M33 − Normal Galaxy M100 − Normal Galaxy

3C273 − Active Galaxy PKS 2349−014 − Active Galaxy

Niel Brandt (Penn State)

X−raying Active Galaxies: Exploring theEnvironments of Supermassive Black Holes

Chandra

XMM−Newton

NASA

ESA

ROSAT Chandra~ 5"

The Importance of Spatial Resolution: The Center of M82

~ 1"

10 cm scale ~ light minutes13

Nuclear Region of an Active Galaxy

Rapid X−ray Variability of Active Galaxies

X−ray light curve of theactive galaxy 1H0707−495

Solar flare light curve

Solar flare loops

X−rays from the Inner Accretion Disk

XMM−Newton

MCG−6−30−15from the active galaxyBroad iron K line

Inner Accretion Disk

10 cmscale

17

~ light weeks

W.C. Roentgen

An early Roentgen image (1896)

X−raying an Active Galaxy Wind

5500 A polyimide

9800 A polyimide

5100 A3600 A

HEGMEG

200 A Au / 50 A CrPlating base

Chandra Grating Spectrum of the Wind from NGC 3783Chandra HETGS

1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

100

200

300

Fe

Ca

Ar

S

4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.50

20

40

60

S

Si

Al

Mg

7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.50

5

10

15

20

25

Flux

[ ×1

0-13 er

gs c

m-2 s

-1 Å

-1]

Al

Mg

Fe

Ne

11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5

Rest Wavelength [Å]

0

3

6

9

12 FeNe

8266 6199 4959 4133 3542 3100Rest Energy [eV]

2755 2480 2254 2066 1907 1771 1653

1653 1550 1459 1380 1305 1240 1181

1127 1078 1033 992 954 918

No

te the M

oseley seq

uen

ce

NGC 3783 Spectral Details

Wind kinetic power > Photon power !

Evolution in the space densityof luminous quasars from z = 0−6

Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Active Galaxies at the Highest Redshifts

X−rays from the First Supermassive Black Holes

1.6 hr 2.2 hr

2.3 hr

Indistinguishable fromnearby quasar X−ray spectra!

Quasar numbers evolve, individual quasars don’t.

Combined Chandra X−ray spectrum of46 quasars at z > 4

Black hole + gas = Same thing, every time!

2

The Chandra Deep Field−North

Red: 0.5−2 keVGreen: 2−4 keVBlue: 4−8 keV

~ 6−7 extended sources~ 582 point sources

448 arcmin(~ 60% Moon)

1.95 Ms over 2.3 yrChandra ACIS−I

HDF−N

GOODS

50−250 times the sensitivity of pre−Chandra surveys!

Active galaxies more numerous and varied thanpreviously thought.

HSTChandra

0.139

0.752

1.355 0.089

0.968

0.474

0.518

0.665

2.75p 0.905

0.474

0.475 0.4760.557

0.321 3.479

0.96p

1.0500.089

1.70p

0.454

0.960AGN − Ty 1, obs.

Norm. gal.

StarburstNorm. gal.

Starburst AGN − XBONG

AGN − XBONG

AGN − XBONG

Norm. gal.

AGN − opt. faint

Starburst

AGN

AGN − Ty1, unobs.

Norm. gal.Off−nuc.

AGN − FR I radio gal.

Proto−Quasars

Black Holes from the First Stars at z ~ 15(Eddington limit for < 300 solar masses)

Some Future Prospects and Upcoming MissionsConstellation−X

Small−to−Medium Missions

Long−Term, Large Missions

SwiftDUO

Gen−X