Xii Fyp Crux

8/12/2019 Xii Fyp Crux

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GRICULTURE -- Accelerating inclusive agricultural growth

Present Status

Contribution to GDP 14%; Acceleration in growth rate from 2.4% in X Plan to 3.6% in XI Plan. Gross Capital formation improved from 14.9% in 2006-07 to 20% of Agri-GDP. Highest employer in rural area - 57% | Record production of food grains ~259 m tons; fruits and vegetable.

Indias Productivity lower than world average in Wheat and Rice production and significantly low in case of Maize.

Major Challenges

Natural Resources Shrinking land base | Dwindling water resources | Extreme weather events Farm Operations Shortages of farm labor | Youths participation in agriculture declining | Inadequatemechanization Cost and PricesIncreasing costs of inputs | Price volatility | Subsidies vs. public investment

Growth Drivers

Viability of farm enterprise and returnsScale, market access, prices and risk Availability and dissemination of improved technologiesQuality of research and skill development Plan expenditure in agriculture & infrastructureFunctioning of markets and efficient use of natural resources

Focus on disadvantaged regions

Governance & Institutions Better delivery of services-credit and quality inputsDemand and Supply Projections of food itemsXII FYP

Structured diversification and sustaining growth in horticulture | Enhancing use efficiency of resources and climate

resilient technologies | Vertical diversification for profit maximization | Building-up carbon stock in soils |Efficien

Fertilizer and rainwater use |Non-Pesticidal Management of diseases/insects-pests

Farm Viability

Building capacity of institutions to encourage group formation | Small and women farmers at all points of value chain

|Formation of FPOs- appropriate policy and legal initiatives |Extension reforms-use of ITs for precision farming

Programmes

Flagship Scheme Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

Five Missions National Food Security Mission| National Horticulture Mission | National Mission on Oilseeds & Oi

palm | National Mission on Agriculture Extension and Technology | National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture

Four Central Sector Schemes Integrated scheme on agricultural marketing | Integrating scheme on agricultura

cooperation | Integrated scheme for farmers income security| Integrated scheme on Agri. Census & Statistics

Agricultural Research

Increase funding to agricultural R&D | Farming system based technology developments | National Initiative on ClimateResilient Agriculture | Inter-Departmental platforms for multi-disciplinary research in priority areas | Farmers FIRST

Student READY (Rural Entrepreneurship and Awareness Yojana) , Attracting and Retaining Rural Youths in Agriculture

(ARYA) | Agro-Innovate to promote research industry partnership | National Agricultural Entrepreneurship Project to

nurture entrepreneurship through translational research | National Agricultural Education Project to improve

education quality in SAUs (State Agricultural Universities)

Livestock, Dairying and Fisheries Strategies

Livestock & Dairying Enhancing availability of feed and fodder |Breeding strategies |Better health services

|Conservation of indigenous breeds |Clean milk production- restricting bacteria load.

FisheriesRaise the production from inland fresh water fisheries resource |Utilize water bodies & irrigation reservoir

in rain fed areas | Regulate aquaculture activity in coastal areas following CAA norms |Utilization of natural wetland

(excluding heritage) Tanks created under MGNREGA/Watersheds |Harnessing offshore fishery resources.Expected Outcome

Faster and inclusive growth through more Diversified Agriculture | Economies of Scale to Small & marginal Farmers |

4% growth in GDP of Agriculture & Allied Sector | Enhanced Food & Nutritional Security | Stability in food prices

CHOOL EDUCATION AND LITERACY

School Education Sector covers Pre-primary Education |Primary Education (Class I-V) |Upper Primary Education

(Class VI-VIII) | Secondary Education (Class IX-X) | Higher Secondary Education (Class XI-XII) |Vocational Education

Adult Education (Literacy)


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National Female Literacy Mission has been launched through Saakshar Bharat targeting 60 mn women & 10 mn men.

Elementary Education in India

Access to primary education increased to 99% and upper primary to 95% |Since 2004-05 SSA has enrolled 17mn children

of which girls accounted for 75% and SC and ST 60%.

