Revision File Ir Word order in questionso Present simpleo Adverbs and expressions of frequencyo Present continuous: be + verb + -ingo Definitive relative clauses with who, which, where

Revision File 2o Past simple regular and irregular¡ Past continuous: was I were + verb + -ingo Past simple or past continous?o Questions with and without auxiliarieso So, because, but, although

Revision File 5o Going to. Will, won't + infinitive (predictions)o WiIl (promises, offers, and decisions)o Review of tenses: present, past, and future

Revision File 4 roo Present perfect (experience) + ever, nevero Present perfect or past simple?o Present perfect * yet, just, alreadyr Comparative adjectiveso Comparative adverbso Superlatives (+ ever + present perfect)

Revision File 5o Uses of the infinitive (with ro)o Verb + -ingo Have to, don't have to, must, mustn't¡ Expressing movement: go, efc. + preposition

Revision File 6. If + present, will + infinitive (first conditional). If + past, would + infinitive (second conditional). may I might + infinitive (possibility)o should I shouldn'r (advice)

Revision File 7. Present perfect + for and sincer Present perfect or past simple (2)?o Used to I didn't use to. Passive: be + past participle

Revision File I rsc Something anything nothing etc.o Quantifierso Word order of phrasal verbsr So, neither + auxiliaries

Revision File 9 20o Past perfect¡ Reported (or indirect) speech

lrresular verbs

t2

t 4

l 6

I

-

22

Questions with do I does I didin present and past simple

Auxiliar

IA word order in questions

uestion word

WhereWhat food

Questions with be,present continuous, and going to

Subiect Infi ir it ive (= r'erb)

\¡()u lirre r'r,itl-l vour parents?

lent-i1' Iike Chinese firoel?

)¡ou live?

Jennv like?

What

Where

are thel'are yolli s he

cioi i tg?i ¡ l k i ng . i bou t?

i:515==,' In the present simple use the auxiliary verb do I does

to make questions.. In the past simple use the auxiliary verb didto make questions.' In these questions the subject goes afkr the auxiliary verb.' Remember ASI (auxiliar¡ subject, infinitive) or QUASI

(question worcl, auxiiiar¡ subject, infinitive) to help vou rvithword order in present or past simple questions.

In questions with be, make questions bv invcrtir-igthe verb and the subject.

i . If a verb is followeci by a prep<-tsit ion (l istett to. ttt lkabout),the preposition goes at the end of the question.Wat are yau talking about?I'{OT About whatarefroüdking

IB present simpleI / v o u l w e i t h e v

L J . -

h e l s h e i i t

i- l l inly know' tne verv weil.

It clo n't otierr rain ircre.

Dcl l { r , ra l ike I i : t ts ic i

Yes.. >hi 'does \c . i rc doesn' t .

I usuallr,- rvork at htrrtie

. LJse the present sirnple fur things,vou do e\¡erv dar', rveeli, \'ear'or lvhich are alu'ays true.

. Rentember the spelling rules for 3rd person singular -s:

work>r,r'orks add sstudy)studies consonant f y: v and add lesfinish>finishes sh, s, ch, x: add esgo>goes do>does have>has

. Remember the rvord order in questions (ASI and QUASI - see 1A above).

adverbs and expressions of frequency. We often use the present simple rvith adverbs

of frequen cy (alt+'aVs, o.ften, sometimes, usunlL,v,

hardly ever, never).

" Adverbs of frequency gobtrt after be.fIe often goes otLt. NC)T }*rgoeroften-ott'She's alwrys lctÍe. NO'I S]¡c1-hte-ahrat's.

Expressicrns of frec¡.ter-rc1' (everv da1', once o

n'eek, ctc.) usuallv .eo at the cnd of a sentence.

I have English c/¿r-sscs twice a week.

before tl're uain t erb,1 I'hev don't live neal' hcrt:

] Do vor-r smoke?

r'- ,( Yes, I do. i No, i clon't.

I C present continuous: Óe + verb + ing

I'm working Yon\"\Ic 're workingTirev

not working \bu\'!e aren't workingThev

. IJse the present continuous for things harppeningnow, at this rnoment.My brother is working irr Germanl''AWhat are yoLt doing?B I'm sending a text niessdge to Sarnh.

. Remember the spell ing rules for t l le -lr¡g form"

cook>cooking stuclv>studvinglive >living rltn )running

¡r",* Some verbs are not normalh' useci in thepresent continuous, fot'exauple l ike, v'nnt,have (= possess), need.I need to talk to yott ttov'.I{OT frnrr€edintrto tal}t+o Tott rlow.

I I CShe 's workingI tHcShe isn't workingIt

Are voLr working?Is he working?

Yes, I am. No, I'm not.Yes, he is. No, he isn't.

I D defining relative clauses with who, which, where

A cook is a person who woriis itr ¿r rcstaur¿rnt.A clock is a thing which tells the time.A post oflice is a ¡rlace where )'c)u can buv starnps'

. Use relative clauses to explain u,hat a place, thing, or person is or does.

That's the woman who won the lottery last year.This is the restaurant where we had dinner last week.

. Use who for a person, which for a thing, and where for a place.

¿iS You can use that instead of who or which.

