouse g's e+issions $ro+ +o,ile sources=

"'t2s t"e ke* ste# to resolving glo,'l w'r+ing 'll #olitic'l ,'rriers "'ve,een resolved@est$oreland ' (Aoshua 6. @est$oreland enior ?rticles "ditor Boston Colle)e"nviron$ental ?airs 4aw =eview '&'&' !Jlo,al @ar$in) and Mri)inalis$0 The=ole of the "P? in the M,a$a?d$inistration*htt+0&&lawdi)italco$$ons.,c.edu&c)i&viewcontent.c)iLarticleZ'7Oconte#tZealrOsei-redirZ'searchZ+residential+ower)lo,alwar$in)o,a$a [ AA2Jlo,al war$in) is ,eco$in) an e$er)ency that warrants i$$ediate action ,y the United tates.7 President

M,a$a has an o,li)ation to lead the United tates res+onse to the cli$ate crisis

,ecause there is currently no via,le JHJ reduction +olicyVes+ecially one tar)etin)$o,ile sourcesVunder the e#istin) federal environ$ental law re)i$e.7/ President M,a$a can andshould issue an e#ecutive order instructin) "P? ?d$inistrator Aac:son to createre)ulations +ursuant to the C?? to drastically reduce JHJ e$issions fro$ $o,ilesources.77 Constitutionally Austice Aac:sons Woun)stown fra$ewor:


21/74

eo#'rdi-e se#'r'tion o$ #owers #rinci#les ,ec'use Congress deleg'ted

legisl'tive duties to t"e executive in t"e C;;= % "#a$+les of e#ecutive orders

that President M,a$a $ay issue could direct the "P? ?d$inistrator to ('2 set stricte$ission standards for future auto$o,iles that will co$+el technolo)icalinnovations9 (2 +ro+ose re)ulations that co$+el or encoura)e states to set strict

e$issions tar)ets9 or (2 esta,lish an innovative +er$it sche$e desi)ned to ,othli$it the use of $o,ile sources in the short-ter$ and to fund research anddevelo+$ent of new ener)y sources over the $ediu$ to lon)-ter$s .% =e)ardless of theavenue he +ursues President M,a$a has wide constitutional latitude to +rescri,e re)ulatorystandards under the C?? to reduce JHJs fro$ $o,ile sources . Conclusion 3a++in) thenational and international res+onse to )lo,al war$in) +oses a $a


22/74

)NC olvenc*Goesn2t ink to Politics

"e counter#l'n is ke* to solve 'nd it doesn2t link to #olitics@est$oreland ' (Aoshua 6. @est$oreland enior ?rticles "ditor Boston Colle)e"nviron$ental ?airs 4aw =eview '&'&' !Jlo,al @ar$in) and Mri)inalis$0 The=ole of the "P? in the M,a$a?d$inistration*htt+0&&lawdi)italco$$ons.,c.edu&c)i&viewcontent.c)iLarticleZ'7Oconte#tZealrOsei-redirZ'searchZ+residential+ower)lo,alwar$in)o,a$a [ AA2Hu$an-induced-)lo,al war$in) is $ostly attri,uta,le to the utili5ation of co$,ustion-+owered $achines.' Mneway to cate)ori5e co$,ustion- +owered $achines is ,y distin)uishin) whether the $achine is stationary or$o,ile. tationary sources of JHJs include factories +ower +lants and re1neries. 3o,ile sources which are)enerally found in the trans+ortation sector include !+assen)er cars and li)ht truc:s heavy duty truc:s and o-road vehicles and rail $arine and air trans+ort.* The latest research indicates that $o,ile sources account for

at least one third of the total JHJ e$issions in the United tates. Conservative +ro


23/74

)NC 5 Congress F'ils

"e ;FF will $'il $'lls victi+ to cost overruns 'nd legisl'tive dilutions@est$oreland ' (Aoshua 6. @est$oreland enior ?rticles "ditor Boston Colle)e"nviron$ental ?airs 4aw =eview '&'&' !Jlo,al @ar$in) and Mri)inalis$0 The=ole of the "P? in the M,a$a?d$inistration*htt+0&&lawdi)italco$$ons.,c.edu&c)i&viewcontent.c)iLarticleZ'7Oconte#tZealrOsei-redirZ'searchZ+residential+ower)lo,alwar$in)o,a$a [ AA2Barac: M,a$a has assu$ed the +residency at a ti$e when the conse;uences of)lo,al war$in) de$and i$$ediate action.' Unfortunately i$$ediate action is not

li:ely to co$e in the for$ of le)islation 's 'n* congression'l cli+'te c"'nge

#ro#os'l will likel* ,e t"w'rted ,ec'use it is too costl* to societ*: or it

will ,e so diluted ,* legisl'tive co+#ro+ise t"'t it will ,e ineHective= ?

recent Jallu+ Poll hi)hli)hted that there is a )rowin) nu$,er of ?$ericans who are s:e+-tical

of the science underlyin) )lo,al war$in).

uch +ollin) is s+urrin) so$e $e$,ersof Con)ress to o++ose cli$ate le)islation. However the M,a$a ?d$inistration is aware of thethreats +osed ,y )lo,al war$in)./ The ?d$inistration is +oised to act followin) onendan)er$ent 1ndin) fro$ the "nviron$ental Protection ?)ency ( "P?2 declarin) )reenhouse )as(JHJ2 e$issions fro$ $o,ile sources to ,e a ty+e of +ollutant that is dan)erous to+u,lic health and welfare.7 In the wa:e of the endan)er$ent 1ndin) President M,a$a will $ostli:ely ,uild on the u+re$e Courts decision in 3assachusetts v. "P?8 ,y initiatin) there)ulatory +rocess to control JHJ e$issions in the United tates under theauthority of the Clean ?ir ?ct (C??2.%


24/74

Pre- Power 4ood


25/74

XOs I Pre- Powers

%nil'ter'l executive #olicies let t"e #resident t'ke credi,ilit* $ro+Congress(owell 'nd Peve"ouse 7 (@illia$ J. Howell - ydney tein Professor in ?$erican Politics in the Harrischool ?nd Aon C. Pevehouse - associate +rofessor at the University of Chica)oKs Irvin) B. Harris chool of Pu,licPolicy Princeton University Press !@hile Dan)ers Jather0 Con)ressional Chec:s on Presidential @ar Powers* 7P). 72 3a#4

There is at +resent a ,ur)eonin) ,ody of wor: within ?$erican +olitics that docu$ents the strate)icadvanta)es +residents en


26/74

Pre- Power 4ood Conict

? stron) +residency solves a laundry list of wars and outwei)hs your turnsouth China 3ornin) Post 6 (outh China 3ornin) Post '&''& Pro\uest [ AA2]3MDIFI"D FM= J">D"="D 4?>JU?J"^? wea: +resident with an unclear $andate is ,ad news for the rest of the world . For ,etter orworse the +erson who rules the United tates inGuences events far ,eyond theshores of his _or her` own country. Both the )lo,al econo$y and international +oliticswill feel the eect of +olitical insta,ility in the U. The 1rst i$+act will ,e on?$erican 1nancial $ar:ets which will have a ri++le eect on $ar:ets and )rowthacross the world. ? wea:ened U +residency will also ,e felt in )lo,al hots+ots acrossthe world. The 3iddle "ast the conGict ,etween India and Pa:istan +eace on the 6orean+eninsula and even the way relations ,etween China and Taiwan +lay out will ,einGuenced ,y the authority the ne#t U +resident ,rin)s to his _or her`


27/74

Pre- Power 4ood (ege+on*

@ea: +residents are co$+aratively worse they cause incoherent forei)n +olicyand s+ar: conGicts6oh % (Harold Hon)


28/74

aware that his critics would then ur)e hi$ on to a )round war -- and also aware that these ur)in)s would convinceBel)rade that @ashin)tonKs resolve would stien with ti$e rather than wea:en. The +residentKs stand a)ainst)round troo+s was therefore the lo)ical tactical $ove of a leader feelin) vulnera,le to his critics. Mther