XII Plan monitorable targets

Achieve mean years of schooling of 7 by 2016-17 | Eliminate social and gender gaps in enrolment by 2016-17

Mean Years of Schooling

Indias MYS at 4.67 in 2001(Census) had increased to 5.98 in 2009-10(NSS). The perspective is to achieve a MYS of 8 year

in 10 years and the target set for the 12th Plan is 7 years.

Elementary Education challenges

Ensuring RTE Act prescribed norms and standards for schools and professionally qualified teachers |Enrolling all the

OOSC (Out of school care) including street children & Children with Special Needs (CWSN) | Bridging Regional, Social &

Gender gaps in enrollment & school retention | Addressing systemic problems in school education | Improving the

quality and standards of education in publicly funded schools


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Elementary Education: XII Plan Interventions

Provision of at least 1 year of well supported well resourced, pre-school education in Primary schools to all childrenparticularly those in EBBs

Programmes for learning enhancement and school retention including supplemental instruction for disadvantagedchildren.

Additional KGBVs in EBBs and in areas with high concentration of SCs, STs and Muslim population. Residential schools for children in the areas of civil strife, children of migrating population and tribal children-

Seasonal hostels for the children of migrating families.

Transport/escorts facilities for children - in areas of civil strife, with disabilities, and most marginalized ST and SCgroups. Close monitoring of quality of Meals supplied under MDMS and extend coverage to all NCLP children and

disadvantaged children studying in private schools in districts of SCs/STs concentration.

Support to States for children in private schools (RTE 25% quota) and focused efforts in enhancing the access ofurban poor children to elementary education.

Improved teacher training with emphasis on effective pedagogy given the multi age, multi grade, multi-levecontexts.

Governance reforms promoting school education and easing regulations that impede growth of private investmentsin school education.

Strong focus on learning outcomes for good quality education. Ensuring all children acquire basic reading and numeracy skills by Class 2 and skills of critical thinking, expression and

problem solving by Class 5.

Teacher Eligibility Tests (TETs) institutionalized and made mandatory for teacher recruitments. Launch National Mission on Teachers and Teaching to deal with issues of teacher education in a holistic manner. Periodic review of school textbooks by NCERT/SCERT. CBSE introduced wide-ranging examination reforms for its affiliated 13000 schools, emulated by other Boards.

Secondary and Senior Secondary Education

About 60% of Secondary schools & Sr. Secondary schools in India are privately managed (aided and un-aided). There are 45 Boards of Secondary Education in the country. The Central Government KVs and NVs under CBSE pattern perform well with high pass percentages. SSA is accelerating demand for secondary education.

TWELFTH PLAN FOCUS

Increase Secondary Education GER to 90%, Sr. Secondary GER to 65% Common syllabi & Examination/Assessment Reforms, Quality Assurance &TET Revamped vocational education with new National Vocational Education Curriculum Framework- Competency

based Modules-Mobility- and linked with sector skill councils.

Partnership with employers who provide trainers and internships, advice on curricula, assessment and certification

Dropout rate at secondary level to be reduced < 25% Ensure quality secondary education with relevant skills including basic competency in mathematics, sciencelanguages and communication;

Implement common curricula and syllabi of nationally acceptable standards for Science, Maths and English in alschools in the country:

Develop life skills including skills of critical and constructive thinking, use of ICT, Organisation and leadership, andcommunity services

Extend RMSA gradually to Higher Secondary stage and cover all Government and Aided Schools Set national norms of secondary schooling for Universalization of Secondary Education (USE)

XII Plan Interventions


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Setting up all the 6000 high quality model schools at Block level- 3500 schools in partnership with States approvedand 2500 Model schools in PPP mode

Up gradation of 11,200 upper primary schools to Secondary Schools to meet increased demand.Direct Benefit Transfer of Scholarships/ Incentives linked with Aadhar.Increasing the intake capacity of 44,000 existing government secondary schools, residential schools & hostels

facilities for boys and girls.

Strengthening of infrastructure facilities in existing schools with provision of Lab/Library/ICT inEnsuring 100% trained teachers in all schools.Pace setting Role for KVs & NV & support to sports & Physical Education.XII Plan expected outcomesIndia achieving a MYS of seven years | Regional, Gender and Social gaps in Elementary Education enrollment bridged &

that in Secondary Education substantially reduced | GERs in Secondary and Sr. Secondary levels exceeding 90% and

65%, respectively | Gender gap in Literacy reduced to 10%age points | A significant improvement in quality and

standards of education in Government Schools.