She's the girl who I that works with ntv'brother.It's a thing which I that conflects tttto cotttPtfiers.

ffi

IAPut the word or phrase in the right place in the question.

oldHow I is your son? (old)

b Put the words in the right order to

you work where do?1 a have you do question?'

2 you to she how speak does often?3 bus the time does what leave?4 teach how she many does students?5 play you are going to golf tomorrow?

1 she coming home tomorrow? (is)

2 What problem is he talking? (about)

3 Do start tomorrow? (the lessons)a rvVhy you tell your friends? (didn't)

5 What time did end? (the film)

? ????

IBa Write sentences and questions with the present simple.

E She / usually get up earlyI E Frank / like the painting2 A Sue / have much money3 E he / always read The Times4 nyou I have a cat5 El they I know his phone number6 El Charlotte / go out every night

b Complete with a verb in the present simple.She usually sets uD earlv. not get on not have listen +i\re rain speak

She lives in Spain.1 - it often here in summer?2 Tony a mobile.

3 W e to the radio at breakfast.you - good German?

Xavier with his brother.

4

5

tca Write sentences with the present continuous.

E tt / snow. It isn't snowing .1 E We / look for the cathedral2 f What / she read at the moment3 tr She / wear a scarf and a hat4 tr She / look for a job at the moment5 El Hey! you i drink my tea!6 tr They I drive to Mexico City

Complete the sentences with the present simple orpresent continuous.

The man in the photo is singing a song. (sing)

1 Jo - skiing but she often. (love, go)

. 2 I - flyug so I - there. (not like, drive)3 He to the shops. He - some tea. (go, need)4 - Dan always Andrea on Tuesdays? (meet)

5 Bob's not here. he - volleyball? (play)

ID Ta Complete the defi¡itions with who, which, n Q f c Write sentences with d¡o, which o¡ where.

ot where. ZUIS üat / the dog / always barks at nightIt's the person rvho serves )¡ou in a café.

- g Á' -.-, f-l That's the dog which always barhs at night .

1 He's the person - helps you with your t / the café lI met Sandraluggage'

fr z y/ the cats lhaveno hair2 It's an animal - has eight legs. | | t

3 It's a room people try on clothes. ñ / the man / lives in Flat 4

4 rt,s a machine - cuts the gras$ { Jfi'J:iiffi*1TJr,*5 They're people make you laugh. tr:- l

b Match the definitions and the pictures. t I

^-. ^,,n fl That's the dog which always barks at nigltt

t / the café lI met Sandray / the cats / have no hairt t 7 - - - ^ ^ ^ , ^ I 1 : - - - - l - ^ F l - r /

2A past simple regular and irregular

trtr

Llse the past simple to talk about finished actions in the past.

The past simple is the same for all persons.

[Jse the infinitive after Did... i and didn't for negativesand questions.

To make the past simple E of regular verbs add -ed.

Remember the spelling rules.

Many comfiIon verbs are irregular in E past simple, forexample go>went See the lrregular verb list on p.155.

rI

YouHe stayed in a hotel.She went on holiday.

didn't stay in a hotel.didn't go on holiday.

ItWeThey

trtEtrDid you stay in a hotel? Yes I did.

Did you go on holiday? No, I didn't.

infinitive

workstayiike

studystop

stayedliked (just add d if verb finishes in e )studied (y>i after a consonant)

stopped (if verb finishes inconso nant-vowel-co n so n a nt,double the finai consonant)

28 past continuous: wls I were + verb + ingI YouHe was working We were working

They

trTtShe

i YouHe wasn't working I We weren't workingShe TheyIt

tr !Z E Was he working? Yes, he was. No, he wasn't.--, Werethey working? Yes,they were' No, theyweren't.

past simple or past continuous?

\Ahen I took the photo, they were writing a song.I was sitting at home when I saw the news on TV.

. LJse the past simple for a completed action.I took the photo. / I saw the news.

. tJse the past continuous for an action in progress.They were writing a song. I I was sitting at home.

Use the past continuous to describe an action in progress at a specific moment in the past.

At six o'clocklast night I was drivinghome.

On April lst I was staying with some friends in the country.

2C quest¡0ns with and without auxiliaries

Questions with an auxiliary

uestion Auxiliarv Subiect Infinitive

What tnusic do you like?v v l r 4 L r r l L l J r L L l \ , / - "

Which CD did he I buY?Who did you go with?

. To make questions in the past and present simple,we normally use the auxiliary verbs do I does I did+ the infinitive.What music do you llk¿iI'{OT @

. The normal order for questions in the present andpast is QUASI (See p.126 lA).

. When the question word (\Mho? Ihhat? Which? How many?)is the subject of the verb in the question, we do not use anauxiliary (do, does, did) and the verb is in the third person.

Wo writes their songs? NOT

Questions without an auxiliarY

Subiect i Verb iWhat happened after the concert?Which country i won i the Eurovision Song Contest?\A4ro writes their sonqs?

2D so, becorrse, but, olthoughbecause and so

She was driving fast because she was in a hurr¡ (reason)

She was in a hurry so she was driving fast. (result)

Hannah spoke to the DJ because they didn't like the music. (reason)

They didn't like the music so Hannah spoke to the DJ. (result)

Use because to express a reason.Use so to express a result.

but and olthough

She tried to stop but she hit the man.Although she tried to stop, she hit the man.

It was late but she couldn't sleep.She couldn't sleep although it was late.