$'ilings o$ ;+eric'n di#lo+'c* c'n likewise ,e 'ccounted $or ,* t"e

'dvent o$ t"e nonexecutive #residenc*= everal co$$entators nota,ly a$uel Huntin)tonand Jarry @ills in these +a)es have attac:ed the arro)ance of ?$ericaKs +resu$+tion to oer $oral leadershi+ to

the world. But ?$erican leaders resort to $oral rhetoric lar)ely out of wea:ness. They fear that their +olicy will ,e,loc:ed unless they )enerate $oral $o$entu$ +owerful enou)h to overco$e do$estic o++onents. 4i:ewise critics+oint to the hy+ocrisy of the United tates on the world sta)e. ?$erica see:s U.>. endorse$ent when convenient,ut is slow to +ay its U.>. dues9 ?$erica +ractices le)al a,ortion at ho$e ,ut denies funds to or)ani5ations that do

the sa$e a,road. ?)ain this hy+ocrisy has everythin) to do with the wea: e#ecutive. The +resident has afavored +olicy ,ut is +owerless to $a:e Con)ress follow it. till other critics decry ?$ericandi+lo$acy as a ra)-,a) of narrow a)endas0 Boein) lo,,ies for China trade while Cu,an-?$ericans de$and

sanctions on Cu,a. Here too +residential +ower is the issue. ? stron) +residency $i)ht seeto it that ?$erica +ursues its ,roader national interest ,ut a wea: one cannot . This iswhy Clinton si)ned the Hel$s-Burton sanctions on Cu,a even thou)h he :new that these would do dis+ro+ortionate

har$ to U.. relations with Canada and "uro+e. @hat if ;+eric'Ks nonexecutive #residenc* is

indeed 't t"e root o$ its di#lo+'tic in'deLu'c* LFirst it follows that it is too o+ti$istic to,la$e ?$ericaKs forei)n +olicy drift on the wea: character of the current +resident. The institution of the +residencyitself is wea: and we would ,e unwise to assu$e that a President Jore or Bradley or Bush will +erfor$ $uch

,etter. But it also follows that it is too +essi$istic to ,la$e ?$ericaKs forei)n +olicy drift oncultural forces that no,ody can chan)e such as isolationis$ or $ulticulturalis$ .

Presidential +ower is :ey to he)e$onyDeans 6 (Bo, Deans ?ssociate Director of Co$$unications @ashin)ton DC'&& !TH" ?3"=IC?> P="ID">CW0 @hite House +ower )rowin)* The ?tlantaAournal the ?tlanta Constitution Pro\uest [ AA2Wet the U.. +residency lon) re)arded as the $ost +owerful institution in the world ar)ua,ly has assu$ed $ore authority and reach than at any ti$e in its history . @hile noone can dou,t the )rowin) i$+act of the Internet ilicon Salley and @all treet on the daily lives of all ?$ericans

only the +resident can rally truly )lo,al resources around ?$erican ideals to further

the ;uest for e;uality and to co$,at the ti$eless ills of +overty and war. It is thatuni;ue a,ility to ,uild and harness a worldwide consensus that is widenin) the circleof +residential +ower. QThe +residency will re$ain as i$+ortant as it is or will ,eco$e $ore i$+ortantQ+redicted +residential scholar 3ichael >elson +rofessor of +olitical science at =hodes Colle)e in 3e$+his Tenn.

The voice of all ?$ericans The ta+root of +residential +ower is the Constitution whichdesi)nates the chief e#ecutive the only oEcial elected in a national vote as thesole re+resentative of all the ?$erican +eo+le. That conferred authority reGects the state of thenation and it would ,e hard to ar)ue that any country in history has +ossessed the$ilitary econo$ic and +olitical +re-e$inence that this country now holds . ?nd yet thenationKs )reatest stren)th as a )lo,al +ower lies in its a,ility to ,uild aninternational consensus around values and interests i$+ortant to $ost ?$ericans .Mn ClintonKs watch that a,ility has ,een al$ost constantly on dis+lay as he has +atched to)ether $ultinationalres+onses to war in the Bal:ans des+otis$ in Haiti econo$ic crises in 3e#ico =ussia Indonesia and outh 6orea

and natural disasters in Tur:ey and Sene5uela. The institutions for +uttin) to)ether coalition-ty+eaction--- the United >ations the >orth ?tlantic Treaty Mr)ani5ation the International 3onetary Fund the @orldBan: and the @orld Trade Mr)ani5ation a$on) the$ --- are hardly tools of ?$erican +olicy. But theUnited tates co$$ands a do$inant in so$e cases decisive +osition in each of those

institutions. ?nd it is t"e #resident far $ore than Con)ress w"o deter+ines "ow

t"e %nited t'tes w'nts t"ose institutions to ,e structured 'nd to

#er$or+ . QCon)ress is a clun:y institution of +eo+le that canKt ne)otiate as a unit with )lo,al cor+orations

or entitiesQ said ?lan "hrenhalt editor of Jovernin) $a)a5ine. Q ItKs the +resident who is ca+a,le of


29/74

$a:in) deals with )lo,al institutions.Q It is the +resident indeed who a++ointsenvoys to those institutions ne)otiates the treaties that ,ind the$ and delivers the+u,lic and +rivate counsel that hel+s )uide the$ leavin) the indeli,le i$+rint of?$erican +riorities on every $aelson +rofessor of +olitical science at =hodes Colle)e in

3e$+his Tenn.bThe voice of all ?$ericans b The ta+root of +residential +ower is theConstitution which desi)nates the chief e#ecutive the only oEcial elected in anational vote as the sole re+resentative of all the ?$erican +eo+le .bThat conferredauthority reGects the state of the nation and it would ,e hard to ar)ue that any country in history has +ossessed

the $ilitary econo$ic and +olitical +re-e$inence that this country now holds.b?nd yet the nationKs)reatest stren)th as a )lo,al +ower lies in its a,ility to ,uild an internationalconsensus around values and interests i$+ortant to $ost ?$ericans .bMn ClintonKs watchthat a,ility has ,een al$ost constantly on dis+lay as he has +atched to)ether $ultinational res+onses to war in theBal:ans des+otis$ in Haiti econo$ic crises in 3e#ico =ussia Indonesia and outh 6orea and natural disasters in

Tur:ey and Sene5uela.b The institutions for +uttin) to)ether coalition-ty+e action --- the United>ations the >orth ?tlantic Treaty Mr)ani5ation the International 3onetary Fund the @orld Ban: and the @orld

Trade Mr)ani5ation a$on) the$ --- are hardly tools of ?$erican +olicy. But the United tatesco$$ands a do$inant in so$e cases decisive +osition in each of those

institutions. ?nd it is the +resident far $ore than Con)ress who deter$ines how theUnited tates wants those institutions to ,e structured and to +erfor$. b QCon)ress isa clun:y institution of +eo+le that canKt ne)otiate as a unit with )lo,alcor+orations or entitiesQ said ?lan "hrenhalt editor of Jovernin) $a)a5ine. QItKsthe +resident who is ca+a,le of $a:in) deals with )lo,al institutions.Q

Force$ul #resident k) "eg 5 e+#irics #roveill


30/74

Pre- Power 4ood Nuke error

trong executive 'ut"orit* is ke* to solve nucle'r terroris+Taylor % (tuart Taylor Ar. sta writer for >ewswee: $a)a5ine '&%&% !M,a$asCheney Dile$$a* htt+0&&www.thedaily,east.co$&newswee:&%&'&%&o,a$a-s-cheney-dile$$a.ht$l[ AA2

In ti$es of war and crisis as +residents such as 4incoln and Fran:lin =oosevelt discovered t"e

n'tion needs ' strong c"ie$ executive= The Gaw of the Bush-Cheney ad$inistration $ay have,een less in what it did than in the way it did itVGauntin) e#ecutive +ower i)norin) Con)ress showin) scorn foranyone who waved the ,anner of civil li,erties. ?r)ua,ly there has ,een an overreaction to the alle)ed arro)anceand heedlessness of Bush and CheneyVes+ecially Cheney who al$ost see$ed to ta:e a )ri$ satisfaction in his

Darth Sader-es;ue i$a)e. The courts at 1rst slow to res+ond to arro)ations of e#ecutive+ower after e+te$,er '' have +ushed ,ac:. 3any federal oEcials have )rownris:-averse fearin) that they will ,e +rosecuted or dra))ed ,efore a con)ressionalco$$ittee for 1)htin) too hard a)ainst terroris$. (? )rowin) nu$,er of CI? oEcials ,uyinsurance +olicies to cover le)al fees.2 M,a$a who has ,een receivin) intelli)ence ,rie1n)s for wee:s already:nows what a scary world it is out there. It is unli:ely he will wildly overcorrect for the Bush ad$inistrationKs a,uses.