MPLOYMENT AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT

Current Employment scenario

11th Plan targeted creation of 58 million job opportunities - 18 million work opportunities created on CDS basisbetween 2004-05 & 2009-10.

Unemployment rate declined from 8.28% in 2004-05 to 6.6% in 2009- 10 on CDS basis & from 2.3% to 2% on UPSSbasis.

LFPR declined from 43% to 40% & WFPR from 42% to 39.2% between 2004-05 and 2009-10. Increase in Salaries and Wages of regular & casual workers between 2004-05 and 2009-10. Share of informal sector employment increased marginally from 92.4% (2004-05) to 92.8% (2009-10). Sectoral share: Decline in agriculture & manufacturing, increase in non-manufacturing which includes construction

marginal increase in services.

NSSO Employment statistics 68th

round (handwrittenKDM)

Proportionate share of sectors in employment and Major challenge - present labor market scenario


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Action Plan

Thrust on Manufacturing Sector to make it the engine of employment growth that would create 10 millionadditional jobs during the 12th Plan.

To bring in supportive policies to incentivize labor intensive manufacturing sectors such as textile & garments, leathe& footwear, food processing, gems & jewellery to generate more employment.

Expanding employment in services like IT, finance & banking, tourism, trade & transport.Prioritizing skill training for the informal sector; creation of appropriate skill sets among rural migrants and urban poor

to make growth inclusive.

Ensuring the employability of skill training by involving Sector Skill Councils in preparation of Skill Modules matchingmarket demand.Building on the potential of Modular Employable Skill programme by ensuring combination of modules to guarantee

employability.

Extending Social Security benefits to Unorganized Sector workers.Enable skill loans for poor students (Credit Guarantee Fund)Streamlining the skill development programs for disadvantaged sections to ensure much larger funding for skil

development.

Setting up of National Skill Registry to link data bases across Ministries/States to provide a platform linking people whoseek/provide employment.

Expected Outcomes by 2017

To create 50 million additional non-farm job opportunities in manufacturing and service sector. Increase skilled workforce to at least 50 million. Increase percentage of workforce receiving formal training from present 10% to 25%. Doubling the annual training capacity from the existing 4.5 million.

ENERGY

Integrated energy policy, 2008 recommendations for sustainable energy security Enhancing exploitation o

domestic energy potential | Sectoral initiatives in petroleum, coal, power and nuclear energy | renewable energy

energy efficiency | boosting energy related R&D | Household energy security.

Power sector indicators

Developments coal gasification and coal mine extraction| policy on bio diesel and ethanol use unde

implementation |power projects on rice husk, municipal solid waste taken up | Maximizing co-generation in suga

mills from bagasse |Fast breeder reactor | Shale gas, underground coal gasification, gas hydrates

Household energy security Under RGGVY aim is to provide electricity to all villages. 92% villages covered, 70.6%

households covered | replace kerosene with LPG.

Mitigating CO2 emissions Indias emissions currently are among lowest and would be increasing with the

consumption growth. Higher share of non-conventional energy + efficiency measures reqd.

Energy efficiencyNeed to improve energy efficiency by 20% per unit of GDP over next 10 years. Initiativespowe

generation plants being mandated to improve efficiency from current by deploying super critical technology (& ultra

super critical) | Providing CFL/LED lamps to reduce power consumption | Minimum fuel efficiency standards for public

transport system | Development of energy efficient transport system: promoting coastal movement, inland

waterways, and increased share of rail transport | Dedicated freight transport corridor | BEE proposed schemes

Energy conservation building code (ECBC) in new building and energy efficiency improvements in existing building

(phase II), Municipal demand side management, Energy efficiency and technologies up gradation in small and medium

enterprises, standard and labeling scheme < of equipment and appliances |larger use of public transport, developing

metros in major cities | shift in modes of transport from roads to railways in case of freights| coordinated approach


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for flagship schemes like RGGVY, RGGLVY & RVE and subsidized kerosene supply in different states | Policy fo

LPG/clean cooking fuels supply in rural areas in view of 80 % households using biomass for cooking.