Use but and althoughto show a contrast.Abhough can go at the beginning or in themiddle of the sentence.

2Aa Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple.

Last year we had (have) a holiday in ltaly. We 1 (ly) toRome and 2 - (stay) there for three nights. We 3- (see)everything and we 4 - (eat) some fantastic food - wes- (have) a delicious pizza on our last night. I also 6-

(buy) loads of new clothes.

Then we 7 - (hire) a car and 8- (drive) to Pisa. Butwhen we e- (anive) we r0- (can not) find a hotelroom! In the end werr- (stay) in a little hotel, but itwas lovelyand we 12 - gleep) really well. The next day we r3- (go)to Siena in the car, but then we ra- (break down)l Myboyfriend 15- (ing) for help, but we 16- (wait) an hourbefore someone 17 - (come) to take us back to our hotel.

b Re-order the words to make questions.Where did )tou go on holiday? go where holiday you on did?France.

? nice have weather vou did?It was Yery nice and warm.

With my sister.? stay you did where?

? you long go how did for?Ten days.

4 ? did mountains see the you?Yes, my sister's house is in the mountains.

? did interesting do you anything?Yes, we went walking in the Alpr.

28a Complete with a verb in the past continuous.

I He abroad when he met Helen. (live)2 They all night for the news. (wait)

3 he - a bag when he arrived? (carry)4 Who you - to at the cinema? (speak)5 It when we got to the hotel. (snow)6 I dinner when I cut my finger. (make)

7 The sun when we left. (not shine)

b Put the verbs into the past simple or past continuous.She arrived when we were eating lunch. (arrive, eat)

1 I - when it - raining. (sunbathe, start)2 He his keys when he - round the town.

(lose, walk)3 Where when you - your flat? (live, find)4 I - my hand when I - squash. (hurt, play)5 I - when you - me. (drive, call)

2ca Cross out the wrong question.

Who yoü^did / did you see last night?1 Who paid I did,pay you?2 What means this word / does this word mean?3 How many people spoke / did speak to you?4 Which train goes / does go to the centre?5 Who left I did leave the room first?6 What asked the student / did the student ask?

b Write the questions. Do you know the answers?

Who said 'I'll be back'? (say)

I Which competition - in 2005? (Liverpool / win)2 Who the best actress Oscar in 2006? (win)3 Who the 2005 fiIm King Kon{ (direct)4 When Prime Minister of the UK? (Tony Blair / become)5 Who The Da Vinci Code? (write)

6 What before he became an actor? (Tom Cruise / do)

2Da Complete with so, because, but, or although.

We missed the bus so we walked home.1 The soup was horrible - he ate it.2 I wanted -y money back it was broken.3 She called me - I was out.4 - he gets angry a lot, people like him.5 I was tired I went to bed.6 The shops were closed it was Sunday.7 I liked Jeremy he didn't like me.

b Match the sentence halves and complete with so, because, but,or although.

I had too much work so ffi1 I've started playrng golf -

.ffi

2 His French is terrible ¡..;É¿{t3 I went to his house W

4 She's abroad '{ffi

5 I tried to send an e-mail - g.m

6 I bought her somefloweis ffi

A -y computer was broken.B it was her birthday.C he lived in Paris for years.

@E I want to get fit.

F he wasn't there.

G she can't cometonight.

going to

tl I'm going to work in a restaurant.i She's soinq to meet me at the airport.

i:-l We aren't going to stay very long.i He isn't eoins to like the weather there.

Are you going to find a job?\A4ren is your brother going to visit you?

present cont¡nuous for future arrangements

Éf j I'm seeing some friends tonight.We're havine dinner at their house tomorrow.

tr She isn't leaving until Friday.

lTheyaren'tcg@nl What are )/ou doing this evening?

Is she meeting us at the cinema?

lJse (be) going ro + infinitive to talk about future plansand predictions.l'm goingto work in the tJK for six weeks. (plan)

I think it's goingto rain this afternoon. (prediction)

When you use going to go,you can omú to go.I'm going to go to university next yearor I'm going+ego to universtty rrcxt year.

You can also use the present continuous for futurearrangements which we have planned for a fixed timeor place.Don't use the present simple for this. i'{OT Lsee-some#iendstoftightThe present continuous is especially common with theexpressions tonight, tomorrow, this weekend, efc. andwith these verbs: go, come, meet, see,letve, and arrive.

5B will, won'f + infinitive (predictions)

trtrIYouHeShe 'll be late.ItWeThey

IYouHeShe won't be late.ItWeThey

Contractions: 'll = wilh won't = will not

rJse will I won't+ infinitive for future predictions.(You can also use going fo. See 3A above.)The future of there is I are = there wiII be;the future of I can - I'Il be able úo NOT Fll-€an.

. We often use f think I I don't think ...+ wil l... I think he'Il fail theex.atn. I don't thinkhe'II pass the exam. NOT f@

i e Somffi.t i" g t.ttt*n."t*ith ranJ *r,p,"oplruse sftal/ (not, will), but this is very formal (for example,ln á business letter).

I shall write to vou when I have studied vour case.

trgrtli : l

Iyotlhe

Will she be late?itwethey

rI

youhe

Yes, she will.rtwethey

Iyouhe

No, she won't.ltwethey

will (promises, offers, and decisions)

Decisions I I won't have the fish, I'11 have the steak.We'll take the 6.30 train.