? very senior inco$in) oEcial who refused to ,e ;uoted discussin) internal +olicy de,ates indicated that the newad$inistration will try to 1nd a $iddle road that will +rotect civil li,erties without leavin) the nation defenseless.

But M,a$aKs tea$ has so$e stron) critics of the old order includin) his choice for director ofthe CI? 4eon Panetta who has s+o:en out stron)ly a)ainst coercive interro)ation $ethods. In M,a$aKs s+iritof non+artisanshi+ the new crowd would do well to listen to Aac: Jolds$ith for$erly aBush Austice De+art$ent oEcial now a Harvard 4aw chool +rofessor. ?t Austice Jolds$ith was the headof an o,scure ,ut critically i$+ortant unit called the MEce of 4e)al Counsel. M4Cacts as a :ind of lawyer for the e#ecutive ,ranch oerin) o+inionsVclose to ,indin)Vonwhat the e#ecutive ,ranch can and cannot do. It was an M4C lawyer Aohn Woo who in ' and drafted $any of the $e$os that 1rst )ave the Cheneyites +er$ission to do +retty $uch whatever theywanted in the way of interro)atin) and detainin) sus+ected terrorists (and eavesdro++in) on ?$ericans to catchterrorists2. Jolds$ith who ,eca$e head of M4C in ;uietly ,e)an to revo:e so$e of these +er$issions asille)al or unconstitutional. The revolt of Jolds$ith and so$e other +rinci+led Austice lawyers was a heroic story:e+t secret at the ti$e. >ow Jolds$ith worries a,out the +endulu$ swin)in) too far as it often does in ?$erican

de$ocracy. QThe +residency has already ,een di$inished in ways that would ,e hard toreverseQ and $ay ,e losin) its ca+a,ility to 1)ht terroris$ he says. He ar)ues that?$ericans should now ,e Qless worried a,out an out-of-control +residency than anenfee,led one.Q

; strong executive is ke* to resolve terroris+ul$asy % (Jlenn ul$asy law faculty of the United tates Coast Juard ?cade$y % !"#ecutive Power0 The4ast Thirty Wears* University of Pennsylvania Aournal of International 4aw Sol. Issue htt+s0&&www.law.u+enn.edu&live&1les&'%-sul$asye#ecutive-+ower [ AA2

ince the attac:s of %&'' the ori)inal concerns noted ,y Ha$ilton Aay and 3adison

have ,een hei)htened. >ever ,efore in the youn) history of the United tates "'s

t"e need $or 'n energetic executive ,een +ore vit'l to its n'tion'l

securit* . The need for ;uic: action in this arena re;uires an e#ecutive res+onse

-+articularly when 1)htin) a shadowy ene$y li:e al \aeda-not the deli,erative ,odies o+inin) onwhat and how to conduct warfare or deter$inin) how and when to res+ond. The threats fro$ non-stateactors such as al \aeda $a:e the need for dis+atch and ra+id res+onse even )reater.AeersonKs concerns a,out the slow and deli,erative institution of Con)ress ,ein) +rone to infor$ational lea:s are

even $ore relevant in the twenty 1rst century. The advent of the twenty-four hour $edia onlyleads to an increased need for retainin) enhanced levels of e#ecutive control offorei)n +olicy. This is +articularly true in $odern warfare. In the war on international terror
http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/01/09/obama-s-cheney-dilemma.htmlhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/01/09/obama-s-cheney-dilemma.htmlhttps://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1944-sulmasyexecutive-powerhttps://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1944-sulmasyexecutive-powerhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/01/09/obama-s-cheney-dilemma.htmlhttp://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/01/09/obama-s-cheney-dilemma.htmlhttps://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1944-sulmasyexecutive-power


31/74

intelli)ence is vital to on)oin) o+erations and successful +revention of attac:s . ?l\aeda now has ,oth the will and the a,ility to stri:e with the e;uivalent force and $i)ht of a nationKs ar$ed forces.

The need to identify these individuals ,efore they can o+erationali5e an attac: isvital. Mften international terror cells consist of only a s$all nu$,er of individuals -$a:in) intelli)ence that $uch $ore diEcult to o,tain and even $ore vital than in+revious conGicts. The nor$al $ove$ents of tan:s shi+s and aircrafts that in traditional ar$ed conGict are

indicia of a +endin) attac: are not the case in the current Qfourth )enerationQ war. Thus the need forintelli)ence ,eco$es an even )reater concern for the co$$anders in the 1eld aswell as the Co$$ander-in-Chief.


32/74

Pre- Power 4ood Proli$

Pres #ower M) #revent #roli$er'tion 5 e+#irics #rove"o+#son T ?>D ?=3 CM>T=M4*'%% +. /-/. htt+0&&$irlyn.li,.u$ich.edu&=ecord&%'% 2 C

6issin)er ,elieved that the role of the >C sta was to develo+ a set of o+tions for the President. 6issin)errestructured the sta creatin) interde+art$ental )rou+s to study +ro,le$ areas and for$ulate +olicy choices9the )rou+s would develo+ and assess alternatives. he _or she`created a veri1cation +anel and a senior review)rou+ at the undersecretary level-which he _or she`chaired-to deal with reco$$endations co$in) u+ the ladder

fro$ the interde+art$ental )rou+s various de+art$ents and various )overn$ent a)encies. In this $anner thecontrol of national security decision $a:in) was centered in the @hite Housewhich dearly the President wanted as well as 6issin)er ,ecause President >i#on li:e President6ennedy without ;uestion )ave to+ +riority to forei)n aairs. 6issin)er also created various s+ecial )rou+s thatwere su,ordinate to the >C-such as the Sietna$ +ecial tudies Jrou+-which stren)thened the >C andhel+ed the >C sta atte$+t to do$inate the De+art$ent of tate. 6issin)erKs success in this re)ard can ,eseen in a state$ent $ade at that ti$e ,y President >i#on to the eect that Q6issin)er covers not only forei)n+olicy ,ut national security +olicy-the coordination of those +olicies.Q Mf course 6issin)er re$ained a :ey+layer in the Ford ad$inistration. Durin) ,oth ad$inistrations while 6issin)erKs +ersonal inGuence was virtuallyunassaila,le the >C sta had $ar:edly less +ower durin) the Ford ad$inistration with no direct access to the+resident. ?r$s control durin) this +eriod while conducted ,y ?CD? ne)otiators was not re$oved fro$ the

intervention of the +owerful Henry 6issin)er. ?lthou)h career di+lo$ats $i)ht have felt ne)lected durin) the6issin)er era or indeed stun) ,y it it can ,e ar)ued that the +ositive outco$e of that+eriod was an e#traordinary set of ar$s control a)ree$ents ,ased on the+re$ise that ar$s control really wor:ed. Mnly a stron) +resident could have,rou)ht such an a$,itious ar$s control a)enda throu)h con)ressionalrati1cation. Durin) the hei)ht of the >i#on years the a)ree$ents reGected the+ower of the President his _or her` international interests and the +ower ofHenry 6issin)er. Presidents Ford and Carter who for very dierent reasons had sin)le-ter$+residencies were una,le to achieve the de+th and the s+an of the >i#on ar$scontrol initiatives. ?s an e#a$+le the ?4T I a)ree$ents re+resented the 1rst U..-oviet a)ree$ents to+lace li$its and restraints on so$e of those countriesK central and $ost i$+ortant strate)ic oensive anddefensive wea+ons. The a)ree$ents were a di+lo$atic achieve$ent ,ecause there were lar)e asy$$etries inthe oviet and ?$erican wea+on syste$s and $aterial dierences in the two countriesKdefense needs and

defense co$$it$ents.