ENVIRONMENT

Vision statement: Managing environment, forests, wildlife and challenges due to climate change for faster and equitablegrowth, where ecological security for sustainability and inclusiveness is restored, equity in access to all environmentalgoods and ecosystem services is assured, through institutionalization of peoples participation and a future in which thenation takes pride in the quality of its environment, forests, richness of its biodiversity and efforts by the state and itspeople to protect, expand and enrich it for intra and inter-generational equity and welfare of the local and globa

community.

Strategies 1. Programmatic 2. Organisational 3. Regulatory 4. Policy reform 5. Infrastructure and technology

upgradation and investment 6. Bio diversity and climate change thrusts 7. Capacity building and internationacooperation 8. Livelihoods 9. National forests 10. Wildlife

Monitorable targets

Green India mission greening 5 mn ha including 1.5 mn ha of degraded lands, afforestation and eco restoration of .9

ha of eco sensitive areas | Technology-based monitoring of forest cover, biodiversity and growing stock includingchange-monitoring on periodical basis through dedicated satellite by 2017 and establishment of open web-basedNational Forestry and Environmental Information system for research and public accessibility by 2015 | Engagement oVillage Green Guards/Community Foresters for every Joint Forest Management (JFM) village by 2016 | Establish forestryseed bank in forest circles and Model Nursery in every district with information on public portal by 2014 |Twenty per

cent of veterinary professionals in the country will be trained in treating wildlife |Integrated Ecotourism District Planscovering 10 per cent of all potential Protected Areas (PAs) by 2017| Promoting participation of private sector, civilsocieties, NGOs and philanthropists in animal welfare | Mapping and preparation of biodiversity management plans fordeserts (both cold and arid), coastal areas, important coral zones, wetlands, mangroves and so on to be completed by2017.

New Initiatives

Recasting the scheme of Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) | Enhancement of Sewage Treatment Capacity

|National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-System (NPCA) | National Environmental Monitoring Programme

Effective implementation measures

By Linking existing goals with Global Agendas, ideologies and efforts.eg. The GEF (Global Environmental Facility)

targets etc. | Collaborating projects with international protocols and mechanisms such as the REDD+ mechanism |Reviewing Best Practices within the Govt. (e.g. Tamil Nadu Govt. has made exemplary progress in the domain of airquality monitoring) | Reviewing best practices outside the Government e.g. Green Growth Strategies, Models ,Approaches | Detailed analysis of scope of PPP especially for projects relating to Sewage Treatment | Completemonitoring of implementation of National Action Plan and State Action Plan.

HEALTH

Objectives: lower mortality, raise life expectancy | lower morbidity, raise quality of healthy life lived | Financiaprotection | Choice to consumer

Issues in health systems in India

Poor quality |low availability | cost leading to out of pocket expenses and impoverishment | Dual burden of disease |

weal governance of health systems | ineffective regulation | insufficient health information and its use

Strategy

Strengthening of public sector health care | Substantially increase in health care expenditure |Efficient Financial andmanagerial systems |Coordinated delivery of services | Cooperation between the public and private sector |Expansion ofskilled human resource |Prescription drugs reforms |Effective regulation through a Public Health Cadre |Inclusiveagenda |Pilots on Universal Health Care

Priorities

Financing: Funding as an instrument of incentive and reform |National Health Mission with universal coverage andgreater flexibility to States |Public Health Cadre for decentralized planning, program management, behavior ChangeCommunication, community participation, quality control, HIS, regulation, convergence of social determinants of health


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| Access to Essential Medicines in All Public Facilities: Operationalize CPA |Human Resource strengthening |Buildingeffective Health Information Systems |Health Systems Strengthening

Goals

Reduce Maternal Mortality from 212 to 100 |Reduce IMR from 44 to 25 |Reduce underweight children below 3 yearsfrom 40% to 23% |Increase child sex ratio from 914 to 950 |Reduce levels of anemia among women from 55% to 28%|Reduce Total Fertility Rate from 2.5 to 2.1 |Reduce poor households' out-of-pocket expenditure on health