Offers I'll help you with your homework.r Shall I open the window?

Promises I'll always love you.I won't tell anyone.

5ClJse will I won't + infinitive for making decisions, offering,and promising.I'Il help you with those bags. NOT +$deTofttJse Shall1...? or Shall we .,. i when an offer is a question.

ShaII I pol,? ShaII we call you tonight at 7.00?

5D review of tenses: present, past, and future

present continuous He's looking for a new job. Things that are happening now or in the near future.

Tensepresent simple

past simple

past continuous

going úo + infinitive

will lwon't+infinit ive

ExampleI live in the city centre.She doesn't smoke.

Things that happen always or usually.

i We didn't_4t ""yttti"g

y.tt..¿qf

He was working in Paris. Actions that were in progress at a past time.

I'm leaving tomorrow

We saw a good fihn last night. I Finished actions in the past.

What were you doing at7.00?j I'm going to see Tom tonight. Future plans and predictions.It's soins to rain.You'll love New York.I'll phone her later.I'll help you.I'll pay you back tomorrow.

Predictions, instant decisions, offers, and promises.

5Aa Complete with going to * a verb. b Cross out the wrong form. Tick (/) rfboth forms are

possible.

I m€et / 'm meetirg -y girlfriend tonight.I Where are you going / do you go this weekend?2 PauI thinks it is going to rain / raining tomorrow.3 We're going to go out / out tomorrow night.4 I'm phoning / phone Jackie at 3.00.5 Who is going to find / finding your hotel in Rio?7 He's going to make / making a cake for you.

bry €offi€ be wear start relax not do

What ¡i¡ns are you going to come tonight?Hurry up! We late!

y o u - a n e w c a r ?

Ien university in September.I - anything today. I - instead.It's so cold that I a scarfl

12345

5Ba Write sentences and questions with will I won't.lJse

contractions where you can.

tr it I be difficultI E he / get better, doctor2 f we / finish before 5.003 E you / speak to her4 tr it / be cold in Berlin now5 tr you lwant to go there6 tr she / love your present7 A he / can find my house

It'lI be difficult

b Complete the predictions with will I won't + a verb.

be do have last

'I don't think there will be a woman prime

Minister in my lifetime.' Margaret Thatcher, 1973

I 'It's a bad joke. It lCoco Chanel (about the miniskirt)

2 I don't think we another war. This oneis probably the last.'Richard Nixon, 1971 (talking about the Vietnam war)

4 'He never an¡hing important in life.'Albert Einstein's teacher (said to his father) 1895

5ca Match the sentences.

It's hot in here.I I'm cold.2 The TV is too loud.3 I don't understand.4 The baby's tired.5 I have too many bags!6 Jo doesn t know the news!

ffi n I'il explain it for you.,,Fi4FiíÉft c shall I carry one?& o I'll turn it down.fÉ n Shall I tell her?

ffi e Shall I put her to bed?ffi G I'll light the fire.

A \tVhat would you like?I A I can't close my bag.3 A Can I contact Chris?4 A Nobody knows!6 A My flight's at 2.00.

B | 'lI have the fish.B - I - y o u ?B I - you his e-mail.B I anyone.B - I - y o u a t a x i ?

b Complete the sentences with will I won't (or shall) + a verb.

get ha¡re help give tell

5Da Complete the sentences with an auxiliary verb.

Where did you have dinner yesterday?1 - you often wake up early?2 When Eric staying with us?3 you see Luke on TV last night?4 Who you speaking to when I left?5 Who you think win the game?6 - Urs come from Switzerland?7 What you going to tell him?8 - you working here yesterday?

b Put the verb in the right form.A What are we doing tonight? (do)B We r- to a party. (go)

A But we 2- out last night! (be)

B Yes, but Tina 3- us to go. (want)

i- ]:: *Y: _o _ _ _! _ _ _::T_:_ :*mpagne? (buv)

B It's 7.00! What s_ to you? (happen)

A When I 6- work 17 - to buythe champagne. (leave, go). And thenI 8- Iim in the shop ... (see)

B Well hurry up. We e- late! (be)

4A present perfect (experience)

tr . lJse the present perfect to talk about past experienceswhen you don't say exactly when they happened.I've been to London NOTMy brother has worked abroad.

. For regular verbs the past participle is the same as the pastsimple (+ ed). For Irregular verbs see p.155.

' lVe often use the present perfect wifh ever (= in yourlife until now) and never.Have you ever been to London? I,{0, I've never been there.

I ;fb Compare the present perfect of go and be. '', He's gone to Paris. = He's in Paris now. i', He's been to Paris. = He went to Paris and came back. i

+ ever, never

tr

trVtrHave you worked in a bank? Yes,I have. No,I haven't.Has he been to London? i Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.

I haven'tYou haven'tHe hasn'tShe hasn'tIt hasn'tWe haven'tThey haven't

worked ina bank.

I've (I have) lYou've (You have)He's (He has)She's (She has)It 's (It has)We've (We have)They've (They have)

been toLondon.

present perfect or past simple?A Have you ever been to Mexico? B Yes,I have.

A When did you go there? B I went last year.

Conversations often b.g* in the present perfect (with a generalquestion) and then change to the past simple (with questions askingfor specific details, when, where, who with, etc.){Jse the past simple to ask / say exactly when something happened.