33/74

Pre- Power 4ood 5 'r on error

Pres #owers k) w'r on terrorP'ul* 'nd 'ns$ord 8 (=o,ert and To$ +rofessor of history and +olitical cience at >orwich Universityand assistant +rofessor of +olitical science University of outhern 3ississi++i ?$erican Di+lo$acy !>ational

ecurity Policy and the tron) "#ecutive0 The French and ?$erican Presidents and the @ar on Terror* Aune htt+0&&www.unc.edu&de+ts&di+lo$at&archivesroll&-/&lansford+aulye#ec&lansford+aulye#ec.ht$l2 C

The result of this concentration of +ower has ,een the re+eated +residential use ofthe U.. $ilitary throu)hout the nations history without a for$al con)ressionaldeclaration of war and an increased +reference ,y ,oth the e#ecutive and thele)islature for such actions.'7 Mne feature of this trend was consistency in U..forei)n +olicy es+ecially durin) the Cold @ar era. "ven durin) +eriods when theUnited tates e#+erienced divided )overn$ent with the @hite House controlled ,yone +olitical +arty and all or half of the Con)ress controlled ,y the +arty ino++osition the e#ecutive was a,le to develo+ and i$+le$ent forei)n and security+olicy with only li$ited constraints.'8 Jiven the nature of the terrorist )rou+s thatattac:ed the United tates on '' e+te$,er ' such +olicy ha,its +roved useful

since a for$al declaration of war was seen as +ro,le$atic in ter$s of the s+eci1cidenti1cation of the foe and the a,ility of the Bush ad$inistration to e#+and co$,ato+erations ,eyond ?f)hanistan to countries such as Ira;.


34/74

Pre- Power 4ood r'de 'rs

Pre- #owers is ke* to resolve tr'de w'rs3ead 6 (@alter =ussell 3ead Aa$es Clar:e Chace Professor of Forei)n ?airs andHu$anities at Bard Colle)e ''&'& !?$erican InGuence ?,road 3ay hrin:*htt+0&&articles.lati$es.co$&&nov&'&o+inion&o+-/'%[ AA2? serious crisis could Gare u+ in this re)ion at a $o$entKs notice and those whore$e$,er the controversies over Central ?$erican +olicy in the '%8s--and the continuin) ,itter ,attlesover Cu,a today--:now how hard it can ,e for the United tates to develo+ a +oliticalconsensus concernin) nei)h,orhood +olicy. "#+andin) >?FT? or +ushin) harder to esta,lish a freetrade area of the ?$ericas are +ro+osals $ost of the @ashin)ton esta,lish$ent thin: have the ,est chances for

sta,ili5in) the re)ion ,ut a)ain it is hard to see a +olitically enfee,led +resident and adivided Con)ress $usterin) the deter$ination to $ove far down either road. Trade

)ridloc: could have re+ercussions ,eyond the @estern He$is+here = /t will ,e

"'rder $or ' we'k #resident to +'ke t"e kinds o$ cre'tive concessions

'nd co+#ro+ises necess'r* to resolve tr'de dis#utes 't t"e orld r'de

Org'ni-'tion there,y increasin) the ris: of trade wars with +artners li:e the "uro+ean

Union. Fast-trac: authority for new trade rounds will ,e diEcult if not i$+ossi,le to)et.
http://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/12/opinion/op-50619http://articles.latimes.com/2000/nov/12/opinion/op-50619


35/74

Pre- Power 4ood C*,erw'r

Presidenti'l #owers is ke* to 'vert c*,erw'r$'re6asten,er) % (4ieutenant Colonel Aoshua " B.?. 6asten,er) the ta Aud)e?dvocate d ?ir "#+editionary @in) Balad ?ir Base Ira; % !CWB"=4?@"DITIM>0 >M>-I>T"=S">TIM> ?>D >"UT=?4ITW I> CWB"=P?C"0 ?> "3"=JI>JP=I>CIP4" I> TH" >?TIM>?4 P=?CTIC" MF I>T"=>?TIM>?4 4?@* / ?.F. 4. =ev. 4e#is [ AA2Mf all the recent le)al literature e#a$inin) the role of nations and cor+orations in cy,ers+ace very little has ,eendevoted to the relationshi+ ,etween state-s+onsored infor$ation o+erations--the roles and uses of cy,ers+ace in

interstate conGict--and neutrality. 3ost of the le)al scholarshi+ has ,een devoted to a++lyin)the laws of war to cy,ers+ace o+erations. Issues such as +ro+ortionality lawfultar)etin) and when an action constitutes a hostile act a++ear to have ta:en+ree$inence over other $atters. This article de+arts fro$ that construct andaddresses a related and e;ually i$+ortant issue0 the enforce$ent of neutrality incy,ers+ace. The United tates will not always ,e a +arty to a conGict and the e#ecutive ,ranchKs oEcial stated+olicy $ay ,e to adhere to a +osition of non-intervention or even strict neutrality. ?d$ittedly unli:e in $id-twentieth century conGicts it has ,eco$e increasin)ly diEcult for a state to re)ulate co$$erce +articularlyelectronic co$$erce ,ecause of the internationali5ation of )lo,al ,usiness and the worldwide transit of electronicinfor$ation across cy,ers+ace. ?t +resent rou)hly ei)hty +ercent of the Interact traEc traverses throu)h theUnited tates chieGy throu)h servers owned ,y +rivate enter+rise. (2 ?s a result transactions which occur,etween 4ondon and To:yo will still li:ely travel throu)h the United tates. "lectronic infor$ation which Gowsthrou)h cy,ers+ace is unli:e any other ty+e of +hysical transaction. Physical $ails and shi++ed )oods $ay leave4ondon and reach To:yo without ever traversin) the )eo)ra+hic territory of a third state. "ven an underseatele+hone wire ca,le theoretically ena,les a +redicta,le Gow ,etween two +oints without transitin) a third state.

Historically national )overn$ents tried to re$ain neutral in third-+arty conGicts,ecause conGict eroded co$$erce and the addition of interested states into aconGict tended to len)then wars there,y increasin) the loss of lives. >eutrality asdiscussed ,elow was reco)ni5ed as a set of ,ehavioral nor$s that li$ited the da$a)e ofwarfare to warrin) states notwithstandin) co$$ercial losses attendant withwarfare. The United tates since its e#istence has ,oth reco)ni5ed the i$+ortance

of neutrality +rinci+les and de$anded that other states act si$ilarly. But while it iswell-understood that the ,ehavioral re;uire$ents of neutral states are usually

enforcea,le in the +hysical real$ t"e 'dvent o$ c*,ers#'ce +'kes t"is +ore

di>cult +articularly in the real$ of infor$ation and electronic warfare = "e

executive ,r'nc" o$ t"e %nited t'tes with le)islative chec:s is the ar$ of

)overn$ent c"'rged wit" deter+ining 'nd en$orcing $oreign #olic*= Thee#ecutive ,ranch $ay conclude that it is not in the ,est interests of the nation to re$ain fully neutral. Certainly theenforce$ent of neutrality in cy,ers+ace has not yet occurred and there a++ears to ,e no +olicy for enforce$ent.This article su))ests a ru,ric usin) e#istin) laws for e#ertin) e#ecutive authority. ection I of this article discussesthe e$er)ence of conGict in cy,ers+ace. I$+ortantly this article does not address either cri$inal enforce$ent or astateKs duty in that real$ ,ut instead focuses on the e#ecutive ,ranchKs authority to enforce neutrality incy,ers+ace. ection II +rovides a ,asic ru,ric of neutrality rules as a++lied to conGict in cy,ers+ace. ection IIIanaly5es the $ost recent cy,erconGict the Jeor)ian-=ussian @ar of 8 and the +otential conse;uences the

United tates ris:ed ,ecause it lac:ed a cy,er neutral +osition. Finally the article concludes with anassess$ent of the need for a )reater e#ertion of authority fro$ the e#ecutive,ranch to +olice cy,ers+ace. I$+ortantly this article does not advocate that the United tates $ust ta:ea wholly neutral +osition in conGicts which do not involve it. However the e#ecutive ,ranch should$a:e clear that it has the authority to enforce cy,er neutrality when it isdeter$ined ,y that ,ranch to ,e necessary to national +olicy.