RBANISATION

ace of Urbanization in India

dian urban population is expected to go up from 377mn in 2011 to 600mn in 2031, increase of 200 mn in just 20 years |bout 60% of the growth in urban population in the past is due to natural increase whereas rural-urban migration hasntributed to only about 20% | There is a concentration of urban population in large cities and existing urban

gglomeration. The census of 2011 states that there are 53 million plus cities accounting for 43% of Indias u rbanopulation |The census of 2011 notes that the number of towns in India increased from 5161 in 2001 to as many as 7935

2011. Most of this increase was in the growth of census towns (2532) rather than on statutory towns (242) |Indiasbanization, however, is in smaller proportion as compared to other large developing countries such as China (45%),donesia (44%), Mexico (78%) and Brazil (87%)

ain challenges in Urbanisation

here is a urban housing shortage of 18.78 million | According to the 2011 census, only 70.6% of urban population is

vered by individual water connections compared with China (91%), South Africa (86%) and Brazil (80%) Duration oater supply in India cities is only between one to six hours | According to 2011 census, about 13% of urban populationefecate in the open, about 37% are connected by open drains and 18% are not connected at all | the number of urbanoor has increased by about 34.4% between 1993-2004 | In so far as the urban transport is concerned, a Ministry ofrban Development study in 2010 based on sample of 87 cities has estimated that in about 20 years time, the expectedurney speed of major corridors in many cities would fall from 26-17 kmph to 8-6 kmph | The air quality has alsoeteriorated sharply carrying with it concomitant health costs |The per capita emission levels in Indias seven largest citiesave been estimated to be at least three times than WHO standards.

trategy to be followed for Urbanisation

ulti-pronged strategy Accelerate rate of job creation | to impart relevant skills to urban poor | facilitate self-

mployment opportunities for urban poor | provide basic services to urban poor especially through rehabilitation of slums nsure financial inclusion of urban poor. || Strategy for urban five year plan will focus on strengthening the five enablers

r organization governance, planning, financing, capacity building and innovation ||

overnance Issues

or strengthening urban governance, the following steps need to be taken: Transfer of all the 18 functions identified in the4th Constitutional Amendment to the ULBs | Set up an independent utility regulator at the state level to monitor servicevels and adjudicate disputes related to state and pricing of services | With the objective of establishing single pointccountability, the Mayor should be the Executive Head of the city and he should be vested with appropriate authority | Alillion plus metropolitan areas should set up a Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) | Every municipalityould publish a Citizens Charter which should contain comprehensive information on services levels for all urban servicesIn all metropolitan areas and cities, dedicated government agencies with additional autonomy should be carved out toovide services like water supply, solid waste management, sewerage, sanitation etc. The allocated municipal bodies mayocure services from these agencies by entering into suitable MoUs | Committees and Area Sabhas should be set up forstitutionalizing participatory development process for effectively carrying out the functions devolved to Urban Loca

odies | Adopt an outcome based project and put up a robust monitoring system | Set up Lokayuktas / Ombudsman aate and city level

ssues related to planning

ndias urbanization effort is being implemented through disjointed projects / activities with inadequate or no planning forhe urban area as a whole |The Master Plan approach focuses on only the core area of the city and has little linkages tony financial and operational strategy | Every city/town should have a Development Plan by taking at least a 10 yearerspective | Along with the City Development Plan, there is need for a functional plan that indicates the sources of fundsequired for holistic urban development of the city | There is a need to provide incentives for strategic densification ofities / new towns on growth corridors | Considering land re-adjustment which is gaining acceptance as an alternative toand acquisition.


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ssues about financing of urban infrastructure

The share of Urban Local Bodies own revenues has declined significantly from 63% in 2002-03 to about 53% in 2007-08

A major strategy under the 12th Plan would be to strengthen the municipal finance and make them predictable | Profitsccruing to Urban Local Bodies from innovative sources like land monetization should be pooled into a ring fenced City

Development Fund which should be used only for urban infrastructure projects | The State Finance Commissions need toe further strengthened for functional devolution and imparting predictability to the municipal finances.