4B present perfect + yet, just,olreadyyet

A Have you finished your homework yet?B No, not yet. I haven't finished yet.

just

A Would you like a coffee?B No thanks. I've just had one.

My sister's just started a new job.

already

A Do you want to see this film?B No, I've already seen it three times.A Shall I buy a newspaper?B No, I've already bought one.lJse yet + the present perfect in E and E

sentences to ask if something that youthink is going to happen has happened orto say it hasn't happened.Pat vet at the end of the sentence.

' Use justin E sentences to say thatsomething happened very recently.

. Put iustbeforc the main verb.

Use already in E sentences to say thatsomething happened before now orearlier than expected.Put already before the main verb.

comparative adjectives

Adiective Comparativeshort shorter one syllable: + erbig bigger one vowel + one consonant

double final consonantbusy busier c o n s o n a n l + y : y + | e rrelaxed more reiaxed two or more syllables:

nlore + adjectivegoodbadfar

better Irregularworsefurther

4C

Use comparative adjectives to compare people and things.My brother's taller than me.Use comparative adverbs to compare actions.He drives more slowly than me.You can also use (not) as + (adjective / adverb) + as.I'm not as tall as my brother.He doesn't drive as fast as tne,

comparative adverbs

Adverb Comparative Adverb Comparative

Regularquicklyslowly

more quicklyless slowlv

Irregularhardwellbadly

harderbetterworse

4D superlat¡ves (+ ever + present perfect)

Adjective Comparative Superlative

cold colder the coldesthot hotter the hottestpretty prettrerbeautiful I more beautiful

the prettiestthe most beautiful

goodbad

betterworse

the bestthe worst

far further the furthest

. Use the + superlative adjectives to say which is the biggest, etc.in a group.It's the highest mountain in Europe. She's the best in the class.

. We often use a superlative with the present perfect.Russia is the coldest place we've ever been to.It's the most beautiful church I've ever seen.

4Aa Write sentences or questions with the present perfect. b Right (/) or wrong (XX Correct the wrong sentences.

He's got up late today.I We've been to Prague last year.2 Have you ever gone to Vietnam?

ffi He got up late today .

3 fane's gone to town. She'lIbe back toon.W#,4 I like your TV. Where did you get it?

"ffi

5 I've read the book last year.6 I asked him a moment ago.7 My sister's met the Queen five times. W8 The Cold War has ended in 1989. ffi

I2345678

he / ever / be there?you I ever eat / sushi?I / not see / the news today.they lnever be / to the new cinema.Chris / live in Poland / all his life?they lgo / to live in Tahiti.she i never drive I a car before.he / not meet / his brother's wife.you I speak / to Yvain before?

ffiffi

f f iW

4Ba Order the words to make sentences.

I2345

her seen you yet have ? Have you seen her vet z

school already left for she's .some had sandwiches just we've .haven't I flat found a yet .message just I've got text a .aheady me asked they've .

b Write sentences or questions with already, just, or yet.he / leave. (already)

I / have I a cup of tea. (just)you /finish on the phone? (yet)they / meet. (just)

he / go to the airport. (already)you I find him? (yet)

I2345

4ca Write comparative sentences.

London is / expensive / Manchester.London is more expensive than Manchester

1 Mike is / tall I me.2 We're / busy I today / yesterday3 Glasgow is / far from London / Bristol.

4 The history exam was / bad lthe French exam.

5 ]uventus played / well / Chelsea.6 I work / hard I my brother.7 This café is / noisy / the other one.

b Rewrite the sentences so th.y mean the same. Use as ... as.Mike is stronger than Jim. Iim isn't as strong as Mike

I234

Kate is more relaxed than me.This car is larger than the BMW.Istanbul is bigger than Helsinki.The cinema is more popular than opera.

5 My sister learns languages faster than me.

6 He works harder than Stuart.7 Italy played better than Scotland.

4Da Complete the sentences with a superlative.

Is this the best city in rhe world? (good)

1 Monday was day of the year. (cold)2 Is this street in the city? (noisy)3 He's person I know. (friendly)4 This is painting by El Greco. (famous)5 May is time to visit the island. (bad)6 It's city in Europe. (polluted)7 I've flown is to San Diego. (far)

b Write sentences with ever.it / hot place I I I be to lt's the hottest place I've ever been to .

1 she / patient person I I I meet2 it lbad film / I / see3 it I easy exam I we I do4 it lexpensive thing lhe lbuy5 they/ best band I I I hear6 it lbeautiful town / I / see7 it lbest pasta I I I have

5A uses of the infinitive (with fo)

infinitive + fo

I want to go to the party.I need to buy some new clothes.It'll be nice to meet some new peopie.It's important not to be late.

infinitive of purpose

A Why did you go to the party? B To meet new people.I went to the party to meet new people.

Use fo + the infinitive after:- some verbs (want, need, would like, etc.) See Verb Forms p. 154.- adjectivesIt isn't easy to find a job. Nice to meet you.The negative infinitive is not to + verb.Try not to be late tomorrow.

IJse fo + the infinitive to say why you do something.I came to this school to learn English.I\TOT fet-.learn_Eng}ish.

5B verb + -ing

Eating outside in the summermakes me feel good.I love reading in bed.I'm thinking of buying a new car.