36/74

; PP B'd Constitution

"e 'H2s retre't tow'rd t"e Constitution onl* cre'tes ' +ore vol'tilegovern+ent 'nd "'lts t"e tr'ns$or+'tion into ' +odern societ*:owrone: '' (te+hen :owrone: Pelatiah Perit Professor of Political and ocial cience at Wale University'' !hall @e Cast Mur 4ot with the ConstitutionL* fro$ !Presidency in the Twenty-1rst Century* ,y Charles @.Dunn University Press of 6entuc:y [ AA2

But there is no $ista:in) the cuttin) ed)e of their new for$ulation. The ar)u$ents of the unitariansdo not


37/74

; PP B'd e#'r'tion o$ Powers

%RN 'n ex#'nsive executive is necess'r* to #reserve se#'r'tion o$#owers3ans1eld 8% (Harvey 3ans1eld @illia$ =. 6enan Ar. Professor of Jovern$ent atHarvard University '%8% !Ta$in) the Prince*htt+0&&+ro


38/74

; ;FF ;rgs


39/74

; inks to Politics

CP s"ields congress3ilner and Tin)ley '' (Helen S. and Dustin H. Profs Princeton U Who u##orts$lobal Economic Engagement% The ources of Preferences in American &oreignEconomic Policy International Mr)ani5ation / @inter '' +. 7-/8htt+0&&www.+rinceton.edu&h$ilner&forthco$in)+a+ers&3ilnerTin)ley(''2@hou++ortsJlo,al"cono$ic"n)a)e$ent.+df +.7-82&&4?Jovern$ents +ursue their international )oals throu)h the settin) of forei)n +ol-icy Chief e#ecutives endeavor to choose forei)n +olicies that res+ond to the e#i- )encies ofthe international syste$9 they see: to res+ond o+ti$ally to e#ternal circu$stances and to the +olicies chosen ,y

other countries to advance their )oals But the tools of forei)n +olicy have do$esticconse;uences 3ilitary interven- tions trade +olicy forei)n aid econo$ic sanctions and allianceco$$it$ents for instance all e#act costs fro$ and +rovide ,ene1ts to dierent sectorsof the do$estic +olity To use these tools to advance a countrys international )oals$eans that so$e do$estic )rou+s ,ene1t and others are har$ed0 !For any choice of for-ei)n +olicy there will ,e winners and losers at the do$estic level 9 what one +layer valuesanother $ay discount*' Forei)n +olicy tools thus have a do$estic +olitical co$+onent In de$ocracies )overn$ents have to ,uild do$estic su++ort for the use of forei)n +olicy tools In the Unitedtates which we focus on in this article +residents $ust ,uild le)islative coalitions ,ecauseof the se+aration of +owers syste$ Presidents are not free to si$+ly desi)n theo+ti$al +olicy for forei)n en)a)e$ent9 instead they $ust o,tain do$estica++roval 4e)islators $ay have their own +references a,out forei)n +olicy )iven thei$+act +olicy has on their local constituencies and therefore their re-election +ros+ects 4e)islators $ay1nd it +olitically costly to yield to the +residents forei)n +olicy concerns Forei)n +olicythen results fro$ so$e co$,ination of these do$estic and international +ressures.

Executive orders 're #rotected $ro+ encro'c"+ent 'nd 'void t"e link to#olitics(owell 'nd Peve"ouse 7 (@illia$ J. Howell - ydney tein Professor in ?$erican Politics in the Harrischool ?nd Aon C. Pevehouse - associate +rofessor at the University of Chica)oKs Irvin) B. Harris chool of Pu,licPolicy Princeton University Press !@hile Dan)ers Jather0 Con)ressional Chec:s on Presidential @ar Powers* 7P). 82 3a#4

The second feature of unilateral +owers that deserves attention is that when the +resident acts he actsalone. Mf course he relies on nu$erous advisors to for$ulate the +olicy to devise ways of+rotectin) it a)ainst con)ressional or


40/74

@?HI>JTM> V Mne aturday last fall President M,a$ainterru+ted a @hite House strate)y $eetin) to raise an issue not onthe a)enda. He declared aides recalled that the ad$inistration needed to $ore a))ressively usee#ecutive +ower to )overn in the face of Con)ressional o,structionis$. !@e had ,eenatte$+tin) to hi)hli)ht the ina,ility of Con)ress to do anythin)* recalled @illia$ 3. Daley who was the @hite House chief of staat the ti$e. !The +resident e#+ressed frustration sayin) we have )ot to scour everythin) and +ush the envelo+e in 1ndin) thin)swe can do on our own.* For 3r. M,a$a that $eetin) was a turnin) +oint. ?s a senator and +residential candidate he had critici5edJeor)e @. Bush for Goutin) the role of Con)ress. ?nd durin) his 1rst two years in the @hite House when De$ocrats controlledCon)ress 3r. M,a$a lar)ely wor:ed throu)h the le)islative +rocess to achieve his do$estic +olicy )oals. But increasin)ly in recent

$onths the ad$inistration has ,een see:in) ways to act without Con)ress. Brandin) itsunilateral eorts !@e Cant @ait* a slo)an that aides said 3r. M,a$a coined at that strate)y $eetin) the @hite House has rolledout do5ens of new +olicies V on creatin)


41/74

;uiet9 $any of the$ accuse =e+u,licans of en)a)in) in an un+recedented level of o,structionis$ and say that 3r. M,a$a has to dowhat he can to $a:e the )overn$ent wor:. The +attern adds to a ,i+artisan history in which law$a:ers fro$ +residents own+arties have tended not to o,ews !M,a$a Uses "#ecutive Mrders to By+ass Con)ressM,a$a Uses "#ecutive Mrders to By+ass Con)ress* --' htt+0&&news.yahoo.co$&o,a$a-uses-e#ecutive-orders-,y+ass-con)ress-'%7'/.ht$l 23a#4

President Barac: M,a$aKs a)enda +articularly involvin) le)islative +ro+osals li:e his a$,itious QBuett =uleQta# +lan has ,een stunted ,y a +olari5ed Con)ress now toilin) in )ridloc:. Conse;uently the@hite House is resortin) to its +ur+orted Qe#ecutive authorityQ -- s+eci1cally ,y issuin) a Gurry of newe#ecutive orders. To +ut it li)htly the +residentKs view of Con)ress has ,een un+alata,le at least since the=e+u,licans ca+tured the House of =e+resentatives in the ' election. ?nd M,a$aKs solutionL By+assCon)ress alto)ether. Q@e had ,een atte$+tin) to hi)hli)ht the ina,ility of Con)ress to do anythin)Qasserted for$er @hite House chief of sta @illia$ 3. Daley referrin) to a strate)y $eetin) carried out last fall.

QThe +resident e#+ressed frustration sayin) we have )ot to scour everythin) and +ush the envelo+ein 1ndin) thin)s we can do on our own.Q Indeed the M,a$a ad$inistration is nowlaunchin) its Q@e CanKt @aitQ ca$+ai)n a see$in)ly des+otic +loy to wor: around M,a$aKscon)ressional foes and enact a catalo) of new e#ecutive-ordained +olicies. Mn 3ondayfor e#a$+le M,a$a issued an e#ecutive order that would )rant U.. oEcials the authority to decree sanctions on

forei)n nationals who have used internet trac:in) and cell+hone $onitorin) -- a$on) other technolo)ies -- to+erfor$ hu$an-ri)hts a,uses. Further$ore the @hite House released another e#ecutive order earlier this $onththat would esta,lish an oversi)ht )rou+ consistin) of ' federal a)encies char)ed with su++ortin) Qsafe andres+onsi,le unconventional do$estic natural )as develo+$ent.Q Mne $ore e#ecutive order -- entitled Q>ationalDefense =esources Pre+arednessQ -- ;uietly issued on 3arch '/ )ranted un+recedented +ower to the +resident tocontrol Qcritical resource and +roduction sourcesQ includin) ener)y +roduction. In eect this insatia,le +roduct ofM,a$aKs Q@e CanKt @aitQ ca$+ai)n )ranted the +resident un,ounded authority to sei5e control of all U.. resourcesas lon) as his intention is Qto +ro$ote the national defenseQ -- an o,scure $a#i$ that ,olsters countless $eanin)s.