How to improve Municipal Finances

Making a Constitutional Amendment that clearly outlines the various tax and non-tax revenue streams for Urban LocaBodies through the incorporation of a Local Bodies Finance List in the Constitution | States should share 25% of the GSTquivalent with Urban and Local Bodies | Additional Floor Space Index (FSI) i.e. giving beyond what is normally prescribedhould be charged for adequately | Increase user charges collection for all measurable services where beneficiaries areasily identifiable. The user charges should not only cover O&M cost, debt servicing cost and depreciation, but alsorovide minimal profit to the Urban Local Bodies | Added investments from the private sector can be obtained througheople Private Public Partnerships (PPPP) and about 13-23% of investments in urban infrastructure can be raisedhrough this mode.

ssues on capacity building

ack of efficient capacity across all levels of Government is the root cause of Indias urban development challengesSubstantial skill gaps exist across all areas of urban management | The Central Government should create aomprehensive frame-work that addresses issues such as staffing, training, skill development and finances | Every Statehould institutionalize a dedicated municipal cadre with necessary technical skills | To meet the skill deficit in the short to

medium term, policies should enable reforms from the private sector and hiring of external Consultants through a fastrack process

A dedicated unit to address issues such as implementation of reforms, dissemination of best practices across urban issueshould be set up under the capacity building mission structure of JNNURM| The Government of India in partnership with

he State Governments and the private sector should set up 5 Indian Institutes of Urban Management (IIUMs) | TheMinistry of Urban Development and the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation should bolster existing institutionsnd set up new ones to assist with policy research, design etc. | The Governments net -work of about 1,800 Industria

Training Institutes (ITIs) and 3,300 Industrial Training Centers (ITCs) run by the private sector can be roped in for skillingersonnel from Urban Local bodies |The Indian Institute of Public Administration along with the Administrative Trainingnstitutes should be tasked with the preparation of standardized training modules | The focus of the National Institute of

Urban Affairs should be renewed so that it is capable of assisting the Ministry of Urban Development with policyormulation, providing advisory services to States etc.

Matters related to housing

The Technical Group on the Estimation of Urban Housing shortage has estimated the current shortage to be about 18.8million dwelling units. The Group has further estimated that 73% of the shortage in self-occupied units is in bottom 40%f the urban households | Under the scheme of JNNURM, only about 1.6 million dwelling units have been sanctioned | Alosts for housing cannot be met by the Government and, therefore, there is need to attract private investment | It is notust the availability of finance which is problematic as far as housing is concerned since availability of land itself is themost crucial issue | Scarcity of land is the result of sub-optimal land use patterns largely induced by the regulatory regimen place, lack of long term urban planning and lack of participatory planning process

Urban transport

The National Urban Transport Policy 2006 calls for increasing the share of public transport in our cities from 22% to 60%

The Study (2008) conducted by the Ministry of Urban Development estimated that public transport had accounted for

nly 27% of the urban transport in India | In the 12th Plan, the aim must be to raise the share of public transport to ateast 50% of all motorized trips | A key challenge to generate non-budgetary resources to fund transport projectsspecially through land based instruments needs to be devised | The Ministry of Urban Development should initiate aroposal for setting up an apex institution viz. the National Urban Rail Transit Authority | The Ministry of Urban

Development should also initiate a proposal for setting up a Center of Excellence for Rail based Mass Transit system whichhould promote research in civil net-work, rolling stock, tracks and signaling etc. All metro projects which are in highensity corridors and are viable on their own may be encouraged under People Private Public Partnership mode.

Solid waste Management important issues

Absence of segregation of waste at source | Lack of funds for waste management at Urban Local Bodies | Lack ofechnical expertise and appropriate institutional arrangement | Unwillingness of Urban Local Bodies to introduce


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ppropriate collection, segregation, transportation etc. |Indifference of citizens towards waste management due to lack ofwareness

awaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Reforms Mission (JNNURM) was launched in December, 2005 for a period of sevenears with an outlay of Rs. 66,085 crore. The objective of the Scheme included empowerment of Urban Local BodiesULBs), planned and holistic development of cities and making them inclusive | About 70% of the funds were used for

rojects in 65 identified Mission cities and only the balance was used for projects in smaller cities/towns | The Schememandated preparation of City Development Plans and setting up urban reforms at state and municipal levels | Release of