' lJse verb + ing;- as the subject of a sentenceSmoking is bad for you.- after some verbs, (like,love, hatqenjoy,etc.) See Verb Forms p. 154.I hate getting up early.

- after prepositionsHe left without saying goodbye.

. Remember the spelling rules forthe -ing form (See p. 126 IC )

5C have to, don't hove ta, must, mustn't

have to, don't hove to

Use have ¿o + infinitive to talk about rules andobligations, or to say something is necessary.rJse don't have to + infinitive to say there is noobligation, or something is not necessary.llse do I does to make questions and negatives.Do I have to go? t{OT ++aYe++o€o?

must I mustn't

E ' Yo.t must do ,vour homework tonight.She must tidy her room before she goes out.

ifl You mustrlt smoke in class.They mustn't leave their bags here.

Contraction: mustn'f = must not

llse must + infinitive to talk about rules and obligations.You must turn off your mobile phones before coming into class.must I mustn't are the same for all persons. It is not oftenused in questions (have fo is more common).IJse mustn'r + infinitive to say something is prohibited.You mustn't smoke here.You can use mustn't or can't to talk about rules.You mustn't park here. You can't park here.

trl i She has to get up at 7.00 every day., You have to drive on the left in the UK.

tr We don't have to wear a uniform at this school.He doesn't have to work on Saturdavs.

I t Do I haveto buy a grammar book?Does she have to study tonight?

Don't contract haveor has.I have fo go. NOT ++e+o€o.

Éa Must and have ta arc very similar, but there is a smalldifference. We normally use have to for a general obligation(a rule at work or a law). We normally use mustwhenthespeaker imposes the obligation (for example, a teacher tostudents or a parent to children). But often you can use either.

Mustn't and, don't have to have completelv different meanings.Compare:Yau mustn't go = You can't go. It's prohibitedYou don't have to go = You can go if you want, but it's notobligatory/necessary.

5D expressing movement: go, etc. + preposition

The man went up the steps and into the church.I ran over the bridge and across the park.He drove out of the garage and along the street.

. To express movement use a verb of movement, forexample, go, come, run, walk, etc. and a prepositionof movement (up, down, etc.)

. Be careful with in I into and out I outof, Use into ! out of + noun, but ifthere isn't a noun just use in or out.Come into the living room. Come in.He went aut of the house. He went out.

5Aa Complete with to + a verb.

not pay go leave not tell meet have

I'm planning to go to the USA next month.It was nice Richard.Do you want steak tonight?Try her. It's a secret.Be careful too much for your ticket.He's decided his iob.

Match the sentence halves.

They want to go to Paris1 He's started jogging

2 You'll need a visa3 Can you phone the theatre4 I went to the kitchen5 She's gone to the supermarket6 I went on the internet7 I'II text him

I246,7

l-) A to find a cheap flight.B to get some bread.C to book our tickets?ffiE to tell him we're here.F to visit Kenya.G to lose some weight.H to buy some eggs.

5Ba Complete the sentences with a verb in the -ingform.

be p+r'y look after tell write swim work teach

I234567

I really enjoy DIaYing tennis.I'm thinking of a book.

evening classes is tiring.She left home without her parents.I've spent hours on this project.I hate late.

young children is fun, but tiring.I love in the sea.

b Put the verbs in the -ingform or infinitive.Has he finished teaching now? (teach)

1234567

yoga is really popular in London. (do)We've decided in a hotel. (not stay)It's impossible early. (leave)She's really good at . (dance)I promised them. (help)I love the guitar. (play)I don't mind but I hate(lose, give up)

5ca Write sentences with the right form of have to.

tr I / work on Tuesday I don't have to work on Tuesday .I E Jane / go to York today.2 A I / wear a tie3 E Fatma / help you4 t r I /s tar t th ismorning5 tr what time we / get up tomorrow6 El they I give him the news7 E w e / h u r r y

b Complete the sentences with have to, don't haveto, of mustn't.

\h{s don't have to go to school today. It's a holiday.1 You touch that switch. It's dangerous.2 The park is free. We pay.3 Sorry, I go now.4 The notice says you smoke here.5 You tell me. I know the answer.6 I'm so tired I sit down.7 You say anything if you don't want to.

5Da. Cross out the wrong preposition.

My mobile stopped working when we went a€r.oss / through a tunnel.1 The girl ran across / to her mother, and jumped into / out of her arms.2 when we go over / out of the bridge, you'll see the famous church.3 I walked along / over the same road for a long time.4 Hundreds of birds flew on I over our house.5 The car drove towards / to me, but then stopped.6 we came over I out of the tunnel and in / into the city centre.7 The runners went under / round the track eight times.

b Complete the sentences with in, into,out, or out of,

He jumpel into his car and drove away.I We go - every Friday night.2 Ask forge to come please.3 He took his passport - his bag.4 He walked the cinema and sat

down.

6A ff + present, will + infinitive (first conditional)

l f ' I miss the bus, I ' l l get a taxi.She won't be angry ;á'you tell her the truth.What will you do ir'it rains?

lJse l/+ present, will + infinitive to talk abouta possible future situation and its consequence.The i/clause can come first or second.I'll come if you like. OR If you like, I'll come.

,d& You can also use the imperative or can.If you miss tlte bus, get a taxi.If you miss the bus, you can get a taxí.