?ll in all the @hite HouseKs a)enda is clear. QI refuse to ta:e KnoK for an answer Q M,a$a+rofessed in a s+eech carried out earlier this year. Q@hen Con)ress refuses to act and -- as a result --hurts our econo$y and +uts +eo+le at ris: I have an o,li)ation as +resident to do what Ican without the$.Q

;d+inistr'tion eHorts solve 'tin ;+eric'n #olic* ,*#'sses Congress

('llow 18 (=al+h . Hallow The @ashin)ton Ti$es !? To+ ' list for the new Con)ress0Issues trends to watch on Ca+itol Hill in ' ,eyond* '-7-'htt+0&&www.washin)tonti$es.co$&news&'&


42/74

hu)e losses a$on) His+anic voters >ov. / to tear the$selves a+art in a stru))le to reach a ,i+artisan i$$i)ration deal. 3r. M,a$ahas vowed to )et $ore involved in draftin) le)islation to overhaul the nations i$$i)ration +olicies ,ut any 1nal co$+ro$ise couldwind u+ alienatin) the ideolo)ical win)s of ,oth +arties. Mne ele$ent ,oth sides li:ely will a)ree on is a $ove to reverse the !,raindrain* of talented i$$i)rants said Broo:in)s Institutions Jovernance tudies Fellow Aohn Huda: easin) rules for visa-,earin)forei)n )raduates of U.. universities who have hi)h-tech savvy to stay and wor: in the country. 3any JMP leaders say theyreco)ni5e the need to re1ne the +artys $essa)e on i$$i)ration ,ut en. 3arco =u,ios eorts to draft a =e+u,lican version of theDrea$ ?ct could +rove +ro,le$atic with the +arty ,ase if the fresh$an Floridian $a:es a '/ +residential run. /2 "cono$ic ,la$e)a$e0 ?s in 3r. M,a$as 1rst ter$ a +otential econo$ic slowdown this year would leave the two +arties 1)htin) over who ,earsthe ,la$e for the failure of the econo$y to recover fully. 3r. M,a$a was a,le to ,la$e +redecessor Jeor)e @. Bush for $uch of his

1rst ter$s woes ,ut that ar)u$ent is unli:ely to Gy in the ne#t four years. 72 @a)in) war on wa)es0 @hatever the +ace ofecono$ic )rowth in the ne#t four years an e;ually i$+ortant +olitical de,ate is sha+in) u+ over +oc:et,oo:s and +aychec:s. ?fteryears of uni$+ressive wa)e )rowth la,or unions will +ressure 3r. M,a$a to do so$ethin) to ,oost +aychec:s e#tendin) the 1)htalready ,e)un over hi)her ta#es for the rich +assed in the !1scal cli* co$+ro$ise. In his 1rst ter$ 3r. M,a$a conde$ned wa)esta)nation ,ut oered no concrete solutions. If he does so in ' =e+u,licans face a ;uestion of how to +osition their o++osition.82 Jovernors on the ,allot0 Two very dierent =e+u,licans will ,e carryin) the ,anner in the only two states holdin) )u,ernatorialcontests this year. In Sir)inia state ?ttorney Jeneral 6enneth T. Cuccinelli II a favorite of $ove$ent conservatives will test hisa++eal as the JMP no$inee in an increasin)ly +ur+le state that voted once a)ain for 3r. M,a$a in >ove$,er. In >ew Aersey Jov.Chris Christie see:s a second ter$ while facin) an)er fro$ so$e on the ri)ht over his +erfor$ance in the u+erstor$ andyafter$ath and see:in) to enhance his national +ro1le ahead of a +ossi,le '/ +residential ,id. %2 Con)ressional ,y+ass o+eration0

@ith divided )overn$ent and +artisan )ridloc: returnin) to Ca+itol Hill in 'conservatives will ,e on the watch for eorts ,y the ad$inistration to ,y+ass Con)ress to i$+le$ent 3r. M,a$as li,eral a)enda.

The e#+ectationon ,oth sides is for a)ency action and e#ecutive orders that ,y+assCon)ress $oves that cant ,e ,loc:ed le)islatively ,ut +ile $ore re)ulations on the+rivate sector.


43/74

; XO 4ets Rolled B'ck

Executive orders r'rel* get rolled ,'ck in $'ct: t"e* $orce Congression'l'ctionFine and @ar,er ' (A"FF="W ?. FI>" and ?D?3 4. @?=B"= ?ssociate Professor ofPolitical cience at Cle$son Colle)e of Business and Behavioral cience &'&'!Circu$ventin) ?dversity0 "#ecutive Mrders and Divided Jovern$ent* Presidentialtudies \uarterly Sol. Issue /-7 @iley Mnline [ AA2@e also should e#+ect +residents to +rioriti5e and ,e strate)ic in the ty+es of e#ecutive orders that they create to$aneuver around a hostile Con)ress. There are a variety of reasons that can drive a +residentKs decision. For

e#a$+le +residents can use an e#ecutive order to $ove the status ;uo of a +olicy

issue to a +osition that is closer to their ideal +oint. By doin) so #residents 're ',le

to #ressure Congress to res#ond +erha+s ,y +assin) a new law that

re+resents a co$+ro$ise ,etween the +references of the +resident and Con)ress.Forcin) Con)ressKs hand to enact le)islation $i)ht ,e a +referred o+tion for the+resident if he +erceives Con)ress to ,e una,le or unwillin) to +ass $eanin)ful

le)islation in the 1rst +lace. @hile it is +ossi,le that such unilateral actions $i)hts+ur Con)ress to +ass a law to $odify or reverse a +residentKs order suc"

res#onses ,* Congress 're r're (Howell ''-''79 @ar,er / ''%2. "nactin) a $a


44/74

; OP Gis'd

"e #re- "'s got t"e #owerco+#'r'tive evidencePro+st '' (te+hen F. The Broo:in)s Institution Presidential Authority To ModifyEconomic anctions Against Cuba &'&''htt+0&&www.ho)anlovells.co$&1les&Pu,lication&7de8-',8-ee-ae/-7f/ee7/&Preview&Pu,lication?ttach$ent&8%/,%-8a-,f-87-7a7a/&Cu,a?ritcleFI>?4.+df2&&4?Throu)h a co$+le# series of federal statutes Con)ress has codi1ed the co$+rehensive U..econo$ic sanctions a)ainst Cu,a and restricted the Presidents authority to sus+end or

ter$inate those sanctions until a !transition )overn$ent* is in +ower in Cu,a. Notwit"st'nding t"ese

st'tutor* reLuire+ents the President $aintains ,road authority and discretion

to si)ni1cantly ease s+eci1c +rovisions of the Cu,a sanctions re)i$e in su++ort of+articular U.. forei)n +olicy o,


45/74


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555XO ;ction on Cu,' Constitution'l

"e CP is constitution'l?-CM? & (?$ericas ocietyVCouncil of the ?$ericas even te#s the )**President Can Ta+e to Promote Change in Cuba by Ada#ting the Embargo &&'htt+0&&www.as-coa.or)&articles&seven-ste+s-us-+resident-can-ta:e-+ro$ote-chan)e-cu,a-ada+tin)-e$,ar)o2&&4?? careful readin) of U.. +olicy )oals toward Cu,a and the set of re)ulations andlaws )overnin) the U.. e$,ar)o on Cu,a reveal a series of chan)es that areessential to ensurin) the U.. ad$inistrations )oal of encoura)in) inde+endentecono$ic and +olitical activity in Cu,a. 3ore i$+ortant they are also le)ally+ossi,le and within the Presidents authority under e#istin) re)ulations. To that endwe +ro+ose the followin) ste+s that President M,a$a can ta:e to encoura)e +rivateor)ani5ations and individuals to directly and indirectly serve as catalysts for$eanin)ful econo$ic chan)e in Cu,a.Jrant e#ce+tions for co$$erceVincludin) sales and i$+ortsVfor ,usinesses and individualsen)a)ed in certi1a,ly inde+endent (i.e. non-state2 econo$ic activity.?llow for the e#+ort and sale of )oods and services to ,usinesses and individualsen)a)ed in certi1a,ly inde+endent (i.e. non-state2 econo$ic activity.?llow licensed U.. travelers to Cu,a to have access to U..-issued +re-+aid cardsand other 1nancial servicesVincludin) travelers insurance."#+and )eneral licensed travel to include U.. e#ecutives and their duly a++ointed a)ents toCu,a in 1nancial services travel and hos+itality-related industries such as ,an:in) insurance credit cards andconsu$er +roducts related to travel.

"#+and )eneral licensed travel to include0 law real estate and land titlin) 1nancialservices and credit and any area de1ned as su++ortin) inde+endent econo$icactivity.?llow for the sale of teleco$$unications hardwareVincludin) cell towers satellite dishes andhandsetsVin Cu,a.

?llow for the +ossi,ility for Cu,a to re;uest technical assistance fro$ InternationalFinancial Institutions (IFIs2 in the area of econo$ic and institutional refor$.In a se+arate anne# (?nne# I2 this docu$ent lays out the le)al and statutory ,asis forPresidential authority to $a:e these necessary refor$s to further U.. +olicy toCu,a.