unds under JNNURM was linked to reforms undertaken by the State and also at the municipal level |The majority of therojects which were taken up were for water supply, sewerage, drainage, housing with upgradation of slums, roads andyovers etc. | Some key inadequacies noted during its implementation included failure to mainstream urban planning,ncomplete reforms and slow progress of project implementation, delay in securing land for projects and obtainingpprovals in a time bound manner from various regulatory authorities. Till March 2012, only about 30% of the projects

were completed | The scheme of JNNURM has been instrumental in ushering in an era of reforms in the urban sector andhe areas where a lot of progress has been made includes Shift to double entry accounting system, Revision of buildingye-laws to make rain water harvesting mandatory, Rationalization of stamp duty to 5%, Increase in coverage of propertyax, E-Governance

Swarna Jayanti Sahari Rozgar Yojana

The Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) is designed to enable poor to get gainful employment. Under theScheme, about 4,000 towns have been covered with an assistance of Rs. 3,360 crore. Since inception, about 12.3 lakh

ersons have been imparted training under the scheme | The funds have been utilized for upgradation of skills and alsoor providing financial assistance to Self-Help Groups (SHGs) apart from assisting setting up of micro enterprises | One ofhe major drawbacks of this scheme is that while information is available on the number of beneficiaries, no information isvailable on how many beneficiaries actually got employment after being given training

Focus of XII FYP

The distinction between Mission and Non-mission cities is being removed so that smaller cities and towns are also able tovail the benefits of this scheme | Greater emphasis is being laid to capacity building which was one of the major

weaknesses of the program | The link between release of money under the program to that of reforms actually achievedwould continue during the 12th Plan period | As far as employment opportunities is concerned for the urban poor, thecheme of SJSRY would continue but would now be implemented on a mission mode and would be rechristened as

National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM).

RAL DEVELOPMENT


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Approach to poverty reduction through sustainable development


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xpected Outcomes

ustainable development for rural transformation | Skill development of large number of rural poor youth for employment

o facilitate 30 lakh entrepreneurs among the poor to set up microenterprises |Nurturing and strengthening the Institutions

f poor | women empowerment | better quality IAY houses | comprehensive financial inclusion through linkages to banks

ost offices and other financial institutions.

WATER

Current status38-40% water efficiency

Challenges in water sectorrising water demand | growing population and economy strains the demand supply balance

mited water resources with spatial and temporal variation | falling ground water tables | ground water contamination |

urface water pollution |climate change impact on hydrological cycle |lower efficiency in water uses | frequent spells o

oods and droughts | increasing water conflicts | sustainability of the resources | over dependence on ground water leading

o slip back and contamination | lack of convergence of rural water supply with sanitation-toilets constructed under TSC

nequity in urban water supply | disaggregated demand supply details required for various regions

Action plan Improving water use efficiency | sustainable participatory groundwater management | watershed

estoration and groundwater recharge | new approach to rural drinking water supply on population basis | integrate urban

water supply with sewage systems | emphasis on recycle and reuse of water | basin approach for water planning and

management

Ground water action plan Aquifer mapping for ground water management as primary focus | promoting ground wate

evelopment in north eastern India

Rural water supply and sanitation action plan Waste water treatment and sanitation integral part of water supply

lans | solid and liquid waste management to form part of nirmal gram

Urban water supply and sanitation action plan focus on demand management | bridge water supply and sewage

reatment gap | Inter-se reallocation of water among various sectors | all generated sewage to be tapped and treated

fficient systems, minimize loss, progressive tariff structure | industry-reduce water use and recycle | water audits in publind private institutions

lood and its management action plan Emphasis on restoring traditional water bodies and natural drainage systems

nvolve civil society organizations to manage floods

xpected Outcomes 50% of population to have piped water supply | 50% of gram panchayats to attain Nirmal Gram

tatus | cover all rural habitations with sanitation | All urban water supply projects to combine sewage treatment facilitie

lso


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XII Plan Strategy

hort term Challenges Reverse current growth slowdown: 5.5% in 2012-13, aim for 6.5-7% in 2013-14

onger TermGet back to higher growth

nclusiveness Reduce poverty| Improve regional equality across states and within states | Improve conditions for SCs

Ts, OBCs, Minorities | Generate attractive employment opportunities for youth | close gender gaps

XII FYP 25 monitorable targets

Economic Growth Real GDP growth at 8%. Agriculture growth at 4%. Manufacturing growth at 10%. Every state must attain higher growth rate than the rate achieved during 11th plan.