6B if + past, would + infinitive (second conditional)

It'a bear attacked me, I'd run away.lli I didn't have children, I wouldn't live in the country.Would you take the manager's job ii'they offered it to you?

use z/+ pasr, would + infinitive to talk about an improbable /impossible or hypothetical future situation and its consequence.If a bear attacked me, I'd run away. = I'm imagining thissituation. It's very improbable.would I wouldn't is the same for ail persons.The contraction of would is 'd (I'd, you'd, he'd, etc.) and ofwould not is wouldn't.

. The fphrase can come first or second.If I saw, a bear I'd run. OR 17 run if I saw a bear.

. Remember with can, Lrse could + infinitive, notweul4ean.If I had a car, we could drive there.

With the verb beyou can use were (instead of was)after I and he I she I it.If he was I were here, he'd help you.

Use were (not was) in the expression If I were you...We often use this expression for advice.

First and second condi t ionals

Compare the first and second conditionals:Use the first conditional for possible future situations.If I have time tomorrow, I'll help /ou, (= maybe I will have time)Use the second conditional for improbable / impossible or hypothetical situations.If I had time tomorrow, I'd help /ou. (= I won't have time.)

6C mly I might + infinitive (possibility)

We might have a picnic tomorroq but it depends on the weather.I might not go to the party. I haven't decided yet.I may go to the part¡ but I'm not sure.I may not have time to do everything today.

Might not and may not aren't usually contracted.

dg Yo.t can also use May 1.., I May we... to askfbr permission.May I use your phone? (= can I use your phone). ,

. use might I moy and might not I may not +infinitive to talk about a future possibility.

It might I mq, rain. = It's possible that it will rain.. Might I Moy (nor) is the same for all persons, I might I may, he might I may, we might I may, etc.

6D should I shouldn'f (advice)

I think you should change your job.

The government should do more for old people.

Use should I shouldn'r + infinitive to give somebody advice or say what you think is the right thing to do.You should cut your hair. - I think it would be a good idea.

should I shouldn'r + infinitive is the same for all persons.You cán also use ought to I ought not to instead of should I shouldn't.You ought to change your job.

6Aa Match the sentence halves.

If you leave now1 It will be easier2 If you see him,3 You'll enjoy the party4 If it snows,5 We won't have time6 If you look for the book,

A if we wait too long.B you'll find it.+yo++Ueon-timeD if you help me.E will you say'hello'?F if you come.G will you go skiing?

b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.

If you work hard, you 'll pass (work, pass)1 If he speaking, they _. (start, listen)2 He huppy if he _. (not be, find out)3 If you it down, you _ it. (not write, forget)4 - you ' me if they - today? (call, come)5 If we at 5.00, we -- the bus. (go, get)6 If you polite, people nice. (be, be)

6Ba Match the sentence halves.

You'd feel much better C1 I'd work more hours2 If you ate meat3 Would you get married4 If I were you,

5 I wouldn't be stressed

6 Would you visit me

A I'd cook lasagne.

B I'd move house.

@D if I went to live in Peru?E if you had more

money?F if I didn't have so much

work.G if I didn't have the

children.

b Complete with the correct form of the verbs.

If I moved to the USA 1 would live in Seattle.(move, live)

I We the flat if it _ another bedroom.(buy,have)

2 I - fancy dress, if I _ to the party.(not wear, go)

3 If you a crocodile, you (see, panic)4 If you here, you - work here. (live, can)5 She happier if she more. (look, smile)6 I - there if it - safe. (swim, be)

6ca Match the sentence halves.

Wear a coat.

1 Let's go to India.

2 Phone the museum.

3 Don't walk on the ice.

4 Let's buy a map.

5 Get some advice.

6 Wait for me.

7 Let's ask the man.

A It might break.B It might help.C I might be late.

@E We might get lost.F He might know.G It might be closed.H We might see tigers.

b Complete the sentences with may I might + a verb.

be Simone be at lunch see Dirk go+€+h€-€in€ffialike it win

['m not sure what to do tonight. I might go to the cinema .I2345

The phone's ringing. ItHe isn't here at the moment. He

It's an interesting film. YouIf we're luck¡ weIf you go to Rotterdam, /ou

6Da Complete with should or shouldn't.

ysu shouldn't eat too much red meat.1 You work 12 hours a day.2 You start doing exercise.3 You lose a bit of weight.4 You eat more fruit.

5 You drink a lot of coffee.

6 You put salt on your food.7 You stop smoking.

W b Complete the sentences with should or shouldn't +l=l a verb.

get up leare go bry walk wear

We should leave earIy. There's a lot of traffic today.You the red jacket. It looks great!Your shoes are terrible! You some new ones.You alone late at night.

She on holiday. She needs to relax.We at 5.00. We need to be there at 7.00.

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Revision File I \ Revision File z \ Revision File 5

2A 5AIA

IB

Is she coming home tomorrow?What problem is he talking about?Do the lessons start tomorrow?Why didn't you tell your friends?What time did the film end?

Do you have a question?How often does she speak to you?What time does the bus leave?How many students does she teach?Are you going to play golf tomorrow?

Does Frank like the painting?Sue doesn't / does not have much money.He always reads The Times.Do you have a cat?Do they know his phone number?Charlotte goes out every night.