(ere2s ' list o$ constitution'l usti0c'tions $or our CP?-CM? & (?$ericas ocietyVCouncil of the ?$ericas even te#s the )**President Can Ta+e to Promote Change in Cuba by Ada#ting the Embargo &&'htt+0&&www.as-coa.or)&articles&seven-ste+s-us-+resident-can-ta:e-+ro$ote-chan)e-cu,a-ada+tin)-e$,ar)o2&&4?=eco$$endations

'. Jrant e#ce+tions for co$$erceVincludin) sales and i$+ortsVfor ,usinesses andindividuals en)a)ed in certi1a,ly inde+endent (i.e. non-state2 econo$ic activity.=e)ulatory Prohi,ition(s2' C.F.=. N '. +rohi,its the i$+ortation of any Cu,an ori)in )oods )oodslocated in or trans+orted fro$ Cu,a or )oods derived in whole or in +art fro$ Cu,aunless e#+ressly authori5ed ,y the ecretary of the Treasury.' C.F.=. N './(c2(2 e#+ressly declines to authori5e the i$+ortation of anyCu,an ori)in $erchandise ac;uired incident to travel in Cu,a.tatutory Prohi,ition(s2


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>one U..C. N /(a2 !notes* that ' C.F.=. N '. +rohi,its the i$+ortation of)oods fro$ Cu,a ,ut does not codify or e#+ressly +rohi,it such activity. U..C. N 78 ac:nowled)es that Con)ress did not atte$+t to alter any+rohi,itions on the i$+ortation of )oods fro$ Cu,a under ' C.F.=. N '..However Con)ress did not codify or otherwise $andate the enforce$ent of this

re)ulation.Presidential ?uthority?lthou)h $ulti+le Con)ressional statutes have re-stated the re)ulatory +rohi,itionon the i$+ortation of Cu,an )oods no le)islation a++ears to codify the restriction.Thus the President $ay $odify ' C.F.=. N s co$+lete +rohi,ition on thei$+ortation of Cu,an )oods to +er$it so$e e#ce+tions.. ?llow for the e#+ort and sale of )oods and services to ,usinesses a)riculturalcoo+eratives and individuals en)a)ed in certi1a,ly (i.e. non-state2 econo$icactivity.=e)ulatory Prohi,ition(s2' C.F.=. N 7/. +rohi,its a variety of e#+orts of U.. )oods to Cu,a. This re)ulatory+rovision sets forth various licensin) e#ce+tions and s+ecial licenses that +er$it the

e#+ortation of certain )oods to Cu,a however none a++ly to the )oods descri,ed,y the reco$$endation.' C.F.=. N '.% +rohi,its the e#+ortation of )oods to Cu,a which re;uire s+eciallicenses +ursuant to ' C.F.=. N 7/. unless the )ood $eets a series ofre;uire$ents listed within ' C.F.=. N '.%(a2-(,2. I$+ortantly a s+ecial licensewill only ,e authori5ed for )oods relatin) to ('2 contracts that were entered into+rior to Mcto,er '%%9 (2 $edicine or $edical devices (su,


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U..C. N 77(,2 +rohi,its the 1nancin) of a)ricultural sales in ter$s other thanin cash.Presidential ?uthorityThe President $ay $odify the current re)ulations to +er$it the use of credit cardsand other 1nancial services in Cu,a su,one' C.F.=. N '. currently +er$its all transactions of co$$on carriers incident tothe use of ca,les satellite channels radio si)nals or other $eans ofteleco$$unications for the +rovision of services ,etween Cu,a and the U..tatutory Prohi,ition(s2


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UC N /(e2(2 declines to authori5e any U.. +erson fro$ investin) in thedo$estic teleco$$unications networ: within Cu,a. Thus U.. individuals $ay notinvest funds to +hysically lin: teleco$$unications devices with the Cu,an do$esticnetwor:.Presidential ?uthorityThe President has the authority to a$end the current re)ulations in order to further

enhance teleco$$unications connections ,etween the U.. and Cu,a. I$+ortantly U..C. N /(e2(2 does not +rohi,it invest$ent in the Cu,anteleco$$unications networ:. Instead the statute only states that it does notauthori5e such activity. >ota,ly $uch of what this reco$$endation see:s toacco$+lish has already ,een enacted ,y the President under ' C.F.=. N '.._%`The only additional a$end$ents that $ay ,e necessary are those that will clarifythe a,ility of teleco$$unications +roviders to invest or lin: with the Cu,ando$estic networ:.7. Pro$ote Cu,as en)a)e$ent with International Financial Institutions (IFIs2 tocreate o++ortunities for )radual +rocess of con1dence ,uildin) throu)h technicaland develo+$ent assistance=e)ulatory Prohi,ition(s2

>onetatutory Prohi,ition(s2 U..C. N /(a2 re;uires the U.. re+resentative of any international 1nancialinstitution to o++ose ,y voice or vote the ad$ission of Cu,a as a $e$,er of suchinstitution unless the President deter$ines that a de$ocratically elected)overn$ent has co$e to +ower in Cu,a.Presidential ?uthorityThe President has no authority to +er$it Cu,a to ,eco$e a $e$,er of anyinternational 1nancial institution (!IFI*2 li$itin) the a,ility of the U.. to +ro$oteCu,as en)a)e$ent with IFIs. However U..C. N /(a2 only a++lies to issuesof Cu,as ad$ission as a $e$,er of an IFI. To the e#tent the President wishes tootherwise en)a)e in a +olicy to increase Cu,as en)a)e$ent with IFIs withoutsee:in) Cu,as ad$ission as a $e$,er the President $ay do so.


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; Per+ Go t"e CP

"e #er+ is sever'nce

"e2 +e'ns 'll #'rtsMerriam-Websters 8Online Collegiate Dictionary, http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary

-- used as a function word ,efore a noun or a su,stantivi5ed ad


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Consult Congress CP


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1NC

ext! "e #resident o$ t"e %nited t'tes s"ould enter into #rior 'nd,inding consult'tion wit" t"e %nited t'tes Congress to QP;N= "e%nited t'tes $eder'l govern+ent s"ould en'ct t"e '$ore+entionedlegisl'tion i$ 'nd onl* i$ t"e %nited t'tes Congress '##roves it '$ter s'idconsult'tion=

/t solves 'nd 'voids t"e link to #oliticsHa$ilton %% (4ee H. For$er Con)ress$an and Currently on the U Ho$elandecurity ?dvisory Council &oreign Policy Consultation bet,een the President andCongress re$ar:s J@ University '&'&%%htt+0&&www.indiana.edu&con)ress&in-de+th&forei)n+olicys+eech.ht$2&&4?This :ind of tu)-of-war ,etween the President and Con)ress is not necessarily ,ad.Forei)n +olicy disa)ree$ents ,etween the ,ranches are inevita,le and even so$eti$es constructive. De,ate and tension can lead to useful re1ne$ents andi$+rove$ents of our +olicies. But our forei)n +olicy is +oorly served when the e#ecutive-le)islativerelationshi+ is e#cessively adversarial. Con)ress should ,e an inde+endent critic of thead$inistration ,ut its criticis$ should always ,e in the conte#t of see:in) a ,etter+artnershi+ with the ad$inistration. Coo+eration,etween the ,ranches is conducive tothe for$ulation of a sound ?$erican forei)n +olicy . The i$+ortance of consultation ?ni$+ortant ele$ent of coo+eration is consultation. Consultation is the +rocess ofdiscussion and $utual e#chan)e ,etween the ,ranches desi)ned to foster coo+eration in the$a:in) of +olicy. Forei)n +olicy consultation can ta:e $any for$s includin) e#ecutive ,ranch testi$ony atcon)ressional hearin)s ,rie1n)s ,y forei)n +olicy oEcials and infor$al conversations. 3ore i$+ortant than the

for$ of consultation is the attitude of the +arties involved. Consultation is $ost eective when each,ranch $a:es a sincere eort to involve the other ,ranch in its decision-$a:in)+rocesses. There are $any ,ene1ts of )ood consultation. ?$erican forei)n +olicyalways has $ore force and +unch to it when the President and Con)ress s+ea: with

one voice . Con)ress is our $ost re+resentative ,ranch of )overn$ent. It ,estarticulates the concerns of dierent se)$ents of the +o+ulation. @hen the Presidentta:es these views into consideratio n in for$ulatin) forei)n +olicy the +olicy thatresults is $ore li:ely to have stron) +u,lic su++ort. ?nd forei)n +olicy with stron)do$estic su++ort $a:es the U.. $ore res+ected and eective a,road . Consultationfosters $utual trust ,etween the President and Con)ress and encoura)es the$ todevelo+ our forei)n +olicy to)ether. It hel+s +revent the ,ranches fro$ ta:in) our forei)n +olicy intwo dierent directions and discoura)es Con)ress fro$ $icro-$ana)in) +ro)ra$s out offrustration fro$ ,ein) e#cluded. Consultation does not -- and should not -- ensure a)ree$ent ,etweenthe ,ranches. Dierences will re$ain es+ecially on the tou)hest issues. But even on those tou)h issues

consultation will s$ooth so$e of the hard ed)es of disa)ree$ent and re1ne and stren)thenour +olicy. Consultation with Con)ress +rovides the President with a wider ran)e of