Poverty and Employment Poverty rate to be reduced by 10% than the rate at the end of 11th plan. 5 Crore new work opportunities and skill certifications in non-farm sector.

Education Mean years of schooling to increase to 7 years. 20 lakh seats for each age bracket in higher education. End gender gap and social gap in school enrollment.

Health Reduce : IMR to 25; MMR to 1. Increase Child Sex Ratio to 950. Reduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1 Reduce under nutrition of children in age group 0-3 to half of NFHS-3 levels.

Infrastructure Investment in Infrastructure at 9% of GDP Gross Irrigated Area 103 million hectare (from 90 million hectare) Electricity to all villages; Reduce AT&C losses by 20%. Connect Villages with All Weather Roads National and State high ways to a minimum of 2 lane standard. Complete Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight Corridors. Rural Tele-Density to 70%. 40 Litres Per Capita Per Day Drinking Water to 50% of rural population; Nirmal Gram Status to 50% of all

Gram Panchayats. Environment and Sustainability

Increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year. 30,000 MW renewable energy during Five Year Period. Emission intensity of GDP to be reduced to 20-25% of 2005 levels by 2020.

Service Delivery Banking Services to 90% of Indian Households. Subsidies and Welfare related payment to be routed through Aadhar based Direct Cash Transfer Scheme.

trategy for achieving Inclusiveness

There are two routes to inclusiveness through higher growth which expands income and employmentopportunities |through government pro-poor programmes which target poorer groups

Both are important Twelfth Plan combines the pro-poor programme approach with efforts to get a growthpattern which is faster and inherently more inclusive

Two routes are mutually reinforcing High growth generates more revenues, to finance inclusiveness programmes|Many inclusiveness programmes (health and education) contribute to growth


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Macroeconomic challenges in achieving higher growth

Must increase the rate of investment, especially in infrastructure Domestic savings must increase even more to reduce the investment saving gap which is necessary to keep the

Current Account Deficit under control

Government dis-savings must be eliminated. This means fiscal deficit must be reduced Growth of subsidies has to be contained 75% of the investment in the economy is private investment (household plus corporate) Both the Centre and the States have to create an eco-system that encourages private investment Infrastructure, especially quality of power, and availability of skills is critical

ffectiveness of plan programmes

Twelfth Plan sets ambitious targets for Flagship Programmes in areas of Health, Education, Rural infrastructureLivelihood Development etc.

Too much focus on the level of expenditure in these programmes. Not enough on effectiveness in terms of endresults

Implementation in the field is the responsibility of State Government agencies. However, programme guidelines areset by the Central Government

There are demands for greater flexibility from states. We are responding as follows:o Guidelines are being made more flexible to meet the requirements of individual Stateso 10% flexi-fund within each scheme for innovations

nergy

percent GDP growth requires 6 percent growth in energy supply from all sources

Our fossil fuel resources are limited, and our import dependence is already high Enhanced Energy Efficiency in all sectors We need to push for renewable Energy: Wind, Solar and Storage Hydro Difficult Policy Issues:

o Coal vs. Forest Covero Petroleum Price Distortionso Natural Gas Exploration Frameworko All Energy Prices: Coal, Petroleum product, Natural Gas and Electric power are currently underpriced. Fue

adjustment is needed

Water

Management of water resource is a major challenge. Estimates of water availability have been optimistic

Twelfth Plan proposes modified AIBP and expanded Watershed Management Programme Water sector needs better Regulatory Framework

o New Groundwater Lawo Water Regulatory Authorities in each stateo National Water Framework Law

Agriculture accounts for 80% of water use at present, must shift to more water efficient agriculture practices Manage urban and industrial water demand through water recycling and rationalize user charges

Alternative scenarios

2th Plan goal of 8% inclusive growth is not a foregone conclusion

Depends on difficult policy decisions to be taken by Centre and States For the first time Plan presents three scenarios

Strong Inclusive Growth 8% Insufficient Action 6 to 6.5% Policy logjam 5 to 5.5%

Documents

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