Does it often raindoesnt / does not havelistenDo you speakdoesn't / does not get on

We're / are looking for the cathedral.What's / is she reading at the moment?She's / is wearing a scarf and a hat.She isn't / is not looking for a job at themoment.Hey! You're I you are drinking my tea!Are they driving to Mexico City?

loves, doesn't godon't / do not like,'m / am driving's

/ is going, needsDoes Dan always meetIs he playing

flew 10 couldn't / could notstayed 11 stayedsaw 12 sleptate 13 wenthad 14 broke downbought 15 ranghired 16 waiteddrove 17 camearrived

Did you have nice weather?Where did you stay?How long did you go for?Did you see the mountains?Did you do anything interesting?

28aI was living2 werewaiting3 Was he carrying4 were you speaking5 was snowing6 was making7 wasn't / was not shining

b1 was sunbathing, started2 lost, was walking3 were you living, found4 hurt, was playing5 was driving, called

2caI Who paid you?2 What does this word mean?3 How many people spoke to you?4 Which train goes to the centre?5 Who left the room first?6 What did the student ask?

bI did Liverpool win (The Champions

League)2 won (Reece Witherspoon)3 directed (Peter lackson)4 did Tony Blair become (1997)5 wrote (Dan Brown)6 did Tom Cruise do (he was a gardener)

2Dal b u t 42 because 53 but

b1 because, E2 although, C3 but, F

Although 6 becauseso 7 but

4 s o , G5 but, A6 because, B

're I are going to be

Are you going to buy's / is going to start'm

/ am not going todo,'m / am goingto relax'm

/ am going to wear

Where are you going this weekend?Paul thinks it is going to rain tomorrow.,/,/,/,/

5B

5c

5D

Will he get better, doctor?We won't finish before 5.00.Will you speak to her?It'll be cold in Berlin now.You won't want to go there.She'll love your present.He won't be able to find my house.

won't last 3 'll lwill never do'll / will have

tcaI

bI2

G 2 D 3 A 4 F 5 C 6 E

Shall I help 3 won't / will not tell'll

/ will give 4 Shall I get

D o 4r s )Did 6

were 7 aredo, will 8 WereDoes

're I are going 6 left

were 7 wentwants 8 sawShall I buy 9 're

I are going to behappened

ID

whowhich

3 where 5 who4 which

C 2 A 3 E 4 D 5 8

That's / is the café where I met Sandra.They're / are the cats which have no hair.He's / is the man who lives in Flat 4.It's / is a drink which comes from Japan.This is the CD which I want to buy.

\ Revision File ¿ \ Revision File 5

b t2345678

4B

Have you ever eaten sushi?I haven't / have not seen the news today.They've / never been to the new cinema.Has Chris lived in Poland all his life?They've / have gone to live in Tahiti.She's / has never driven a car before.He hasn't / has not met his brother's wife.Have you spoken to Yvain before?

We went to Prague last year.Have you ever been to Vietnam?,/,/I read the book last year.,/,/The Cold War ended in 1989.

a 1 She's already left for school.2 We've just had some sandwiches.3 I haven't found a flat yet.4 I've just got a text message.5 They've already asked me.

b I I've / have just had a cup of tea.2 Have you finished on the phone yet?3 They've / have just met.4 He's / has already gone to the airport.5 Have you found him yet?

4ca I Mike is taller than me.

2 We're busier today than yesterday.3 Glasgow is further from London than Bristol.4 The history exam was worse than the Frenchexam.5 fuventus played better than Chelsea.6 I work harder than my brother.7 This café is noisier than the other one.

b I I'm not as relaxed as Kate.2 The BMW isn't as large as this car.3 Helsinki isn't as big as Istanbul.4 Opera isn't as popular as the cinema.5 I don't learn languages as fast as my sister.6 Stuart doesn't work as hard as him.7 Scotland didn't play as well as Italy.

4DaI the coldest 5 the worst2 the noisiest 6 the most polluted3 the friendliest 7 The furthest4 the most famous

bI She's the most patient person I've ever met.2 It's the worst film I've ever seen.3 It's the easiest exam we've ever done.4 It's the most expensive thing he's ever bought.5 They're the best band I've ever heard.6 It's the most beautiful town I've ever seen.7 It's the best pasta I've ever had.

5AaI to meet 4 not to pay2 to have 5 to leave3 not to tell

b1 G 2 F 3 C 4 B 5 H 6 A 7 E

5Ba1 writing2 Teaching3 telling4 working5 being6 Looking after7 swimmingb1 Doing2 not to stay3 to leave4 dancing5 to help6 to play I playing7 losing, giving up

5caI Jane has to go to York today.2 Do I have to wear a tie?3 Fatma doesn't have to help you.4 I have to start this morning.5 What time do we have to get up

tomorrow?6 Do they have to give him the news?7 We don't have to hurry.b1 mustn't2 don't have to3 have to4 mustn't5 don't have to6 have to7 don't have to

5DaI The girl ran to her mother, and

jumped into her arms.2 When we go over the bridge, you ll see

the famous church.3 I walked along the same road for a

long time.4 Hundreds of birds flew over our

house.5 The car drove towards me, but then

stopped.6 We came out of the tunnel and into

the city centre.7 The runners went round the track

eight times.bI out2 i n

3 out of4 into

I \ Revision File 6

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