+ers+ectives than he $ay receive fro$ his own advisers. The President is isolated in our syste$ of)overn$ent. Unli:e the British Pri$e 3inister he rarely faces his critics face-to-face. >o one as Jeor)e =eedy oncesaid tells the President to )o soa: his head. Ca,inet oEcials and other hi)h-ran:in) advisers serve at his +leasure.Their


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this shared res+onsi,ility for forei)n +olicy the ,ranches $ust wor: to)ether in order forour forei)n +olicy to have coherence . The ideal is not an identity of views ,etweenthe ,ranches ,ut a creative tension out of which e$er)e +olicies that ,est reGect?$erican national interests and the views of the ?$erican +eo+le. "dwin Corwin the )reat constitutionalscholar noted that the Constitution is an invitation for the President and Con)ress to stru))le for the+rivile)e of directin) ?$erican forei)n +olicy. een fro$ this +ers+ective tu)-of-wars ,etween the

,ranches are


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>C olvency

Prior consult'tion #roduces ,etter #olicies 'nd 'voids t"e link to #oliticsHa$ilton ' (4ee H. For$er Con)ress$an and Currently on the U Ho$elandecurity ?dvisory Council -o, to &orge Ahead The @ashin)ton \uarterly +rin)'2&&4??lthou)h Con)ress fre;uently acts irres+onsi,ly in forei)n +olicy it canV and often doesV+lay a constructive role.

Con)ress is the $ost accessi,le and res+onsive ,ranch of )overn$ent. It can+rovide the +resident with a wider ran)e of +ers+ectives than he $ay receive fro$his own advisers 9 ar- ticulate ,etter than any other institution the diverse views ofthe ?$erican +eo+le 9 and re1ne and i$+rove +olicy throu)h its deli,erative+rocesses. Con)ress can also hel+ the +resident educate the +u,lic a,out forei)n +olicy challen)es. To ta:eadvanta)e of these con)ressional stren)ths Bush $ust $a:e consultation withCon)ress a to+ +riority . ustained consultation fosters $utual trust ,etween the+resident and Con)ress and hel+s +revent Con)ress fro$ ta:in) forei)n +olicy indierent directions. ?lthou)h consultation does not and should not ensure con)ressional su++ort for the+residentKs +ro+osals it does hel+ re$ove so$e of the disa)ree$ent and al$ost always stren)thens +olicy. To

consult eectively Bush $ust involve ,oth +arties in Con)ress in the +olicy$a:in)+rocess. Consultation should ta:e +lace to the e#tent feasi,le +rior toad$inistration decisions to ensure ad$inistration oEcials consider the +ers+ectivesof Con)ress seriously and res+ond to con)ressional concerns.

CP is ke* to eng'ge+entHa$ilton (4ee H. +resident and director of the @oodrow @ilson InternationalCenter for cholars vice chair$an of the %&'' Co$$ission serves on thePresidentKs Ho$eland ecurity ?dvisory Council +reviously served in the Unitedtates House of =e+resentatives for years co-chair of the Ira; tudy Jrou+ withAordan Ta$a for$erly s+ecial assistant to the director at the @oodrow @ilsonCenter a )raduate student at the @oodrow @ilson chool of Pu,lic and International

?airs at Princeton University ? creative tension0 the forei)n +olicy roles of thePresident and Con)ress @ashin)ton D.C.0 @oodrow @ilson Center Press +). 7-82To foster ,i+artisanshi+ the +resident should wor: with Con)ress to ,uild u+on theareas of ,road a)ree$ent in U.. forei)n +olicy . Des+ite si)ni1cant disa)ree$entsover tactics there is a su,stantial national consensus on several central forei)n +olicy+rinci+les and o,


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>C >or$al 3eans

Nor+'l +e'ns is #residenti'l 'ctionwe don2t su##ort gendered l'ngu'geHa$ilton (4ee H. +resident and director of the @oodrow @ilson InternationalCenter for cholars vice chair$an of the %&'' Co$$ission serves on thePresidentKs Ho$eland ecurity ?dvisory Council +reviously served in the Unitedtates House of =e+resentatives for years co-chair of the Ira; tudy Jrou+ withAordan Ta$a for$erly s+ecial assistant to the director at the @oodrow @ilsonCenter a )raduate student at the @oodrow @ilson chool of Pu,lic and International?airs at Princeton University ? creative tension0 the forei)n +olicy roles of thePresident and Con)ress @ashin)ton D.C.0 @oodrow @ilson Center Press +). '-2"e #resident re+'ins t"e +ost i+#ort'nt $oreign #olic* +'ker = Onl* "e is'ccount',le to and s+ea:s for 'll ;+eric'ns: 'nd only he c'n r'll* #u,lic orintern'tion'l su##ort to ' $oreign #olic* c'use=The +residentKs co++'nd o$ t"e,ull* #ul#it gives hi$ an unriv'led #ower to inuence t"e $oreign #olic*de,'te= "en "e vigorousl* t'kes "is c'se on a $a


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>CVPolitics >B

E+#irics #rove ,'d consult'tion triggers congression'l ,'ckl's"Ha$ilton %% (4ee H. For$er Con)ress$an and Currently on the U Ho$elandecurity ?dvisory Council &oreign Policy Consultation bet,een the President andCongress re$ar:s J@ University '&'&%%htt+0&&www.indiana.edu&con)ress&in-de+th&forei)n+olicys+eech.ht$2&&4?3ore recently the Clinton ad$inistration has consulted +oorly on a nu$,er of i$+ortant issues. Perha+sthe $ost +olitically da$a)in) e#a$+le involved our intervention in o$alia. In Mcto,er '%%ei)hteen ?$erican soldiers were :illed in o$alia durin) a ,otched $ilitary o+eration. The tra)edy created a $edia

furor which called for so$e e#+lanation. ecretary of Defense 4es ?s+in and ecretary of tate @arrenChristo+her ca$e to Ca+itol Hill to ,rief 3e$,ers on what had ha++ened ,ut the,rie1n) failed to e#+lain how the ad$inistration +lanned to +roceed . >o realconsultation too: +lace ,ecause the ad$inistration had no +olicy +ro+osals todiscuss. The ,rie1n) inGa$ed con)ressional criticis$ of the ad$inistrationKs +olicy and cost 4es ?s+in his ?TM $ilitary action a)ainst er, tar)ets last s+rin). Mnce >?TM ,e)an its air ca$+ai)n thead$inistration stru))led to )ain con)ressional su++o rt in +art ,ecause of distrustre$ainin) fro$ the e#+erience with our +olicy in Bosnia. The President e#ertedstron) +u,lic and di+lo$atic leadershi+ in su++ort of the >?TM eort ,ut the

Con)ress never authori5ed the action and the lac: of 1r$ con)ressional ,ac:in)wea:ened the PresidentKs and >?TMKs +osition in the war. Mn other issues +oor consultationhas +revented the Clinton ad$inistration fro$ achievin) its +olicy )oals. This has ,eenthe case with its eorts to o,tain fundin) for the United >ations and rati1cation of the Co$+rehensive Test Ban

Treaty. The ad$inistration has wor:ed to ,uild con)ressional su++ort on these issues,ut the eorts have ,een s+oradic and occasional. They have not ,een sustained .The President in +articular has not ,een suEciently involved in rallyin) su++ort. Mn the test ,an treaty thead$inistration did not e#+end enou)h ener)y and resources on consultation over the +ast two years and then wasun+re+ared to deal with the stron) con)ressional o++osition when the enate 1nally too: u+ the treaty durin) the

+ast two wee:s. The result was enate re


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)ood c

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XO and Consult Congress CPs - Michigan7 2013 BFJR (2)